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Cellular and molecular perspectives in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:343-354. [PMID: 28508153 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synovial immunopathology in rheumatoid arthritis is complex involving both resident and infiltrating cells. The synovial tissue undergoes significant neovascularization, facilitating an influx of lymphocytes and monocytes that transform a typically acellular loose areolar membrane into an invasive tumour-like pannus. The microvasculature proliferates to form straight regularly-branching vessels; however, they are highly dysfunctional resulting in reduced oxygen supply and a hypoxic microenvironment. Autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are found at an early stage, often before arthritis has developed, and they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. Abnormal cellular metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction thus ensue and, in turn, through the increased production of reactive oxygen species actively induce inflammation. Key pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and their signalling pathways, including nuclear factor κB, Janus kinase-signal transducer, are highly activated when immune cells are exposed to hypoxia in the inflamed rheumatoid joint show adaptive survival reactions by activating. This review attempts to highlight those aberrations in the innate and adaptive immune systems including the role of genetic and environmental factors, autoantibodies, cellular alterations, signalling pathways and metabolism that are implicated in the pathogenesis of RA and may therefore provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Rizzo G, Tonietto M, Castellaro M, Raffeiner B, Coran A, Fiocco U, Stramare R, Grisan E. Bayesian Quantification of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Images With Adaptive Inclusion of an Irreversible Component. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:1027-1036. [PMID: 27959806 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2637698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) is a sensitive imaging technique to assess tissue vascularity and it can be particularly useful in early detection and grading of arthritis. In a recent study we have shown that a Gamma-variate can accurately quantify synovial perfusion and it is flexible enough to describe many heterogeneous patterns. However, in some cases the heterogeneity of the kinetics can be such that even the Gamma model does not properly describe the curve, with a high number of outliers. In this work we apply to CEUS data the single compartment recirculation model (SCR) which takes explicitly into account the trapping of the microbubbles contrast agent by adding to the single Gamma-variate model its integral. The SCR model, originally proposed for dynamic-susceptibility magnetic resonance imaging, is solved here at pixel level within a Bayesian framework using Variational Bayes (VB). We also include the automatic relevant determination (ARD) algorithm to automatically infer the model complexity (SCR vs. Gamma model) from the data. We demonstrate that the inclusion of trapping best describes the CEUS patterns in 50% of the pixels, with the other 50% best fitted by a single Gamma. Such results highlight the necessity of the use ARD, to automatically exclude the irreversible component where not supported by the data. VB with ARD returns precise estimates in the majority of the kinetics (88% of total percentage of pixels) in a limited computational time (on average, 3.6 min per subject). Moreover, the impact of the additional trapping component has been evaluated for the differentiation of rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid patients, by means of a support vector machine classifier with backward feature selection. The results show that the trapping parameter is always present in the selected feature set, and improves the classification.
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McGarry T, Biniecka M, Gao W, Cluxton D, Canavan M, Wade S, Wade S, Gallagher L, Orr C, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Resolution of TLR2-induced inflammation through manipulation of metabolic pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43165. [PMID: 28225071 PMCID: PMC5320554 DOI: 10.1038/srep43165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, immune cells activated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) have the ability to undergo a bioenergetic switch towards glycolysis in a manner similar to that observed in tumour cells. While TLRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), their role in regulating cellular metabolism in synovial cells, however, is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of TLR2-activation on mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in primary RA-synovial fibroblast cells (RASFC), and further determined the role of glycolytic blockade on TLR2-induced inflammation in RASFC using glycolytic inhibitor 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO). We observed an increase in mitochondrial mutations, ROS and lipid peroxidation, paralleled by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in TLR2-stimulated RASFC. This was mirrored by differential regulation of key mitochondrial genes, coupled with alteration in mitochondrial morphology. TLR2-activation also regulated changes in the bioenergetic profile of RASFC, inducing PKM2 nuclear translocation, decreased mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis and increased glycolysis:respiration ratio, suggesting a metabolic switch. Finally, using 3PO, we demonstrated that glycolytic blockade reversed TLR2-induced pro-inflammatory mechanisms including invasion, migration, cytokine/chemokine secretion and signalling pathways. These findings support the concept of complex interplay between innate immunity, oxidative damage and oxygen metabolism in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy McGarry
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Monika Biniecka
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wei Gao
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah Cluxton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Wade
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Wade
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorna Gallagher
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carl Orr
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J. Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI) Mediates Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40274. [PMID: 28067317 PMCID: PMC5220294 DOI: 10.1038/srep40274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher level of Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) has been found in both synovial tissue and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, while the function of G6PI in RA remains unclear. Herein we found the enrichment of G6PI in microvascular endothelial cells of synovial tissue in RA patients, where a 3% O2 hypoxia environment has been identified. In order to determine the correlation between the high G6PI level and the low oxygen concentration in RA, a hypoxia condition (~3% O2) in vitro was applied to mimic the RA environment in vivo. Hypoxia promoted cellular proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), and induced cell migration and angiogenic tube formation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), which were accompanied with the increased expression of G6PI and HIF-1α. Through application of G6PI loss-of-function assays, we confirmed the requirement of G6PI expression for those hypoxia-induced phenotype in RA. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that G6PI plays key roles in regulating VEGF secretion from RASFs to regulate the hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in RA. Taken together, we demonstrated a novel pathway regulating hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in RA mediated by G6PI.
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Nolan KA, Scholz CC. Hypoxia: from basic mechanisms to therapeutics - a meeting report on the Keystone and HypoxiaNet Symposium. HYPOXIA 2016; 3:67-72. [PMID: 27774483 PMCID: PMC5045090 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s83240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In May 2015, the hypoxia research community came together at the largest meeting in this field to date, to present and discuss their most recent and mainly unpublished findings. This meeting report aims to summarize the data presented at this conference, which were broadly separated into the areas of the cellular hypoxic response, the relevance of the hypoxic response in health and disease, and the development of new therapeutics targeting the hypoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Nolan
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Quiñonez-Flores CM, González-Chávez SA, Pacheco-Tena C. Hypoxia and its implications in rheumatoid arthritis. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:62. [PMID: 27549205 PMCID: PMC4994473 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in tissue oxygen pressure contribute to a number of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low partial pressure of oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia, is a relevant feature in RA since it is involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, cartilage degradation, energy metabolism, and oxidative damage. Therefore, alterations in hypoxia-related signaling pathways are considered potential mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to highlight and update our current knowledge of the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of RA. We describe the experimental evidence that RA synovial tissue exists in a hypoxic state, as well as the origin and involvement of synovial hypoxia in different aspects of the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia María Quiñonez-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240 México
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240 México
| | - Susana Aideé González-Chávez
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240 México
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240 México
| | - César Pacheco-Tena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240 México
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Hua S, Dias TH. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) as a Target for Novel Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:184. [PMID: 27445820 PMCID: PMC4921475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are key transcriptional factors that are highly expressed in RA synovium to regulate the adaptive responses to this hypoxic milieu. Accumulating evidence supports hypoxia and HIFs in regulating a number of important pathophysiological characteristics of RA, including synovial inflammation, angiogenesis, and cartilage destruction. Experimental and clinical data have confirmed the upregulation of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α in RA. This review will focus on the differential expression of HIFs within the synovial joint and its functional behavior in different cell types to regulate RA progression. Potential development of new therapeutic strategies targeting HIF-regulated pathways at sites of disease in RA will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Thilani H Dias
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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59
