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Shen H, Scialis RJ, Lehman-McKeeman L. Xenobiotic Transporters in the Kidney: Function and Role in Toxicity. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:159-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Molecular Mechanisms of Colistin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030653. [PMID: 30759858 PMCID: PMC6384669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections and the shortage of new therapeutic options have made colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic, the main option for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the last decade. However, the rapid onset of renal damage often prevents the achievement of optimal therapeutic doses and/or forces the physicians to interrupt the therapy, increasing the risk of drug resistance. The proper management of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity remains challenging, mostly because the investigation of the cellular and molecular pharmacology of this drug, off the market for decades, has been largely neglected. For years, the renal damage induced by colistin was considered a mere consequence of the detergent activity of this drug on the cell membrane of proximal tubule cells. Lately, it has been proposed that the intracellular accumulation is a precondition for colistin-mediated renal damage, and that mitochondria might be a primary site of damage. Antioxidant approaches (e.g., ascorbic acid) have shown promising results in protecting the kidney of rodents exposed to colistin, yet none of these strategies have yet reached the bedside. Here we provide a critical overview of the possible mechanisms that may contribute to colistin-induced renal damage and the potential protective strategies under investigation.
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Karahoda R, Ceckova M, Staud F. The inhibitory effect of antiretroviral drugs on the L-carnitine uptake in human placenta. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 368:18-25. [PMID: 30735677 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of remarkable reduction in the number of children born with HIV due to antiretroviral therapy, concerns remain on the short- and long-term effects of antiretroviral drugs at the feto-placental unit. Cardio- and skeletal myopathies have been reported in children exposed to antiretroviral drugs prenatally. These conditions have also been described in perturbed placental transfer of l-carnitine, an essential co-factor in fatty acid oxidation. Due to limited fetal and placental synthesis, carnitine supply is maintained through the placental carnitine uptake from maternal blood by the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5, respectively). The aim of our study was to investigate potential inhibition of placental carnitine uptake by a broad range of antiretroviral drugs comprising nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (lamivudine, zidovudine, abacavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (rilpivirine, efavirenz, etravirine), protease inhibitors (ritonavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, saquinavir, tipranavir), integrase inhibitors (raltegravir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir) and viral entry inhibitor, maraviroc. Studies in choriocarcinoma BeWo cells and human placenta-derived models confirmed predominant expression and function of OCTN2 above OCTN1 in l-carnitine transport. Subsequent screenings in BeWo cells and isolated MVM vesicles revealed seven antiretroviral drugs as inhibitors of the Na+-dependent l-carnitine uptake, corresponding to OCTN2. Ritonavir, saquinavir and elvitegravir showed the highest inhibitory potential which was further confirmed for ritonavir and saquinavir in placental fresh villous fragments. Our data indicate possible impairment in placental and fetal supply of l-carnitine with ritonavir and saquinavir, while suggesting retained placental carnitine transport with the other antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Ceckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
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Friedman JR, Richbart SD, Merritt JC, Brown KC, Nolan NA, Akers AT, Lau JK, Robateau ZR, Miles SL, Dasgupta P. Acetylcholine signaling system in progression of lung cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:222-254. [PMID: 30291908 PMCID: PMC6348061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an autocrine growth factor for human lung cancer. Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase). The released ACh binds back to nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors on lung cancer cells to accelerate their proliferation, migration and invasion. Out of all components of the cholinergic pathway, the nAChR-signaling has been studied the most intensely. The reason for this trend is due to genome-wide data studies showing that nicotinic receptor subtypes are involved in lung cancer risk, the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk as well as the rising popularity of electronic cigarettes considered by many as a "safe" alternative to smoking. There are a small number of articles which review the contribution of the other cholinergic proteins in the pathophysiology of lung cancer. The primary objective of this review article is to discuss the function of the acetylcholine-signaling proteins in the progression of lung cancer. The investigation of the role of cholinergic network in lung cancer will pave the way to novel molecular targets and drugs in this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Austin T Akers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Jamie K Lau
- Biology Department, Center for the Sciences, Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, Virginia 24142
| | - Zachary R Robateau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Sarah L Miles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1700 Third Avenue, Huntington, WV 25755.
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Overview: Role of Drug Transporters in Drug Disposition and Its Clinical Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:1-12. [PMID: 31571163 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs are involved in drug transport across plasma membrane, most of which are mediated by drug transporters. These drug transporters are generally divided into solute carrier (SLC) family and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. These transporters not only mediate transport of therapeutic drugs across membrane but also transport various kinds of endogenous compounds. Thus besides being participated in disposal of drug and its clinical efficacy/toxicity, these transporters also play vital roles in maintaining cell homeostasis via regulating transport of endogenous compounds. This chapter will outline classification of drug transporters, their roles in drug disposal/drug response, and remote communication between tissues/organs.
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56
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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Luo Y, Zeng B, Zeng L, Du X, Li B, Huo R, Liu L, Wang H, Dong M, Pan J, Zheng P, Zhou C, Wei H, Xie P. Gut microbiota regulates mouse behaviors through glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes in the hippocampus. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:187. [PMID: 30194287 PMCID: PMC6128920 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has an important role in the immune system, metabolism, and digestion, and has a significant effect on the nervous system. Recent studies have revealed that abnormal gut microbiota induces abnormal behaviors, which may be associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Therefore, we investigated the behavioral changes in germ-free (GF) mice by behavioral tests, quantified the basal serum cortisol levels, and examined glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes in hippocampus using microarray analysis followed by real-time PCR validation, to explore the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences the host's behaviors and brain function. Moreover, we quantified the basal serum cortisol levels and validated the differential genes in an Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment mouse model and fecal "depression microbiota" transplantation mouse model by real-time PCR. We found that GF mice showed antianxiety- and antidepressant-like behaviors, whereas E. coli LPS-treated mice showed antidepressant-like behavior, but did not show antianxiety-like behavior. However, "depression microbiota" recipient mice exhibited anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. In addition, six glucocorticoid receptor pathway genes (Slc22a5, Aqp1, Stat5a, Ampd3, Plekhf1, and Cyb561) were upregulated in GF mice, and of these only two (Stat5a and Ampd3) were upregulated in LPS-treated mice, whereas the shared gene, Stat5a, was downregulated in "depression microbiota" recipient mice. Furthermore, basal serum cortisol levels were decreased in E. coli LPS-treated mice but not in GF mice and "depression microbiota" recipient mice. These results indicated that the gut microbiota may lead to behavioral abnormalities in mice through the downstream pathway of the glucocorticoid receptor. Herein, we proposed a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Luo
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- 0000 0004 1760 6682grid.410570.7Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Li Zeng
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.412461.4Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Bo Li
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0004 0369 313Xgrid.419897.aKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Huo
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0004 0369 313Xgrid.419897.aKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Chongqing, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.7Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Meixue Dong
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.7Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Junxi Pan
