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Chen JL, Wang L, Li R, Jiao YF, Yu WF. High expression of endothelial progenitor cell-induced angiogenic markers is associated with bile acid levels in HCC. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2729-2738. [PMID: 32782589 PMCID: PMC7400775 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-induced angiogenesis activity is enhanced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the contributing factors remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the number of EPCs and circulating progenitor cells (CPCs), as well as the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and CD34, in patients with HCC. The expression levels of VEGFR-2 and CD34 were assessed in 72 HCC tumor and matched adjacent tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry. The associations between VEGFR-2 or CD34 expression in tumors, clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival rates were analyzed. The number of EPCs and CPCs were analyzed in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC. In this study, high expression levels of VEGFR-2 and CD34 were detected in the tumor tissues of 41 (56.9%) and 44 (61.1%) patients, respectively. VEGFR-2 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (P<0.001), bile acid level (P=0.014) and α-fetoprotein level (P=0.011). However, CD34 expression was associated with tumor size (P=0.009), recrudescence (P<0.001) and bile acid (P=0.009). Next, the expression levels of VEGFR-2 and CD34 in tumor and adjacent tissues were compared according to the bile acid level. VEGFR-2 and CD34 expression levels were both higher in the high bile acid group, whereas expression levels of the markers were higher in adjacent tissues compared with tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis identified that patients with low CD34 expression had a longer overall survival compared with patients with high CD34 expression (P=0.029). Multivariate analysis also indicated that both VEGFR-2 (P=0.020) and CD34 (P=0.035) were independent prognostic risk factors. Moreover, flow cytometry demonstrated that the number of EPCs and CPCs was negatively related with the bile acid levels in patients with HCC. In conclusion, in patients with HCC, bile acid promotes EPC-induced angiogenesis. Furthermore, EPCs and CPCs may be activated by bile acid in tumors but are more so in adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Long Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Burrowes DP, Kono Y, Medellin A, Wilson SR. RadioGraphics Update: Contrast-enhanced US Approach to the Diagnosis of Focal Liver Masses. Radiographics 2020; 40:E16-E20. [PMID: 32609595 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Editor's Note.-Articles in the RadioGraphics Update section provide current knowledge to supplement or update information found in full-length articles previously published in RadioGraphics. Authors of the previously published article provide a brief synopsis that emphasizes important new information such as technological advances, revised imaging protocols, new clinical guidelines involving imaging, or updated classification schemes. Articles in this section are published solely online and are linked to the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Burrowes
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 (D.P.B., A.M., S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (Y.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Yuko Kono
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 (D.P.B., A.M., S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (Y.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Alexandra Medellin
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 (D.P.B., A.M., S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (Y.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Stephanie R Wilson
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 (D.P.B., A.M., S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (Y.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.)
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Dal Bo M, De Mattia E, Baboci L, Mezzalira S, Cecchin E, Assaraf YG, Toffoli G. New insights into the pharmacological, immunological, and CAR-T-cell approaches in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 51:100702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: The current scenario and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102030. [PMID: 32505807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers include colorectal, gastric, oesophageal, pancreatic and liver cancers. They continue to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Current treatment strategies include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. Immunotherapy has recently been incorporated in treatment regimens for some gastrointestinal malignancies and research into different immune modifying treatments is being carried out in this context. Approaches to immune modulation such as vaccination, adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition have shown varying clinical benefit, with most of the benefit seen in checkpoint inhibition. This review summarises recent advances and future direction of immunotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Xie JY, Wei JX, Lv LH, Han QF, Yang WB, Li GL, Wang PX, Wu SB, Duan JX, Zhuo WF, Liu PQ, Min J. Angiopoietin-2 induces angiogenesis via exosomes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:46. [PMID: 32183816 PMCID: PMC7077328 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is a highly vascularized solid tumor. Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) has been described as an attractive target for antiangiogenic therapy. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types and contribute to cell-to-cell communication by delivering functional cargo to recipient cells. The expression of ANGPT2 in tumor-derived exosomes remains unknown. Methods We detected the ANGPT2 expression in HCC-derived exosomes by immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunogold labeling, then observed exosomal ANGPT2 internalization and recycling by confocal laser scanning microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. We used two HCC cell lines (Hep3B and MHCC97H) to overexpress ANGPT2 by lentivirus infection or knockdown ANGPT2 by the CRISPR/Cas system, then isolated exosomes to coculture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and observed the angiogenesis by Matrigel microtubule formation assay, transwell migration assay, wound healing assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, immunoblotting and in vivo tumorigenesis assay. Results We found that HCC-derived exosomes carried ANGPT2 and delivered it into HUVECs by exosome endocytosis, this delivery led to a notable increase in angiogenesis by a Tie2-independent pathway. Concomitantly, we observed that HCC cell-secreted exosomal ANGPT2 was recycled by recipient HUVECs and might be reused. In addition, the CRISPR-Cas systems to knock down ANGPT2 significantly inhibited the angiogenesis induced by HCC cell-secreted exosomal ANGPT2, and obviously suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition activation in HCC. Conclusions Taken together, these results reveal a novel pathway of tumor angiogenesis induced by HCC cell-secreted exosomal ANGPT2 that is different from the classic ANGPT2/Tie2 pathway. This way may be a potential therapeutic target for antiangiogenic therapy. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Li-Hong Lv
- Clinical Trial Institution of Pharmaceuticals, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qing-Fang Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshedong Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei-Bang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guo-Lin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pan-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shao-Bin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jin-Xin Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pei-Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jun Min
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Fan Z, Zheng W, Li H, Wu W, Liu X, Sun Z, Hu H, Du L, Jia Q, Liu Q. LOXL2 upregulates hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α signaling through Snail‑FBP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1641-1649. [PMID: 32323822 PMCID: PMC7107812 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase‑like 2 (LOXL2), a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family, is involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis. Increased expression of LOXL2 has been identified in several types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, LOXL2 has been reported to promote epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by reducing E‑cadherin expression via the upregulation of Snail expression. The present study provided evidence demonstrating that LOXL2 inhibited the expression of fructose‑1, 6‑biphosphatase (FBP1) and enhanced the glycolysis of Huh7 and Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in a Snail‑dependent manner. Overexpression of the point‑mutated form of LOXL2 [LOXL2(Y689F)], which lacks enzymatic activity, does not affect the expression of Snail1 or FBP1. Notably, targeting extracellular LOXL2 of Huh7 cells with a therapeutic antibody was unable to abolish its regulation on the expression of Snail and FBP1. Knockdown of LOXL2 also interrupted the angiogenesis of Huh7 and Hep3B cells, and this effect could be rescued by the overexpression of Snail. Furthermore, upregulation of hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α (HIF‑1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was observed in Huh7 and Hep3B cells expressing wild‑type LOXL2. Notably, the selective LOXL2 inhibitor LOXL2‑IN‑1 could upregulate the expression of FBP1 and inhibit the expression of Snail, HIF‑1α and VEGF in HCC cells, but not in FBP1‑knockdown cells. The results of the present study indicated that the intracellular activity of LOXL2 upregulated HIF‑1α/VEGF signaling pathways via the Snail‑FBP1 axis, and this phenomenon could be inhibited by LOXL2 inhibition. Collectively, these findings further support that LOXL2 exhibits an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and implicates LOXL2 as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Wujun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Haitian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Lixue Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Qingan Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Predicting Clinical Efficacy of Vascular Disrupting Agents in Rodent Models of Primary and Secondary Liver Cancers: An Overview with Imaging-Histopathology Correlation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10020078. [PMID: 32024029 PMCID: PMC7168934 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have entered clinical trials for over 15 years. As the leading VDA, combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) has been evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and molecular targeting agents among patients with ovarian cancer, lung cancer and thyroid cancer, but still remains rarely explored in human liver cancers. To overcome tumor residues and regrowth after CA4P monotherapy, a novel dual targeting pan-anticancer theragnostic strategy, i.e., OncoCiDia, has been developed and shown promise previously in secondary liver tumor models. Animal model of primary liver cancer is time consuming to induce, but of value for more closely mimicking human liver cancers in terms of tumor angiogenesis, histopathological heterogeneity, cellular differentiation, tumor components, cancer progression and therapeutic response. Being increasingly adopted in VDA researches, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides imaging biomarkers to reflect in vivo tumor responses to drugs. In this article as a chapter of a doctoral thesis, we overview the construction and clinical relevance of primary and secondary liver cancer models in rodents. Target selection for CA4P therapy assisted by enhanced MRI using hepatobiliary contrast agents (CAs), and therapeutic efficacy evaluated by using MRI with a non-specific contrast agent, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) are also described. We then summarize diverse responses among primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), secondary liver and pancreatic tumors to CA4P, which appeared to be related to tumor size, vascularity, and cellular differentiation. In general, imaging-histopathology correlation studies allow to conclude that CA4P tends to be more effective in secondary liver tumors and in more differentiated HCCs, but less effective in less differentiated HCCs and implanted pancreatic tumor. Notably, cirrhotic liver may be responsive to CA4P as well. All these could be instructive for future clinical trials of VDAs.