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Hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction and synovial invasiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:385-97. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Biniecka M, Canavan M, McGarry T, Gao W, McCormick J, Cregan S, Gallagher L, Smith T, Phelan JJ, Ryan J, O'Sullivan J, Ng CT, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Dysregulated bioenergetics: a key regulator of joint inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2192-2200. [PMID: 27013493 PMCID: PMC5136702 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study examines the relationship between synovial hypoxia and cellular bioenergetics with synovial inflammation. Methods Primary rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF) were cultured with hypoxia, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) or metabolic intermediates. Mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial DNA mutations, cell invasion, cytokines, glucose and lactate were quantified using specific functional assays. RASF metabolism was assessed by the XF24-Flux Analyzer. Mitochondrial structural morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vivo synovial tissue oxygen (tpO2 mmHg) was measured in patients with inflammatory arthritis (n=42) at arthroscopy, and markers of glycolysis/oxidative phosphorylation (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), PKM2, GLUT1, ATP) were quantified by immunohistology. A subgroup of patients underwent contiguous MRI and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging. RASF and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) migration/angiogenesis, transcriptional activation (HIF1α, pSTAT3, Notch1-IC) and cytokines were examined in the presence of glycolytic inhibitor 3-(3-Pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO). Results DMOG significantly increased mtDNA mutations, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, reactive oxygen species and glycolytic RASF activity with concomitant attenuation of mitochondrial respiration and ATP activity (all p<0.01). This was coupled with altered mitochondrial morphology. Hypoxia-induced lactate levels (p<0.01), which in turn induced basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion and RASF invasiveness (all p<0.05). In vivo glycolytic markers were inversely associated with synovial tpO2 levels <20 mm Hg, in contrast ATP was significantly reduced (all p<0.05). Decrease in GAPDH and GLUT1 was paralleled by an increase in in vivo tpO2 in tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi) responders. Novel PET/MRI hybrid imaging demonstrated close association between metabolic activity and inflammation. 3PO significantly inhibited RASF invasion/migration, angiogenic tube formation, secretion of proinflammatory mediators (all p<0.05), and activation of HIF1α, pSTAT3 and Notch-1IC under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conclusions Hypoxia alters cellular bioenergetics by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting a switch to glycolysis, supporting abnormal angiogenesis, cellular invasion and pannus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biniecka
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Canavan
- Department of Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T McGarry
- Department of Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W Gao
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J McCormick
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Cregan
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Gallagher
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Smith
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J J Phelan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Ryan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C T Ng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D J Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - U Fearon
- Department of Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Parallel Aspects of the Microenvironment in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4375120. [PMID: 26997761 PMCID: PMC4779817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4375120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are fundamentally different pathological conditions. In cancer, the immune response is suppressed and unable to eradicate the transformed self-cells, while in autoimmune diseases it is hyperactivated against a self-antigen, leading to tissue injury. Yet, mechanistically, similarities in the triggering of the immune responses can be observed. In this review, we highlight some parallel aspects of the microenvironment in cancer and autoimmune diseases, especially hypoxia, and the role of macrophages, neutrophils, and their interaction. Macrophages, owing to their plastic mode of activation, can generate a pro- or antitumoral microenvironment. Similarly, in autoimmune diseases, macrophages tip the Th1/Th2 balance via various effector cytokines. The contribution of neutrophils, an additional plastic innate immune cell population, to the microenvironment and disease progression is recently gaining more prominence in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, as they can secrete cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as acquire an enhanced ability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are now considered important initiators of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the contribution of macrophages and neutrophils to the cancerous or autoimmune microenvironment, as well as the role their interaction and cooperation play, may help identify new targets and improve therapeutic strategies.
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Ghazaly AHAH, El-Moez KM, El Shorbagy MS, El-Nahrery EM. Angiopoietin-2 as a biomarker for metabolic syndrome and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Deng Q, Bai S, Gao W, Tong L. Pristimerin inhibits angiogenesis in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by suppressing VEGFR2 signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:302-313. [PMID: 26548348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disease. As RA progresses, the hyperplastic synovial pannus creates a hypoxic, inflammatory environment that induces angiogenesis. Further vascularization of the synovial tissue promotes pannus growth and continued infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, thus perpetuating the disease. Pristimerin inhibits inflammation and tumor angiogenesis. The present study focused on the inhibition of angiogenesis by Pristimerin in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results clearly demonstrate for the first time that Pristimerin significantly reduces vessel density in synovial membrane tissues of inflamed joints and reduces the expression of pro-angiogenic factors in sera, including TNF-α, Ang-1, and MMP-9. Pristimerin also decreased the expression of VEGF and p-VEGFR2 in the synovial membrane, whereas the total amount of VEGFR2 remained unchanged. Pristimerin suppressed the sprouting vessels of the aortic ring and inhibited VEGF-induced HFLS-RA migration in vitro. Pristimerin also inhibited VEGF-induced proliferation, migration and tube formation by HUVECs, blocked the autophosphorylation of VEGF-induced VEGFR2 and consequently downregulated the signaling pathways of activated PI3K, AKT, mTOR, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 in VEGF-induced HUVECs. Our results indicate that Pristimerin suppressed synovial angiogenesis in our rat model and in vitro by interrupting the targeting of VEGFR2 activation. Therefore, Pristimerin has potential as an angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiudi Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shutong Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanjiao Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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64
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Jenei-Lanzl Z, Zwingenberg J, Lowin T, Anders S, Straub RH. Proinflammatory receptor switch from Gαs to Gαi signaling by β-arrestin-mediated PDE4 recruitment in mixed RA synovial cells. Brain Behav Immun 2015. [PMID: 26212359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In chronic inflammation, prevention of cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibition can be anti-inflammatory therapy. However, PDE4 inhibition was uneffective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies demonstrated that PDE4/β-arrestin interaction at β-adrenoceptors resulted in switching from Gαs to Gαi signaling and ERK1/2 activation. Such a switch in signaling might elicit proinflammatory effects. We aimed to investigate this possible Gαs to Gαi signaling switch in RA and osteoarthritis (OA) mixed synoviocytes. METHODS Synoviocytes were treated alone or with combinations of adrenergic, dopaminergic, and adenosinergic drugs, rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor), inhibitors of Gαi signaling (pertussis toxin), and blockers of protein kinase A (PKA). Under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, proinflammatory TNF was the readout-parameter. We investigated co-expression and interaction of PDE4 and β-arrestin by imaging techniques. Expression of pERK1/2 was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS Mixed synoviocytes in RA and OA possessed all major Gαs-coupled neurotransmitter receptors. Under hypoxia, particularly in RA cells, Gαs-coupled receptor agonists unexpectedly increased TNF and respective antagonists decreased TNF. Under hypoxia, rolipram alone or rolipram plus Gαs agonists increased TNF, which was reversed by pertussis toxin or PKA inhibition. Co-localization and interaction of PDE4 and β-arrestin in synovial tissue and cells was demonstrated. Gαs agonists or rolipram plus Gαs agonists increased pERK1/2 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study in human arthritic synovial tissue presents an unexpected proinflammatory switch from Gαs to Gαi signaling, which depends on PDE4/β-arrestin interaction. This phenomenon is most probably responsible for reduced efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors and Gαs agonists in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Janika Zwingenberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Lowin
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Anders
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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Slevin M, Matou S, Zeinolabediny Y, Corpas R, Weston R, Liu D, Boras E, Di Napoli M, Petcu E, Sarroca S, Popa-Wagner A, Love S, Font MA, Potempa LA, Al-Baradie R, Sanfeliu C, Revilla S, Badimon L, Krupinski J. Monomeric C-reactive protein--a key molecule driving development of Alzheimer's disease associated with brain ischaemia? Sci Rep 2015; 5:13281. [PMID: 26335098 PMCID: PMC4558604 DOI: 10.1038/srep13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases dramatically in patients with ischaemic stroke. Monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP) appears in the ECM of ischaemic tissue after stroke, associating with microvasculature, neurons and AD-plaques, Aβ, also, being able to dissociate native-CRP into inflammatory, mCRP in vivo. Here, mCRP injected into the hippocampal region of mice was retained within the retrosplenial tract of the dorsal 3rd ventrical and surrounding major vessels. Mice developed behavioural/cognitive deficits within 1 month, concomitant with mCRP staining within abnormal looking neurons expressing p-tau and in beta-amyloid 1-42-plaque positive regions. mCRP co-localised with CD105 in microvessels suggesting angiogenesis. Phospho-arrays/Western blotting identified signalling activation in endothelial cells and neurons through p-IRS-1, p-Tau and p-ERK1/2-which was blocked following pre-incubation with mCRP-antibody. mCRP increased vascular monolayer permeability and gap junctions, increased NCAM expression and produced haemorrhagic angiogenesis in mouse matrigel implants. mCRP induced tau244–372 aggregation and assembly in vitro. IHC study of human AD/stroke patients revealed co-localization of mCRP with Aβ plaques, tau-like fibrils and IRS-1/P-Tau positive neurons and high mCRP-levels spreading from infarcted core regions matched reduced expression of Aβ/Tau. mCRP may be responsible for promoting dementia after ischaemia and mCRP clearance could inform therapeutic avenues to reduce the risk of future dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania.,Department of Pathology/Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S Matou