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0004 0369 313Xgrid.419897.aKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.7Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Hong Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China. .,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Chongqing, China. .,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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58
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Kou L, Sun R, Ganapathy V, Yao Q, Chen R. Recent advances in drug delivery via the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2/SLC22A5). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:715-726. [PMID: 30016594 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1502273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transporters in the plasma membrane have been exploited successfully for the delivery of drugs in the form of prodrugs and nanoparticles. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5) has emerged as a viable target for drug delivery. OCTN2 is a Na+-dependent high-affinity transporter for L-carnitine and a Na+-independent transporter for organic cations. OCTN2 is expressed in the blood-brain barrier, heart, liver, kidney, intestinal tract and placenta and plays an essential role in L-carnitine homeostasis in the body. Areas covered: In recent years, several studies have been reported in the literature describing the utility of OCTN2 to enhance the delivery of drugs, prodrugs and nanoparticles. Here we summarize the salient features of OCTN2 in terms of its role in the cellular uptake of its physiological substrate L-carnitine in physiological and pathological context; the structural requirements for recognition and the recent advances in OCTN2-targeted drug delivery systems, including prodrugs and nanoparticles, are discussed. Expert opinion: This transporter has great potential to be utilized as a target for drug delivery to improve oral absorption of drugs in the intestinal tract. It also has potential to facilitate the transfer of drugs across the biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, blood-retinal barrier, and maternal-fetal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Rui Sun
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Qing Yao
- c School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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Dolberg AM, Reichl S. Expression analysis of human solute carrier (SLC) family transporters in nasal mucosa and RPMI 2650 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:277-294. [PMID: 30041030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With nearly 400 members, the solute-linked carrier (SLC) superfamily is one of the most important gene classes concerning the disposition of drugs and the transport of physiological substrates in the human body. The mapping of related transport proteins is already well advanced for the intestines, kidneys and liver, but it has recently been brought into focus for various respiratory epithelia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of several SLC transporters in differently cultured RPMI 2650 cells, as well as in specimens of the human nasal mucosa. The expression profiles of PEPT2, OATP1A2, OATP4C1, OCT2, OCTN1 and OCTN2 were investigated at the gene and protein levels by performing RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistological staining. Uptake assays using appropriate substrates and inhibitory substances were performed to compare the activity of peptide, organic anion and organic cation transporters, respectively, among the three models. Expression of the six SLC transporters under investigation was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels in human nasal mucosa ex vivo as well as in RPMI 2650 cells grown under different culture conditions. The functionality was almost equal among all of the models for the PEPT and OCT(N) transporters, while the functional activity of the OATP transporters was more pronounced for both in vitro models than for excised nasal tissue. Despite negligible variations in transporter capacities, the RPMI 2650 cell cultures and freshly isolated human nasal epithelium showed nearly comparable expression patterns for the examined SLC proteins. Therefore, in vitro models based on the RPMI 2650 cell line could provide helpful data during the preclinical investigation of intranasally administered drug formulations and in the development of strategies to target nasal drug transporters for either local or systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Dolberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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60
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Integrative expression quantitative trait locus-based analysis of colorectal cancer identified a functional polymorphism regulating SLC22A5 expression. Eur J Cancer 2018; 93:1-9. [PMID: 29428571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be highly correlated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the variants identified thus far only explain a small part of the cases, suggesting the existence of many uncharacterised genetic determinants. In this study, using the multilevel 'omics' data provided in The Cancer Genome Atlas, we systematically performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis for CRC and identified nine SNPs with significant effects on mRNA expression (correlation |r| > 0.3 and FDR < 0.01). Then we conducted a two-stage case-control study consisting of 1528 cases and 1528 controls to examine the associations between candidate SNPs and CRC risk. We found that rs27437 in SLC22A5 was significantly correlated with CRC risk in both stages and the combined study (additive model, OR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.17-1.47, P = 1.97 × 10-6). eQTL analysis showed that rs27437 GG and GA genotypes were associated with lower expression of SLC22A5 compared with the AA genotype. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that the G risk allele could decrease the expression of luciferase. SLC22A5 was significantly decreased in CRC tumour tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, indicating that SLC22A5 may play important roles in CRC, and rs27437 in SLC22A5 might serve as a novel biomarker for early detection and prevention of CRC.
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61
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Kou L, Bhutia YD, Yao Q, He Z, Sun J, Ganapathy V. Transporter-Guided Delivery of Nanoparticles to Improve Drug Permeation across Cellular Barriers and Drug Exposure to Selective Cell Types. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:27. [PMID: 29434548 PMCID: PMC5791163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nano-drug delivery systems conjugated with specific ligands to target selective cell-surface receptors or transporters could enhance the efficacy of drug delivery and therapy. Transporters are expressed differentially on the cell-surface of different cell types, and also specific transporters are expressed at higher than normal levels in selective cell types under pathological conditions. They also play a key role in intestinal absorption, delivery via non-oral routes (e.g., pulmonary route and nasal route), and transfer across biological barriers (e.g., blood–brain barrier and blood–retinal barrier. As such, the cell-surface transporters represent ideal targets for nano-drug delivery systems to facilitate drug delivery to selective cell types under normal or pathological conditions and also to avoid off-target adverse side effects of the drugs. There is increasing evidence in recent years supporting the utility of cell-surface transporters in the field of nano-drug delivery to increase oral bioavailability, to improve transfer across the blood–brain barrier, and to enhance delivery of therapeutics in a cell-type selective manner in disease states. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent advancements in this interesting and important area. We also highlight certain key aspects that need to be taken into account for optimal development of transporter-assisted nano-drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Qing Yao
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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62
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Carrier-mediated uptake of clonidine in cultured human lung cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:361-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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63
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic myopathies are genetic disorders that impair intermediary metabolism in skeletal muscle. Impairments in glycolysis/glycogenolysis (glycogen-storage disease), fatty acid transport and oxidation (fatty acid oxidation defects), and the mitochondrial respiratory chain (mitochondrial myopathies) represent the majority of known defects. The purpose of this review is to develop a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for the metabolic myopathies. RECENT FINDINGS The metabolic myopathies can present in the neonatal and infant period as part of more systemic involvement with hypotonia, hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy; however, most cases present in childhood or in adulthood with exercise intolerance (often with rhabdomyolysis) and weakness. The glycogen-storage diseases present during brief bouts of high-intensity exercise, whereas fatty acid oxidation defects and mitochondrial myopathies present during a long-duration/low-intensity endurance-type activity or during fasting or another metabolically stressful event (eg, surgery, fever). The clinical examination is often normal between acute events, and evaluation involves exercise testing, blood testing (creatine kinase, acylcarnitine profile, lactate, amino acids), urine organic acids (ketones, dicarboxylic acids, 3-methylglutaconic acid), muscle biopsy (histology, ultrastructure, enzyme testing), MRI/spectroscopy, and targeted or untargeted genetic testing. SUMMARY Accurate and early identification of metabolic myopathies can lead to therapeutic interventions with lifestyle and nutritional modification, cofactor treatment, and rapid treatment of rhabdomyolysis.