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Zahran AM, Abdel-Rahim MH, Refaat A, Sayed M, Othman MM, Khalak LMR, Hetta HF. Circulating hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells and cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: contribution to diagnosis and prognosis. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:33-39. [PMID: 31478425 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1657940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim: Circulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumor development and progression and can predict patient outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of circulating HSCs, EPCs and CSCs in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to explore their potential prognostic significance for HCC patients.Methods: The study included 30 HCC patients and 20 healthy controls. The HSCs and EPCs were enumerated with CD45, CD34, CD133, CD144 markers, while CSCs were enumerated with CD45, CD44, CD133 markers using flow cytometry.Results: The mean percentages of circulating HSCs were significantly lower in HCC patients than the controls (p = .001), whereas the mean percentages of EPCs within the HSCs subpopulation were significantly higher in the HCC patients than the controls (p = .002). The absolute count of CSCs within 100,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 23.5 ± 3.4 in the HCC patients. Also, the mean percentages of circulating HSCs, EPCs and the number of CSCs were significantly increased in patients with multiple hepatic focal lesions than in patients with a single hepatic focal lesion. Both circulating HSCs and EPCs showed significant positive correlation with the level of AFP and with the numbers of CSCs. In the meantime, the numbers of CSCs revealed significant direct correlation with ALT, AST and AFP levels. The one-year overall survival (OS) of the patients was 77.5%. High levels of CSCs, HSCs and EPCs at diagnosis were all associated with worse outcome for the HCC patients.Conclusions: Significant changes in the levels of the circulating HSCs, EPCs and CSCs occur in HCC. These changes help the diagnosis and the prediction of HCC outcome, as higher levels of these cells are associated with worse OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M. Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona H. Abdel-Rahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Medical Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona Sayed
- Radiotherapy Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Othman
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M. R. Khalak
- Radiodiagnosis Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Qi J, Wu Q, Zhu X, Zhang S, Chen X, Chen W, Sun Z, Zhu M, Miao C. Propofol attenuates the adhesion of tumor and endothelial cells through inhibiting glycolysis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1114-1122. [PMID: 31650167 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is one of the most commonly used intravenous anesthetics and plays an important role in tumor suppression. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which propofol attenuates tumor endothelial cells (TECs) and tumor cell adhesion to inhibit tumor metastasis in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium were treated with tumor conditioned medium for 24 h, followed by 4 h of treatment with or without 25 μM of propofol, 10 μM of KN93, 500 μM of MK801, or 20 μM of rapastinel. It was found that propofol inhibited TEC adhesion and the glycolysis level of TECs. Consistently, propofol inhibited the expressions of adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) and glycolysis proteins (GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA) in TECs. Moreover, propofol attenuated the expression of HIF-1α, the phosphorylation of AKT and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and the Ca2+ concentration in TECs. MK801, an inhibitor of NMDA receptor, and KN93, an inhibitor of CaMKII, both inhibited the expressions of adhesion molecules and glycolysis proteins, in a manner similar to propofol. Additionally, rapastine, an activator of NMDA receptor, could counteract the effects of propofol. Our results indicated that propofol attenuates intracellular Ca2+ concentration, CaMKII and AKT phosphorylation, and HIF-1α expression, probably via inhibiting the NMDA receptor, thus inhibiting glycolysis and adhesion of tumor and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qichao Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuqin Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangyuan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wáng YXJ, Wang X, Wu P, Wang Y, Chen W, Chen H, Li J. Topics on quantitative liver magnetic resonance imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1840-1890. [PMID: 31867237 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is subject to continuous technical innovations through advances in hardware, sequence and novel contrast agent development. In order to utilize the abilities of liver MR to its full extent and perform high-quality efficient exams, it is mandatory to use the best imaging protocol, to minimize artifacts and to select the most adequate type of contrast agent. In this article, we review the routine clinical MR techniques applied currently and some latest developments of liver imaging techniques to help radiologists and technologists to better understand how to choose and optimize liver MRI protocols that can be used in clinical practice. This article covers topics on (I) fat signal suppression; (II) diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis; (III) dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR imaging; (IV) liver fat quantification; (V) liver iron quantification; and (VI) scan speed acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yì Xiáng J Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Peng Wu
- Philips Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215024, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibo Chen
- Philips Healthcare, Shanghai 200072, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Oplawski M, Dziobek K, Zmarzły N, Grabarek B, Tomala B, Leśniak E, Adwent I, Januszyk P, Dąbruś D, Boroń D. Evaluation of Changes in the Expression Pattern of EDIL3 in Different Grades of Endometrial Cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:483-488. [PMID: 30961491 PMCID: PMC6806535 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190408112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EDIL3 is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a key role in angiogenesis. Changes in the pattern of its expression also affect cellular processes and the tumor microenvironment. Elevated level of EDIL3 is considered an unfavorable prognostic marker of survival. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in EDIL3 expression in endometrial cancer at various degrees of its differentiation (G1-G3) and to discuss its potential role as a molecular diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. METHODS The study group consisted of 45 patients with endometrial cancer: G1, 17; G2, 15; G3, 13. The control group (C) included 15 patients without neoplastic changes. The expression of EDIL3 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 12 PL software (p<0.05). RESULTS Analysis of EDIL3 expression showed that the average optical density of the reaction product in G1 reached 130% of the control, while the values in G2 and G3 were 153% and 158%, respectively. Regardless of the endometrial cancer grade, an increase in EDIL3 level was observed compared to the control. CONCLUSION In our study, we demonstrated overexpression of EDIL3 protein in endometrial cancer. Differences in expression between degrees of tumor differentiation suggest the potential of using changes in EDIL3 level as a new complementary diagnostic marker and target for anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Oplawski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad Dziobek
- Center of Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Tomala
- Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Poland
| | - Ewa Leśniak
- Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Poland
| | - Iwona Adwent
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Januszyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dąbruś
- Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Poland.,Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
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62
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El-Kady DS, Ali NA, Sayed AH, Abdelhaliem MM, Elmegeed GA, Ahmed HH. Assessment of the Antitumor Potentiality of Newly Designed Steroid Derivatives: Pre-Clinical Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3057-3070. [PMID: 31653155 PMCID: PMC6982653 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.10.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is recognized as one of the most prevalent contributors to mortality in several nations and it remains one of the common health issues globally. In particular, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a public health problem along with the increase of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) virus infections. Based on this fact, our study goaled to synthesize newly hybrid drugs containing heterocyclic rings incorporated to steroid moiety and to examine the potential antitumor activity of the newly designed heterosteroid derivatives against HCC induced in animal model. Several heterocyclic steroids were synthesized 2-7 and confirmed via the analytical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy). Compounds 3, 4, and 5 were chosen to be investigated as anticancer agents in HCC rat model by means of validated biomarkers (alfa –fetoprotein, endoglin, lipocali-2 and heat shock protein-70). Following administration of compounds 3, 4 or 5, availability of the active tumor marker molecules was significantly dropped and a substantial decrease of the angiogenic and inflammatory mediators was also evident. These findings were supported by the histological examination of liver tissue. Taken together, this study indicates the potential anticancer activity of the newly synthesized heterosteroid derivatives against HCC in vivo. The antitumor activity of these compounds was likely attributable to modulating some signal transduction pathways involved in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S El-Kady
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Ali
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Sayed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community College in Al-Qurayyat, Al-Jouf University, KSA
| | - Mervat M Abdelhaliem
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Elmegeed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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63
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Mossenta M, Busato D, Baboci L, Cintio FD, Toffoli G, Bo MD. New Insight into Therapies Targeting Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1086. [PMID: 31370258 PMCID: PMC6721310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy characterized by neoangiogenesis that is determined by an augmented production of proangiogenesis factors by tumor and adjacent cells. This unbalanced angiogenesis process is a key feature of HCC carcinogenesis and progression. Proangiogenic factors also have a relevant role in the generation and maintenance of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Several therapeutic options for HCC treatment are based on the inhibition of angiogenesis, both in the early/intermediate stages of the disease and in the late stages of the disease. Conventional treatment options employing antiangiogenic approaches provide for the starving of tumors of their blood supply to avoid the refueling of oxygen and nutrients. An emerging alternative point of view is the normalization of vasculature leading to enhance tumor perfusion and oxygenation, potentially capable, when proposed in combination with other treatments, to improve delivery and efficacy of other therapies, including immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. The introduction of novel biomarkers can be useful for the definition of the most appropriate dose and scheduling for these combination treatment approaches. The present review provides a wide description of the pharmaceutical compounds with an antiangiogenic effect proposed for HCC treatment and investigated in clinical trials, including antibodies and small-molecule kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Federica Di Cintio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
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64
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Hammoutene A, Rautou PE. Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1278-1291. [PMID: 30797053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its complications are an expanding health problem associated with the metabolic syndrome. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells localized at the interface between the blood derived from the gut and the adipose tissue on the one side, and other liver cells on the other side. In physiological conditions, LSECs are gatekeepers of liver homeostasis. LSECs display anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic properties by preventing Kupffer cell and hepatic stellate cell activation and regulating intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal pressure. This review focusses on changes occurring in LSECs in NAFLD and on their consequences on NAFLD progression and complications. Capillarization, namely the loss of LSEC fenestrae, and LSEC dysfunction, namely the loss of the ability of LSECs to generate vasodilator agents in response to increased shear stress both occur early in NAFLD. These LSEC changes favour steatosis development and set the stage for NAFLD progression. At the stage of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, altered LSECs release inflammatory mediators and contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory cells, thus promoting liver injury and inflammation. Altered LSECs also fail to maintain hepatic stellate cell quiescence and release fibrogenic mediators, including Hedgehog signalling molecules, promoting liver fibrosis. Liver angiogenesis is increased in NAFLD and contributes to liver inflammation and fibrosis, but also to hepatocellular carcinoma development. Thus, improving LSEC health appears to be a promising approach to prevent NAFLD progression and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hammoutene
- Inserm, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, PARCC, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Inserm, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, PARCC, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France.
