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The ICP0 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Downregulates Major Autophagy Adaptor Proteins Sequestosome 1 and Optineurin during the Early Stages of HSV-1 Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01258-19. [PMID: 31375597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01258-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects mucosal epithelial cells and establishes lifelong infections in sensory neurons. Following reactivation, the virus is transferred anterograde to the initial site of infection or to sites innervated by infected neurons, causing vesicular lesions. Upon immunosuppression, frequent HSV-1 reactivation can cause severe diseases, such as blindness and encephalitis. Autophagy is a process whereby cell components are recycled, but it also serves as a defense mechanism against pathogens. HSV-1 is known to combat autophagy through the functions of the γ134.5 protein, which prevents formation of the autophagophore by binding to Beclin 1, a key factor involved in the elongation of the isolation membrane, and by redirecting the protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) to dephosphorylate the translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) to prevent host translational shutoff. Other viral proteins that counteract innate immunity negatively impact autophagy. Here, we present a novel strategy of HSV-1 to evade the host through the downregulation of the autophagy adaptor protein sequestosome (p62/SQSTM1) and of the mitophagy adaptor optineurin (OPTN). This down-modulation occurs during the early steps of the infection. We also found that infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of the virus mediates the down-modulation of the two autophagy adaptors in a mechanism independent of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cells depleted of either p62 or OPTN were able to mount greater antiviral responses, whereas cells expressing exogenous p62 displayed decreased virus yields. We conclude that downregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and OPTN is a viral strategy to counteract the host.IMPORTANCE Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism of cells to recycle components, as well as a defense mechanism to get rid of pathogens. Strategies that HSV-1 has developed to counteract autophagy have been described and involve inhibition of autophagosome formation or indirect mechanisms. Here, we present a novel mechanism that involves downregulation of two major autophagy adaptor proteins, sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) and optineurin (OPTN). These findings generate the question of why the virus targets two major autophagy adaptors if it has mechanisms to block autophagosome formation. P62/SQSTM1 and OPTN proteins have pleiotropic functions, including regulation of innate immunity, inflammation, protein sorting, and chromatin remodeling. The decrease in virus yields in the presence of exogenous p62/SQSTM1 suggests that these adaptors have an antiviral function. Thus, HSV-1 may have developed multiple strategies to incapacitate autophagy to ensure replication. Alternatively, the virus may target another antiviral function of these proteins.
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Memmert S, Nogueira AVB, Damanaki A, Nokhbehsaim M, Rath-Deschner B, Götz W, Gölz L, Cirelli JA, Till A, Jäger A, Deschner J. Regulation of the autophagy-marker Sequestosome 1 in periodontal cells and tissues by biomechanical loading. J Orofac Orthop 2019; 81:10-21. [PMID: 31591651 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-019-00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthodontic treatment is based on the principle of force application to teeth and subsequently to the surrounding tissues and periodontal cells. Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) is a well-known marker for autophagy, which is an important cellular mechanism of adaptation to stress. The aim of this study was to analyze whether biomechanical loading conditions regulate SQSTM1 in periodontal cells and tissues, thereby providing further information on the role of autophagy in orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS Periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts were exposed to cyclic tensile strain of low magnitude (3%, CTSL), and the regulation of autophagy-associated targets was determined with an array-based approach. SQSTM1 was selected for further biomechanical loading experiments with dynamic and static tensile strain and assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. Signaling pathways involved in SQSTM1 activation were analyzed by using specific inhibitors, including an autophagy inhibitor. Finally, SQSTM1 expression was analyzed in gingival biopsies and histological sections of rats in presence and absence of orthodontic forces. RESULTS Multiple autophagy-associated targets were regulated by CTSL in PDL fibroblasts. All biomechanical loading conditions tested increased the SQSTM1 expression significantly. Stimulatory effects of CTSL on SQSTM1 expression were diminished by inhibition of the c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and of autophagy. Increased SQSTM1 levels after CTSL were confirmed by immunoblotting. Orthodontic force application also led to significantly elevated SQTSM1 levels in the gingiva and PDL of treated animals as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo findings provide evidence of a role of SQSTM1 and thereby autophagy in orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany. .,Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - A V B Nogueira
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Damanaki
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Rath-Deschner
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - L Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - A Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Hou H, Li WX, Cui X, Zhou DC, Zhang B, Geng XP. CARMA3/NF-κB signaling contributes to tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma and is inhibited by sodium aescinate. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5483-5493. [PMID: 31576094 PMCID: PMC6767988 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i36.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very malignant tumor in the world. CARMA3 plays an oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of various tumors. However, the function of CARMA3 in HCC has not been fully clarified.
AIM To study the biological function of CAEMA3 in HCC.
METHODS Tissue microarray slides including tissues form 100 HCC patients were applied to access the expression of CARMA3 in HCC and its clinical relevance. Knockdown and overexpression of CARMA3 were conducted with plasmid transfection. MTT, colony formation, and apoptosis assays were performed to check the biological activity of cells.