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Jirkovský E, Jirkovská A, Bureš J, Chládek J, Lenčová O, Stariat J, Pokorná Z, Karabanovich G, Roh J, Brázdová P, Šimůnek T, Kovaříková P, Štěrba M. Pharmacokinetics of the Cardioprotective Drug Dexrazoxane and Its Active Metabolite ADR-925 with Focus on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:433-446. [PMID: 29273587 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexrazoxane (DEX), the only cardioprotectant approved against anthracycline cardiotoxicity, has been traditionally deemed to be a prodrug of the iron-chelating metabolite ADR-925. However, pharmacokinetic profile of both agents, particularly with respect to the cells and tissues essential for its action (cardiomyocytes/myocardium), remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to characterize the conversion and disposition of DEX to ADR-925 in vitro (primary cardiomyocytes) and in vivo (rabbits) under conditions where DEX is clearly cardioprotective against anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Our results show that DEX is hydrolyzed to ADR-925 in cell media independently of the presence of cardiomyocytes or their lysate. Furthermore, ADR-925 directly penetrates into the cells with contribution of active transport, and detectable concentrations occur earlier than after DEX incubation. In rabbits, ADR-925 was detected rapidly in plasma after DEX administration to form sustained concentrations thereafter. ADR-925 was not markedly retained in the myocardium, and its relative exposure was 5.7-fold lower than for DEX. Unlike liver tissue, myocardium homogenates did not accelerate the conversion of DEX to ADR-925 in vitro, suggesting that myocardial concentrations in vivo may originate from its distribution from the central compartment. The pharmacokinetic parameters for both DEX and ADR-925 were determined by both noncompartmental analyses and population pharmacokinetics (including joint parent-metabolite model). Importantly, all determined parameters were closer to human than to rodent data. The present results open venues for the direct assessment of the cardioprotective effects of ADR-925 in vitro and in vivo to establish whether DEX is a drug or prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chládek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Lenčová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Stariat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pokorná
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Galina Karabanovich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Brázdová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Štěrba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové (E.J., J.C., O.L., Z.P., P.B., M.Š.), and Departments of Biochemical Sciences (E.J., A.J., T.Š.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.B., J.S., P.K.), and Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (G.K., J.R.), Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Kou L, Yao Q, Sivaprakasam S, Luo Q, Sun Y, Fu Q, He Z, Sun J, Ganapathy V. Dual targeting of l-carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles to OCTN2 and ATB 0,+ to deliver chemotherapeutic agents for colon cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1338-1349. [PMID: 28911246 PMCID: PMC8241000 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1377316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Carnitine, obligatory for oxidation of fatty acids, is transported into cells by the Na+-coupled transporter OCTN2 and the Na+/Cl--coupled transporter ATB0,+. Here we investigated the potential of L-carnitine-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (LC-PLGA NPs) to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells by targeting the nanoparticles to both OCTN2 and ATB0,+. The cellular uptake of LC-PLGA NPs in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 and the colon cancer cell line Caco-2 was increased compared to unmodified nanoparticles, but decreased in the absence of co-transporting ions (Na+ and/or Cl-) or in the presence of competitive substrates for the two transporters. Studies with fluorescently labeled nanoparticles showed their colocalization with both OCTN2 and ATB0,+, confirming the involvement of both transporters in the cellular uptake of LC-PLGA NPs. As the expression levels of OCTN2 and ATB0,+ are higher in colon cancer cells than in normal colon cells, LC-PLGA NPs can be used to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs selectively into cancer cells for colon cancer therapy. With 5-fluorouracil-loaded LC-PLGA NPs, we were able to demonstrate significant increases in the uptake efficiency and cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells that were positive for OCTN2 and ATB0,+. In a 3D spheroid model of tumor growth, LC-PLGA NPs showed increased uptake and enhanced antitumor efficacy. These findings indicate that dual-targeting LC-PLGA NPs to OCTN2 and ATB0,+ has great potential to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs for colon cancer therapy. Dual targeting LC-PLGA NPs to OCTN2 and ATB0,+ can selectively deliver chemotherapeutics to colon cancer cells where both transporters are overexpressed, preventing targeting to normal cells and thus avoiding off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Qing Yao
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Qiuhua Luo
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinghua Sun
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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66
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Usefulness of kidney slices for functional analysis of apical reabsorptive transporters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12814. [PMID: 28993647 PMCID: PMC5634478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney plays a key role in the elimination and reabsorption of drugs and nutrients, however in vitro methods to evaluate renal disposition are limited. In the present study, we investigated usefulness of isolated kidney slice, which had been used for transport only at basolateral membrane of tubular epithelial cells, for evaluation of apical membrane transporters. As transporters that are easy to discriminate between apical and basolateral transports, apical membrane specific and sodium-dependent transporters (SGLTs and OCTNs) and pH-dependent transporters (PEPTs) are selected. Uptake of ergothioneine, carnitine and methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, which are substrates of apical Octn1, Octn2, and Sglt1/2, respectively, by mice kidney slices showed clear Na+ dependence and reduction by selective inhibitors. In addition, sodium dependence of ergothioneine uptake was negligible in the kidney slice from Octn1-gene deficient mice. Moreover, uptake of PepT1/2 substrate glycyl-sarcosine, was higher than that in the presence of glycyl-leucine, a non-specific Pept inhibitor. The Km and IC50 values for substrates and inhibitors of each transporter were mostly comparable to those obtained in transporter-transfected cells. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that kidney slices are promising tool to study transporters expressed at the apical membranes as well as basolateral membranes of kidney tubular epithelial cells.
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67
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Visentin M, Gai Z, Torozi A, Hiller C, Kullak-Ublick GA. Colistin is Substrate of the Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5). Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1240-1244. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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68
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Kou L, Hou Y, Yao Q, Guo W, Wang G, Wang M, Fu Q, He Z, Ganapathy V, Sun J. L-Carnitine-conjugated nanoparticles to promote permeation across blood-brain barrier and to target glioma cells for drug delivery via the novel organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1605-1616. [PMID: 28974108 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1384385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming blood-brain barrier (BBB) and targeting tumor cells are two key steps for glioma chemotherapy. By taking advantage of the specific expression of Na+-coupled carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) on both brain capillary endothelial cells and glioma cells, l-carnitine conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (LC-PLGA NPs) were prepared to enable enhanced BBB permeation and glioma-cell targeting. Conjugation of l-carnitine significantly enhanced the uptake of PLGA nanoparticles in the BBB endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and the glioma cell line T98G. The uptake was dependent on Na+ and inhibited by the excessive free l-carnitine, suggesting involvement of OCTN2 in the process. In vivo mouse studies showed that LC-PLGA NPs resulted in high accumulation in the brain as indicated by the biodistribution and imaging assays. Furthermore, compared to Taxol and paclitaxel-loaded unmodified PLGA NPs, the drug-loaded LC-PLGA NPs showed improved anti-glioma efficacy in both 2D-cell and 3D-spheroid models. The PEG spacer length of the ligand attached to the nanoparticles was optimized, and the formulation with PEG1000 (LC-1000-PLGA NPs) showed the maximum targeting efficiency. We conclude that l-carnitine-mediated cellular recognition and internalization via OCTN2 significantly facilitate the transcytosis of nanoparticles across BBB and the uptake of nanoparticles in glioma cells, resulting in improved anti-glioma efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China.,b Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Yanxian Hou
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Qing Yao
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Weiling Guo
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Gang Wang
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Menglin Wang
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Qiang Fu
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Zhonggui He
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- b Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Jin Sun
- a Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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Chu X, Chan GH, Evers R. Identification of Endogenous Biomarkers to Predict the Propensity of Drug Candidates to Cause Hepatic or Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2357-2367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhou F, Zhu L, Wang K, Murray M. Recent advance in the pharmacogenomics of human Solute Carrier Transporters (SLCs) in drug disposition. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:21-36. [PMID: 27320645 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug pharmacokinetics is influenced by the function of metabolising enzymes and influx/efflux transporters. Genetic variability of these genes is known to impact on clinical therapies. Solute Carrier Transporters (SLCs) are the primary influx transporters responsible for the cellular uptake of drug molecules, which consequently, impact on drug efficacy and toxicity. The Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs), Organic Anion Transporters (OATs) and Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs/OCTNs) are the most important SLCs involved in drug disposition. The information regarding the influence of SLC polymorphisms on drug pharmacokinetics is limited and remains a hot topic of pharmaceutical research. This review summarises the recent advance in the pharmacogenomics of SLCs with an emphasis on human OATPs, OATs and OCTs/OCTNs. Our current appreciation of the degree of variability in these transporters may contribute to better understanding the inter-patient variation of therapies and thus, guide the optimisation of clinical treatments.
