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Chellan P, Sadler PJ. The elements of life and medicines. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:20140182. [PMID: 25666066 PMCID: PMC4342972 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Which elements are essential for human life? Here we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and attempt to assess whether elements are essential or not, and if they are, whether there is a relevant code for them in the human genome. There are many difficulties such as the human biochemistry of several so-called essential elements is not well understood, and it is not clear how we should classify elements that are involved in the destruction of invading microorganisms, or elements which are essential for microorganisms with which we live in symbiosis. In general, genes do not code for the elements themselves, but for specific chemical species, i.e. for the element, its oxidation state, type and number of coordinated ligands, and the coordination geometry. Today, the biological periodic table is in a position somewhat similar to Mendeleev's chemical periodic table of 1869: there are gaps and we need to do more research to fill them. The periodic table also offers potential for novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents, based on not only essential elements, but also non-essential elements, and on radionuclides. Although the potential for inorganic chemistry in medicine was realized more than 2000 years ago, this area of research is still in its infancy. Future advances in the design of inorganic drugs require more knowledge of their mechanism of action, including target sites and metabolism. Temporal speciation of elements in their biological environments at the atomic level is a major challenge, for which new methods are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Fickova M, Macho L, Brtko J. A comparison of the effects of tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride on cell proliferation, proapoptotic p53, Bax, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:727-31. [PMID: 25743928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it was disclosed, that numerous organotin(IV) derivatives have remarkable cytotoxicity against several types of cancer cells. The property to inhibit cell growth makes these compounds promising for antitumor therapy, as the clinical effectiveness of cisplatin is limited by drug resistance and significant side effects. Tributyltin and triphenyltin are known as endocrine disruptors. Moreover, the compounds exert their toxicity in mammals predominantly through nuclear receptor signaling. Here we present the effects of tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl) and triphenyltin chloride (TPT-Cl) on cell proliferation, expression of proapoptotic p53, Bax, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Dose and time dependent (24, 48 and 72 h) cell expositions have demonstrated TBT-Cl as more effective in inhibiting MCF-7 cell proliferation than TPT-Cl. Short time treatment with TBT-Cl displayed marked stimulation of p53 protein expression when compared to TPT-Cl. Both organotin compounds displayed similar mild enhancement of Bax protein expression. The 24h exposition of TPT-Cl induced substantial diminution of Bcl-2 protein expression in comparison with both, untreated cells and TBT-Cl treated cells. Our observations indicate that TBT-Cl and TPT-Cl have different antiproliferative potency and distinct impact on expression of apoptosis marker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fickova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cell Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ladislav Macho
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cell Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cell Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Adams MR, Bushnell EA, Bruce Grindley T, Boyd RJ. Organotin bond dissociation energies: An interesting challenge for contemporary computational methods. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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54
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Niu L, Li Y, Li Q. Medicinal properties of organotin compounds and their limitations caused by toxicity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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55
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A synthetic approach to palmerolides via Negishi cross coupling. The challenge of the C15–C16 bond formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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56
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Valenzuela A, Lespes G, Quiroz W, Aguilar LF, Bravo MA. Speciation analysis of organotin compounds in human urine by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection. Talanta 2014; 125:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shujah S, Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad N, Shah A, Ali S, Meetsma A, Hussain Z. Homobimetallic organotin(IV) complexes with hexadentate Schiff base: Synthesis, crystal structure and antimicrobial studies. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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58
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Dhir K, Kaur H, Puri JK, Mittu B. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of diorgano and triorganotin (IV) complexes of Chlordiazepoxide, Choline theophyllinate and Phenobarbitone sodium. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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59
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Nesci S, Ventrella V, Trombetti F, Pirini M, Pagliarani A. The mitochondrial F1FO-ATPase desensitization to oligomycin by tributyltin is due to thiol oxidation. Biochimie 2014; 97:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Dolan N, McGinley J, Stephens JC, Kavanagh K, Hurley D, Maher NJ. Synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial studies of organotin(IV) complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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Dipeptides with 3-(trimethylstannyl)alanine building blocks: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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62
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Ferreira M, Blanco L, Garrido A, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. In vitro approaches to evaluate toxicity induced by organotin compounds tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) in neuroblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4195-4203. [PMID: 23534342 DOI: 10.1021/jf3050186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of the organotin compounds (OTCs) monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT) were evaluated in vitro in a neuroblastoma human cell line. Mechanisms of cell death, apoptosis versus necrosis, were studied by using several markers: inhibition of cell viability and proliferation, F-actin, and mitochondrial membrane potential changes as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA fragmentation. The most toxic effects were detected with DBT and TBT even at very low concentrations (0.1-1 μM). In contrast, MBT induced lighter cytotoxic changes at the higher doses tested. None of the studied compounds stimulated propidium iodide uptake, although the most toxic chemical, TBT, caused lactate dehydrogenase release at the higher concentrations tested. These findings suggest that in neuroblastoma, OTC-induced cytotoxicity involves different pathways depending on the compound, concentration, and incubation time. A screening method for DBT and TBT quantification based on cell viability loss was developed, allowing a fast detection alternative to complex methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiña Ferreira
