51
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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52
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Rieth AJ, Gonzalez MI, Kudisch B, Nava M, Nocera DG. How Radical Are "Radical" Photocatalysts? A Closed-Shell Meisenheimer Complex Is Identified as a Super-Reducing Photoreagent. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14352-14359. [PMID: 34432978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Super-reducing excited states have the potential to activate strong bonds, leading to unprecedented photoreactivity. Excited states of radical anions, accessed via reduction of a precatalyst followed by light absorption, have been proposed to drive photoredox transformations under super-reducing conditions. Here, we investigate the radical anion of naphthalene monoimide as a photoreductant and find that the radical doublet excited state has a lifetime of 24 ps, which is too short to facilitate photoredox activity. To account for the apparent photoreactivity of the radical anion, we identify an emissive two-electron reduced Meisenheimer complex of naphthalene monoimide, [NMI(H)]-. The singlet excited state of [NMI(H)]- is a potent reductant (-3.08 V vs Fc/Fc+), is long-lived (20 ns), and its emission can be dynamically quenched by chloroarenes to drive a radical photochemistry, establishing that it is this emissive excited state that is competent for reported C-C and C-P coupling reactivity. These results provide a mechanistic basis for photoreactivity at highly reducing potentials via singlet excited state manifolds and lays out a clear path for the development of exceptionally reducing photoreagents derived from electron-rich closed-shell anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rieth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bryan Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew Nava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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53
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Toriumi N, Yamashita K, Iwasawa N. Metal-Free Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Fluoroarenes Utilizing Amide Solvent as Reductant. Chemistry 2021; 27:12635-12641. [PMID: 34190366 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free photoredox-catalyzed hydrodefluorination of fluoroarenes was achieved by using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-para-phenylenediamine (1) as a strong photoreduction catalyst. This reaction was applicable not only to electron-rich monofluoroarenes but also to polyfluoroarenes to afford non-fluorinated arenes. The experimental mechanistic studies indicated that the amide solvent NMP plays an important role for regeneration of the photocatalyst, enabling additive-free photoreduction catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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54
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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55
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Bartolomei B, Gentile G, Rosso C, Filippini G, Prato M. Turning the Light on Phenols: New Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:16062-16070. [PMID: 34339553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phenols ( I ) are extremely relevant chemical functionalities in natural, synthetic and industrial chemistry. Their corresponding electron-rich anions, namely phenolates ( I ), are characterized by interesting physicochemical properties that can be drastically altered upon light excitation. Specifically, phenolates ( I ) become strong reducing agents in the excited state and are able to generate reactive radicals from suitable precursors via single-electron transfer processes. Thus, these species can photochemically trigger strategic bond-forming reactions, including their direct aromatic C-H functionalization. Moreover, substituted phenolate anions can act as photocatalysts to enable synthetically useful organic transformations. An alternative mechanistic manifold is represented by the ability of phenolate derivatives I to form ground state electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes with electron-poor radical sources. These complementary scenarios have paved the way for the development of a wide range of relevant organic reactions. In this Minireview, we present the main examples of this research field, and give insight on emerging trends in phenols photocatalysis towards richer organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- University of Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- University of Trieste, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ITALY
| | - Cristian Rosso
- University of Trieste, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ITALY
| | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Università di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, ITALY
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56
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Sensitization-initiated electron transfer via upconversion: mechanism and photocatalytic applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9922-9933. [PMID: 34349964 PMCID: PMC8317647 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization-initiated electron transfer (SenI-ET) describes a recently discovered photoredox strategy that relies on two consecutive light absorption events, triggering a sequence of energy and electron transfer steps. The cumulative energy input from two visible photons gives access to thermodynamically demanding reactions, which would be unattainable by single excitation with visible light. For this reason, SenI-ET has become a very useful strategy in synthetic photochemistry, but the mechanism has been difficult to clarify due to its complexity. We demonstrate that SenI-ET can operate via sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and we provide the first direct spectroscopic evidence for the catalytically active species. In our system comprised of fac-[Ir(ppy)3] as a light absorber, 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene as an annihilator, and N,N-dimethylaniline as a sacrificial reductant, all photochemical reaction steps proceed with remarkable rates and efficiencies, and this system is furthermore suitable for photocatalytic aryl dehalogenations, pinacol couplings and detosylation reactions. The insights presented here are relevant for the further rational development of photoredox processes based on multi-photon excitation, and they could have important implications in the greater contexts of synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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57
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Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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58