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71
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Byars SG, Huang QQ, Gray LA, Bakshi A, Ripatti S, Abraham G, Stearns SC, Inouye M. Genetic loci associated with coronary artery disease harbor evidence of selection and antagonistic pleiotropy. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006328. [PMID: 28640878 PMCID: PMC5480811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional genome-wide scans for positive selection have mainly uncovered selective sweeps associated with monogenic traits. While selection on quantitative traits is much more common, very few signals have been detected because of their polygenic nature. We searched for positive selection signals underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) in worldwide populations, using novel approaches to quantify relationships between polygenic selection signals and CAD genetic risk. We identified new candidate adaptive loci that appear to have been directly modified by disease pressures given their significant associations with CAD genetic risk. These candidates were all uniquely and consistently associated with many different male and female reproductive traits suggesting selection may have also targeted these because of their direct effects on fitness. We found that CAD loci are significantly enriched for lifetime reproductive success relative to the rest of the human genome, with evidence that the relationship between CAD and lifetime reproductive success is antagonistic. This supports the presence of antagonistic-pleiotropic tradeoffs on CAD loci and provides a novel explanation for the maintenance and high prevalence of CAD in modern humans. Lastly, we found that positive selection more often targeted CAD gene regulatory variants using HapMap3 lymphoblastoid cell lines, which further highlights the unique biological significance of candidate adaptive loci underlying CAD. Our study provides a novel approach for detecting selection on polygenic traits and evidence that modern human genomes have evolved in response to CAD-induced selection pressures and other early-life traits sharing pleiotropic links with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G. Byars
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qin Qin Huang
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Abraham
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen C. Stearns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Michael Inouye
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Involvement of l-type amino acid transporter 1 in the transport of gabapentin into human placental choriocarcinoma cells. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 67:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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73
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Jung ES, Park HJ, Kong KA, Choi JH, Cheon JH. Association study between OCTN1 functional haplotypes and Crohn's disease in a Korean population. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:11-17. [PMID: 28066136 PMCID: PMC5214902 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with multifactorial causes including environmental and genetic factors. Several studies have demonstrated that the organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) non-synonymous variant L503F is associated with susceptibility to CD. However, it was reported that L503F is absent in Asian populations. Previously, we identified and functionally characterized genetic variants of the OCTN1 promoter region in Koreans. In that study, four variants demonstrated significant changes in promoter activity. In the present study, we determined whether four functional variants of the OCTN1 promoter play a role in the susceptibility to or clinical course of CD in Koreans. To examine it, the frequencies of the four variants of the OCTN1 promoter were determined by genotyping using DNA samples from 194 patients with CD and 287 healthy controls. Then, associations between genetic variants and the susceptibility to CD or clinical course of CD were evaluated. We found that susceptibility to CD was not associated with OCTN1 functional promoter variants or haplotypes showing altered promoter activities in in vitro assays. However, OCTN1 functional promoter haplotypes showing decreased promoter activities were significantly associated with a penetrating behavior in CD patients (HR=2.428, p=0.009). Our results suggest that the OCTN1 functional promoter haplotypes can influence the CD phenotype, although these might not be associated with susceptibility to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ae Kong
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Ji Ha Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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74
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Visentin M, van Rosmalen BV, Hiller C, Bieze M, Hofstetter L, Verheij J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Koepsell H, Phoa SS, Tamai I, Bennink RJ, van Gulik TM, Stieger B. Impact of Organic Cation Transporters (OCT-SLC22A) on Differential Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Lesions. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:166-173. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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75
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Juraszek B, Nałęcz KA. Protein phosphatase PP2A - a novel interacting partner of carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2016; 139:537-551. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Juraszek
- Laboratory of Transport through Biomembranes; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna A. Nałęcz
- Laboratory of Transport through Biomembranes; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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76
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Amacher DE. The regulation of human hepatic drug transporter expression by activation of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1463-1477. [PMID: 27548410 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1223626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If a drug is found to be an inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes via activation of nuclear receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR) or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), it is likely that drug transporters regulated through these same receptors will be induced as well. This review highlights what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate transporter expression and where the research is directed. Areas covered: This review is focused on publications that describe the role of activated hepatic nuclear receptors in the subsequent regulation of drug uptake and/or efflux transporters following exposure to xenobiotics. Expert opinion: Many of the published studies on the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters involve non-human test animals. But due to species response differences, these associations are not always applicable to humans. For this reason, some relevant human in vitro models have been developed, such as primary or cryopreserved human hepatocytes, human liver slices, or HepG2 or HuH7 cell lines transiently or stably transfected with PXR expression and reporter constructs as well as in vivo models such as PXR-humanized mice. These human-relevant test systems will continue to be developed and applied for the testing of investigational drugs.