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65
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Lin HS, Huang YL, Wang YRS, Hsiao E, Hsu TA, Shiao HY, Jiaang WT, Sampurna BP, Lin KH, Wu MS, Lai GM, Yuh CH. Identification of Novel Anti-Liver Cancer Small Molecules with Better Therapeutic Index than Sorafenib via Zebrafish Drug Screening Platform. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060739. [PMID: 31141996 PMCID: PMC6628114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Sorafenib was the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating advanced HCC until recently, so development of new target therapy is urgently needed. In this study, we established a zebrafish drug screening platform and compared the therapeutic effects of two multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 419S1 and 420S1, with Sorafenib. All three compounds exhibited anti-angiogenesis abilities in immersed fli1:EGFP transgenic embryos and the half inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined. 419S1 exhibited lower hepatoxicity and embryonic toxicity than 420S1 and Sorafenib, and the half lethal concentration (LC50) was determined. The therapeutic index (LC50/IC50) for 419S1 was much higher than for Sorafenib and 420S1. The compounds were either injected retro-orbitally or by oral gavage to adult transgenic zebrafish with HCC. The compounds not only rescued the pathological feature, but also reversed the expression levels of cell-cycle-related genes and protein levels of a proliferation marker. Using a patient-derived-xenograft assay, we found that the effectiveness of 419S1 and 420S1 in preventing liver cancer proliferation is better than that of Sorafenib. With integrated efforts and the advantage of the zebrafish platform, we can find more effective and safe drugs for HCC treatment and screen for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Syuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Luen Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Rui Stefanie Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Eugene Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-An Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yi Shiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Weir-Torn Jiaang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Bonifasius Putera Sampurna
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hao Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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van Breugel JMM, Geschwind JF, Mirpour S, Savic LJ, Zhang X, Duran R, Lin M, Miszczuk M, Liapi E, Chapiro J. Theranostic application of lipiodol for transarterial chemoembolization in a VX2 rabbit liver tumor model. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:3674-3686. [PMID: 31281506 PMCID: PMC6587357 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Lipiodol as a tumor-specific imaging biomarker to determine therapeutic efficacy of cTACE and investigate its inter-dependency with tumor perfusion using radiological-pathological correlation in an animal model of liver cancer. METHODS A total of N=36 rabbits were implanted in the left lobe of the liver with VX2 tumors, treated with cTACE using doxorubicin suspended in Lipiodol, and randomly sacrificed at 24 h, 7 days, or 20 days post-TACE. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT scans including a perfusion protocol were obtained before cTACE and immediately before sacrifice. Tumor vascularity and Lipiodol deposition within tumors and hepatic tissue (non-target deposits) were quantified using 3D quantitative assessment tools and measurements of arterial flow, portal flow, and perfusion index (PI). After sacrifice histologic staining, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), CD31, and Oil Red O (ORO) were performed on tumor and liver samples to evaluate necrosis, microvascular density (MVD), and Lipiodol retention over time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to assess Lipiodol deposition and clearance over time. RESULTS All cTACE procedures were carried out successfully except for one, which was excluded from further analysis. Twenty-four hours post-TACE, tumor PI (p=0.04) was significantly decreased, which was maintained at 7 days (p=0.003), but not at 20 days (p=0.4). A strong correlation (R2 = 0.894) was found between the volume of enhancing tumor tissue at baseline and Lipiodol-positive tumor volume post-TACE. Both ORO and TEM showed deposition of Lipiodol across all imaging time points within the VX2 tumors. However, gradual and ultimately near-complete Lipiodol washout was observed over time in the non-tumoral liver. MVD decreased between 24 h and 7 days post-TACE, and then increased 20 days post-TACE (both p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data provide radiology-pathology evidence for the function of Lipiodol as a theranostic, tumor-specific drug delivery agent because it is both imageable and tumor-seeking, whereby it is preferentially taken up and retained by tumor cells. Those tumor-specific functions also enable Lipiodol to act as an imaging biomarker for the therapeutic efficacy of cTACE. Together with volumetric quantification of tumor vascularization on CT, Lipiodol could be used as a predictor of a patient's response to cTACE and contribute to the therapeutic management of patients with liver cancer.
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Saleem S, Kazmi I, Ahmad A, Abuzinadah MF, Samkari A, Alkrathy HM, Khan R. Thiamin Regresses the Anticancer Efficacy of Methotrexate in the Amelioration of Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Wistar Strain Rats. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:170-181. [PMID: 31088230 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1614199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and occurs frequently in patients with liver cirrhosis. HCC is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality around the globe.Aim: This study assessed the effects of thiamin in the anticancer activity of methotrexate (MTX) in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular Carcinoma in Wistar strain male rats.Method: Fifty rats were randomly segregated in five groups with 10 rats in each group. HCC was induced by single intraperitoneal (i.p) dose of DEN (200 mg/kg) and HCC promoter phenobarbital was used in the basal diet (0.05%) for 5 days per week until the termination of the study in all the rats except for the normal control (NC) group. Disease control (DC) was given no treatment, while DM (DEN + MTX) and DT (DEN + thiamin) groups were given MTX (5 mg/kg, i.p per week for 16 weeks) and thiamin (25 mg/kg, orally, daily for 16 weeks), respectively. DMT (DEN + MTX + thiamin) group was given the combined dose of MTX and thiamin. Histopathological study was carried out to confirm the liver function tests such as α-feto protein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), and total protein (TP) along with antioxidants vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), lipid per-oxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT).Results: Results showed that liver biomarkers and antioxidants parameters were still abnormal in the DC group while DM group showed significant restoration, but DT group showed less significant normalization. DMT showed mild recovery of these parameters.Conclusion: The mechanism of action of MTX and thiamin is antiparallel to each other and hence their concomitant administration may lead to inefficient anticancer activity of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, KR Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- College of Pharmacy, Shine Abdur Razzaq Institute of Health Education and Research Centre Irba, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Abuzinadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Samkari
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda M Alkrathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, India
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Lin JT, Chang YY, Chen YC, Liao PL, Yang DJ. Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower proanthocyanidin fraction exhibited protective efficacy to suppress nickel-induced expression for vascular endothelial growth factor in HepG2 cells. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12882. [PMID: 31353727 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower proanthocyanidin fraction (LFPF) composed of (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) generation induced by nickel (Ni) in hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells was studied. VEGF is an angiogenic inducer, which promotes tumor angiogenesis, leading to rapid tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF could be substantially induced in the Ni-mediated Hep G2 cells. Through LFPF treatment, the Ni-induced VEGF generation could be suppressed significantly. The inhibition of HIF-1α expression by blocking phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and the suppression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT 3), and Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK1/2)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathways are important molecular mechanisms for the LFPF action. LFPF should probably reduce the risk of liver cancer in Ni-contaminated environments by inhibiting VEGF expression. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: LFPF mainly contained (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2. Our results demonstrated that LFPF considerably suppressed the Ni-induced VEGF expression through inhibition of JAK2/STAT 3 and RAF1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathways and prohibited HIF-1α expression through blocking PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Litchi flowers might have the potential to diminish the liver cancer risk in a Ni-contaminated environment through suitable treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Tien Lin
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition and Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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He L, Deng H, Lei J, Yi F, Li J, Fan XD, Wei Y, Xu J, Zhang W. Efficacy of bevacizumab combined with erlotinib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm meta-analysis based on prospective studies. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:276. [PMID: 30922256 PMCID: PMC6437948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of bevacizumab combined with erlotinib (B + E) for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, especially for sorafenib-refractory patients, has been observed and evaluated in several trials. We conducted this single arm meta-analysis to generally assess the benefit and risk with B + E for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for related studies. The main outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse effects (AEs). RESULTS Eight phase II clinical trials including 342 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were analyzed. The pooled ORR was 12.6% (95% CI: 6.3-19.0%), and the pooled DCR was 54.5% (95% CI: 48.9-66.8%). The 16-week PFS rate was 50.2% (95% CI: 38.2-62.2%). The 6- and 12-month OS rates were 77.8% (95% CI: 71.3-84.2%) and 44.9% (95% CI: 36.8-53.0%). The main grade 3-4 AEs were fatigue (11.9%), diarrhea (9.0%), hypertension (6.7%), acne (5.8%) and hemorrhage (5.3%). The only RCT showed that the B + E regimen had a consistent response and equable median OS but fewer toxicities (grade 3-4 AEs: 19% vs. 27%) than sorafenib. Subgroup analysis showed that as a second-line treatment, the B + E regimen had substantial value with a favorable PFS-16w (P = 0.012), OS-12 m (P = 0.048) and a favorable tendency of ORR (P = 0.089), but obvious toxicities in the second-line setting could not be neglected. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab combined with erlotinib is effective for treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients, especially sorafenib-refractory patients. More well-designed and large-scale RCTs are warranted to prove our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Fengming Yi
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jine Li
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Xiu De Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Rd, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province China
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Song Y, Lee SY, Kim AR, Kim S, Heo J, Shum D, Kim SH, Choi I, Lee YJ, Seo HR. Identification of radiation-induced EndMT inhibitors through cell-based phenomic screening. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 9:82-91. [PMID: 30652076 PMCID: PMC6325571 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) triggers physiological abnormalities. Endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells to fibroblast‐like cells and is involved in RIPF. In this study, we established a phenomic screening platform to measure radiation‐induced stress fibers and optimized the conditions for high‐throughput screening using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to develop compounds targeting RIPF. The results of screening indicated that CHIR‐99021 reduced radiation‐induced fibrosis, as evidenced by an enlargement of cell size and increases in actin stress fibers and α‐smooth muscle actin expression. These effects were elicited without inducing serious toxicity in HUVECs, and the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation (IR) in nonsmall cell lung cancer was also enhanced. These results demonstrate that CHIR‐99021 enhanced the effects of IR therapy by suppressing radiation‐induced EndMT in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Song
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Lee
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - A-Ram Kim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Sanghwa Kim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Jinyeong Heo
- Assay Development and Screening Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - David Shum
- Assay Development and Screening Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Se-Hyuk Kim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Medicinal Chemistry Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Seo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam-si Korea
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Role of Endoglin (CD105) in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3887. [PMID: 30563158 PMCID: PMC6321450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is perfused by both arterial and venous blood, with a resulting abnormal microenvironment selecting for more-aggressive malignancies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer, the sixth most common cancer globally, and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HCC is characterized by its hypervascularization. Improving the efficiency of anti-angiogenic treatment and mitigation of anti-angiogenic drug resistance are the top priorities in the development of non-surgical HCC therapies. Endoglin (CD105), a transmembrane glycoprotein, is one of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) co-receptors. Involvement of that protein in angiogenesis of solid tumours is well documented. Endoglin is a marker of activated endothelial cells (ECs), and is preferentially expressed in the angiogenic endothelium of solid tumours, including HCC. HCC is associated with changes in CD105-positive ECs within and around the tumour. The large spectrum of endoglin effects in the liver is cell-type- and HCC- stage-specific. High expression of endoglin in non-tumour tissue suggests that this microenvironment might play an especially important role in the progression of HCC. Evaluation of tissue expression, as well as serum concentrations of this glycoprotein in HCC, tends to confirm its role as an important biomarker in HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The role of endoglin in liver fibrosis and HCC progression also makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Despite these facts, the exact molecular mechanisms of endoglin functioning in hepatocarcinogenesis are still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current data concerning the role and signalling pathways of endoglin in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, and provides an overview of the strategies available for a specific targeting of CD105 in anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 61-285, Poland.