RESULTS Higher expression of CARMA3 in HCC was relevant to poor prognostic survival (P < 0.05). Down-regulation of CARMA3 inhibited proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis in HCC cell lines, while increasing its expression promoted tumorigenesis. We also found that sodium aescinate (SA), a natural herb extract, exerted anti-proliferation effects in HCC cells by suppressing the CARMA3/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway.
CONCLUSION Overexpression of CARMA3 in HCC tissues correlates with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. CARMA3 acts pro-tumorigenic effects partly through activation of CARMA3/NF-κB. SA inhibits HCC growth by targeting CARMA3/NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Da-Chen Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Geng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
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Battaglia C, Venturin M, Sojic A, Jesuthasan N, Orro A, Spinelli R, Musicco M, De Bellis G, Adorni F. Candidate Genes and MiRNAs Linked to the Inverse Relationship Between Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease: Insights From Data Mining and Enrichment Analysis. Front Genet 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31608105 PMCID: PMC6771301 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases exponentially with age. A growing body of epidemiological evidence and molecular investigations inspired the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between these two pathologies. It has been proposed that the two diseases might utilize the same proteins and pathways that are, however, modulated differently and sometimes in opposite directions. Investigation of the common processes underlying these diseases may enhance the understanding of their pathogenesis and may also guide novel therapeutic strategies. Starting from a text-mining approach, our in silico study integrated the dispersed biological evidence by combining data mining, gene set enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses while searching for common biological hallmarks linked to AD and cancer. We retrieved 138 genes (ALZCAN gene set), computed a significant number of enriched gene ontology clusters, and identified four PPI modules. The investigation confirmed the relevance of autophagy, ubiquitin proteasome system, and cell death as common biological hallmarks shared by cancer and AD. Then, from a closer investigation of the PPI modules and of the miRNAs enrichment data, several genes (SQSTM1, UCHL1, STUB1, BECN1, CDKN2A, TP53, EGFR, GSK3B, and HSPA9) and miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, MiR-34a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-9-5p, and miR-16-5p) emerged as promising candidates. The integrative approach uncovered novel miRNA-gene networks (e.g., miR-146 and miR-34 regulating p62 and Beclin1 in autophagy) that might give new insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Battaglia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Marco Venturin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Sojic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Nithiya Jesuthasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Roberta Spinelli
- Istituto Istruzione Superiore Statale IRIS Versari, Cesano Maderno, Italy
| | - Massimo Musicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Fulvio Adorni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
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Bender D, Hildt E. Effect of Hepatitis Viruses on the Nrf2/Keap1-Signaling Pathway and Its Impact on Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184659. [PMID: 31546975 PMCID: PMC6769940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to their genome and their structure, the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are complete different viruses. However, both viruses can cause an acute and chronic infection of the liver that is associated with liver inflammation (hepatitis). For both viruses chronic infection can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. In light of this, this review summarizes the impact of both viruses on ROS-generating and ROS-inactivating mechanisms. The focus is on the effect of both viruses on the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2). By binding to its target sequence, the antioxidant response element (ARE), Nrf2 triggers the expression of a variety of cytoprotective genes including ROS-detoxifying enzymes. The review summarizes the literature about the pathways for the modulation of Nrf2 that are deregulated by HBV and HCV and describes the impact of Nrf2 deregulation on the viral life cycle of the respective viruses and the virus-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straβe 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straβe 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Denk H, Stumptner C, Abuja PM, Zatloukal K. Sequestosome 1/p62-related pathways as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:393-406. [PMID: 30987486 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1601703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) plays a crucial role in vital complex and interacting signaling pathways in normal and neoplastic cells. P62 is involved in autophagy, defense against oxidative stress via activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 system, in protein aggregation and sequestration, and in apoptosis. Autophagy contributes to cell survival and proliferation by eliminating damaged organelles, potentially toxic protein aggregates and invading microorganisms, and by providing nutrients under starvation conditions. The same holds true for oxidative stress defense, which may prevent genomic alterations and tumor initiation but also protect established tumor cells and promote tumor progression. Cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis is regulated by a signaling network with the involvement of p62. Areas covered: The review deals with structure, function, and regulation of p62 and its role in liver carcinogenesis. Emphasis is placed on mechanisms leading to overexpression of p62 and its accumulation as inclusion bodies in HCC and on the impact of p62-dependent signaling pathways in tumor cells with the aim to explore the possible role of p62 as the therapeutic target. Expert opinion: Depending on the context, targeting p62 or interference with related pathways, such as autophagy, is a potential therapeutic strategy in HCC. However, the heterogeneity of this tumor entity and the complexity and mutual interactions of the p62-dependent pathways involved are challenges for a targeted therapy since interference with p62-mediated regulatory processes could result likewise in inhibition of tumorigenesis and in its promotion and thus provoke harmful side effects. Therapy-related patient stratification based on reliable markers to better define pathogenic principles of the tumor is a necessity when this type of treatment is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Denk
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Conny Stumptner
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Peter M Abuja