- Food Safety Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Campus Univ. 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain
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63
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Hussain M, Zia-Ur-Rehman, Ahmad MS, Altaf M, Stoeckli-Evans H, Ali S. Structural and biological studies of new monomeric, tetrameric, and polymeric organotin(IV) esters of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)propanoic acid. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.770845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Hussain
- a Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Zia-Ur-Rehman
- a Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- c Institute of Physics , University of Neuchátel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 , Neuchátel , Switzerland
| | - Helen Stoeckli-Evans
- c Institute of Physics , University of Neuchátel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 , Neuchátel , Switzerland
| | - Saqib Ali
- a Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
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64
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Pagliarani A, Nesci S, Ventrella V. Toxicity of organotin compounds: Shared and unshared biochemical targets and mechanisms in animal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:978-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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65
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WILLIAM JM, KURIYAMA M, ONOMURA O. Electrochemical Oxidation of 1,2-Diols to ^|^alpha;-Hydroxyketones in Water. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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66
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Organotin Compounds from Snails to Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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67
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Yamakawa T, Kinoshita H, Miura K. Synthetic utility of tribenzyltin hydride and its derivatives as easily accessible, removable, and decomposable organotin reagents. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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68
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Chen J, Huang C, Truong L, La Du J, Tilton SC, Waters KM, Lin K, Tanguay RL, Dong Q. Early life stage trimethyltin exposure induces ADP-ribosylation factor expression and perturbs the vascular system in zebrafish. Toxicology 2012; 302:129-39. [PMID: 23000284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin contaminant, widely detected in aqueous environments, posing potential human and environmental risks. In this study, we utilized the zebrafish model to investigate the impact of transient TMT exposure on developmental progression, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular development. Embryos were waterborne exposed to a wide TMT concentration range from 8 to 96 h post fertilization (hpf). The TMT concentration that led to mortality in 50% of the embryos (LC(50)) at 96 hpf was 8.2 μM; malformations in 50% of the embryos (EC(50)) was 2.8 μM. The predominant response observed in surviving embryos was pericardial edema. Additionally, using the Tg (fli1a: EGFP) y1 transgenic zebrafish line to non-invasively monitor vascular development, TMT exposure led to distinct disarrangements in the vascular system. The most susceptible developmental stage to TMT exposure was between 48 and 72 hpf. High density whole genome microarrays were used to identify the early transcriptional changes following TMT exposure from 48 to 60 hpf or 72 hpf. In total, 459 transcripts were differentially expressed at least 2-fold (P<0.05) by TMT compared to control. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools, it was revealed that the transcripts misregulated by TMT exposure were clustered in numerous categories including metabolic and cardiovascular disease, cellular function, cell death, molecular transport, and physiological development. In situ localization of highly elevated transcripts revealed intense staining of ADP-ribosylation factors arf3 and arf5 in the head, trunk, and tail regions. When arf5 expression was blocked by morpholinos, the zebrafish did not display the prototypical TMT-induced vascular deficits, indicating that the induction of arf5 was necessary for TMT-induced vascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Watershed Science and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
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69
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Janesick A, Blumberg B. Obesogens, stem cells and the developmental programming of obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2012; 35:437-48. [PMID: 22372658 PMCID: PMC3358413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesogens are chemicals that directly or indirectly lead to increased fat accumulation and obesity. Obesogens have the potential to disrupt multiple metabolic signalling pathways in the developing organism that can result in permanent changes in adult physiology. Prenatal or perinatal exposure to obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals has been shown to predispose an organism to store more fat from the beginning of its life. For example, excess oestrogen or cortisol exposure in the womb or during early life resulted in an increased susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. This review focuses on the effects of environmental chemicals, such as the model obesogen, tributyltin (TBT), on the development of obesity. We discuss evidence linking the obesogenic effects of TBT with its ability to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and stimulate adipogenesis. We also discuss how TBT and other environmental obesogens may lead to epigenetic changes that predispose exposed individuals to subsequent weight gain and obesity. This suggests that humans, who have been exposed to obesogenic chemicals during sensitive windows of development, might be pre-programmed to store increased amounts of fat, resulting in a lifelong struggle to maintain a healthy weight and exacerbating the deleterious effects of poor diet and inadequate exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Janesick
- Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA.