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Multiparametric FDG-PET/MRI of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Initial Experience. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:5638283. [PMID: 30402045 PMCID: PMC6192124 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5638283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare multiparametric (mp)FDG-PET/MRI metrics between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver parenchyma and to assess the correlation between mpMRI and FDG-PET standard uptake values (SUVs) in liver parenchyma and HCC. Methods This prospective, institutional review board-approved study enrolled 15 patients (M/F 12/3; mean age 61 y) with HCC. mpMRI including blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI), and dynamic contrast-enhanced-(DCE-) MRI was performed simultaneously with 18F-FDG-PET on a 3T PET/MRI hybrid system. Quantitative BOLD, IVIM and DCE-MRI parameters (Tofts model (TM) and shutter-speed model (SSM)), and PET parameters (SUVmean and SUVmax) were quantified and compared between HCC lesions and liver parenchyma using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. SUV ratios between HCCs and liver were also calculated (SUVmean T/L and SUVmax T/L). Diagnostic performance of (combined) mp-PET/MRI parameters for characterization of HCC was assessed using ROC analysis. Spearman correlations between PET and mpMRI parameters in HCC tumors and liver parenchyma were evaluated. Results 21 HCC lesions (mean size 4.0 ± 2.4 cm; range 2-13 cm) were analyzed. HCCs exhibited significantly higher arterial fraction (from DCE-MRI) and lower R 2 ∗ pre-O2 and post-O2 (from BOLD-MRI) versus liver parenchyma (P < 0.032). The highest diagnostic performance for differentiation between HCC and liver parenchyma was achieved for combined ART SSM and R 2 ∗ post-O2 (AUC = 0.91). SUVmax showed reasonable performance for differentiation of HCC versus liver (AUC = 0.75). In HCC, DCE-MRI parameters K trans (TM and SSM) and v e TM exhibited significant negative correlations with SUVmax T/L (r ranges from -0.624 to -0.566; FDR-adjusted P < 0.050). Conclusions Despite the observed reasonable diagnostic performance of FDG-PET SUVmax for HCC detection and several significant correlations between FDG-PET SUV and DCE-MRI parameters, FDG-PET did not provide clear additional value for HCC characterization compared to mpMRI in this pilot study.
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Morse MA, Sun W, Kim R, He AR, Abada PB, Mynderse M, Finn RS. The Role of Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:912-920. [PMID: 30274981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The hypervascular nature of most HCC tumors underlines the importance of angiogenesis in the pathobiology of these tumors. Several angiogenic pathways have been identified as being dysregulated in HCC, suggesting they may be involved in the development and pathogenesis of HCC. These data provide practical targets for systemic treatments such as those targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and its ligand. However, the clinical relevance of other more recently identified angiogenic pathways in HCC pathogenesis or treatment remains unclear. Research into molecular profiles and validation of prognostic or predictive biomarkers will be required to identify the patient subsets most likely to experience meaningful benefit from this important class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Weijing Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Richard S Finn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Jamshidi-Parsian A, Griffin RJ, Kore RA, Todorova VK, Makhoul I. Tumor-endothelial cell interaction in an experimental model of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:16-24. [PMID: 30205087 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a densely vascularized tumor that is highly dependent on angiogenic pathways to direct arterial blood flow to the growing neoplasm, though little is known about how the interaction of tumor and endothelial cells drives these processes and the degree of clinical importance. To this end, we examined the intercellular cross-talk between HepG2 (human HCC) and human endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in a co-culture system that mimics some aspects of initial tumor parenchyma and stroma interactions. The results showed that the remote cell-to-cell (paracrine) interactions between HepG2 cells and EPC play a critical role in the differentiation and angiogenic activity of endothelial cells, possibly through intercellular signaling function of the exosomes released in the medium by HepG2 cells. The tumor-cell activated phenotype of EPC was associated with increased migration and elevated expression of ephrin-B2, and Delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4). Furthermore, ephrin-B2 was found to be overexpressed in HCC and cholangiocarcinoma tissue samples taken from humans. Overall, our results demonstrate that ephrin-B2 and Dll4 mediated co-dependence of HCC and EPC intercellular crosstalk in the initial stages of HCC establishment and development, a promising target for new clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- The Radiation Oncology Department, Radiation Biology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- The Radiation Oncology Department, Radiation Biology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Rajshekhar A Kore
- The Radiation Oncology Department, Radiation Biology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Valentina K Todorova
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Issam Makhoul
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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Lin JT, Chang YY, Chen YC, Kuo LC, Yang DJ. Protective effect and mechanism of Muntingia calabura Linn. fruit ethanolic extract against vascular endothelial growth factor production in nickel-stimulated hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Liu YW, De Keyzer F, Feng YB, Chen F, Song SL, Swinnen J, Bormans G, Oyen R, Huang G, Ni YC. Intra-individual comparison of therapeutic responses to vascular disrupting agent CA4P between rodent primary and secondary liver cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2710-2721. [PMID: 29991876 PMCID: PMC6034151 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare therapeutic responses of a vascular-disrupting-agent, combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P), among hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and implanted rhabdomyosarcoma (R1) in the same rats by magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI), microangiography and histopathology.
METHODS Thirty-six HCCs were created by diethylnitrosamine gavage in 14 rats that were also intrahepatically implanted with one R1 per rat as monitored by T2-/T1-weighted images (T2WI/T1WI) on a 3.0T clinical MRI-scanner. Vascular response and tumoral necrosis were detected by dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) and CE-MRI before, 1 h after and 12 h after CA4P iv at 10 mg/kg (treatment group n = 7) or phosphate-buffered saline at 1.0 mL/kg (control group n = 7). Tumor blood supply was calculated by a semiquantitative DCE parameter of area under the time signal intensity curve (AUC30). In vivo MRI findings were verified by postmortem techniques.
RESULTS On CE-T1WIs, unlike the negative response in all tumors of control animals, in treatment group CA4P caused rapid extensive vascular shutdown in all R1-tumors, but mildly or spottily in HCCs at 1 h. Consequently, tumor necrosis occurred massively in R1-tumors but patchily in HCCs at 12 h. AUC30 revealed vascular closure (66%) in R1-tumors at 1 h (P < 0.05), followed by further perfusion decrease at 12 h (P < 0.01), while less significant vascular clogging occurred in HCCs. Histomorphologically, CA4P induced more extensive necrosis in R1-tumors (92.6%) than in HCCs (50.2%) (P < 0.01); tumor vascularity heterogeneously scored +~+++ in HCCs but homogeneously scored ++ in R1-tumors.
CONCLUSION This study suggests superior performance of CA4P in metastatic over primary liver cancers, which could guide future clinical applications of vascular-disrupting-agents.