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
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Ke PY. Diverse Functions of Autophagy in Liver Physiology and Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E300. [PMID: 30642133 PMCID: PMC6358975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which eukaryotic cells eliminate cytosolic materials through vacuole-mediated sequestration and subsequent delivery to lysosomes for degradation, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and the integrity of organelles. Autophagy has emerged as playing a critical role in the regulation of liver physiology and the balancing of liver metabolism. Conversely, numerous recent studies have indicated that autophagy may disease-dependently participate in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as liver hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of autophagy in hepatic metabolism and the contribution of autophagy to the pathophysiology of liver-related diseases. Moreover, the impacts of autophagy modulation on the amelioration of the development and progression of liver diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Ohashi K, Pimienta M, Seki E. Alcoholic liver disease: A current molecular and clinical perspective. LIVER RESEARCH 2018; 2:161-172. [PMID: 31214376 PMCID: PMC6581514 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol use is the cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The ALD spectrum ranges from alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In Western countries, approximately 50% of cirrhosis-related deaths are due to alcohol use. While alcoholic cirrhosis is no longer considered a completely irreversible condition, no effective anti-fibrotic therapies are currently available. Another significant clinical aspect of ALD is alcoholic hepatitis (AH). AH is an acute inflammatory condition that is often comorbid with cirrhosis, and severe AH has a high mortality rate. Therapeutic options for ALD are limited. The established treatment for AH is corticosteroids, which improve short-term survival but do not affect long-term survival. Liver transplantation is a curative treatment option for alcoholic cirrhosis and AH, but patients must abstain from alcohol use for 6 months to qualify. Additional effective therapies are needed. The molecular mechanisms underlying ALD are complex and have not been fully elucidated. Various molecules, signaling pathways, and crosstalk between multiple hepatic and extrahepatic cells contribute to ALD progression. This review highlights established and emerging concepts in ALD clinicopathology, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and current and future ALD treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ohashi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Pimienta
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA., (E. Seki)
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60
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Zhang Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Ren J. Autophagy as an emerging target in cardiorenal metabolic disease: From pathophysiology to management. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:1-22. [PMID: 29909238 PMCID: PMC6195437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although advances in medical technology and health care have improved the early diagnosis and management for cardiorenal metabolic disorders, the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and kidney disease remains high. Findings from numerous population-based studies, clinical trials, and experimental evidence have consolidated a number of theories for the pathogenesis of cardiorenal metabolic anomalies including resistance to the metabolic action of insulin, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative and nitrosative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested a pivotal role for proteotoxicity, the unfavorable effects of poor protein quality control, in the pathophysiology of metabolic dysregulation and related cardiovascular complications. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, two major although distinct cellular clearance machineries, govern protein quality control by degradation and clearance of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles. Ample evidence has depicted an important role for protein quality control, particularly autophagy, in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. To this end, autophagy offers promising targets for novel strategies to prevent and treat cardiorenal metabolic diseases. Targeting autophagy using pharmacological or natural agents exhibits exciting new strategies for the growing problem of cardiorenal metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Roles for the IKK-Related Kinases TBK1 and IKKε in Cancer. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090139. [PMID: 30223576 PMCID: PMC6162516 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While primarily studied for their roles in innate immune response, the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKε also promote the oncogenic phenotype in a variety of cancers. Additionally, several substrates of these kinases control proliferation, autophagy, cell survival, and cancer immune responses. Here we review the involvement of TBK1 and IKKε in controlling different cancers and in regulating responses to cancer immunotherapy.
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Gutierrez DB, Gant-Branum RL, Romer CE, Farrow MA, Allen JL, Dahal N, Nei YW, Codreanu SG, Jordan AT, Palmer LD, Sherrod SD, McLean JA, Skaar EP, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. An Integrated, High-Throughput Strategy for Multiomic Systems Level Analysis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3396-3408. [PMID: 30114907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics generate comprehensive data sets, and current biocomputational capabilities allow their efficient integration for systems biology analysis. Published multiomics studies cover methodological advances as well as applications to biological questions. However, few studies have focused on the development of a high-throughput, unified sample preparation approach to complement high-throughput omic analytics. This report details the automation, benchmarking, and application of a strategy for transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses from a common sample. The approach, sample preparation for multi-omics technologies (SPOT), provides equivalent performance to typical individual omic preparation methods but greatly enhances throughput and minimizes the resources required for multiomic experiments. SPOT was applied to a multiomics time course experiment for zinc-treated HL-60 cells. The data reveal Zn effects on NRF2 antioxidant and NFkappaB signaling. High-throughput approaches such as these are critical for the acquisition of temporally resolved, multicondition, large multiomic data sets such as those necessary to assess complex clinical and biological concerns. Ultimately, this type of approach will provide an expanded understanding of challenging scientific questions across many fields.