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70
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[Endocrine disruptors and obesity: obesogens]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 59:261-7. [PMID: 22300604 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of owerweight and obesity have greatly increased over the past three decades in almost all countries around the world. This phenomenon is not easily explained by lifestyle changes in populations with very different initial habits. This has led to consider the influence of other factors, the so-called endocrine disruptors, and more specifically obesogens. This study reviewed the available evidence about polluting chemical substances which may potentially be obesogens in humans: DES, genistein, bisphenol A, organotins (TBT, TPT), and phthalates. The first three groups of substances mainly act upon estrogen receptors, while organotins and phthalates activate PPARγ. It was concluded that evidence exists of the obesogenic effect of these chemical substances in tissues and experimental animals, but few data are available in humans.
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71
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Sousa ACA, Oliveira IB, Laranjeiro F, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Cunha MR, Barroso CM. Organotin levels in Nazaré canyon (west Iberian Margin, NE Atlantic) and adjacent coastal area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:422-426. [PMID: 22155119 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and high concentrations (μg g(-1) range) in sediments from different coastal areas around the world have been reported. However, few reports have described the OTs contamination status in the offshore and deep sea environment. This work investigated organotin levels in Nazaré canyon for the first time. Levels of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), diphenyltin (DPT), triphenyltin (TPT), dioctyltin (DOT) and trioctyltin (TOT) were quantified in sediment samples from the upper flanks of the canyon and from the adjacent coastal area. TBT levels detected in the canyon flanks are about two to three orders of magnitude lower than those found in the coastal area. Nevertheless, when quantifiable, TBT levels in the canyon samples were higher than the Environmental Assessment Criteria set for TBT in sediments by the OSPAR Commission indicating that at those locations negative ecological impacts are likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A Sousa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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72
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Synthesis, structural elucidation and biological activities of organotin(IV) derivatives of (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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73
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Antes FG, Krupp E, Flores EMM, Dressler VL, Feldmann J. Speciation and degradation of triphenyltin in typical paddy fields and its uptake into rice plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10524-10530. [PMID: 22074207 DOI: 10.1021/es202832g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPhT) is a biocide used worldwide in agriculture, especially in rice crop farming. The distribution and dissipation of TPhT in rice fields, as well as uptake of TPhT and other phenyltin compounds (monophenyltin, MPhT, and diphenyltin, DPhT) is still unknown at present. In this study, speciation analysis of phenyltin compounds was carried out in soil and water from a rice field where TPhT was applied during rice seeding according to legal application rates in Brazil. The results indicate the degradation of biocide and distribution of tin species into soil and water. To evaluate whether TPhT is taken up by plants, rice plants were exposed to three different TPhT application rates in a controlled mesocosm during 7 weeks. After this period, tin speciation was determined in soil, roots, leaves, and grains of rice. Degradation of TPhT was observed in soil, where DPhT and MPhT were detected. MPhT, DPhT, and TPhT were also detected in the roots of plants exposed to all TPhT application rates. Only TPhT was detected in leaves and at relatively low concentration, suggesting selective transport of TPhT in the xylem, in contrast to DPhT and MPhT. Concentration of phenyltin species in rice grains was lower than the limit of detection, suggesting that rice plants do not have the capability to take up TPhT from soil and transport it to the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane G Antes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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74
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75
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One ligand different metal complexes: Biological studies of titanium(IV), tin(IV) and gallium(III) derivatives with the 2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-carboxylato ligand. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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Muncke J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:118-27. [PMID: 21073950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM relies on estimates of food consumption and leaching into food. Recent studies using polycarbonate plastics show that food simulants do not always predict worst-case leaching of bisphenol A, a common FCM substance. Also, exposure of children to FCM substances is not always realistically predicted using the common conventions and thus possibly misjudged. Further, the exposure of the whole population to substances leaching into dry foods is underestimated. Consumers are exposed to low levels of substances from FCM across their entire lives. Effects of these compounds currently are assessed with a focus on mutagenicity and genotoxicity. This approach however neglects integrating recent new toxicological findings, like endocrine disruption, mixture toxicity, and developmental toxicity. According to these new toxicology paradigms women of childbearing age and during pregnancy are a new sensitive population group requiring more attention. Furthermore, in overweight and obese persons a change in the metabolism of xenobiotics is observed, possibly implying that this group of consumers is insufficiently protected by current risk assessment practice. Innovations in FCM risk assessment should therefore include routine testing for EDCs and an assessment of the whole migrate toxicity of a food packaging, taking into account all sensitive population groups. In this article I focus on recent issues of interest concerning either exposure to or effects of FCM-related substances. Further, I review the use of benzophenones and organotins, two groups of known or suspected EDCs, in FCM authorized in the US and EU.