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77
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Mihaljevic I, Popovic M, Zaja R, Smital T. Phylogenetic, syntenic, and tissue expression analysis of slc22 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:626. [PMID: 27519738 PMCID: PMC4982206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC22 protein family is a member of the SLC (Solute carriers) superfamily of polyspecific membrane transporters responsible for uptake of a wide range of organic anions and cations, including numerous endo- and xenobiotics. Due to the lack of knowledge on zebrafish Slc22 family, we performed initial characterization of these transporters using a detailed phylogenetic and conserved synteny analysis followed by the tissue specific expression profiling of slc22 transcripts. RESULTS We identified 20 zebrafish slc22 genes which are organized in the same functional subgroups as human SLC22 members. Orthologies and syntenic relations between zebrafish and other vertebrates revealed consequences of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication as shown through one-to-many orthologies for certain zebrafish slc22 genes. Tissue expression profiles of slc22 transcripts were analyzed using qRT-PCR determinations in nine zebrafish tissues: liver, kidney, intestine, gills, brain, skeletal muscle, eye, heart, and gonads. Our analysis revealed high expression of oct1 in kidney, especially in females, followed by oat3 and oat2c in females, oat2e in males and orctl4 in females. oct1 was also dominant in male liver. oat2d showed the highest expression in intestine with less noticeable gender differences. All slc22 genes showed low expression in gills, and moderate expression in heart and skeletal muscle. Dominant genes in brain were oat1 in females and oct1 in males, while the highest gender differences were determined in gonads, with dominant expression of almost all slc22 genes in testes and the highest expression of oat2a. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers the first insight into the orthology relationships, gene expression and potential role of Slc22 membrane transporters in zebrafish. Clear orthological relationships of zebrafish slc22 and other vertebrate slc22 genes were established. slc22 members are mostly highly conserved, suggesting their physiological and toxicological importance. One-to-many orthologies and differences in tissue expression patterns of zebrafish slc22 genes in comparison to human orthologs were observed. Our expression data point to partial similarity of zebrafish versus human Slc22 members, with possible compensatory roles of certain zebrafish transporters, whereas higher number of some orthologs implies potentially more diverse and specific roles of these proteins in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihaljevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Roko Zaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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78
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Miyauchi E, Tachikawa M, Declèves X, Uchida Y, Bouillot JL, Poitou C, Oppert JM, Mouly S, Bergmann JF, Terasaki T, Scherrmann JM, Lloret-Linares C. Quantitative Atlas of Cytochrome P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, and Transporter Proteins in Jejunum of Morbidly Obese Subjects. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2631-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Miyauchi
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting Laboratory,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting Laboratory,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris F-75010, France
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry Unit, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75014, France
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting Laboratory,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jean-Luc Bouillot
- Department of Surgery, Université
Versailles Saint Quentin, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne 92100, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Institut cardiométabolisme et nutrition
(ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Service de Nutrition,
Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Institut cardiométabolisme et nutrition
(ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Service de Nutrition,
Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Stéphane Mouly
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris F-75010, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutic Research
Unit, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Jean-François Bergmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris F-75010, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutic Research
Unit, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting Laboratory,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris F-75010, France
| | - Célia Lloret-Linares
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144 Université Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Paris F-75010, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutic Research
Unit, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
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79
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Ben Said M, Grati M, Ishimoto T, Zou B, Chakchouk I, Ma Q, Yao Q, Hammami B, Yan D, Mittal R, Nakamichi N, Ghorbel A, Neng L, Tekin M, Shi XR, Kato Y, Masmoudi S, Lu Z, Hmani M, Liu X. A mutation in SLC22A4 encoding an organic cation transporter expressed in the cochlea strial endothelium causes human recessive non-syndromic hearing loss DFNB60. Hum Genet 2016; 135:513-524. [PMID: 27023905 PMCID: PMC4836961 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence/incidence of hearing loss (HL) in humans makes it the most common sensory defect. The majority of the cases are of genetic origin. Non-syndromic hereditary HL is extremely heterogeneous. Genetic approaches have been instrumental in deciphering genes that are crucial for auditory function. In this study, we first used NADf chip to exclude the implication of known North-African mutations in HL in a large consanguineous Tunisian family (FT13) affected by autosomal recessive non-syndromic HL (ARNSHL). We then performed genome-wide linkage analysis and assigned the deafness gene locus to ch:5q23.2-31.1, corresponding to the DFNB60 ARNSHL locus. Moreover, we performed whole exome sequencing on FT13 patient DNA and uncovered amino acid substitution p.Cys113Tyr in SLC22A4, a transporter of organic cations, cosegregating with HL in FT13 and therefore the cause of ARNSHL DFNB60. We also screened a cohort of small Tunisian HL families and uncovered an additional deaf proband of consanguineous parents that is homozygous for p.Cys113Tyr carried by the same microsatellite marker haplotype as in FT13, indicating that this mutation is ancestral. Using immunofluorescence, we found that Slc22a4 is expressed in stria vascularis (SV) endothelial cells of rodent cochlea and targets their apical plasma membrane. We also found Slc22a4 transcripts in our RNA-seq library from purified primary culture of mouse SV endothelial cells. Interestingly, p.Cys113Tyr mutation affects the trafficking of the transporter and severely alters ergothioneine uptake. We conclude that SLC22A4 is an organic cation transporter of the SV endothelium that is essential for hearing, and its mutation causes DFNB60 form of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Ben Said
- Laboratoire Procédés de Criblage Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route sidimansour Km 6, BP '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Bing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Imen Chakchouk
- Laboratoire Procédés de Criblage Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route sidimansour Km 6, BP '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Qi Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Qi Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Bouthaina Hammami
- Service Otorhinolaryngologie, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Abdelmonem Ghorbel
- Service Otorhinolaryngologie, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lingling Neng
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xiao Rui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratoire Procédés de Criblage Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route sidimansour Km 6, BP '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Mounira Hmani
- Laboratoire Procédés de Criblage Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route sidimansour Km 6, BP '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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80
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81
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Frigeni M, Iacobazzi F, Yin X, Longo N. Wide tolerance to amino acids substitutions in the OCTN1 ergothioneine transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1334-42. [PMID: 26994919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic cation transporters transfer solutes with a positive charge across the plasma membrane. The novel organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and 2 (OCTN2) transport ergothioneine and carnitine, respectively. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene encoding OCTN2 cause primary carnitine deficiency, a recessive disorders resulting in low carnitine levels and defective fatty acid oxidation. Variations in the SLC22A4 gene encoding OCTN1 are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease. METHODS Here we evaluate the functional properties of the OCTN1 transporter using chimeric transporters constructed by fusing different portion of the OCTN1 and OCTN2 cDNAs. Their relative abundance and subcellular distribution was evaluated through western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Substitutions of the C-terminal portion of OCTN1 with the correspondent residues of OCTN2 generated chimeric OCTN transporters more active than wild-type OCTN1 in transporting ergothioneine. Additional single amino acid substitutions introduced in chimeric OCTN transporters further increased ergothioneine transport activity. Kinetic analysis indicated that increased transport activity was due to an increased V(max), with modest changes in K(m) toward ergothioneine. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the OCTN1 transporter is tolerant to extensive amino acid substitutions. This is in sharp contrast to the OCTN2 carnitine transporter that has been selected for high functional activity through evolution, with almost all substitutions reducing carnitine transport activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The widespread tolerance of OCTN1 to amino acid substitutions suggests that the corresponding SLC22A4 gene may have derived from a recent duplication of the SLC22A5 gene and might not yet have a defined physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Frigeni