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Wang JL, Wang JJ, Cai ZN, Xu CJ. The effect of curcumin on the differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle of neural stem cells is mediated through inhibiting autophagy by the modulation of Atg7 and p62. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2481-2488. [PMID: 30226560 PMCID: PMC6192787 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is an orange-yellow colored, lipophilic polyphenol substance derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa that is widely used in many countries. Curcumin has many reported functions, including antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects. Autophagy removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates in the cell. However, whether curcumin mediates its effects on neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis through autophagy is unknown. In the present study, the effects of curcumin and 3‑methyladenine (3MA; an autophagy inhibitor, as a positive control) on the autophagy, differentiation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of NSCs in different culture states were examined. In order to confirm the role of autophagy in these processes of NSC behavioral change, the protein expression level changes of markers of autophagy, such as autophagy‑related protein 7 (Atg7), light chain (LC)3 and p62, were assessed. When NSCs were in an adherent state, 10 µM curcumin inhibited their differentiation into GFAP+ astrocytes or DCX+ immature neurons, while Atg7 and p62 protein expression were also reduced compared with the untreated control group. When NSCs were in a suspended state, 10 µM curcumin inhibited the cell cycle progression and apoptosis of NSCs as determined by western blotting, which was associated with a decreased autophagic flux and Atg7 expression. In addition, the curcumin‑treated group trended in a similar direction to the 3MA‑treated group. Thus, the data suggest that curcumin can inhibit differentiation, promote cell survival and inhibit cell cycle progression from G1 to S in NSCs, and that these effects are mediated through the regulation of Atg7 and p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Wang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Nao Cai
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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64
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Endo H, Owada S, Inagaki Y, Shida Y, Tatemichi M. Glucose starvation induces LKB1-AMPK-mediated MMP-9 expression in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10122. [PMID: 29973599 PMCID: PMC6031623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells utilise the glycolytic pathway to support their rapid growth and proliferation. Since cells in most solid tumours are subjected to severe microenvironmental stresses including low nutrient and oxygen availability, such cancer cells must develop mechanisms to overcome these unfavourable growth conditions by metabolic adaptation. Although the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions of metabolic stress, the role of LKB1-AMPK signalling in aiding cancer cell survival and in malignant tumours has not yet been fully elucidated. We show that glucose starvation promotes cancer cell invasiveness and migration through LKB1-AMPK-regulated MMP-9 expression. Most intriguingly, triggering the LKB1-AMPK signalling pathway by glucose starvation-induced oxidative stress facilitates selective autophagy, which in turn enhances Keap1 degradation and the subsequent activation of Nrf2. Following this, Nrf2 regulates the transactivation of MMP-9 via Nrf2 binding sites in the promoter region of the MMP-9 gene. These mechanisms also contribute to the suppression of excessive oxidative stress under glucose starvation, and protect against cell death. Our data clearly shows that LKB1-AMPK signalling not only maintains energy and oxidative stress homeostasis, but could also promote cancer progression during metabolic stress conditions by MMP-9 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Owada
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yukari Shida
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tatemichi
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
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65
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Islam MA, Sooro MA, Zhang P. Autophagic Regulation of p62 is Critical for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051405. [PMID: 29738493 PMCID: PMC5983640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestosome1 (p62/SQSTM 1) is a multidomain protein that interacts with the autophagy machinery as a key adaptor of target cargo. It interacts with phagophores through the LC3-interacting (LIR) domain and with the ubiquitinated protein aggregates through the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) domain. It sequesters the target cargo into inclusion bodies by its PB1 domain. This protein is further the central hub that interacts with several key signaling proteins. Emerging evidence implicates p62 in the induction of multiple cellular oncogenic transformations. Indeed, p62 upregulation and/or reduced degradation have been implicated in tumor formation, cancer promotion as well as in resistance to therapy. It has been established that the process of autophagy regulates the levels of p62. Autophagy-dependent apoptotic activity of p62 is recently being reported. It is evident that p62 plays a critical role in both autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore in this review we discuss the role of p62 in autophagy, apoptosis and cancer through its different domains and outline the importance of modulating cellular levels of p62 in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Islam
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mopa Alina Sooro
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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66
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Ko JH, Yoon SO, Lee HJ, Oh JY. Rapamycin regulates macrophage activation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-p38 MAPK-NFκB pathways in autophagy- and p62-dependent manners. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40817-40831. [PMID: 28489580 PMCID: PMC5522223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive and prolonged activation of macrophages underlies many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. To regulate activation and maintain homeostasis, macrophages have multiple intrinsic mechanisms, one of which is modulation through autophagy. Here we demonstrate that autophagy induction by rapamycin suppressed the production of IL-1β and IL-18 in lipopolysaccharide- and adenosine triphosphate-activated macrophages at the post-transcriptional level by eliminating mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and pro-IL1β in a p62/SQSTM1-dependent manner. In addition, rapamycin activated Nrf2 through up-regulation of p62/SQSTM1, which further contributed to the reduction of mtROS. Reduced IL-1β subsequently diminished the activation of p38 MAPK-NFκB pathways, leading to transcriptional down-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IκBα in rapamycin-treated macrophages. Therefore, our results suggest that rapamycin negatively regulates macrophage activation by restricting a feedback loop of NLRP3 inflammasome-p38 MAPK-NFκB pathways in autophagy- and p62/SQSTM1-dependent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Yoon