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MESH Headings
- Angiography
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Contrast Media/administration & dosage
- Diethylnitrosamine/toxicity
- Humans
- Liver/diagnostic imaging
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Male
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Rats
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/blood supply
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/secondary
- Stilbenes/pharmacology
- Stilbenes/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Wei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | - Yuan-Bo Feng
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Shao-Li Song
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Johan Swinnen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Raymond Oyen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Ni
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Liu Y, De Keyzer F, Wang Y, Wang F, Feng Y, Chen F, Yu J, Liu J, Song S, Swinnen J, Bormans G, Oyen R, Huang G, Ni Y. The first study on therapeutic efficacies of a vascular disrupting agent CA4P among primary hepatocellular carcinomas with a full spectrum of differentiation and vascularity: Correlation of MRI-microangiography-histopathology in rats. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1817-1828. [PMID: 29707770 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To better inform the next clinical trials of vascular disrupting agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) in patients with hepatic malignancies, this preclinical study aimed at evaluating CA4P therapeutic efficacy in rats with primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of a full spectrum of differentiation and vascularity by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microangiography and histopathology. Ninety-six HCCs were raised in 25 rats by diethylnitrosamine gavage. Tumor growth was monitored by T2-/T1-weighted-MRI (T2WI, T1WI) using a 3.0 T scanner. Early vascular response and later intratumoral necrosis were detected by dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI and diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI) before, 1 and 12 hr after CA4P iv-administration. In vivo MRI-findings were validated by postmortem-techniques. Multi-parametric MRI revealed rapid CA4P-induced tumor vascular shutdown within 1 hr, followed by variable intratumoral necrosis at 12 hr. Tumor volumes decreased by 10% at 1 hr (p < 0.05), but resumed at 12 hr. Correlations of semi-quantitative DCE parameter initial-area-under-the-gadolinium-curve (IAUGC30) with histopathology proved partial vascular closure and compensational reopening (p < 0.05). The higher grades of vascularity prevented those residual tumor tissues from CA4P-caused ischemic necrosis. By histopathology using a 4-scale cellular-differentiation criteria and a 4-grade tumor-vascularity classification, percentage of CA4P-induced necrosis negatively correlated with HCC differentiation (r = -0.404, p < 0.001) and tumor vascularity (r = -0.370, p < 0.001). Ordinal-logistic-regression helped to predict early tumor responses to CA4P in terms of tumoral differentiation and vascularity. Our study demonstrated that CA4P could induce vascular shutdown in primary HCCs within 1 hr, resulting in various degrees of tumor necrosis at 12 hr. MRI as a real-time imaging biomarker may help to define tumor vascularity and differentiation and further to predict CA4P therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Liu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yixin Wang
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fengna Wang
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuanbo Feng
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jie Yu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan Swinnen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raymond Oyen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bösmüller H, Pfefferle V, Bittar Z, Scheble V, Horger M, Sipos B, Fend F. Microvessel density and angiogenesis in primary hepatic malignancies: Differential expression of CD31 and VEGFR-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1136-1141. [PMID: 29935812 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvessel density is an indicator of tumor-driven neoangiogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have distinct vascular patterns, which are also reflected in their imaging characteristics. Since a significant proportion of HCC are treated without biopsy confirmation, it is essential to discriminate HCC and ICC radiologically. The aim of our study was therefore to compare microvessel density and expression of VEGFR-2 in HCC and ICC, since these data may ultimately help us to better understand their imaging characteristics. Whereas CD31 documents vessel density, VEGFR-2 expression is an indicator of tumor-related neoangiogenesis. METHODS CD31 and VEGFR-2 expressing microvessels were quantified on tissue microarrays of 95 resection specimens of HCC and 47 cases of ICC. Microvessel density was evaluated by counting immuno-reactive vascular structures both within the tumor and adjacent liver control tissue, respectively. Further 16 cases of ICC were immunostained for CD31 and VEGFR-2 on full sections. RESULTS The frequency of VEGFR-2 (46.2/HPF; range 0-150) and CD31 (61.2/HPF; range 2.6-140) expressing vascular structures was significantly increased in HCC compared to adjacent liver parenchyma (VEGFR-2 33.3/HPF, range 0-87, CD31 21.4/HPF, range 0-78, both p < 0,001). ICC revealed significantly less VEGFR2-positive microvessels (15.4/HPF; range 2-77) compared to matched control tissue (42.3/HPF; range 4.6-109), whereas microvessel density with CD31 was comparable between ICC and adjacent liver (32.1/HPF; range 5.3-78 versus 28.0/HPF; range 5.3-57; p = 0.89). In ICC, the tumor-to-normal microvessel density ratio was 0.38 for VEGFR-2 and 1.24 for CD31. These ratios were nearly identical (VEGFR: 0.38; CD31: 0,97) for the 16 cases of ICC studied on whole sections, confirming the validity of the TMA approach. In contrast, ratios of VEGFR-2 and CD31 in HCC vs. adjacent liver were significantly higher (VEGFR: 2.23; CD31: 6.57). Expression of VEGFR-2 by tumor cells was not observed in any of the cases. CONCLUSIONS HCC and ICC differ significantly in their microvessel density, confirming the hypovascular nature of ICC as compared to the hypervascularity of HCC. Of note, inverse tumor-to-normal ratios of microvascular VEGFR-2 expression between the two neoplasms indicate distinct features of neoangiogenesis. Whether these differences can be exploited for improvements in imaging of hepatic tumors and may play a role for anti-angiogenic treatment strategies requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bösmüller
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Pfefferle
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Zeid Bittar
- Department of Pathology, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Veit Scheble
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marius Horger
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.
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Ghose S, Biswas S, Datta K, Tyagi RK. Dynamic Hyaluronan drives liver endothelial cells towards angiogenesis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:648. [PMID: 29890947 PMCID: PMC5996548 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature is essential in a number of physiological processes such as embryonic development, wound healing as well as pathological conditions like, tumor growth and metastasis. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a high molecular weight polysaccharide, major component of extracellular matrix is known to associate with malignant phenotypes in melanomas and various other carcinomas. Hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 (HABP1) has been previously reported to trigger enhanced cellular proliferation in human liver cancer cells upon its over-expression. In the present study, we have identified the HA mediated cellular behaviour of liver endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Methods Endothelial cells have been isolated from perfused liver of mice. Cell proliferation was studied using microwell plates with tetrazole dye. Cell migration was evaluated by measuring endothelial monolayer wound repair as well as through transwell migration assay. Alterations in proteins and mRNA expression were estimated by immunobloting and quantitative real time PCR using Applied Biosystems. The paraformaldehyde fixed endothelial cells were used for immuno- florescence staining and F-actin detection with conjugated antibodies. The images were captured by using Olympus florescence microscope (IX71). Results We observed that administration of HA enhanced cell proliferation, adhesion, tubular sprout formation as well as migration of liver endothelial cells (ECs). The effect of HA in the rearrangement of the actins confirmed HA -mediated cytoskeleton re-organization and cell migration. Further, we confirmed enhanced expression of angiogenic factors like VEGF-A and VEGFR1 in endothelial cells upon HA treatment. HA supplementation led to elevated expression of HABP1 in murine endothelial cells. It was interesting to note that, although protein levels of β- catenin remained unaltered, but translocation of this protein from membrane to nucleus was observed upon HA treatment, suggesting its role not only in vessel formation but also its involvement in angiogenesis signalling. Conclusions The elucidation of molecular mechanism (s) responsible for HA mediated regulation of endothelial cells and angiogenesis contributes not only to our understanding the mechanism of disease progression but also offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4532-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India. .,Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 125, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Kasturi Datta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Matsuki M, Hoshi T, Yamamoto Y, Ikemori‐Kawada M, Minoshima Y, Funahashi Y, Matsui J. Lenvatinib inhibits angiogenesis and tumor fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma models. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2641-2653. [PMID: 29733511 PMCID: PMC6010799 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers worldwide, and current systemic therapeutic options for uHCC are limited. Lenvatinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), recently demonstrated a treatment effect on overall survival by statistical confirmation of noninferiority to sorafenib in a phase 3 study of uHCC. Here, we investigated mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of lenvatinib in preclinical HCC models. In vitro proliferation assay of nine human HCC cell lines showed that lenvatinib selectively inhibited proliferation of FGF signal-activated HCC cells including FGF19-expressing Hep3B2.1-7. Lenvatinib suppressed phosphorylation of FRS2, a substrate of FGFR1-4, in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Lenvatinib inhibited in vivo tumor growth in Hep3B2.1-7 and SNU-398 xenografts and decreased phosphorylation of FRS2 and Erk1/2 within the tumor tissues. Lenvatinib also exerted antitumor activity and potently reduced tumor microvessel density in PLC/PRF/5 xenograft model and two HCC patient-derived xenograft models. These results suggest that lenvatinib has antitumor activity consistently across diverse HCC models, and that targeting of tumor FGF signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic activity underlies its antitumor activity against HCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taisuke Hoshi
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | | | | | | | - Junji Matsui
- Tsukuba Research LaboratoriesEisai Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