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Y Zeinolabediny
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - R Corpas
- Instituto De Investigaciones Biomedicas De Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Weston
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - D Liu
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - E Boras
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - M Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, San Camillo de' Lellis General Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | - E Petcu
- Department of Pathology/Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S Sarroca
- Instituto De Investigaciones Biomedicas De Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Popa-Wagner
- Clinic of Neurology, Medical University Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Love
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS16 1LE, UK
| | - M A Font
- CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - R Al-Baradie
- College of Applied Medical Science, Al Majmaah University, Majmaah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia P.O Box 66
| | - C Sanfeliu
- Instituto De Investigaciones Biomedicas De Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Revilla
- Instituto De Investigaciones Biomedicas De Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Badimon
- CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Krupinski
- Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Department of Neurology, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
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66
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Glimm AM, Werner SG, Burmester GR, Backhaus M, Ohrndorf S. Analysis of distribution and severity of inflammation in patients with osteoarthitis compared to rheumatoid arthritis by ICG-enhanced fluorescence optical imaging and musculoskeletal ultrasound: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:566-70. [PMID: 26311723 PMCID: PMC4789689 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hand synovitis appears especially in wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. In hand osteoarthritis (OA), potential inflammatory changes are mainly present in PIP and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. Joint inflammation can be visualised by fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) and musculoskeletal ultrasound (US). Objective Comparison of the amount and distribution of inflammatory signs in wrist and finger joints of the clinically dominant hand in patients with OA and RA by FOI and gray-scale (GSUS) and power Doppler US (PDUS). Methods FOI and GSUS/PDUS were performed in 1.170 joints (wrists, MCP, PIP, DIP) in 90 patients (67 RA, 23 OA). Joint inflammation was graded by a semiquantitative score (0–3) for each imaging method. Results GSUS/PDUS showed wrist and MCP joints mostly affected in RA. DIP joints were graded higher in OA. In FOI, RA and OA featured inflammatory changes in the respective joint groups depending on the phase of fluorescence dye flooding. Conclusions US and FOI detected inflammation in both RA and OA highlighting the inflammatory component in the course of OA. The different inflammatory patterns and various shapes of fluorescence enhancement in FOI may offer opportunities to distinguish and determine the inflammatory status in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Glimm
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S G Werner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Backhaus
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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O'Neill L, Rooney P, Molloy D, Connolly M, McCormick J, McCarthy G, Veale DJ, Murphy CC, Fearon U, Molloy E. Regulation of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Giant Cell Arteritis by Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2447-56. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine O'Neill
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Peadar Rooney
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Danielle Molloy
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Mary Connolly
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Jennifer McCormick
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Geraldine McCarthy
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Douglas J. Veale
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland and Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Eamonn Molloy
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and Dublin Academic Medical Centre; Dublin Ireland
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Choudhary M, Naczki C, Chen W, Barlow KD, Case LD, Metheny-Barlow LJ. Tumor-induced loss of mural Connexin 43 gap junction activity promotes endothelial proliferation. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:427. [PMID: 26002762 PMCID: PMC4464240 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proper functional association between mural cells and endothelial cells (EC) causes EC of blood vessels to become quiescent. Mural cells on tumor vessels exhibit decreased attachment to EC, which allows vessels to be unstable and proliferative. The mechanisms by which tumors prevent proper association between mural cells and EC are not well understood. Since gap junctions (GJ) play an important role in cell-cell contact and communication, we investigated whether loss of GJ plays a role in tumor-induced mural cell dissociation. Methods Mural cell regulation of endothelial proliferation was assessed by direct co-culture assays of fluorescently labeled cells quantified by flow cytometry or plate reader. Gap junction function was assessed by parachute assay. Connexin 43 (Cx43) protein in mural cells exposed to conditioned media from cancer cells was assessed by Western and confocal microscopy; mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression vectors or siRNA were utilized to overexpress or knock down Cx43. Tumor growth and angiogenesis was assessed in mouse hosts deficient for Cx43. Results Using parachute dye transfer assay, we demonstrate that media conditioned by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells diminishes GJ communication between mural cells (vascular smooth muscle cells, vSMC) and EC. Both protein and mRNA of the GJ component Connexin 43 (Cx43) are downregulated in mural cells by tumor-conditioned media; media from non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells had no effect. Loss of GJ communication by Cx43 siRNA knockdown, treatment with blocking peptide, or exposure to tumor-conditioned media diminishes the ability of mural cells to inhibit EC proliferation in co-culture assays, while overexpression of Cx43 in vSMC restores GJ and endothelial inhibition. Breast tumor cells implanted into mice heterozygous for Cx43 show no changes in tumor growth, but exhibit significantly increased tumor vascularization determined by CD31 staining, along with decreased mural cell support detected by NG2 staining. Conclusions Our data indicate that i) functional Cx43 is required for mural cell-induced endothelial quiescence, and ii) downregulation of Cx43 GJ by tumors frees endothelium to respond to angiogenic cues. These data define a novel and important role for maintained Cx43 function in regulation of vessel quiescence, and suggest its loss may contribute to pathological tumor angiogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1420-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Choudhary
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Current address: Duke Eye Center, 2351 Erwin Road, AERI Room 4000, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Christine Naczki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Wenhong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Keith D Barlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - L Douglas Case
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Linda J Metheny-Barlow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Krohn M, Ohrndorf S, Werner SG, Schicke B, Burmester GR, Hamm B, Backhaus M, Hermann KGA. Near-infrared Fluorescence Optical Imaging in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison to Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1112-8. [PMID: 25934821 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Near-infrared fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) is a novel imaging technology in the detection and evaluation of different arthritides. FOI was validated in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), greyscale ultrasonography (GSUS), and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Hands of 31 patients with early RA were examined by FOI, MRI, and US. In each modality, synovitis of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) 2-5, and proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) 2-5 were scored on a 4-point scale (0-3). Sensitivity and specificity of FOI were analyzed in comparison to MRI and US as reference methods, differentiating between 3 phases of FOI enhancement (P1-3). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to evaluate the agreement of FOI with MRI and US. RESULTS A total of 279 joints (31 wrists, 124 MCP and 124 PIP joints) were evaluated. With MRI as the reference method, overall sensitivity/specificity of FOI was 0.81/0.00, 0.49/0.84, and 0.86/0.38 for wrist, MCP, and PIP joints, respectively. Under application of PDUS as reference, sensitivity was even higher, while specificity turned out to be low, except for MCP joints (0.88/0.15, 0.81/0.76, and 1.00/0.27, respectively). P2 appears to be the most sensitive FOI phase, while P1 showed the highest specificity. The best agreement of FOI was shown for PDUS, especially with regard to MCP and PIP joints (ICC of 0.57 and 0.53, respectively), while correlation with MRI was slightly lower. CONCLUSION FOI remains an interesting diagnostic tool for patients with early RA, although this study revealed limitations concerning the detection of synovitis. Further research is needed to evaluate its full diagnostic potential in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Krohn
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Stephanie G Werner
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Bernd Schicke
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Bernd Hamm
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Marina Backhaus
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital
| | - Kay-Geert A Hermann
- From the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin; RHIO - Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology Center, Düsseldorf; Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin), Berlin, Germany.M. Krohn, MD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; S. Ohrndorf, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; S.G. Werner, MD, RHIO; B. Schicke, Berlin Cancer Center (Tumorzentrum Berlin); G.R. Burmester, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; B. Hamm, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital; M. Backhaus, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital; K.G. Hermann, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Charité University Hospital.