- R and D Laboratory, Eutilex Co., Ltd, 08594, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080, Seoul, Korea
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67
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Wu Y, Xu B, He X, Wu B, Li Y, Yu G, Tan C, Wang H. Correlation between autophagy levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and clinical parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8003-8009. [PMID: 29620199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare the autophagy levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy individuals and to assess the association between autophagy and the clinical parameters of COPD. Samples of peripheral blood from 20 patients with stable COPD and 20 healthy controls were collected. PBMCs were harvested using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Levels of the autophagy‑associated proteins ubiquitin‑binding protein p62 (p62), microtubule‑associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A (LC3I/II) and beclin‑1 in PBMCs were detected by western blotting. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect the serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α. Associations between the levels of autophagy and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec % predicted (FEV1%) and pro‑inflammatory factors were assessed. Western blotting demonstrated that the protein expression of p62 was decreased, but LC3II/I and beclin‑1 levels increased in patients with COPD compared with healthy controls. Serum levels of IL‑6, IL‑8 and TNF‑α were increased in patients with COPD. The extent of PBMC autophagy was negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted, but positively correlated with levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines. The levels of autophagy in PBMCs in patients with COPD were increased and were negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted and positively correlated with circulating levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines. Autophagy may serve a role as a biomarker of the severity of COPD or as a therapeutic target for treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yunxiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ganggang Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Haoyan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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68
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Guilbert SM, Lambert H, Rodrigue M, Fuchs M, Landry J, Lavoie JN. HSPB8 and BAG3 cooperate to promote spatial sequestration of ubiquitinated proteins and coordinate the cellular adaptive response to proteasome insufficiency. FASEB J 2018; 32:3518-3535. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700558rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solenn M. Guilbert
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Herman Lambert
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Marc‐Antoine Rodrigue
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Margit Fuchs
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Jacques Landry
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Département de Biologie MoléculaireBiochimie Médicale et PathologieUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Josée N. Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec‐Université LavalUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
- Département de Biologie MoléculaireBiochimie Médicale et PathologieUniversité LavalVille de QuébecQuebecCanada
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70
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Sukkar MB, Harris J. Potential impact of oxidative stress induced growth inhibitor 1 (OSGIN1) on airway epithelial cell autophagy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:4825-4827. [PMID: 29312667 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Sukkar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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71
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Yu S, Wang Y, Jing L, Claret FX, Li Q, Tian T, Liang X, Ruan Z, Jiang L, Yao Y, Nan K, Lv Y, Guo H. Autophagy in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of liver and HCC immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:82-89. [PMID: 28987386 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a dual role in many types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy seems to be inhibited and functions as a tumor-suppression mechanism in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of the liver, including hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related HCC. However, in established tumors, autophagy plays a tumor-promoting role. Because of the varied function of autophagy in HCC, we hypothesized p62 as a marker to evaluate the autophagic level. Moreover, autophagy is critical in antigen presentation and homeostasis of immune cells and tumor microenvironment. Understanding the intricate relationships of autophagy, inflammation, and immunity provides us with new insights into HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - F X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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72
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Monitoring Autophagy Immunohistochemically and Ultrastructurally during Human Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. Relationship with the DNA Damage Response Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091920. [PMID: 28880214 PMCID: PMC5618569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that preserves cellular homeostasis. Its exact role during carcinogenesis is not completely defined. Specifically in head and neck cancer, such information from clinical settings that comprise the whole spectrum of human carcinogenesis is very limited. Towards this direction, we examined the in situ status of the autophagy-related factors, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, member B (LC3B) and sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) in clinical material covering all histopathological stages of human head and neck carcinogenesis. This material is unique as each panel of lesions is derived from the same patient and moreover we have previously assessed it for the DNA damage response (DDR) activation status. Since Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 reflect the nucleation, elongation and degradation stages of autophagy, respectively, their combined immunohistochemical (IHC) expression profiles could grossly mirror the autophagic flux. This experimental approach was further corroborated by ultrastructural analysis, applying transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observed Beclin-1/LC3B/p62 IHC patterns, obtained from serial sections analysis, along with TEM findings are suggestive of a declined authophagic activity in preneoplastic lesions that was restored in full blown cancers. Correlating these findings with DDR status in the same pathological stages are indicative of: (i) an antitumor function of autophagy in support to that of DDR, possibly through energy deprivation in preneoplastic stages, thus preventing incipient cancer cells from evolving; and (ii) a tumor-supporting role in the cancerous stage.