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Thomas MB, Garrett-Mayer E, Anis M, Anderton K, Bentz T, Edwards A, Brisendine A, Weiss G, Siegel AB, Bendell J, Baron A, Duddalwar V, El-Khoueiry A. A Randomized Phase II Open-Label Multi-Institution Study of the Combination of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib Compared to Sorafenib in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology 2018; 94:329-339. [PMID: 29719302 DOI: 10.1159/000485384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the combination of bevacizumab (B) and erlotinib (E) compared to sorafenib (S) as first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 90 patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A-B7 cirrhosis, and no prior systemic therapy were randomly assigned (1: 1) to receive either 10 mg/kg B intravenously every 14 days and 150 mg E orally daily (n = 47) (B+E) or 400 mg S orally twice daily (n = 43). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS), objective response rate based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), time to progression, and safety and tolerability. RESULTS The median OS was 8.55 months (95% CI: 7.00-13.9) for patients treated with B+E and 8.55 months (95% CI: 5.69-12.2) for patients receiving S. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57-1.47). The median EFS was 4.37 months (95% CI: 2.99-7.36) for patients receiving B+E and 2.76 months (95% CI: 1.84-4.80) for patients receiving S. The HR for EFS was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42-1.07; p = 0.09), favoring B+E over S. When OS was assessed among patients who were Child-Pugh class A, the median OS was 11.4 months (95% CI: 7.5-15.7) for patients treated with B+E (n = 39) and 10.26 months (95% CI: 5.9-13.0) for patients treated with S (n = 38) (HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.53-1.46). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in efficacy between the B+E and S arms, although the safety and tolerability profile tended to favor B+E over S based on competing risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Thomas
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Munazza Anis
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kate Anderton
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tricia Bentz
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andie Edwards
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Brisendine
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey Weiss
- Department of Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Abby B Siegel
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johanna Bendell
- GI Oncology Research, Sarah Canon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ari Baron
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony El-Khoueiry
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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82
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Farra R, Musiani F, Perrone F, Čemažar M, Kamenšek U, Tonon F, Abrami M, Ručigaj A, Grassi M, Pozzato G, Bonazza D, Zanconati F, Forte G, El Boustani M, Scarabel L, Garziera M, Russo Spena C, De Stefano L, Salis B, Toffoli G, Rizzolio F, Grassi G, Dapas B. Polymer-Mediated Delivery of siRNAs to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Variables Affecting Specificity and Effectiveness. Molecules 2018; 23:E777. [PMID: 29597300 PMCID: PMC6017305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in anticancer therapies, their effectiveness for many human tumors is still far from being optimal. Significant improvements in treatment efficacy can come from the enhancement of drug specificity. This goal may be achieved by combining the use of therapeutic molecules with tumor specific effects and delivery carriers with tumor targeting ability. In this regard, nucleic acid-based drug (NABD) and particularly small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are attractive molecules due to the possibility to be engineered to target specific tumor genes. On the other hand, polymeric-based delivery systems are emerging as versatile carriers to generate tumor-targeted delivery systems. Here we will focus on the most recent findings in the selection of siRNA/polymeric targeted delivery systems for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a human tumor for which currently available therapeutic approaches are poorly effective. In addition, we will discuss the most attracting and, in our opinion, promising siRNA-polymer combinations for HCC in relation to the biological features of HCC tissue. Attention will be also put on the mathematical description of the mechanisms ruling siRNA-carrier delivery, this being an important aspect to improve effectiveness reducing the experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Farra
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Perrone
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maja Čemažar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Urška Kamenšek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Federica Tonon
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Aleš Ručigaj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of "Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute", University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Deborah Bonazza
- Department of "Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute", University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of "Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute", University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Studenstka 6, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Maguie El Boustani
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Concetta Russo Spena
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
- Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
- Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Barbara Salis
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O.-National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, via Torino 155, I-30172 Mestre (Venezia), Italy.
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Oxyphenbutazone promotes cytotoxicity in rats and Hep3B cellsvia suppression of PGE2 and deactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 444:187-196. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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84
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Liu Y, Yin T, Keyzer FD, Feng Y, Chen F, Liu J, Song S, Yu J, Vandecaveye V, Swinnen J, Bormans G, Himmelreich U, Oyen R, Zhang J, Huang G, Ni Y. Micro-HCCs in rats with liver cirrhosis: paradoxical targeting effects with vascular disrupting agent CA4P. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55204-55215. [PMID: 28903414 PMCID: PMC5589653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to investigate anticancer efficacy of a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P) in relation to tumor size among hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in rats using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and postmortem techniques. Nineteen rats with 43 chemically-induced HCCs of 2.8–20.9 mm in size on liver cirrhosis received CA4P intravenously at 10 mg/kg. Tumor-diameter was measured by T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) to define microcancers (< 5 mm) versus larger HCCs. Vascular responses and tissue necrosis were detected by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CE-T1WI) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE-) MRI, which were validated by microangiography and histopathology. MRI revealed nearly complete necrosis in 5 out of 7 micro-HCCs, but diverse therapeutic necrosis in larger HCCs with a positive correlation with tumor size. Necrosis in micro-HCCs was 36.9% more than that in larger HCCs. While increased diffusion coefficient (ADCdiff) suggested tumor necrosis, perfusion coefficient (ADCperf) indicated sharply decreased blood perfusion in cirrhotic liver together with a reduction in micro-HCCs. DCE revealed lowered tumor blood flow from intravascular into extravascular extracellular space (EES). Microangiography and histopathology revealed hypo- and hypervascularity in 4 and 3 micro-HCCs, massive, partial and minor degrees of tumoral necrosis in 5, 1 and 1 micro-HCCs respectively, and patchy necrotic foci in cirrhotic liver. CD34-PAS staining implicated that poorly vascularized micro-HCCs growing on liver cirrhosis tended to respond better to CA4P treatment. In this study, more complete CA4P-response occurred unexpectedly in micro-HCCs in rats, along with CA4P-induced necrotic foci in cirrhotic liver. These may help to plan clinical applications of VDAs in patients with HCCs and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Liu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ting Yin
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Yuanbo Feng
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Swinnen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Raymond Oyen
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
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85
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Mahalingam D, Wilding G, Denmeade S, Sarantopoulas J, Cosgrove D, Cetnar J, Azad N, Bruce J, Kurman M, Allgood VE, Carducci M. Mipsagargin, a novel thapsigargin-based PSMA-activated prodrug: results of a first-in-man phase I clinical trial in patients with refractory, advanced or metastatic solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2017; 114:986-94. [PMID: 27115568 PMCID: PMC4984914 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mipsagargin (G-202; (8-O-(12-aminododecanoyl)-8-O-debutanoyl thapsigargin)-Asp-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-γ-GluGluOH)) is a novel thapsigargin-based targeted prodrug that is activated by PSMA-mediated cleavage of an inert masking peptide. The active moiety is an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA) pump protein that is necessary for cellular viability. We evaluated the safety of mipsagargin in patients with advanced solid tumours and established a recommended phase II dosing (RP2D) regimen. Methods: Patients with advanced solid tumours received mipsagargin by intravenous infusion on days 1, 2 and 3 of 28-day cycles and were allowed to continue participation in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The dosing began at 1.2 mg m−2 and was escalated using a modified Fibonacci schema to determine maximally tolerated dose (MTD) with an expansion cohort at the RP2D. Plasma was analysed for mipsagargin pharmacokinetics and response was assessed using RECIST criteria. Results: A total of 44 patients were treated at doses ranging from 1.2 to 88 mg m−2, including 28 patients in the dose escalation phase and 16 patients in an expansion cohort. One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT; Grade 3 rash) was observed in the dose escalation portion of the study. At 88 mg m−2, observations of Grade 2 infusion-related reaction (IRR, 2 patients) and Grade 2 creatinine elevation (1 patient) led to declaration of 66.8 mg m−2 as the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Across the study, the most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue, rash, nausea, pyrexia and IRR. Two patients developed treatment-related Grade 3 acute renal failure that was reversible during the treatment-free portion of the cycle. To help ameliorate the IRR and creatinine elevations, a RP2D of 40 mg m−2 on day 1 and 66.8 mg m−2 on days 2 and 3 with prophylactic premedications and hydration on each day of infusion was established. Clinical response was not observed, but prolonged disease stabilisation was observed in a subset of patients. Conclusions: Mipsagargin demonstrated an acceptable tolerability and favourable pharmacokinetic profile in patients with solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mahalingam
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, 7979 Wurzbach Road, U639, Mail Code 8232, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - G Wilding
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Denmeade
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Sarantopoulas
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, 7979 Wurzbach Road, U639, Mail Code 8232, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - D Cosgrove
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bunting/Blaustein Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
| | - J Cetnar
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Azad
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bunting/Blaustein Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
| | - J Bruce
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 7057 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - M Kurman
- Genspera Inc., Medical Monitor, 2511 North Loop 1604 W, Suite 204, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA
| | - V E Allgood
- Genspera Inc., Medical Monitor, 2511 North Loop 1604 W, Suite 204, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA
| | - M Carducci
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bunting/Blaustein Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
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86