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Francesco Iacobazzi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bari, Policlinico, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Xue Yin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Nicola Longo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
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82
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Park HJ, Jung ES, Kong KA, Park EM, Cheon JH, Choi JH. Identification of OCTN2 variants and their association with phenotypes of Crohn's disease in a Korean population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22887. [PMID: 26965072 PMCID: PMC4786794 DOI: 10.1038/srep22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and a genetic variant in the OCTN2, g.-207G > C is significantly associated with CD susceptibility. This study was aimed to identify novel OCTN2 functional promoter variants and their roles in transcriptional regulation using various in vitro assays. In addition, we investigated the association between OCTN2 genotypes and CD through genetic analysis using DNA samples from 193 patients with CD and 281 healthy controls. Among the three major promoter haplotypes of OCTN2 identified, one haplotype, H3, showed a significant decrease in promoter activity: two polymorphisms in H3 were associated with a significant reduction in promoter activity. In particular, we found that the reduced transcriptional activity of those two polymorphisms results from a reduction in the binding affinity of the activators, NF-E2 and YY1, to the OCTN2 promoter. The functional haplotype of the OCTN2 promoter was associated with clinical course of CD such as the disease behavior and need for surgery. However, genetic variants or haplotypes of OCTN2 did not affect the susceptibility to CD. Our results suggest that a common promoter haplotype of OCTN2 regulates the transcriptional rate of OCTN2 and influences the clinical course of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Eun Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ae Kong
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Ha Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07985, Korea
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83
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Chu X, Bleasby K, Chan GH, Nunes I, Evers R. The Complexities of Interpreting Reversible Elevated Serum Creatinine Levels in Drug Development: Does a Correlation with Inhibition of Renal Transporters Exist? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1498-509. [PMID: 26825641 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In humans, creatinine is formed by a multistep process in liver and muscle and eliminated via the kidney by a combination of glomerular filtration and active transport. Based on current evidence, creatinine can be taken up into renal proximal tubule cells by the basolaterally localized organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and the organic anion transporter 2, and effluxed into the urine by the apically localized multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) and MATE2K. Drug-induced elevation of serum creatinine (SCr) and/or reduced creatinine renal clearance is routinely used as a marker for acute kidney injury. Interpretation of elevated SCr can be complex, because such increases can be reversible and explained by inhibition of renal transporters involved in active secretion of creatinine or other secondary factors, such as diet and disease state. Distinction between these possibilities is important from a drug development perspective, as increases in SCr can result in the termination of otherwise efficacious drug candidates. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with using creatinine as a marker for kidney damage. Furthermore, to evaluate whether reversible changes in SCr can be predicted prospectively based on in vitro transporter inhibition data, an in-depth in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) analysis was conducted for 16 drugs with in-house and literature in vitro transporter inhibition data for OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K, as well as total and unbound maximum plasma concentration (Cmax and Cmax,u) data measured in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Kelly Bleasby
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Grace Hoyee Chan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Irene Nunes
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Raymond Evers
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
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84
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Ingoglia F, Visigalli R, Rotoli BM, Barilli A, Riccardi B, Puccini P, Dall'Asta V. Functional activity of L-carnitine transporters in human airway epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:210-9. [PMID: 26607009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine plays a physiologically important role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Distribution of carnitine within the body tissues is mainly performed by novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) family, including the isoforms OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) expressed in human. We performed here a characterization of carnitine transport in human airway epithelial cells A549, Calu-3, NCl-H441, and BEAS-2B, by means of an integrated approach combining data of mRNA/protein expression with the kinetic and inhibition analyses of L-[(3)H]carnitine transport. Carnitine uptake was strictly Na(+)-dependent in all cell models. In A549 and BEAS-2B cells, carnitine uptake was mediated by one high-affinity component (Km<2 μM) identifiable with OCTN2. In both these cell models, indeed, carnitine uptake was maximally inhibited by betaine and strongly reduced by SLC22A5/OCTN2 silencing. Conversely, Calu-3 and NCl-H441 exhibited both a high (Km~20 μM) and a low affinity (Km>1 mM) transport component. While the high affinity component is identifiable with OCTN2, the low affinity uptake is mediated by ATB(0,+), a Na(+), and Cl(-)-coupled transport system for neutral and cationic amino acids, as demonstrated by the inhibition by leucine and arginine, as well as by SLC6A14/ATB(0,+) silencing. The presence of this transporter leads to a massive accumulation of carnitine inside the cells and may be of peculiar relevance in pathologic conditions of carnitine deficiency, such as those associated to OCTN2 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ingoglia
- Dept. of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (SBiBiT), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Rossana Visigalli
- Dept. of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (SBiBiT), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Dept. of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (SBiBiT), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Amelia Barilli
- Dept. of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (SBiBiT), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Riccardi
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry & Metabolism Dept., Chiesi Farmaceutici, Largo F. Belloli 11/A, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry & Metabolism Dept., Chiesi Farmaceutici, Largo F. Belloli 11/A, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Dall'Asta
- Dept. of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (SBiBiT), University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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85
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Sugiyama E, Masaki N, Matsushita S, Setou M. Ammonium Sulfate Improves Detection of Hydrophilic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds through Decreased Ion Suppression in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11176-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sugiyama
- Department
of Cell Biology
and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Masaki
- Department
of Cell Biology
and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsushita
- Department
of Cell Biology
and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department
of Cell Biology
and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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Empl MT, Kammeyer P, Ulrich R, Joseph JF, Parr MK, Willenberg I, Schebb NH, Baumgärtner W, Röhrdanz E, Steffen C, Steinberg P. The influence of chronic L-carnitine supplementation on the formation of preneoplastic and atherosclerotic lesions in the colon and aorta of male F344 rats. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2079-87. [PMID: 25164827 PMCID: PMC7079849 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine, a key component of fatty acid oxidation, is nowadays being extensively used as a nutritional supplement with allegedly "fat burning" and performance-enhancing properties, although to date there are no conclusive data supporting these claims. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between exogenous supplementation and bioavailability, i.e., fairly high oral doses are not fully absorbed and thus a significant amount of carnitine remains in the gut. Human and rat enterobacteria can degrade unabsorbed L-carnitine to trimethylamine or trimethylamine-N-oxide, which, under certain conditions, may be transformed to the known carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine. Recent findings indicate that trimethylamine-N-oxide might also be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We therefore investigated whether a 1-year administration of different L-carnitine concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 5 g/l) via drinking water leads to an increased incidence of preneoplastic lesions (so-called aberrant crypt foci) in the colon of Fischer 344 rats as well as to the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of these animals. No significant difference between the test groups regarding the formation of lesions in the colon and aorta of the rats was observed, suggesting that, under the given experimental conditions, L-carnitine up to a concentration of 5 g/l in the drinking water does not have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal and vascular system of Fischer 344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Empl
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan F Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Willenberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils H Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steffen