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Xu Q, Zhou X, Zhang S, Pan L, Liu Q, Li Y. Visible-Light-Induced Sulfur-Alkenylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4870-4875. [PMID: 34109797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced intermolecular sulfur-alkenylation of alkenes, including both activated and unactivated alkenes, is described. This sulfur-alkenylation reaction proceed in a highly regio- and stereospecific manner involving the visible-light-induced conversion of a ketene dithioacetal to the thiavinyl 1,3-dipole intermediate, followed by a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition and C-S bond cleavage. Furthermore, it is also an efficient approach for the late-stage functionalization of natural products and complex molecules, even being induced by sunlight under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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59
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60
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Abstract
Visible light photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in organic synthesis that uses photons as traceless, sustainable reagents. Most of the activities in the field focus on the development of new reactions via common photoredox cycles, but recently a number of exciting new concepts and strategies entered less charted territories. We survey approaches that enable the use of longer wavelengths and show that the wavelength and intensity of photons are import parameters that enable tuning of the reactivity of a photocatalyst to control or change the selectivity of chemical reactions. In addition, we discuss recent efforts to substitute strong reductants, such as elemental lithium and sodium, by light and technological advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimalle 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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61
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Schmalzbauer M, Marcon M, König B. Excited State Anions in Organic Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6270-6292. [PMID: 33002265 PMCID: PMC7986118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing light is a smart way to fuel chemical transformations as it allows the energy to be selectively focused on certain molecules. Many reactions involving electronically excited species proceed via open-shell intermediates, which offer novel and unique routes to expand the hitherto used synthetic toolbox in organic chemistry. The direct conversion of non-prefunctionalized, less activated compounds is a highly desirable goal to pave the way towards more sustainable and atom-economic chemical processes. Photoexcited closed-shell anions have been shown to reach extreme potentials in single electron transfer reactions and reveal unusual excited-state reactivity. It is, therefore, surprising that their use as a reagent or photocatalyst is limited to a few examples. In this Review, we briefly discuss the characteristics of anionic photochemistry, highlight pioneering work, and show recent progress which has been made by utilizing photoexcited anionic species in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmalzbauer
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Michela Marcon
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstrasse 3193053RegensburgGermany
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62
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Yabuta T, Hayashi M, Matsubara R. Photocatalytic Reductive C-O Bond Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ethers by Using Carbazole Catalysts with Cesium Carbonate. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2545-2555. [PMID: 33439026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methods to activate the relatively stable ether C-O bonds and convert them to other functional groups are desirable. One-electron reduction of ethers is a potentially promising route to cleave the C-O bond. However, owing to the highly negative redox potential of alkyl aryl ethers (Ered < -2.6 V vs SCE), this mode of ether C-O bond activation is challenging. Herein, we report the visible-light-induced photocatalytic cleavage of the alkyl aryl ether C-O bond using a carbazole-based organic photocatalyst (PC). Both benzylic and non-benzylic aryl ethers underwent C-O bond cleavage to form the corresponding phenol products. Addition of Cs2CO3 was beneficial, especially in reactions using a N-H carbazole PC. The reaction was proposed to occur via single-electron transfer (SET) from the excited-state carbazole to the substrate ether. Interaction of the N-H carbazole PC with Cs2CO3 via hydrogen bonding exists, which enables a deprotonation-assisted electron-transfer mechanism to operate. In addition, the Lewis acidic Cs cation interacts with the substrate alkyl aryl ether to activate it as an electron acceptor. The high reducing ability of the carbazole combined with the beneficial effects of Cs2CO3 made this otherwise formidable SET event possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yabuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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63
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Wei D, Li X, Shen L, Ding Y, Liang K, Xia C. Phenolate anion-catalyzed direct activation of inert alkyl chlorides driven by visible light. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical activation of inert alkyl chlorides catalyzed by phenolate anions was developed for C–O bond formation, dehalogenation, and cyclization under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xipan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuzhen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kangjiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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64
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Li H, Liu Y, Chiba S. Anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of alkenes via polysulfide anion photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6264-6267. [PMID: 34075955 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02185k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl halides has been developed using polysulfide anions as photocatalysts in the presence of the Hantzsch ester and water under irradiation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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65
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Li T, Liang K, Tang J, Ding Y, Tong X, Xia C. A photoexcited halogen-bonded EDA complex of the thiophenolate anion with iodobenzene for C(sp 3)–H activation and thiolation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15655-15661. [PMID: 35003596 PMCID: PMC8654056 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03667j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A direct photochemical thiolation of C(sp3)–H bond-containing substrates with thiophenol was developed. A halogen bonding-type EDA complex was found to trigger the downstream single electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kangjiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiaying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuzhen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaogang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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