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Torimura T, Iwamoto H, Nakamura T, Abe M, Ikezono Y, Wada F, Sakaue T, Masuda H, Hashimoto O, Koga H, Ueno T, Yano H. Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Activities of Aflibercept, a Soluble VEGF Receptor-1 and -2, in a Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Neoplasia 2017; 18:413-24. [PMID: 27435924 PMCID: PMC4954942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM: Aflibercept known as ziv-aflibercept in the United States is a soluble decoy receptor of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and -2 known to inhibit the binding of VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) to VEGF receptor-1 and -2. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms of the antitumor effects of aflibercept in mouse hepatoma models. METHODS: In in vitro studies, we determined the effects of aflibercept on human umbilical vein cell (HUVEC) proliferation and bone marrow (BM) cell differentiation to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In in vivo experiments, aflibercept was injected intraperitoneally in hepatoma cell tumor-bearing mice, and its inhibitory effects on tumor growth and BM cell migration to tumor tissues were evaluated. RESULTS: Aflibercept suppressed phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-1 and -2 in HUVEC and dose-dependently inhibited VEGF-induced HUVEC proliferation. It suppressed the differentiation of BM cells to EPCs and migration of BM cells to tumor tissues. It also suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival time of tumor-bearing mice without side effects. In tumor tissues, aflibercept upregulated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor1-α, VEGF, PlGF, fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet derived growth factor-BB, and transforming growth factor-α and reduced microvascular density. It also reduced sinusoidal density in noncancerous liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated potent antitumor activity for aflibercept in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. These effects were mediated through inhibition of neovascularization, caused by inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, EPC differentiation, and BM cell migration to tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yu Ikezono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Wada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sakaue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takato Ueno
- Asakura Medical Association Hospital, Asakura, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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87
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Wang G, Gao X, Gu G, Shao Z, Li M, Wang P, Yang J, Cai X, Li Y. Polyethylene glycol-poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine)-conjugated VEGF siRNA for antiangiogenic gene therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3591-3603. [PMID: 28533682 PMCID: PMC5431695 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyethylene glycol-poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (PEG-SS-PLL) block copolymer based on a disulfide-linked, novel biodegradable catiomer bearing a PEG-sheddable shell was developed to avoid "PEG dilemma" in nanoparticle intracellular tracking of PEG-PLL where PEG was nondegradable. However, PEG-SS-PLL catiomers have not been used to deliver small interfering VEGF RNA (siVEGF) in antiangiogenesis gene therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this novel biodegradable catiomer can deliver siVEGF into cancer cells and at the same time have an antitumor effect in a xenograft mouse model. It was found that PEG-SS-PLL efficiently delivered siVEGF with negligible cytotoxicity, and significantly decreased the expression of VEGF at both the messenger-RNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo, and thus tumor growth was inhibited. Our findings demonstrated that PEG-SS-PLL/siVEGF could potentially be applied to antiangiogenesis gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangmin Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - XiaoLong Gao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - GuoJun Gu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - ZhiHong Shao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - MingHua Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - PeiJun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - JianRong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning
| | - XiaoJun Cai
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - YongYong Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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88
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Xu M, Wang X, Zou Y, Zhong Y. Key role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver fibrosis. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:163-168. [PMID: 28250338 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of the prevalence of viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis has become a very common disease in Asia and elsewhere in the world, constantly increasing the burden of care borne by society. Hepatic sinusoidal capillarization, characterized by gradually shrinking fenestrae on the surface of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the formation of an organized basement membrane, is an initial pathologic change associated with liver fibrosis. Basic and clinical studies have indicated that LSECs play a key role in hepatic sinusoidal capillarization by affecting various aspects of the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Reviewing studies on the effect of LSECs on liver fibrosis is essential to better understanding the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and its mechanism of progression. Moreover, such a review will provide a theoretical basis for identifying new methods to promote the regression or even inhibition of fibrosis. This review will focus on structural and functional changes in LSECs during hepatic sinusoidal capillarization and the interaction between the micro-environment of the liver and the body's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yuesi Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
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89
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Scarabel L, Perrone F, Garziera M, Farra R, Grassi M, Musiani F, Russo Spena C, Salis B, De Stefano L, Toffoli G, Rizzolio F, Tonon F, Abrami M, Chiarappa G, Pozzato G, Forte G, Grassi G, Dapas B. Strategies to optimize siRNA delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 14:797-810. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1292247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Scarabel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesca Perrone
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Russo Spena
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Salis
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federica Tonon
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Chiarappa
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of ‘Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute’, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of ‘Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute’, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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90
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Determinants of hepatic effector CD8 + T cell dynamics. J Hepatol 2017; 66:228-233. [PMID: 27423427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling hepatic infections, such as the one caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). We review here recent results where we coupled advanced dynamic imaging with dedicated mouse models of HBV pathogenesis to show that circulating effector CD8+ T cells aimed at viral clearance initially arrest in liver sinusoids by preferentially docking onto platelets that have previously adhered to liver sinusoids. Upon detachment from platelets, effector CD8+ T cells crawl within the sinusoids irrespective of bloodstream direction, and probe underlying hepatocytes for the presence of antigen by extending filopodia-like protrusions through the sinusoidal fenestrae. Effector CD8+ T cells recognize hepatocellular antigen and perform effector functions (i.e., IFN-γ production and hepatocyte killing) while still in the intravascular space. They later extravasate in the parenchyma. Finally, we provide our perspective on how, in the next few years, intravital microscopy might shed new light on yet unresolved issues with particular regard to identifying the determinants of hepatic effector CD8+ T cell trafficking, antigen recognition and effector functions during hepatocellular carcinoma and understanding the mechanisms whereby intrahepatic T cell priming induces functionally defective T cell responses. A better understanding of how adaptive immunity mediates pathogen clearance and tumor elimination may lead to improved vaccination and treatment strategies for immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancer.
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91
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Shneor D, Folberg R, Pe'er J, Honigman A, Frenkel S. Stable knockdown of CREB, HIF-1 and HIF-2 by replication-competent retroviruses abrogates the responses to hypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:64-74. [PMID: 27934882 PMCID: PMC5339434 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fast proliferation of tumor cells develops faster than the vasculature, resulting, in most malignant tumors, in generation of hypoxic regions. Hypoxia renders solid tumors resistant to radiation and chemotherapeutics while providing opportunities for tumor-selective therapies targeting tumor hypoxia. Here we exploit two properties of tumors: propagation of tumor cells and ongoing generation of hypoxic regions to construct a system that preferentially leads to the death of tumor cells and thus hinders tumor growth. We constructed murine leukemia virus replication-competent (RCR) viruses that infect only propagating cells. These viruses express small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting cyclic AMP-response-element binding protein (CREB), hypoxia-inducible factors 1 (HIF)-1 or HIF-2 individually or all three together (X3). These viruses efficiently infected in vitro human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 and FLC4) cells and established persistence of the virus and knocked down the expression of the regulators of the hypoxia-responding genes. Knockdown of either HIF-1 or CREB or both in hypoxia reduced the expression of hypoxia-response elements- and CRE-mediated gene expression, diminished cell proliferation and increased caspase-3 activity. We did not detect any significant effect of the efficiently knocked down HIF-2 on any of the functions tested in vitro. Moreover, severe combined immunodeficiency mice implanted subcutaneously with HepG2 stably infected with recombinant RCRs showed reduction of tumor growth and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and no hypoxia-guided neovascularization. Combined treatment (RCRs+doxorubicin) improved efficacy in the context of in vitro hypoxia and in vivo (with either vACE-CREB or vACE-X3). This synergistic effect may lead to an improved efficacy and safety profile of the treatment that may result in fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shneor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Folberg
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - J Pe'er
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Honigman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Frenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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92
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Decreased expression of PBLD correlates with poor prognosis and functions as a tumor suppressor in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:524-37. [PMID: 26594798 PMCID: PMC4808015 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent accumulating genomic and proteomic data suggested that decreased expression of phenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein (PBLD) was frequently involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is lack of systematical investigation focusing on its expression pattern, clinical relevance, and biological function. Here, we found that PBLD was frequently decreased in HCC tissues relative to adjacent non-tumorigenic liver tissues. This decreased expression was significantly associated with poor tumor differentiation and advanced tumor stage. Kaplan–Meier analysis further showed that recurrence-free survival and overall survival were significantly worse among patients with low PBLD expression. Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed that PBLD was an independent predictor of OS and RFS. This prognostic value of PBLD was further validated in another independent cohort. We also found PBLD inhibited HCC cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, forced expression of PBLD influenced multiple downstream genes related to MAPK, NF-κB, EMT, and angiogenesis signaling pathways. PBLD deletion was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Elevated PBLD expression may reduce HCC cell growth and invasion via inactivation of several tumorigenesis-related signaling pathways.