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73
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Medvedev R, Ploen D, Spengler C, Elgner F, Ren H, Bunten S, Hildt E. HCV-induced oxidative stress by inhibition of Nrf2 triggers autophagy and favors release of viral particles. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:300-315. [PMID: 28673615 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are known to exploit the autophagic machinery for their own benefit. In case of the hepatitis C virus autophagy is induced. As autophagy serves as a degradation pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis, it is activated in response to cellular stress such as elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevated levels of ROS trigger phosphorylation of the autophagic adaptor protein p62 on Ser349 (pS[349] p62) that is involved in the induction of autophagy. Consequently, pS[349] p62 binds with a higher affinity to Keap1 thereby releasing Nrf2 from the complex with Keap1. Although the released Nrf2 should induce as a heterodimer with the sMaf proteins the expression of Nrf2/ARE-dependent genes, in HCV-positive cells no activation of cytoprotective genes occurs even though elevated amounts of pS[349] p62 are present. In HCV-positive cells, free Nrf2 is trapped via delocalized sMaf proteins at the replicon complexes on the cytoplasmic face of the ER and is therefore prevented from its entry into the nucleus. Scavenging of ROS leads to decreased levels of pS[349] p62 and impaired induction of autophagy. Both, inhibition of autophagy and scavenging of ROS result in decreased amounts of released viral particles. Taken together, these data identify an intricate mechanism of HCV-dependent inhibition of Nrf2/ARE-mediated gene expression which counteracts pS[349] p62-induced activation of Nrf2. Thereby elevated ROS-levels are preserved that in turn activate autophagy to favor HCV particle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Catrina Spengler
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Fabian Elgner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Huimei Ren
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bunten
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany.
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74
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Shiau JY, Nakagawa-Goto K, Lee KH, Shyur LF. Phytoagent deoxyelephantopin derivative inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell activity by inducing oxidative stress-mediated paraptosis-like cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56942-56958. [PMID: 28915644 PMCID: PMC5593615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic cancer among the breast cancer subgroups. A thorny issue for clinical therapy of TNBC is lack of an efficient targeted therapeutic strategy. We previously created a novel sesquiterpene lactone analog (named DETD-35) derived from plant deoxyelephantopin (DET) which exhibits potent effects against human TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Here we studied the mechanisms of both DET and DETD-35 against MDA-MB-231 cells. DETD-35 (3-fold decreased in IC50) exhibited better anti-TNBC cell activity than DET as observed through induction of reactive oxygen species production (within 2 h treatment) and damage to the ER structures, resulting in ER-derived cytoplasmic vacuolation and ubiquitinated protein accumulation in the treated cells. Intriguingly, the effects of both compounds were blockaded by pretreatment with ROS scavengers, N-acetylcysteine and reduced glutathione, and protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Further, knockdown of MEK upstream regulator RAF1 and autophagosomal marker LC3, and co-treatment with JNK or ERK1/2 inhibitor resulted in the most significant attenuation of DETD-35-induced morphological and molecular or biochemical changes in cancer cells, while the inhibitory effect of DET was not influenced by MAPK inhibitor treatment. Therefore, DETD-35 exerted both ER stress-mediated paraptosis and apoptosis, which may explain its superior activity to DET against TNBC cells. Although the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel induced vacuole-like structures in MDA-MB-231 cells, no paraptotic cell death features were detected. This study provides a strategy for combating TNBC through sesquiterpene lactone analogs by induction of oxidative and ER stresses that cause paraptosis-like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yuan Shiau
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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75
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Various Mechanisms Involve the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like (NRF2) to Achieve Cytoprotection in Long-Term Cisplatin-Treated Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081680. [PMID: 28767070 PMCID: PMC5578070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for advanced-stage urothelial carcinoma (UC) is limited by drug resistance. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway is a major regulator of cytoprotective responses. We investigated its involvement in cisplatin resistance in long-term cisplatin treated UC cell lines (LTTs). Expression of NRF2 pathway components and targets was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting in LTT sublines from four different parental cells. NRF2 transcriptional activity was determined by reporter assays and total glutathione (GSH) was quantified enzymatically. Effects of siRNA-mediated NRF2 knockdown on chemosensitivity were analysed by viability assays, γH2AX immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Increased expression of NRF2, its positive regulator p62/SQSTM1, and elevated NRF2 activity was observed in 3/4 LTTs, which correlated with KEAP1 expression. Expression of cytoprotective enzymes and GSH concentration were upregulated in some LTTs. NRF2 knockdown resulted in downregulation of cytoprotective enzymes and resensitised 3/4 LTTs towards cisplatin as demonstrated by reduced IC50 values, increased γH2AX foci formation, and elevated number of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, while LTT lines displayed diversity in NRF2 activation, NRF2 signalling contributed to cisplatin resistance in LTT lines, albeit in diverse ways. Accordingly, inhibition of NRF2 can be used to resensitise UC cells to cisplatin, but responses in patients may likewise be variable.