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
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87
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Droździk M, Oronowicz K, Piasecka M, Kazienko A, Rosiak A, Gill K, Dziedziejko V, Safranow K, Kurzawa R, Kurzawski M. Organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) -207C>G (rs2631367) polymorphism is not associated with male infertility. Reprod Biol 2015; 15:178-83. [PMID: 26370461 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is an important factor in the initiation of progressive sperm motility and end stage of sperm maturation. The compound is transported by an organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2), which is expressed in the male reproductive system. OCTN2 is encoded by SLC22A5 gene with proven -207C>G functional polymorphism. The aim of the case-control study was to investigate a potential association between the -207C>G SLC22A5 polymorphism and male infertility. The -207C>G SLC22A5 polymorphism was determined by means of TaqMan assay in 206 infertile Caucasian males and 256 ethnically matched controls. Besides genotyping study, sperm mitochondrial function was assessed using NADH-dependent NBT assay. The distribution of SLC22A5 genotypes in infertile men was as follows: CC - 29.6%, CG - 53.9%, GG - 16.5% and in fertile men: CC - 32.0%, CG - 50.0%, GG - 18.0%, and was comparable in both evaluated groups. Likewise, the studied polymorphism did not affect sperm mitochondrial function. The results of the current study demonstrated that -207C>G polymorphism of the SLC22A5 gene is not associated with male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Droździk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Oronowicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, County Hospital, Mączna 4, 70-780 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Piasecka
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kazienko
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Siedlecka 2, Police, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rosiak
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; VitroLive Fertility Clinic, Kasprzaka 2A, 71-074 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamil Gill
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rafał Kurzawa
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Siedlecka 2, Police, Poland; VitroLive Fertility Clinic, Kasprzaka 2A, 71-074 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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88
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Wu Y, Hurren R, MacLean N, Gronda M, Jitkova Y, Sukhai MA, Minden MD, Schimmer AD. Carnitine transporter CT2 (SLC22A16) is over-expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and target knockdown reduces growth and viability of AML cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:1099-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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89
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Nabatov AA. The vesicle-associated function of NOD2 as a link between Crohn's disease and mycobacterial infection. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:1. [PMID: 25653718 PMCID: PMC4316803 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Crohn’s disease (CD) etiology remains unclear, a growing body of evidence suggests that CD may include an infectious component, with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) being the most likely candidate for this role. However, the molecular mechanism of the MAP involvement in CD pathogenesis remains unclear. The polymorphism of the NOD2 gene, coding for an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, is a factor of predisposition to mycobacterial infections and CD. Recent findings on NOD2 interactions and functions provide the missing pieces in the puzzle of a NOD2-mediated mechanism common for mycobacterial infections and CD. Implications of these new findings for the development of a better understanding and treatments of CD and mycobacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Nabatov
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO/GROW Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Science Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 33, Universiade Village, Kazan, 420138 Russia
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90
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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91
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New water-soluble carbamate ester derivatives of resveratrol. Molecules 2014; 19:15900-17. [PMID: 25275336 PMCID: PMC6271179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low bioavailability severely hinders exploitation of the biomedical potential of resveratrol. Extensive phase-II metabolism and poor water solubility contribute to lowering the concentrations of resveratrol in the bloodstream after oral administration. Prodrugs may provide a solution—protection of the phenolic functions hinders conjugative metabolism and can be exploited to modulate the physicochemical properties of the compound. We report here the synthesis and characterization of carbamate ester derivatives of resveratrol bearing on each nitrogen atom a methyl group and either a methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-350 (mPEG-350) or a butyl-glucosyl promoiety conferring high water solubility. Ex vivo absorption studies revealed that the butyl-glucosyl conjugate, unlike the mPEG-350 one, is able to permeate the intestinal wall. In vivo pharmacokinetics confirmed absorption after oral administration and showed that no hydrolysis of the carbamate groups takes place. Thus, sugar groups can be attached to resveratrol to obtain soluble derivatives maintaining to some degree the ability to permeate biomembranes, perhaps by facilitated or active transport.
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92
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Serrano León A, Amir Shaghaghi M, Yurkova N, Bernstein CN, El-Gabalawy H, Eck P. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC22A23 are associated with ulcerative colitis in a Canadian white cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:289-94. [PMID: 24740203 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC22A23 is an orphan gene in the SLC22 family of organic membrane transporters, and its single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17309827-T was recently nominally associated with intestinal inflammation in a genome-wide association study. Other polymorphisms in the SLC22A23 gene have been associated with diseases with an inflammatory component, and polymorphisms in related genes in the SLC22 family have been repeatedly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). OBJECTIVE In a candidate-gene study using a well-phenotyped, highly monitored, Manitoban white cohort, we investigated whether variations in SLC22A23 were associated with intestinal inflammation. DESIGN Selected genetic variations were genotyped by using fluorescent-based assays or a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 160 individuals with Crohn disease, 149 individuals with ulcerative colitis, and 142 healthy control subjects to determine genetic associations. RESULTS Homozygocity for single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs4959235-TT and rs950318-GG was associated with IBD, whereby 6% of patients (18 of 311 cases) carried these genotypes, but they were not seen in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Associations reported in this article add to the emerging evidence that SLC22A23 variants could modify IBD risk. However, the biology of the gene and impact of variations on the gene's functions need to be tested to validate a causative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Serrano León
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mandana Amir Shaghaghi
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Natalia Yurkova
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hani El-Gabalawy
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Peter Eck
- From Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (ASL, MAS, NY, and PE), the University of Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre (CNB), and the Department of Internal Medicine (CNB and HE-G), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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93
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Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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94
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Goetzman ES, Alcorn JF, Bharathi SS, Uppala R, McHugh KJ, Kosmider B, Chen R, Zuo YY, Beck ME, McKinney RW, Skilling H, Suhrie KR, Karunanidhi A, Yeasted R, Otsubo C, Ellis B, Tyurina YY, Kagan VE, Mallampalli RK, Vockley J. Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency as a cause of pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10668-10679. [PMID: 24591516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) is a mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzyme whose expression in humans is low or absent in organs known to utilize fatty acids for energy such as heart, muscle, and liver. This study demonstrates localization of LCAD to human alveolar type II pneumocytes, which synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant. The physiological role of LCAD and the fatty acid oxidation pathway in lung was subsequently studied using LCAD knock-out mice. Lung fatty acid oxidation was reduced in LCAD(-/-) mice. LCAD(-/-) mice demonstrated reduced pulmonary compliance, but histological examination of lung tissue revealed no obvious signs of inflammation or pathology. The changes in lung mechanics were found to be due to pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. Large aggregate surfactant isolated from LCAD(-/-) mouse lavage fluid had significantly reduced phospholipid content as well as alterations in the acyl chain composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. LCAD(-/-) surfactant demonstrated functional abnormalities when subjected to dynamic compression-expansion cycling on a constrained drop surfactometer. Serum albumin, which has been shown to degrade and inactivate pulmonary surfactant, was significantly increased in LCAD(-/-) lavage fluid, suggesting increased epithelial permeability. Finally, we identified two cases of sudden unexplained infant death where no lung LCAD antigen was detectable. Both infants were homozygous for an amino acid changing polymorphism (K333Q). These findings for the first time identify the fatty acid oxidation pathway and LCAD in particular as factors contributing to the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Sivakama S Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Radha Uppala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Rimei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Megan E Beck