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Zanolini D, Merlin S, Feola M, Ranaldo G, Amoruso A, Gaidano G, Zaffaroni M, Ferrero A, Brunelleschi S, Valente G, Gupta S, Prat M, Follenzi A. Extrahepatic sources of factor VIII potentially contribute to the coagulation cascade correcting the bleeding phenotype of mice with hemophilia A. Haematologica 2015; 100:881-92. [PMID: 25911555 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large fraction of factor VIII in blood originates from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells although extrahepatic sources also contribute to plasma factor VIII levels. Identification of cell-types other than endothelial cells with the capacity to synthesize and release factor VIII will be helpful for therapeutic approaches in hemophilia A. Recent cell therapy and bone marrow transplantation studies indicated that Küpffer cells, monocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells could synthesize factor VIII in sufficient amount to ameliorate the bleeding phenotype in hemophilic mice. To further establish the role of blood cells in expressing factor VIII, we studied various types of mouse and human hematopoietic cells. We identified factor VIII in cells isolated from peripheral and cord blood, as well as bone marrow. Co-staining for cell type-specific markers verified that factor VIII was expressed in monocytes, macrophages and megakaryocytes. We additionally verified that factor VIII was expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and endothelial cells elsewhere, e.g., in the spleen, lungs and kidneys. Factor VIII was well expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells and Küpffer cells isolated from human liver, whereas by comparison isolated human hepatocytes expressed factor VIII at very low levels. After transplantation of CD34(+) human cord blood cells into NOD/SCIDγNull-hemophilia A mice, fluorescence activated cell sorting of peripheral blood showed >40% donor cells engrafted in the majority of mice. In these animals, plasma factor VIII activity 12 weeks after cell transplantation was up to 5% and nine of 12 mice survived after a tail clip-assay. In conclusion, hematopoietic cells, in addition to endothelial cells, express and secrete factor VIII: this information should offer further opportunities for understanding mechanisms of factor VIII synthesis and replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Zanolini
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Merlin
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Feola
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriella Ranaldo
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Angela Amoruso
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaffaroni
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, SCDU Pediatria, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferrero
- Azienda Ospedaliera Mauriziano, SC Chirurgia Generale ed Oncologica, Torino, Italy
| | - Sandra Brunelleschi
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Guido Valente
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Dept. of Medicine and Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, and Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Prat
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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71
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Redox-Mediated Angiogenesis in the Hypoxic Joint of Inflammatory Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:3300-10. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gayetskyy S, Museyko O, Käßer J, Hess A, Schett G, Engelke K. Characterization and quantification of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis in a mouse model using μCT. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:298. [PMID: 25194942 PMCID: PMC4246538 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is an important pathophysiological process of chronic inflammation, especially in inflammatory arthritis. Quantitative measurement of changes in vascularization may improve the diagnosis and monitoring of arthritis. The aim of this work is the development of a 3D imaging and analysis framework for quantification of vascularization in experimental arthritis. METHODS High-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to scan knee joints of arthritic human tumor necrosis factor transgenic (hTNFtg) mice and non-arthritic wild-type controls previously perfused with lead-containing contrast agent Microfil MV-122. Vessel segmentation was performed by combination of intensity-based (local adaptive thresholding) and form-based (multi-scale method) segmentation techniques. Four anatomically defined concentric spherical shells centered in the knee joint were used as analysis volumes of interest. Vessel density, density distribution as well as vessel thickness, surface, spacing and number were measured. Simulated digital vessel tree models were used for validation of the algorithms. RESULTS High-resolution μCT allows the quantitative assessment of the vascular tree in the knee joint during arthritis. Segmentation and analysis were highly automated but occasionally required manual corrections of the vessel segmentation close to the bone surfaces. Vascularization was significantly increased in arthritic hTNFtg mice compared to wild type controls. Precision errors for the morphologic parameters were smaller than 3% and 6% for intra- and interoperator analysis, respectively. Accuracy errors for vessel thickness were around 20% for vessels larger than twice the resolution of the scanner. CONCLUSIONS Arthritis-induced changes of the vascular tree, including detailed and quantitative description of the number of vessel branches, length of vessel segments and the bifurcation angle, can be detected by contrast-enhanced high-resolution μCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr, 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Schäfer VS, Hartung W, Hoffstetter P, Berger J, Stroszczynski C, Müller M, Fleck M, Ehrenstein B. Quantitative assessment of synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using fluorescence optical imaging. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R124. [PMID: 24432363 PMCID: PMC3978726 DOI: 10.1186/ar4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To prospectively evaluate quantitative assessment of fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) for differentiation of synovitic from non-synovitic joints in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods FOI of the hands was performed in patients with active RA, and a stratified quantitative fluorescence readout (FLRO) of 3 phases (1-120 s; 121-240 s; 241-360 s) was generated for 5 individual joints of the clinical predominant hand (carpal joint, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of digits II & III). To dissect the effect of the overall perfusion of the hand from the perfusion due to synovitis, a fluorescence ratio (FLRA) was additionally calculated, dividing each FLRO by the readout of the eponychium of digit II. The mean FLRO and FLRA were compared between joints with absent vs. present synovitis determined by clinical examination, grayscale, color Doppler ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results The analysis for 90 individual joints from 18 patients yielded FLRO ranging from 4.4 to 49.0 × 103, and FLRAs ranging from 0.37 to 2.27. Overall, the analyses based on the FLRA revealed a higher discrimination than the analyses related to the FLRO, demonstrating most significant differences in phases 2 and 3. A sensitivity of 26/39 (67%) and a specificity of 31/40 (77%) were calculated for FLRA of phase 3 using a cut-off value of more than 1.2 to detect MRI-confirmed synovitis with FOI. Conclusions FOI has a potential for visualizing synovitis in subjects with RA. For adequate FOI interpretation, quantitative analysis should be based on the novel FLRA calculated for phases 2 and 3.
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Henrotin Y, Pesesse L, Lambert C. Targeting the synovial angiogenesis as a novel treatment approach to osteoarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2014; 6:20-34. [PMID: 24489612 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x13514669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is a key feature in osteoarthritis and is associated with symptom severity. Synovial membrane inflammation is secondary to cartilage degradation which occurs in the early stage and is located adjacent to cartilage damage. This inflammation is characterized by the invasion and activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, the release in the joint cavity of large amounts of pro-inflammatory and procatabolic mediators, and by a local increase of synovial membrane vascularity. This latter process plays an important role in the chronicity of the inflammatory reaction by facilitating the invasion of the synovium by immune cells. Therefore, synovial membrane angiogenesis represents a key target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This paper is a narrative review of the literature referenced in PubMed during the past 5 years. It addresses in particular three questions. What are the mechanisms involved in synovium blood vessels invasion? Are current medications effective in controlling blood vessels formation and invasion? What are the perspectives of research in this area?