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Zhang W, Li X, Liu Y, Chen H, Gong J. Activation of imidazoline I 1 receptor by moxonidine regulates the progression of liver fibrosis in the Nrf2-dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:821-834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Klepikova AV, Kasianov AS, Chesnokov MS, Lazarevich NL, Penin AA, Logacheva M. Effect of method of deduplication on estimation of differential gene expression using RNA-seq. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3091. [PMID: 28321364 PMCID: PMC5357343 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA-seq is a useful tool for analysis of gene expression. However, its robustness is greatly affected by a number of artifacts. One of them is the presence of duplicated reads. Results To infer the influence of different methods of removal of duplicated reads on estimation of gene expression in cancer genomics, we analyzed paired samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-tumor liver tissue. Four protocols of data analysis were applied to each sample: processing without deduplication, deduplication using a method implemented in SAMtools, and deduplication based on one or two molecular indices (MI). We also analyzed the influence of sequencing layout (single read or paired end) and read length. We found that deduplication without MI greatly affects estimated expression values; this effect is the most pronounced for highly expressed genes. Conclusion The use of unique molecular identifiers greatly improves accuracy of RNA-seq analysis, especially for highly expressed genes. We developed a set of scripts that enable handling of MI and their incorporation into RNA-seq analysis pipelines. Deduplication without MI affects results of differential gene expression analysis, producing a high proportion of false negative results. The absence of duplicate read removal is biased towards false positives. In those cases where using MI is not possible, we recommend using paired-end sequencing layout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Klepikova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S Kasianov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Chesnokov
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Lazarevich
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Penin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Logacheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan
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Kosumi K, Masugi Y, Yang J, Qian ZR, Kim SA, Li W, Shi Y, da Silva A, Hamada T, Liu L, Gu M, Twombly TS, Cao Y, Barbie DA, Nosho K, Baba H, Garrett WS, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Nishihara R. Tumor SQSTM1 (p62) expression and T cells in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1284720. [PMID: 28405513 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1284720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that activation of autophagy in neoplastic cells potentiates antitumor immunity through cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens to T cells and release of immune mediators. The SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1, p62) protein is degraded by activated autophagy, and might enhance immune response to tumor cells. We hypothesized that tumor SQSTM1 expression level might be inversely associated with T-cell densities in colorectal carcinoma tissue. We evaluated tumor SQSTM1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 601 rectal and colon cancer cases within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of tumor SQSTM1 expression with CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO (PTPRC)+, or FOXP3+ cell density in tumor tissue, controlling for potential confounders, including tumor status of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation level, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. Tumor SQSTM1 expression level was inversely associated with FOXP3+ cell density (ptrend = 0.006), but not with CD3+, CD8+, or CD45RO+ cell density (with the adjusted α level of 0.01 for multiple hypothesis testing). For a unit increase in quartile categories of FOXP3+ cell density, multivariable odds ratios were 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-0.98] for intermediate-level SQSTM1 expression, and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.36-0.83) for high-level SQSTM1 expression, compared with low-level SQSTM1 expression. Tumor SQSTM1 expression is inversely associated with FOXP3+ cell density in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting a possible role of SQSTM1-expressing carcinoma cells on regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juhong Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sun A Kim
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler S Twombly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffery A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Haga S, Yimin, Ozaki M. Relevance of FXR-p62/SQSTM1 pathway for survival and protection of mouse hepatocytes and liver, especially with steatosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28086800 PMCID: PMC5237313 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver injury and regeneration involve complicated processes and are affected by various physio-pathological conditions. Surgically, severe liver injury after surgical resection often leads to fatal liver failure, especially with some underlying pathological conditions such as steatosis. Therefore, protection from the injury of hepatocytes and liver is a serious concern in various clinical settings. Methods We studied the effects of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on cell survival and steatosis in mouse hepatocytes (AML12 mouse liver cells) and investigated their molecular mechanisms. We next studied whether or not FXR improves liver injury, regeneration and steatosis in a mouse model of partial hepatectomy (PH) with steatosis. Results An FXR-specific agonist, GW4064, induced expressions of the p62/SQSTM1 gene and protein in AML12 mouse liver cells. Because we previously reported p62/SQSTM1 as a key molecule for antioxidation and cell survival in hepatocytes, we next examined the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and induction of the antioxidant molecules by GW4064. GW4064 activated Nrf2 and subsequently induced antioxidant molecules (Nrf2, catalase, HO-1, and thioredoxin). We also examined expressions of pro-survival and cell protective molecules associated with p62/SQSTM1. Expectedly, GW4064 induced phosphorylation of Akt, expression of the anti-apoptotic
molecules (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2), and reduced harmful hepatic molecules (Fas ligand and Fas). GW4064 promoted
hepatocyte survival, which was cancelled by p62/SQSTM1 siRNA. These findings suggest the potential relevance of the FXR-p62/SQSTM1 pathway for the survival and protection of hepatocytes. Furthermore, GW4064 induced the expression of small heterodimer partners (SHP) and suppressed liver X receptor (LXR)-induced steatosis in hepatocytes, expecting the in vivo protective effect of FXR on liver injury especially with steatosis. In the hepatectomy model of db/db mice with fatty liver, pre-treatment by GW4064 significantly reduced post-PH liver injury (serum levels of LDH, AST & ALT and histological study) and improved steatosis. The key molecules, p62/SQSTM1, Nrf2 and SHP were upregulated in fatty liver tissue by GW4064 treatment. Conclusions The present study is the first to demonstrate the relevance of FXR-p62/SQSTM1 and -SHP in the protection against injury of hepatocytes and post-PH liver, especially with steatosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0568-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Haga