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Richard W McKinney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Helen Skilling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Kristen R Suhrie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Anuradha Karunanidhi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Renita Yeasted
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Chikara Otsubo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Bryon Ellis
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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95
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Salsoso R, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Arroyo P, Salomón C, Zambrano S, Ruiz-Armenta MV, Blanca AJ, Pardo F, Leiva A, Mate A, Sobrevia L, Vázquez CM. Reduced L-carnitine transport in aortic endothelial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90339. [PMID: 24587332 PMCID: PMC3938671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired L-carnitine uptake correlates with higher blood pressure in adult men, and L-carnitine restores endothelial function in aortic rings from spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Thus, endothelial dysfunction in hypertension could result from lower L-carnitine transport in this cell type. L-Carnitine transport is mainly mediated by novel organic cation transporters 1 (Octn1, Na+-independent) and 2 (Octn2, Na+-dependent); however, their kinetic properties and potential consequences in hypertension are unknown. We hypothesize that L-carnitine transport kinetic properties will be altered in aortic endothelium from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). L-Carnitine transport was measured at different extracellular pH (pHo 5.5–8.5) in the absence or presence of sodium in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) from non-hypertensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHR. Octn1 and Octn2 mRNA relative expression was also determined. Dilation of endothelium-intact or denuded aortic rings in response to calcitonine gene related peptide (CGRP, 0.1–100 nmol/L) was measured (myography) in the absence or presence of L-carnitine. Total L-carnitine transport was lower in cells from SHR compared with WKY rats, an effect due to reduced Na+-dependent (Na+dep) compared with Na+-independent (Na+indep) transport components. Saturable L-carnitine transport kinetics show maximal velocity (Vmax), without changes in apparent Km for Na+indep transport in SHR compared with WKY rats. Total and Na+dep component of transport were increased, but Na+indep transport was reduced by extracellular alkalization in WKY rats. However, alkalization reduced total and Na+indep transport in cells from SHR. Octn2 mRNA was higher than Octn-1 mRNA expression in cells from both conditions. Dilation of artery rings in response to CGRP was reduced in vessels from SHR compared with WKY rats. CGRP effect was endothelium-dependent and restored by L-carnitine. All together these results suggest that reduced L-carnitine transport (likely via Na+-dependent Octn2) could limit this compound's potential beneficial effects in RAECs from SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Arroyo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Salomón
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia Zambrano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Jesús Blanca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Mate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (CMV); (LS)
| | - Carmen María Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (CMV); (LS)
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96
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Polyspecific organic cation transporters and their biomedical relevance in kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 22:533-8. [PMID: 23852330 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328363ffaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Secretion and reabsorption of organic cations in kidney is mediated by polyspecific transporters with broadly overlapping substrate specificity. Knowledge concerning function, transported compounds, clinical impact of mutations in the transporters and drug-drug interactions is rapidly increasing. Recent research concerning properties of these transporters and their clinical significance for nephrology is summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data showed that the organic cation transporters OCT1-3 form homo-oligomers, and that oligomerization is important for transporter targeting to the plasma membrane. A functional relevant substrate binding hinge domain in these transporters has been identified. Screening of 900 prescription drugs for interaction with the H-organic cation transporter hMATE1 indicated that 10% of the drugs are inhibitors and that 0.5% are effective under clinical conditions. The pivotal role of hOCT2 for renal secretion of creatinine and metformin was confirmed in clinical studies. SUMMARY Organic cation transporters of the transporter families SLC22 and SLC47 are critically involved in the renal secretion of various cationic drugs. Drug-drug interactions at the transporter level and mutations in the transporters lead to changes in pharmacokinetics and influence nephrotoxicity of drugs. Further studies are required to improve drug therapies.
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97
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Döring B, Petzinger E. Phase 0 and phase III transport in various organs: combined concept of phases in xenobiotic transport and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:261-82. [PMID: 24483608 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and hydrolyses, and phase II metabolism for synthesis. With this concept, biological membrane barriers obstructing the accessibility of metabolism sites in the cells for drugs were not considered. The concept of two phases was extended to a concept of four phases when drug transporters were detected that guided drugs and drug metabolites in and out of the cells. In particular, water soluble or charged drugs are virtually not able to overcome the phospholipid membrane barrier. Drug transporters belong to two main clusters of transporter families: the solute carrier (SLC) families and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) carriers. The ABC transporters comprise seven families with about 20 carriers involved in drug transport. All of them operate as pumps at the expense of ATP splitting. Embedded in the former phase concept, the term "phase III" was introduced by Ishikawa in 1992 for drug export by ABC efflux pumps. SLC comprise 52 families, from which many carriers are drug uptake transporters. Later on, this uptake process was referred to as the "phase 0 transport" of drugs. Transporters for xenobiotics in man and animal are most expressed in liver, but they are also present in extra-hepatic tissues such as in the kidney, the adrenal gland and lung. This review deals with the function of drug carriers in various organs and their impact on drug metabolism and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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98
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Volk C. OCTs, OATs, and OCTNs: structure and function of the polyspecific organic ion transporters of the SLC22 family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wmts.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Volk
- Department of Natural Sciences; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences; Rheinbach Germany
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99
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Czeredys M, Samluk Ł, Michalec K, Tułodziecka K, Skowronek K, Nałęcz KA. Caveolin-1--a novel interacting partner of organic cation/carnitine transporter (Octn2): effect of protein kinase C on this interaction in rat astrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82105. [PMID: 24349196 PMCID: PMC3862573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OCTN2 - the Organic Cation Transporter Novel family member 2 (SLC22A5) is known to be a xenobiotic/drug transporter. It transports as well carnitine - a compound necessary for oxidation of fatty acids and mutations of its gene cause primary carnitine deficiency. Octn2 regulation by protein kinase C (PKC) was studied in rat astrocytes - cells in which β-oxidation takes place in the brain. Activation of PKC with phorbol ester stimulated L-carnitine transport and increased cell surface presence of the transporter, although no PKC-specific phosphorylation of Octn2 could be detected. PKC activation resulted in an augmented Octn2 presence in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich microdomains of plasma membrane (rafts) and increased co-precipitation of Octn2 with raft-proteins, caveolin-1 and flotillin-1. Deletion of potential caveolin-1 binding motifs pointed to amino acids 14–22 and 447–454 as the caveolin-1 binding sites within Octn2 sequence. A direct interaction of Octn2 with caveolin-1 in astrocytes upon PKC activation was detected by proximity ligation assay, while such an interaction was excluded in case of flotillin-1. Functioning of a multi-protein complex regulated by PKC has been postulated in rOctn2 trafficking to the cell surface, a process which could be important both under physiological conditions, when carnitine facilitates fatty acids catabolism and controls free Coenzyme A pool as well as in pathology, when transport of several drugs can induce secondary carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czeredys
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Samluk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalec
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Tułodziecka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowronek
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A. Nałęcz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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100
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Cheah IK, Ong RLS, Gruber J, Yew TSK, Ng LF, Chen CB, Halliwell B. Knockout of a putative ergothioneine transporter inCaenorhabditis elegansdecreases lifespan and increases susceptibility to oxidative damage. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:1036-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.848354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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