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Pesesse
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cecile Lambert
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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75
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Gao W, McCormick J, Connolly M, Balogh E, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Hypoxia and STAT3 signalling interactions regulate pro-inflammatory pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1275-83. [PMID: 24525913 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of hypoxia on Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3)-induced pro-inflammatory pathways in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Detection of phospho-STAT3 was assessed in RA synovial tissue and fibroblasts (RASFC) by immunohistology/immunofluorescence. Primary RASFCs and a normal synoviocyte cell line (K4IM) were cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions±Stat3-siRNA, HIF-siRNA or WP1066 (JAK2-inhibitor). HIF1α, p-STAT3, p-STAT1 and Notch-1IC protein expression were analysed by western blot. Functional mechanisms were quantified by invasion chamber, matrigel and migration assays. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP)-3 were quantified by ELISA. Notch-1 receptor, its DLL-4 ligand and downstream target genes (hrt-1, hrt-2) were quantified by real-time PCR. The effect of WP1066 on spontaneous secretion of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and Notch signalling was examined in RA synovial explants ex vivo. RESULTS p-STAT3 was increased in RA synovium compared with control (p<0.05). Hypoxia induced p-STAT3, p-STAT1 and HIF1α expression, an effect blocked by Stat3-siRNA and WP1066. Hypoxia-induced cell invasion, migration and cytokine production were inhibited by Stat3-siRNA (p<0.05) and WP1066 (p<0.05). While HIF1α siRNA inhibited hypoxia-induced p-STAT3 detection, Stat3-siRNA also inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF1α. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced Notch-1IC, DLL4, hrt-1 and -2 expression were significantly inhibited by WP1066 (p<0.05). Finally, in RA synovial explant cultures ex vivo, WP1066 decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MMP3 (p<0.05), Notch-1 mRNA (p<0.05) and induced IL-10 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to provide evidence of a functional link between HIF1α, STAT3 and Notch-1 signalling in the regulation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms in RA, and further supports a role for STAT blockade in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McCormick
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Connolly
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emese Balogh
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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76
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Azizi G, Boghozian R, Mirshafiey A. The potential role of angiogenic factors in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 17:369-83. [PMID: 24467605 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important phenomenon in the pathogenesis of some diseases, such as numerous types of tumors and autoimmunity, and also a number of soluble and cell-bound factors may stimulate neovascularization in inflammatory reaction processes. Here, by highlighting the significance of angiogenesis reaction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we will mainly focus on the role of various growth factors, cytokines, enzymes, cells, hypoxic conditions and transcription factors in the angiogenic process and we will then explain some therapeutic strategies based on blockage of angiogenesis and modification of the vascular pathology in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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77
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Werner SG, Langer HE, Schott P, Bahner M, Schwenke C, Lind-Albrecht G, Spiecker F, Kurtz B, Burmester GR, Backhaus M. Indocyanine Green-Enhanced Fluorescence Optical Imaging in Patients With Early and Very Early Arthritis: A Comparative Study With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:3036-44. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Werner
- Charité University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
- RHIO Center Dusseldorf and RHIO Research Institute; Dusseldorf Germany
| | | | - Peter Schott
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernward Kurtz
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
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78
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Aggarwal A, Sharma A, Bhatnagar A. Bi(o)communications among peripheral blood fractions: a focus on NK and NKT cell biology in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:238-50. [PMID: 23215763 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.755959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with unknown pathophysiology involving many interwoven signalling cascades. ROS, NK and NKT cells might be crucial in the disease severity of RA of which the role of NK and NKT cells are controversial in literature. However, the role of oxidative stress, its impact on NK and NKT cell immunobiology and disease activity (DAS28) is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the role of oxidative stress and NK cell subsets in the pathogenesis of RA. The state of oxidative stress in various peripheral blood fractions, percentage NK and NKT cell expression, their altered apoptotic signaling pathways involving mitochondrial membrane potential, FAS associated death domain (FADD) mediated pathways and DNA damage were analyzed. Results indicated a state of profound oxidative stress in the peripheral blood of RA patients where percentage of NK and NKT cell subsets diminished while ROS levels increased. The depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, FAS, FASL and active caspase-3 positive NK and NKT cell subsets were considerably elevated in patients. The DNA damage, assessed as percentage of DNA in comet tail, was significantly elevated. Findings of the present work indicate increased apoptosis of peripheral NK and NKT cells in the diseased condition. PBMC and RBC are the major sites of enhanced oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress and altered immunobiology of NK and NKT cells strongly correlated with Disease activity score. The present study strongly supports the protective role of NK cell subsets in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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79
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Strehl C, Fangradt M, Fearon U, Gaber T, Buttgereit F, Veale DJ. Hypoxia: how does the monocyte-macrophage system respond to changes in oxygen availability? J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:233-41. [PMID: 24168857 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important feature of inflamed tissue, such as the RA joint. Activated monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA, implicated in the mechanism of inflammation and erosion. During development, myeloid progenitor cells sequentially give rise to monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. After extravasation, monocytes differentiate into long-lived, tissue-specific macrophages or DCs. The effect of different oxygen concentrations experienced by these cells during maturation represents a novel aspect of this developmental process. In inflamed joint tissue, the microvascular architecture is highly dysregulated; thus, efficiency of oxygen supply to the synovium is poor. Therefore, invading cells must adapt instantaneously to changes in the oxygen level of the microenvironment. Angiogenesis is an early event in the inflammatory joint, which is important in enabling activated monocytes to enter via endothelial cells by active recruitment to expand the synovium into a "pannus", resulting in cartilage degradation and bone destruction. The increased metabolic turnover of the expanding synovial pannus outpaces the dysfunctional vascular supply, resulting in hypoxia. The abnormal bioenergetics of the microenvironment further promotes synovial cell invasiveness. In RA, joint hypoxia represents a potential threat to cell function and survival. Notably, oxygen availability is a crucial parameter in the cellular energy metabolism, itself an important factor in determining the function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- 2.Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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80
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McMorrow JP, Crean D, Gogarty M, Smyth A, Connolly M, Cummins E, Veale D, Fearon U, Tak PP, Fitzgerald O, Murphy EP. Tumor necrosis factor inhibition modulates thrombospondin-1 expression in human inflammatory joint disease through altered NR4A2 activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1243-1257. [PMID: 23933487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined thrombospondin-1 (THBS1, alias TSP-1) expression in human synovial tissue (ST) during the resolution phase of chronic inflammation and elucidated its transcriptional regulation by the orphan receptor 4A2 (NR4A2). In vivo, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum and ST revealed altered expression levels and tissue distribution of TSP-1. After anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, a reciprocal relationship between TSP-1 and NR4A2 expression levels was measured in patients with clinical and ST responses to biological treatment. In vitro, primary RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) expressed minimal TSP-1 mRNA levels with high transcript levels of NR4A2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-8 measured. Hypoxic modulation of RA FLSs resulted in inverse expression levels of TSP-1 compared with NR4A2, IL-8, and VEGF. Ectopic NR4A2 expression led to reduced TSP-1 mRNA and protein levels with concomitant increases in proangiogenic mediators. NR4A2 transcriptional activity, independent of DNA binding, repressed the hTSP-1 promoter leading to reduced mRNA and protein release in immortalized K4IM FLSs. Bioinformatic and deletion studies identified a 5' region of the TSP-1 promoter repressed by NR4A2 and proangiogenic transcription factors, including NF-κB and Ets1/2. Stable depletion of NR4A2 levels resulted in a shift in the TSP-1/VEGF expression ratio. Thus, modulation of TSP-1 expression is achieved through anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy effects on specific transcriptional networks, suggesting that enhanced TSP-1 expression may help restore tissue homeostasis during resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P McMorrow
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Martina Gogarty
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Aisling Smyth
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mary Connolly
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Cummins
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Douglas Veale
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul P Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Fitzgerald
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evelyn P Murphy
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland; Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.
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81
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Scholz CC, Taylor CT. Targeting the HIF pathway in inflammation and immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:646-53. [PMID: 23660374 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) is a frequently encountered condition in both health and disease. Metazoans have evolved an elegant and direct cellular mechanism by which to sense local oxygen levels and mount an adaptive transcriptional response to hypoxia which is mediated by a transcription factor termed the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In normoxia, HIF is repressed primarily through the action of a family of hydroxylases, which target HIFα subunits for degradation in an oxygen-dependent manner. In hypoxia, HIF is rapidly stabilized in cells thus allowing it to regulate the expression of hundreds of genes which promote an adaptive response including genes expressing regulators of angiogenesis, metabolism, growth and survival. Initial studies into the HIF pathway focused mainly on its role in supporting tumor adaptation through enhancing processes such as angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism and cell survival. More recently however, it has become clear that the HIF pathway also plays a key role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. In fact, conditional knockout of the HIF-1α subunit has identified key immune roles in T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells. In this review, we will consider the role for HIF in the regulation of the immune response and its possible contribution to inflammation. Furthermore, we will consider potential therapeutic strategies, which target the HIF pathway in chronic inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
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82
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Musculoskeletal ultrasound and other imaging modalities in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:367-74. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835fad45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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83
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common and debilitating clinical disorder comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. IBD occurs when inappropriate immunological activity in the intestinal mucosa results in epithelial barrier dysfunction leading to exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigenic material. This in turn results in the cycles of inflammation and further barrier dysfunction which underlie disease progression. Although significant therapeutic advances have been made over the last decade, current immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory treatments for IBD have significant limitations due to lack of treatment response in some patients and adverse effects, including increased risk of infection and malignancy. Recent studies using experimental models of IBD have identified that intracellular hydroxylases, a group of enzymes responsible for oxygen sensing and activation of adaptive transcriptional responses to hypoxia may represent a new class of therapeutic targets in IBD. Hydroxylase inhibitors are effective in ameliorating symptoms of colitis at least in part through the promotion of intestinal epithelial barrier function. The mechanism of this protection is due to activation of hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors, including the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), which activate specific epithelial barrier-protective transcriptional programs. In this review, the mechanism(s) of action and the therapeutic potential of small molecule hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of IBD will be discussed.