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93
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Yan JJ, Zhang YN, Liao JZ, Ke KP, Chang Y, Li PY, Wang M, Lin JS, He XX. MiR-497 suppresses angiogenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting VEGFA and AEG-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29527-42. [PMID: 26336827 PMCID: PMC4745744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide malignance and displays marked vascular abnormalities and active metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in regulating tumor properties in cancer, however, whether miR-497 contributes to HCC angiogenesis or metastasis remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-497 was significantly down-regulated in HCC tissue samples and cell lines. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-497 could repress both the pro-angiogenic and metastatic ability of HCC cells. Subsequent investigations disclosed that miR-497 directly inhibited the 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs) of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Furthermore, overexpression of these targets antagonized the function of miR-497. Based on nude mouse models, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-497 significantly repressed microvessel densities in xenograft tumors and reduced pulmonary metastasis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that miR-497 downregulation contributes to angiogenesis and metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Yan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu-Nan Zhang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Liao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kun-peng Ke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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94
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Liu K, Min XL, Peng J, Yang K, Yang L, Zhang XM. The Changes of HIF-1α and VEGF Expression After TACE in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Med Res 2016; 8:297-302. [PMID: 26985249 PMCID: PMC4780492 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2496w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common malignant tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high prevalence and is a serious threat to human health. The surgical resection rate of HCC is low, and the prognosis is poor. Although transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the main treatment for HCC patients who are not candidates for surgical resection, it is not considered a curative procedure. For HCC, poor TACE efficacy or TACE failure may be related to tumor angiogenesis of the residual disease. Among the many regulatory factors in tumor angiogenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play vital roles in this process. In this paper, we conducted a review of the dynamic change and relevance of HIF-1α and VEGF levels after TACE of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Xianyang Hospital, Yan'an University, Xianyang, Shanxi 712000, China; Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Xu-Li Min
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
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95
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Hectors SJ, Wagner M, Besa C, Bane O, Dyvorne HA, Fiel MI, Zhu H, Donovan M, Taouli B. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: Is there a correlation with flow and perfusion metrics obtained with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI? J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:856-64. [PMID: 26919327 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) metrics in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver parenchyma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with HCC (M/F 23/2, mean age 58 years) underwent abdominal MRI at 1.5 or 3.0T, including IVIM-DWI (with 16 b-values) and DCE-MRI (3D FLASH sequence, mean temporal resolution of 2.3 sec). IVIM-DWI parameters (pseudodiffusion coefficient, D*, diffusion coefficient, D, and perfusion fraction, PF) were quantified in HCC lesions and liver parenchyma using a Bayesian fitting algorithm. DCE-MRI parameters (arterial flow, Fa , portal flow, Fp , total flow, Ft , mean transit time, MTT, distribution volume, DV, and arterial fraction, ART) were quantified using a dual-input single-compartment model. Correlations between IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI parameters were assessed using a Spearman correlation test. RESULTS Thirty-three HCC lesions (average size 5.0 ± 3.6 cm) were analyzed. D, D*, and PF were all significantly lower in HCC vs. liver (P < 0.05). Significantly higher Fa and ART and lower Fp were observed in HCC vs. liver (P < 0.001). Significant moderate to strong negative correlations were observed between ART and D* (r = -0.443, P = 0.028), ART and PF (r = -0.536, P = 0.006), ART and PFxD* (r = -0.655, P < 0.001), Fa and PF (r = 0.455, P = 0.023), and Fa and PFxD* (r = -0.475, P = 0.018) in liver parenchyma. There was no significant correlation between IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI metrics in HCC lesions. CONCLUSION IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI provide nonredundant information in HCC, while they correlate in liver parenchyma. These findings may be secondary to predominant portal inflow in the liver and tortuous vasculature and tissue heterogeneity in tumors. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:856-864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Hectors
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathilde Wagner
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia Besa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Octavia Bane
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hadrien A Dyvorne
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongfa Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bachir Taouli
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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96
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Hato T, Zhu AX, Duda DG. Rationally combining anti-VEGF therapy with checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:299-313. [PMID: 26865127 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease with rising incidence in the world. For advanced HCC, sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is the only systemic therapy with proven survival benefits. Sorafenib is a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor, and thus many studies have focused its antivascular effects. But VEGF also acts as an immunosuppressive molecule. VEGF can inhibit maturation of dendritic cells, promote immune suppressive cell infiltration and enhance immune checkpoint molecules expression. On the other hand, potent VEGF inhibition may increase tumor hypoxia, which could hinder antitumor immunity or immunotherapy. Thus, achieving synergy when combining anti-VEGF therapy with immunotherapy may require proper polarization of the tumor microenvironment by dose titration or combination with other immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Hato
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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97
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Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging versus positron emission tomography/computed tomography for early response assessment of liver metastases to Y90-radioembolization. Invest Radiol 2016; 50:409-15. [PMID: 25763526 PMCID: PMC4420152 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Patients with hepatic metastases who are candidates for Y90-radioembolization (Y90-RE) usually have advanced tumor stages with involvement of both liver lobes. Per current guidelines, these patients have usually undergone several cycles of potentially hepatotoxic systemic chemotherapy before Y90-RE is at all considered, requiring split (lobar) treatment sessions to reduce hepatic toxicity. Assessing response to Y90-RE early, that is, already after the first lobar session, would be helpful to avoid an ineffective and potentially hepatotoxic second lobar treatment. We investigated the accuracy with which diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can provide this information. Methods An institutional review board–approved prospective intraindividual comparison trial on 35 patients who underwent fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and DWI-MRI within 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after Y90-RE to treat secondary-progressive liver metastases from solid cancers (20 colorectal, 13 breast, 2 other) was performed. An increase of minimal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin) or decrease of maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) by at least 30% was regarded as positive response. Long-term clinical and imaging follow-up was used to distinguish true- from false-response classifications. Results On the basis of long-term follow-up, 23 (66%) of 35 patients responded to the Y90 treatment. No significant changes of metastases size or contrast enhancement were observable on pretreatment versus posttreatment CT or magnetic resonance images.However, overall SUVmax decreased from 8.0 ± 3.9 to 5.5 ± 2.2 (P < 0.0001), and ADCmin increased from 0.53 ± 0.13 × 10−3 mm2/s to 0.77 ± 0.26 × 10−3 mm2/s (P < 0.0001). Pretherapeutic versus posttherapeutic changes of ADCmin and SUVmax correlated moderately (r = −0.53). In 4 of the 35 patients (11%), metastases were fluorodeoxyglucose-negative such that no response assessment was possible by PET. In 25 (71%) of the 35 patients, response classification by PET and DWI-MRI was concordant; in 6 (17%) of the 35, it was discordant. In 5 of the 6 patients with discordant classifications, follow-up confirmed diagnoses made by DWI. The positive predictive value to predict response was 22 (96%) of 23 for MRI and 15 (88%) of 17 for PET. The negative predictive value to predict absence was 11 (92%) of 12 for MRI and 10 (56%) of 18 for PET. Sensitivity for detecting response was significantly higher for MRI (96%; 22/23) than for PET (65%; 15/23) (P < 0.02). Conclusions Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging appears superior to PET/CT for early response assessment in patients with hepatic metastases of common solid tumors. It may be used in between lobar treatment sessions to guide further management of patients who undergo Y90-RE for hepatic metastases.
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98
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Drug delivery system targeting advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Current and future. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:853-869. [PMID: 26772424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a fairly high morbidity and is notoriously difficult to treat due to long latent period before detection, multidrug resistance and severe drug-related adverse effects from chemotherapy. Targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) that can selectively deliver therapeutic drugs into tumor sites have demonstrated a great potential in cancer treatment, which could be utilized to resolve the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Numerous preclinical studies of DDS have been published, but targeted DDS for HCC has yet to be made for practical clinical use. Since rational targeted DDS design should take cancer-specific properties into consideration, we have reviewed the biological and physicochemical properties of HCC extensively to provide a comprehensive understanding on HCC, and recent DDS studies on HCC, aiming to find some potential targeted DDSs for HCC treatment and a meaningful platform for further development of HCC treatments. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Hepatocellular carcinoma has a high incidence worldwide and is known to be multidrug resistant. Thus, intensive research is being carried out to find better chemotherapeutic agents as well as new drug delivery systems. In this article, the authors reviewed in depth the current challenges facing new drug designs and also outlined novel targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) in the fight against HCC.
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99
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Bogaerts E, Paridaens A, Verhelst X, Carmeliet P, Geerts A, Van Vlierberghe H, Devisscher L. Effect of prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 haplodeficiency on liver progenitor cell characteristics in early mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:687-698. [PMID: 28337100 PMCID: PMC5318796 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induces therapy resistant tumours, characterized by increased liver progenitor cell (LPCs) characteristics and poor prognosis. We previously reported corresponding results in mice with HCC in which hypoxia was mimicked by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibition. Here, we aimed at investigating whether induction of LPC characteristics occurs during the onset of hepatocarcinogenesis and if this is associated with activation of Notch signalling. Dietheylnitrosamine (DEN) was used to induce hepatic tumours in PHD2 haplodeficient (PHD2+/-) mice which were euthanized at 5, 10, 15 and 17 weeks following DEN during neoplastic transformation, before tumour formation. Neoplasia and mRNA expression of LPC and Notch markers were evaluated by histology and qPCR on isolated livers. PHD2 haplodeficiency resulted in enhanced expression of HIF target genes after 17 weeks of DEN compared to wild type (WT) littermates but had no effect on the onset of neoplastic transformation. The mRNA expression of Afp and Epcam was increased at all time points following DEN whereas CK19, Prom1 and Notch3 were increased after 17 weeks of DEN, without difference between PHD2+/- and WT mice. MDR1 mRNA expression was increased in all DEN treated mice compared to saline control with increased expression in PHD2+/- compared to WT from 15 weeks. These results indicate that the effects of PHD2 haplodeficiency on the expression of LPC and Notch markers manifest during tumour nodule formation and not early on during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Bogaerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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100
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Nguyen K, Jack K, Sun W. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Past and Future of Molecular Target Therapy. Diseases 2015; 4:E1. [PMID: 28933381 PMCID: PMC5456309 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. The incidence of HCC has been increasing annually. Viral infection, alcohol usage, and other causes of cirrhosis have been identified as major risk factors for HCC development. The underlying pathogenesis has not been as well defined. There have been multiple hypotheses to the specific mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and they share the common theme of chronic inflammation, increase oxidative stress, and genomic alteration. Therapeutic options of HCC have been primarily local and/or regional including transplantation, resection, and radial frequency ablation, chemoembolization or radio-embolization. For unresectable or metastatic disease, the options are limited. Conventional chemotherapeutic options have been noted to have limited benefit. Sorafenib has been the one and only systemic therapy which has demonstrated modest overall survival benefit. This has led to more extensive research with focus on targeted therapy. Numerous pre-clinical and early phase clinical studies have been noted but failed to show efficacy in later phase clinical trials. In an effort to identify new potential therapeutic options, new understanding of underlying pathways to hepatocarcinogenesis should be one of the main focuses. This leads to development of more molecularly targeted agents to specific pathways, and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of major studies of molecular targeted agents which attempts to target these specific pathways in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Nguyen
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Kerri Jack
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Weijing Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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