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N-12, W-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yimin
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N-12, W-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
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Medvedev R, Hildt E, Ploen D. Look who's talking-the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy supports exosomal-dependent release of HCV particles. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:211-231. [PMID: 27987184 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation has been linked to the development of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis, infection, and aging. Besides, many viruses hijack the autophagosomal pathway to support their life cycle. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, has been described to induce autophagy. The autophagosomal pathway can be further activated in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). HCV impairs the Nrf2/ARE-dependent induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes by a so far unprecedented mechanism. In line with this, this review aims to discuss the relevance of HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels for the induction of autophagy as a result of the impaired Nrf2 signaling and the described crosstalk between p62 and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy is functionally connected to the endocytic pathway as components of the endosomal trafficking are involved in the maturation of autophagosomes. The release of HCV particles is still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest an involvement of exosomes that originate from the endosomal pathway in viral release. In line with this, it is tempting to speculate whether HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels induce autophagy to support exosome-mediated release of viral particles. Based on recent findings, in this review, we will further highlight the impact of HCV-induced autophagy and its interplay with the endosomal pathway as a novel mechanism for the release of HCV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen, Marburg, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Katsuragi Y, Ichimura Y, Komatsu M. Regulation of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway by p62/SQSTM1. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Genetic disruption of NRF2 promotes the development of necroinflammation and liver fibrosis in a mouse model of HFE-hereditary hemochromatosis. Redox Biol 2016; 11:157-169. [PMID: 27936457 PMCID: PMC5149069 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims In hereditary hemochromatosis, iron deposition in the liver parenchyma may lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most cases are ascribed to a common mutation in the HFE gene, but the extent of clinical expression is greatly influenced by the combined action of yet unidentified genetic and/or environmental modifying factors. In mice, transcription factor NRF2 is a critical determinant of hepatocyte viability during exposure to acute dietary iron overload. We evaluated if the genetic disruption of Nrf2 would prompt the development of liver damage in Hfe-/- mice (an established model of human HFE-hemochromatosis). Methods Wild-type, Nrf2-/-, Hfe-/- and double knockout (Hfe/Nrf2-/-) female mice on C57BL/6 genetic background were sacrificed at the age of 6 (young), 12–18 (middle-aged) or 24 months (old) for evaluation of liver pathology. Results Despite the parenchymal iron accumulation, Hfe-/- mice presented no liver injury. The combination of iron overload (Hfe-/-) and defective antioxidant defences (Nrf2-/-) increased the number of iron-related necroinflammatory lesions (sideronecrosis), possibly due to the accumulation of toxic oxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts. The engulfment of dead hepatocytes led to a gradual accumulation of iron within macrophages, featuring large aggregates. Myofibroblasts recruited towards the injury areas produced substantial amounts of collagen fibers involving the liver parenchyma of double-knockout animals with increased hepatic fibrosis in an age-dependent manner. Conclusions The genetic disruption of Nrf2 promotes the transition from iron accumulation (siderosis) to liver injury in Hfe-/- mice, representing the first demonstration of spontaneous hepatic fibrosis in the long term in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis displaying mildly elevated liver iron. Despite the parenchymal iron overload, single Hfe-/- mice present no liver injury. Hfe and Nrf2 double knockout mice develop liver fibrosis with aging. Fibrosis is triggered by iron-related hepatocellular death (sideronecrosis). Nrf2 genetic disruption increases susceptibility to oxidative/electrophilic stress. NRF2 status is a potential determinant of liver injury in hemochromatosis.
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Autophagy regulates death of retinal pigment epithelium cells in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:113-128. [PMID: 27900566 PMCID: PMC5325845 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease underlined by the degradation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, photoreceptors, and choriocapillares, but the exact mechanism of cell death in AMD is not completely clear. This mechanism is important for prevention of and therapeutic intervention in AMD, which is a hardly curable disease. Present reports suggest that both apoptosis and pyroptosis (cell death dependent on caspase-1) as well as necroptosis (regulated necrosis dependent on the proteins RIPK3 and MLKL, caspase-independent) can be involved in the AMD-related death of RPE cells. Autophagy, a cellular clearing system, plays an important role in AMD pathogenesis, and this role is closely associated with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a central event for advanced AMD. Autophagy can play a role in apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, but its contribution to AMD-specific cell death is not completely clear. Autophagy can be involved in the regulation of proteins important for cellular antioxidative defense, including Nrf2, which can interact with p62/SQSTM, a protein essential for autophagy. As oxidative stress is implicated in AMD pathogenesis, autophagy can contribute to this disease by deregulation of cellular defense against the stress. However, these and other interactions do not explain the mechanisms of RPE cell death in AMD. In this review, we present basic mechanisms of autophagy and its involvement in AMD pathogenesis and try to show a regulatory role of autophagy in RPE cell death. This can result in considering the genes and proteins of autophagy as molecular targets in AMD prevention and therapy.
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Just W. . FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2325-6. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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