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84
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Gao W, Sweeney C, Walsh C, Rooney P, McCormick J, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Notch signalling pathways mediate synovial angiogenesis in response to vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin 2. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1080-8. [PMID: 23161900 PMCID: PMC3664379 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Notch signalling pathways are critical for angiogenesis and endothelial cell (EC) fate; however the mechanisms regulating these processes in the inflamed joint remain to be elucidated. Here, we examine whether Notch signalling mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 2 (Ang2)-induced vascular function. Methods Notch-1 intracellular domain (Notch-1 IC), Notch-4 IC, Delta-like-ligand 4, Hes-related transcriptional repressors-1 and 2 (Hrt-1, Hrt-2) mRNA and/or protein expression was measured by Real-time PCR and/or western blot. VEGF/Ang2 induced EC function was assessed using transwell invasion chambers, matrigel tube formation assays and wound repair scratch assays ± Notch-1 siRNA or an γ-secretase inhibitor N-(N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanly))-S-phenylglycine-t-Butyl Ester (DAPT) in RA synovial explants or human microvascular EC. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured by ELISA and MMP2 and 9 by gelatine zymography. Results Notch-1 IC and Notch-4 IC protein expressions were demonstrated in RA and psoriatic arthritis synovial biopsies, with minimal expression observed in Osteoarthritis (OA). VEGF and Ang2 induced Notch-1 IC/ Notch-4 IC protein expression in synovial explant cultures and human microvascular EC levels were further potentiated by VEGF/Ang2 stimulation in combination. Notch-1, Delta-like-ligand 4, and Hrt-2 mRNA expression were significantly induced by VEGF and Ang2 alone and in combination. Furthermore VEGF/Ang2-induced EC invasion, angiogenesis and migration were inhibited by Notch-1 siRNA or DAPT. Conditioned media from VEGF/Ang2 stimulated RA synovial explants induced EC tube formation, an effect that was inhibited by DAPT. Finally, DAPT significantly decreased VEGF/Ang2 induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP2 and 9 expressions in RA synovial explants. Conclusions Notch-1 mediates VEGF/Ang2-induced angiogenesis and EC invasion in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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85
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Gao W, Sweeney C, Connolly M, Kennedy A, Ng CT, McCormick J, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Notch-1 mediates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2104-13. [PMID: 22275240 DOI: 10.1002/art.34397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of hypoxia on Notch-1 signaling pathway components and angiogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS The expression and regulation of Notch-1, its ligand delta-like protein 4 (DLL-4) and downstream signaling components (hairy-related transcription factor 1 [HRT-1], HRT-2), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (1-3%) were assessed in synovial tissue specimens from patients with inflammatory arthritis and controls and in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) by immunohistology, dual immunofluorescence staining (Notch-1/factor VIII), Western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo synovial tissue oxygen levels (tissue PO2) were measured under direct visualization at arthroscopy. HDMEC activation under hypoxic conditions in the presence of Notch-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, or dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) was assessed by Matrigel tube formation assay, migration assay, invasion assay, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 zymography. RESULTS Expression of Notch-1, its ligand DLL-4, and HRT-1 was demonstrated in synovial tissue, with the strongest expression localized to perivascular/vascular regions. Localization of Notch-1 to synovial endothelium was confirmed by dual immunofluorescence staining. Notch-1 intracellular domain (NICD) expression was significantly higher in synovial tissue from patients with tissue PO2 of <20 mm Hg (<3% O2) than in those with tissue PO2 of >20 mm Hg (>3% O2). Exposure of HDMECs to 3% hypoxia induced HIF-1α and NICD protein expression and DLL-4, HRT-1, and HRT-2 messenger RNA expression. DMOG directly induced NICD expression, while Notch-1 siRNA inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression, suggesting that Notch-1/HIF-1α signaling is bidirectional. Finally, 3% hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell invasion, and proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activities were inhibited by Notch-1 siRNA and/or the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Notch-1 is expressed in synovial tissue and that increased NICD expression is associated with low in vivo tissue PO2. Furthermore, Notch-1/HIF-1α interactions mediate hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and invasion in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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86
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Muz B, Larsen H, Madden L, Kiriakidis S, Paleolog EM. Prolyl hydroxylase domain enzyme 2 is the major player in regulating hypoxic responses in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2856-67. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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87
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Raatz Y, Ibrahim S, Feldmann M, Paleolog EM. Gene expression profiling and functional analysis of angiogenic markers in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R169. [PMID: 22817681 PMCID: PMC3580563 DOI: 10.1186/ar3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulated angiogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To provide a more profound understanding of arthritis-associated angiogenesis, we evaluated the expression of angiogenesis-modulating genes at onset, peak and declining phases of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a well-established mouse model for RA. Methods CIA was induced in DBA/1 mice with type II collagen. Functional capillary density in synovial tissue of knee joints was determined by intravital fluorescence microscopy. To assess the ability of arthritic joint homogenates to induce angiogenesis, an endothelial chemotaxis assay and an in vivo matrigel plug assay were employed. The temporal expression profile of angiogenesis-related genes in arthritic paws was analysed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using an angiogenesis focused array as well as gene specific PCR. Finally, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a monoclonal antibody specifically blocking the binding of VEGF to neuropilin (NRP)-1. Results Although arthritic paw homogenates displayed angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, and synovia of arthritic paws appeared highly vascularised on histological examination, the functional capillary density in arthritic knee synovia was significantly decreased, whereas capillary diameter was increased. Of the 84 genes analysed, 41 displayed a differential expression in arthritic paws as compared to control paws. Most significant alterations were seen at the peak of clinical arthritis. Increased mRNA expression could be observed for VEGF receptors (Flt-1, Flk-1, Nrp-1, Nrp-2), as well as for midkine, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and angiopoietin-1. Signalling through NRP-1 accounted in part for the chemotactic activity for endothelial cells observed in arthritic paw homogenates. Importantly, therapeutic administration of anti-NRP1B antibody significantly reduced disease severity and progression in CIA mice. Conclusions Our findings confirm that the arthritic synovium in murine CIA is a site of active angiogenesis, but an altered balance in the expression of angiogenic factors seems to favour the formation of non-functional and dilated capillaries. Furthermore, our results validate NRP-1 as a key player in the pathogenesis of CIA, and support the VEGF/VEGF receptor pathway as a potential therapeutic target in RA.
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Kayakabe K, Kuroiwa T, Sakurai N, Ikeuchi H, Kadiombo AT, Sakairi T, Matsumoto T, Maeshima A, Hiromura K, Nojima Y. Interleukin-6 promotes destabilized angiogenesis by modulating angiopoietin expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1571-9. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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89
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Werner SG, Langer HE, Ohrndorf S, Bahner M, Schott P, Schwenke C, Schirner M, Bastian H, Lind-Albrecht G, Kurtz B, Burmester GR, Backhaus M. Inflammation assessment in patients with arthritis using a novel in vivo fluorescence optical imaging technology. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:504-10. [PMID: 22388997 PMCID: PMC3298665 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2010-148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) is an established technology for imaging of inflammation in animal models. In experimental models of arthritis, FOI findings corresponded to histologically proven synovitis. This is the first comparative study of FOI with other imaging modalities in humans with arthritis. METHODS 252 FOI examinations (Xiralite system, mivenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany; ICG bolus of 0.1 mg/kg/body weight, sequence of 360 images, one image per second) were compared with clinical examination (CE), ultrasonography (US) and MRI of patients with arthritis of the hands. RESULTS In an FOI sequence, three phases could be distinguished (P1-P3). With MRI as reference, FOI had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 54%, while the specificity of phase 1 was 94%. FOI had agreement rates up to 88% versus CE, 64% versus greyscale US, 88% versus power Doppler US and 83% versus MRI, depending on the compared phase and parameter. FOI showed a higher rate of positive results compared to CE, US and MRI. In individual patients, FOI correlated significantly (p<0.05) with disease activity (Disease Activity Score 28, r=0.41), US (r=0.40) and RAMRIS (Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Score) (r=0.56). FOI was normal in 97.8% of joints of controls. CONCLUSION ICG-enhanced FOI is a new technology offering sensitive imaging detection of inflammatory changes in subjects with arthritis. FOI was more sensitive than CE and had good agreement with CE, US in power Doppler mode and MRI, while showing more positive results than these. An adequate interpretation of an FOI sequence requires a separate evaluation of all phases. For the detection of synovitis and tenosynovitis, FOI appears to be as informative as 1.5 T MRI and US.