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Tang D, Noordover BAJ, Sablong RJ, Koning CE. Metal-free synthesis of novel biobased dihydroxyl-terminated aliphatic polyesters as building blocks for thermoplastic polyurethanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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78
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Chandrasekhar V, Thirumoorthi R, Metre RK, Mahanti B. Steric control in the reactions of 3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid with diorganotin dichlorides. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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79
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Louppis AP, Georgantelis D, Paleologos EK, Kontominas MG. Determination of tributyltin through ultrasonic assisted micelle mediated extraction and GFAAS: Application to the monitoring of tributyltin levels in Greek marine species. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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80
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Hanif M, Hussain M, Ali S, Bhatti MH, Ahmed MS, Mirza B, Stoeckli-Evans H. In vitro biological studies and structural elucidation of organotin(IV) derivatives of 6-nitropiperonylic acid: Crystal structure of {[(CH2O2C6H2(o-NO2)COO)SnBu2]2O}2. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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81
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Nath M, Singh H, Kumar P, Kumar A, Song X, Eng G. Organotin(IV) tryptophanylglycinates: potential non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents; crystal structure of dibutyltin(IV) tryptophanylglycinate. Appl Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Sousa A, Ikemoto T, Takahashi S, Barroso C, Tanabe S. Distribution of synthetic organotins and total tin levels in Mytilus galloprovincialis along the Portuguese coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:1130-1136. [PMID: 19426996 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the huge amount of literature available on butyltins (BuTs), few studies addressed the environmental levels of phenyltins (PhTs), octyltins (OcTs) and total tin (Sn(T)) in environmental samples. In 2006 a mussel watch survey was developed for the Portuguese coast (total of 29 sampling sites) in order to describe the concentrations of BuTs , PhTs, OcTs and Sn(T) in the whole tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819). BuTs were detected in all analyzed samples accounting, in average, for 98.6% of total organotins (Sigma OTs=BuTs+PhTs+OcTs), and presented highest values in the vicinity of harbors. Tributyltin (TBT) was the dominant butyltin, representing, in average, 62% of summation operatorBuTs (Sigma BuTs=TBT+DBT+MBT) suggesting that fresh inputs of TBT are still occurring in the Portuguese coast, particularly near harbors. The contribution of organotin compounds derived from antifouling paints to the total tin levels in M. galloprovincialis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Tokutaka Ikemoto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Carlos Barroso
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Sequestration of Alkyltin(IV) compounds in aqueous solution: formation, stability, and empirical relationships for the binding of dimethyltin(IV) cation by N- and O-donor ligands. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2009:219818. [PMID: 19590597 PMCID: PMC2706388 DOI: 10.1155/2009/219818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequestering ability of polyamines and aminoacids of biological and environmental relevance (namely, ethylenediamine, putrescine, spermine, a polyallylamine, a branched polyethyleneimine, aspartate, glycinate, lysinate) toward dimethyltin(IV) cation was evaluated. The stability of various dimethyltin(IV) / ligand species was determined in NaClaq at t = 25°C and at different ionic strengths (0.1 ≤ I/mol L−1 ≤ 1.0), and the dependence of stability constants on this parameter was modeled by an Extended Debye-Hückel equation and by Specific ion Interaction Theory (SIT) approach. At I = 0.1 mol L−1, for the ML species we have log K = 10.8, 14.2, 12.0, 14.7, 11.9, 7.7, 13.7, and 8.0 for ethylenediamine, putrescine, polyallylamine, spermine, polyethyleneimine, glycinate, lysinate, and aspartate, respectively. The sequestering ability toward dimethyltin(IV) cation was defined by calculating the parameter pL50 (the total ligand concentration, as −log CL, able to bind 50% of metal cation), able to give an objective representation of this ability. Equations were formulated to model the dependence of pL50 on different variables, such as ionic strength and pH, and other empirical predictive relationships were also found.
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84
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Tan Y, Cai S, Liao L, Wang Q, Liu L. Microwave-assisted Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone in Presence of Hydrogen Phosphonates. Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2009079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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