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Bao F, Wu P, Xiao N, Qiu F, Zeng QP. Nitric oxide-driven hypoxia initiates synovial angiogenesis, hyperplasia and inflammatory lesions in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34494. [PMID: 22479635 PMCID: PMC3316675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory articular disease with cartilage and bone damage due to hyperplasic synoviocyte invasion and subsequent matrix protease digestion. Although monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) have been approved for clinical use in patients with RA, desired therapeutic regimens suitable for non-responders are still unavailable because etiological initiators leading to RA remain enigmatic and unidentified. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacteria-induced arthritis (BIA) that simulates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is developed in mice upon daily live bacterial feeding. The morphological lesions of paw erythema and edema together with the histological alterations of synovial hyperplasia and lymphocytic infiltration emerge as the early-phase manifestations of BIA and CIA. Bacteria- or collagen-mediated global upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is accompanied by the burst of nitric oxide (NO). Elevation of the serum NO level is correlated with decline of the blood oxygen saturation percentage (SpO2), reflecting a hypoxic consequence during development towards arthritis. NO-driven hypoxia is further evident from a positive relationship between NO and lactic acid (LA), an end product from glycolysis. Upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) validates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in the inflamed synovium of modeling mice. Administration of the NO donor compound sodium nitroprusside (SNP) causes articular inflammation by inducing synovial hypoxia. Anti-bacteria by the antibiotic cefotaxime and/or the immunosuppressant rapamycin or artesunate that also inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can abrogate NO production, mitigate hypoxia, and considerably ameliorate or even completely abort synovitis, hence highlighting that NO may serve as an initiator of inflammatory arthritis. Conclusions/Significance Like collagen, bacteria also enable synovial lesions via upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering NO production, driving hypoxic responses, and inducing synovial angiogenesis and hyperplasia, suggesting that sustained infection might be, in part, responsible for the onset of synovitis and arthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Bao
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Frank Qiu
- Simplex Biotechnologies, LLC, Clinton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qing-Ping Zeng
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Hypoxia--a key regulator of angiogenesis and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8:153-62. [PMID: 22293762 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well understood. This knowledge has resulted in the development of anti-inflammatory therapies--either broadly acting (such as steroids) or more specific approaches (such as antibodies against TNF)--with biologic therapies (including TNF inhibitors) revolutionizing the treatment of RA. However, what is less well appreciated in RA are the links between inflammation, blood-vessel formation (angiogenesis) and cellular responses to changes in oxygen tension. Inadequate oxygenation, termed hypoxia, is thought to drive the increase in synovial angiogenesis that occurs in RA, through expression of hypoxia-inducible molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This process promotes further infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of inflammatory mediators, perpetuating synovitis. This Review highlights the molecular pathways activated by hypoxia, and how these pathways might interact with inflammatory signaling to promote and maintain synovitis in RA, with a particular focus on the response of macrophages to hypoxia in the context of RA. Successful treatment of RA, for example with anti-TNF antibodies, reduces levels of proangiogenic factors, including VEGF, and leads to normalization of the vasculature. These processes emphasise the close links between hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation in this disease and supports the concept that angiogenesis blockade could be of therapeutic benefit in RA.
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McGonagle DG, Helliwell P, Veale D. Enthesitis in Psoriatic Disease. Dermatology 2012; 225:100-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000341536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Ha MK, Song YH, Jeong SJ, Lee HJ, Jung JH, Kim B, Song HS, Huh JE, Kim SH. Emodin inhibits proinflammatory responses and inactivates histone deacetylase 1 in hypoxic rheumatoid synoviocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1432-7. [PMID: 21881229 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is promoted by proinflammatory cytokines and closely linked to angiogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) isolated from the root of Rheum palmatum L. in interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RA synoviocytes under hypoxia. Emodin significantly inhibited IL-1β and LPS-stimulated proliferation of RA synoviocytes in a dose-dependent manner under hypoxic condition. Also, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that emodin significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-8], mediators [prostagladin E(2) (PGE(2)), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an angiogenesis biomarker in IL-1β and LPS-treated synoviocytes under hypoxia. Consistently, emodin attenuated the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), VEGF, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), MMP-1 and MMP-13 at mRNA level in IL-1β and LPS-treated synoviocytes under hypoxia. Furthermore, emodin reduced histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity as well as suppressed the expression of HDAC1, but not HDAC2 in IL-1β and LPS-treated synoviocytes under hypoxia. Overall, these findings suggest that emodin inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and VEGF productions, and HDAC1 activity in hypoxic RA synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Ha
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Korea
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Biniecka M, Fox E, Gao W, Ng CT, Veale DJ, Fearon U, O'Sullivan J. Hypoxia induces mitochondrial mutagenesis and dysfunction in inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2172-82. [PMID: 21484771 DOI: 10.1002/art.30395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the levels and spectrum of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations in synovial tissue from patients with inflammatory arthritis in relation to in vivo hypoxia and oxidative stress levels. METHODS Random Mutation Capture assay was used to quantitatively evaluate alterations of the synovial mitochondrial genome. In vivo tissue oxygen levels (tPO(2)) were measured at arthroscopy using a Licox probe. Synovial expression of lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (CytcO II) deficiency were assessed by immunohistochemistry. In vitro levels of mtDNA point mutations, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine [8-oxodG]) and lipid peroxidation (4-HNE) were determined in human synoviocytes under normoxia and hypoxia (1%) in the presence or absence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or a hydroxylase inhibitor (dimethyloxalylglycine [DMOG]). Patients were categorized according to their in vivo tPO(2) level (<20 mm Hg or >20 mm Hg), and mtDNA point mutations, immunochemistry features, and stress markers were compared between groups. RESULTS The median tPO(2) level in synovial tissue indicated significant hypoxia (25.47 mm Hg). Higher frequency of mtDNA mutations was associated with reduced in vivo oxygen tension (P = 0.05) and with higher synovial 4-HNE cytoplasmic expression (P = 0.04). Synovial expression of CytcO II correlated with in vivo tPO(2) levels (P = 0.03), and levels were lower in patients with tPO(2) <20 mm Hg (P < 0.05). In vitro levels of mtDNA mutations, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, 8-oxo-dG, and 4-HNE were higher in synoviocytes exposed to 1% hypoxia (P < 0.05); all of these increased levels were rescued by SOD and DMOG and, with the exception of ROS, by NAC. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction drives mitochondrial genome mutagenesis, and antioxidants significantly rescue these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biniecka
- Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Pickens SR, Chamberlain ND, Volin MV, Mandelin AM, Agrawal H, Matsui M, Yoshimoto T, Shahrara S. Local expression of interleukin-27 ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2289-98. [PMID: 21384333 DOI: 10.1002/art.30324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism of action of interleukin-27 (IL-27) against rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Adenovirus containing IL-27 transcript was constructed and was locally delivered into the ankles of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Progression of arthritis was determined in treated and untreated mice by measuring ankle circumference and through histologic analysis. IL-17 and its downstream targets as well as cytokines promoting Th17 cell differentiation were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CIA mouse ankles locally expressing adenoviral IL-27 as well as in control-treated mouse ankles. Ankles from both treatment groups were immunostained for neutrophil and monocyte migration (macrophages in the tissue). Finally, vascularization was quantified by histology and by determining ankle hemoglobin levels. RESULTS Ectopic expression of IL-27 in CIA mice ameliorated inflammation, lining hypertrophy, and bone erosion as compared with control-treated CIA mice. Serum and joint levels of IL-17 were significantly reduced in the IL-27-treated group compared with the control-treated group. Two of the main cytokines that induce Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 downstream target molecules were greatly down-regulated in CIA mouse ankles receiving forced expression of IL-27. The control mice had higher levels of vascularization and monocyte trafficking than did mice ectopically expressing IL-27. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased levels of IL-27 relieve arthritis in CIA mouse ankles. This amelioration of arthritis involves a reduction in CIA mouse serum and joint levels of IL-17 and results in decreased IL-17-mediated monocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Hence, the use of IL-27 may be a strategy for treatment of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Pickens
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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de HAIR MARIAJ, HARTY LEONARDC, GERLAG DANIELLEM, PITZALIS COSTANTINO, VEALE DOUGLASJ, TAK PAULP. Synovial Tissue Analysis for the Discovery of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Early Arthritis: Table 1. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:2068-72. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease of unspecified etiology that is manifest by persistent inflammation of the synovium. Considerable efforts have been undertaken globally to study the microenvironment of the inflamed synovium, with many encouraging and enlightening results that bring us closer to unmasking the precise etiologies of RA. Subsequent to these efforts, it has been discovered that CD68-positive macrophages present in abundance in the synovial sublining of the inflamed synovium rescind with treatments that induce clinical improvement in RA. Examination of serial synovial biopsies is now commonly used for screening purposes during early drug development, and the number of centers able to perform synovial tissue biopsy sampling according to standardized methods is increasing.Having implemented the use of serial synovial tissue biopsies to evaluate the effects of new treatments on the group level in early proof of principle studies, it is the ambition of the OMERACT Synovial Tissue Group to identify synovial diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that could be used in individual patients. Therefore, we started a prospective study termed the Synoviomics Project aimed at the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic synovial biomarkers. We will use straightforward and powerful technologies to analyze patient material and assess clinical parameters to identify such biomarkers. These markers may be used in the future to identify patients who are at risk of having persistent and destructive disease and to start tailor-made targeted therapies in an early phase to prevent autonomous disease progression and irreversible joint damage.
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IL-17A expression is localised to both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear synovial cell infiltrates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24048. [PMID: 21887369 PMCID: PMC3161104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines the expression of IL-17A-secreting cells within the inflamed synovium and the relationship to in vivo joint hypoxia measurements. METHODS IL-17A expression was quantified in synovial tissue (ST), serum and synovial fluid (SF) by immunohistochemistry and MSD-plex assays. IL-6 SF and serum levels were measured by MSD-plex assays. Dual immunofluorescence for IL-17A was quantified in ST CD15+ cells (neutrophils), Tryptase+ (mast cells) and CD4+ (T cells). Synovial tissue oxygen (tpO(2)) levels were measured under direct visualisation at arthroscopy. Synovial infiltration was assessed using immunohistochemistry for cell specific markers. Peripheral blood mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells were isolated and exposed to normoxic or 3% hypoxic conditions. IL-17A and IL-6 were quantified as above in culture supernatants. RESULTS IL-17A expression was localised to mononuclear and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in inflamed ST. Dual immunoflourescent staining co-localised IL-17A expression with CD15+ neutrophils Tryptase+ mast cells and CD4+T cells. % IL-17A positivity was highest on CD15+ neutrophils, followed by mast cells and then CD4+T-cells. The number of IL-17A-secreting PMN cells significantly correlated with sublining CD68 expression (r = 0.618, p<0.01). IL-17A SF levels correlated with IL-6 SF levels (r = 0.675, p<0.01). Patients categorized according to tp0(2)< or >20 mmHg, showed those with low tp0(2)<20 mmHg had significantly higher IL-17A+ mononuclear cells with no difference observed for PMNs. Exposure of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells to 3% hypoxia, significantly induced IL-6 in mononuclear cells, but had no effect on IL-17A expression in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates IL-17A expression is localised to several immune cell subtypes within the inflamed synovial tissue, further supporting the concept that IL-17A is a key mediator in inflammatory arthritis. The association of hypoxia with Il-17A expression appears to be indirect, probably through hypoxia-induced pro-inflammatory pathways and leukocyte influx within the joint microenvironment.
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Ciena AP, de Almeida SRY, Alves PHDM, Bolina-Matos RDS, Dias FJ, Issa JPM, Iyomasa MM, Watanabe IS. Histochemical and ultrastructural changes of sternomastoid muscle in aged Wistar rats. Micron 2011; 42:871-6. [PMID: 21767955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate histochemically and ultrastructurally the sternomastoid muscle (SM) of adults and aged rats, employing histochemic (NADH-TR reaction) and transmission electron microscopic methods. It was used 20 rats, divided into two groups: adults (n=10), animals with 4 months of age, and aged group (n=10), animals with 24 months of age. Five animals from each group were anesthetized with an overdose of urethane (3g/kg i.p.), and the muscles dissected after the samples processing for histochemical reaction (NADH-TR). Three types of fibers were identified by their metabolic characteristics: fibers with high oxidative capacity (O), intermediate oxidative capacity (OG) and low oxidative capacity (G). For transmission electron microscopic method, the animals were anesthetized and perfused by modified Karnovsky solution and the tissues were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide solution, dehydrated and embedded in Spurr resin. It was performed ultra-thin sections for transmission electron microscopic analysis. The SM showed heterogeneity in their composition according to the fiber types, with significant difference (p<0.05) when comparing the fibers types between the superficial and deep regions and between the adult and aged groups. It was observe a decrease between the comparison of the total fibers density and GO fiber, and an increase of the O fiber in aged group. Ultrastructural characteristics of muscle cells in aged group showed typical morphological changes, characterizing muscular atrophy. We conclude based on physiological ageing process, changes in muscle fibers classification, and ultrastructuraly, morphological alterations on muscle cells, characterizing a muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Polican Ciena
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICB, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415 Butantã, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kennedy A, Ng CT, Chang TC, Biniecka M, O'Sullivan JN, Heffernan E, Fearon U, Veale DJ. Tumor necrosis factor blocking therapy alters joint inflammation and hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:923-32. [PMID: 21225682 DOI: 10.1002/art.30221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocking therapy on hypoxia in vivo, macroscopic and microscopic inflammation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results in patients with inflammatory arthritis. METHODS Patients with inflammatory arthritis (n = 20) underwent full clinical assessment, arthroscopy, synovial biopsy, and MRI before and after initiation of biologic therapy. Macroscopic synovitis/vascularity was assessed with a visual analog scale, and tissue PO(2) (tPO(2) ) was measured at arthroscopy using a Licox probe. Cell-specific markers (CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20, and CD19) and blood vessel maturity were quantified by immunohistologic analysis and dual-immunofluorescence factor VIII/α-smooth muscle actin staining, respectively. Contiguous gadoteric acid-enhanced MRI of the target knee was used to assess synovial enhancement. RESULTS Biologic therapy responders showed a significant increase of tPO(2) in vivo (P < 0.05). This response was associated with significant reductions in 28-joint Disease Activity Score using the C-reactive protein level (DAS28-CRP) (P = 0.012), macroscopic synovitis (P = 0.017), macroscopic vascularity (P = 0.05), CD4+ T cells (P < 0.041), and CD68+ macrophages (P < 0.011). Blood vessel numbers were also reduced in responders; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Strong inverse correlations were demonstrated between changes in tPo(2) levels and changes in DAS28-CRP (r = -0.53, P < 0.001), CD4 (r = -0.44, P < 0.026), CD68 (r = -0.46, P < 0.003), and macroscopic vascularity (r = -0.314, P = 0.049) after therapy. Furthermore, changes in inflammation as measured by MRI showed a strong inverse correlation with tPO(2) levels (r = -0.688, P < 0.002) and positive correlations with CRP levels (r = 0.707, P = 0.001), macroscopic synovitis (r = 0.457, P = 0.056), macroscopic vascularity (r = 0.528, P= 0.017), CD4 (r = 0.553, P < 0.032), and CD68 (r = 0.670, P < 0.002) after therapy. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that successful biologic therapy significantly improves in vivo synovial hypoxia. Changes are strongly associated with changes in macroscopic and microscopic measures of joint inflammation and MRI improvement. These data further strengthen the concept that hypoxia is an important event driving synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Kennedy
- Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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