51
|
Novel Biomarker Candidates for Febrile Neutropenia in Hematological Patients Using Nontargeted Metabolomics. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6964529. [PMID: 29849825 PMCID: PMC5925027 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6964529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Novel potential small molecular biomarkers for sepsis were analyzed with nontargeted metabolite profiling to find biomarkers for febrile neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. Methods Altogether, 85 patients were included into this prospective study at the start of febrile neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia or after autologous stem cell transplantation. The plasma samples for the nontargeted metabolite profiling analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were taken when fever rose over 38° and on the next morning. Results Altogether, 90 differential molecular features were shown to explain the differences between patients with complicated (bacteremia, severe sepsis, or fatal outcome) and noncomplicated courses of febrile neutropenia. The most differential compounds were an androgen hormone, citrulline, and phosphatidylethanolamine PE(18:0/20:4). The clinical relevance of the findings was evaluated by comparing them with conventional biomarkers like C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusion These results hold promise to find out novel biomarkers for febrile neutropenia, including citrulline. Furthermore, androgen metabolism merits further studies.
Collapse
|
52
|
Ono H, Numakura C, Homma K, Hasegawa T, Tsutsumi S, Kato F, Fujisawa Y, Fukami M, Ogata T. Longitudinal serum and urine steroid metabolite profiling in a 46,XY infant with prenatally identified POR deficiency. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:177-184. [PMID: 29289577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although POR deficiency (PORD) is assumed to be accompanied by excessive placental androgen accumulation and enhanced adrenal and testicular androgen production via the backdoor pathway as well as compromised testicular androgen production via the frontdoor pathway, there is no direct evidence for the flux of excessive placental androgens into the fetal circulation and for the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via the backdoor pathway. We examined longitudinal serum and urine steroid metabolite profiles in a 46,XY infant with PORD who was prenatally identified because of the progressive fetal masculinization and maternal virilization from the mid-gestation and the presence of fetal radio-humeral synostosis and was confirmed to have compound heterozygous mutations of POR (p.Q201X and p.R457H). The results showed (1) markedly and inappropriately elevated serum androstenedione and testosterone (T) values at birth, (2) a markedly increased serum DHT value with a normal DHT/T ratio at birth, (3) transient elevation of serum T and DHT values accompanied by a normal DHT/T ratio and concomitant elevations of intermediate steroid metabolites on both the frontdoor and backdoor pathways at 30 days of age, and (4) persistent PORD-compatible urine steroid profiles. Although the data obtained from a single infantile patient are too premature to be generalized, they imply: (1) the transfer of excessive placental androgens into the fetal as well as the maternal circulations from the mid-gestation, (2) lack of a clinically discernible amount of DHT production via the adrenal backdoor pathway around birth, and (3) the activation of both the frontdoor and backdoor pathways in the testis around the mini-puberty, with no production of a clinically discernible amount of DHT via the testicular backdoor pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Chikahiko Numakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko Homma
- Clinical Laboratory, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Tsutsumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Johnston ZC, Bellingham M, Filis P, Soffientini U, Hough D, Bhattacharya S, Simard M, Hammond GL, King P, O'Shaughnessy PJ, Fowler PA. The human fetal adrenal produces cortisol but no detectable aldosterone throughout the second trimester. BMC Med 2018; 16:23. [PMID: 29429410 PMCID: PMC5808459 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fetal adrenal glands are highly active and, with the placenta, regulate circulating progesterone, estrogen and corticosteroids in the fetus. At birth the adrenals are essential for neonate salt retention through secretion of aldosterone, while adequate glucocorticoids are required to prevent adrenal insufficiency. The objective of this study was to carry out the first comprehensive analysis of adrenal steroid levels and steroidogenic enzyme expression in normal second trimester human fetuses. METHODS This was an observational study of steroids, messenger RNA transcripts and proteins in adrenals from up to 109 second trimester fetuses (11 weeks to 21 weeks) at the Universities of Aberdeen and Glasgow. The study design was balanced to show effects of maternal smoking. RESULTS Concentrations of 19 intra-adrenal steroids were quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Pregnenolone was the most abundant steroid while levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and progesterone were also high. Cortisol was present in all adrenals, but aldosterone was undetected and Δ4 androgens were low/undetected. CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11A1 were all highly expressed and the proteins localized to the adrenal fetal zone. There was low-level expression of HSD3B and CYP11B2, with HSD3B located mainly in the definitive zone. Maternal smoking altered fetal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (P = 0.052) and intra-adrenal progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 16α-hydroxyprogesterone, but not plasma or intra-adrenal cortisol, or intra-adrenal DHEAS. Fetal adrenal GATA6 and NR5A1 were increased by maternal smoking. CONCLUSIONS The human fetal adrenal gland produces cortisol but very low levels of Δ4 androgens and no detectable aldosterone throughout the second trimester. The presence of cortisol in fetal adrenals suggests that adrenal regulation of circulating fetal ACTH remains a factor in development of congenital adrenal hyperplasia during the second trimester, while a relative lack of aldosterone explains the salt-wasting disorders frequently seen in extreme pre-term neonates. Finally, maternal smoking may alter fetal adrenal sensitivity to ACTH, which could have knock-on effects on post-natal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe C Johnston
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ugo Soffientini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Denise Hough
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Siladitya Bhattacharya
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Marc Simard
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Geoffrey L Hammond
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter King
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Peter J O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Snaterse G, Visser JA, Arlt W, Hofland J. Circulating steroid hormone variations throughout different stages of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R403-R420. [PMID: 28924064 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a central role in the maintenance and progression of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor is the primary driver of tumor cell proliferation and is activated by the androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Inhibition of this pathway through medical or surgical castration improves survival in the majority of advanced prostate cancer patients. However, conversion of adrenal androgen precursors and alternative steroidogenic pathways have been found to contribute to tumor progression and resistance to treatment. The emergence of highly accurate detection methods allows us to study steroidogenic mechanisms in more detail, even after treatment with potent steroidogenic inhibitors such as the CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone. A clear overview of steroid hormone levels in patients throughout the local, metastatic and castration-resistant stages of prostate cancer and treatment modalities is key toward a better understanding of their role in tumor progression and treatment resistance. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on steroid hormones that have been implicated in the various stages of prostate cancer. Additionally, this review addresses the implications of these findings, highlights important studies in this field and identifies current gaps in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gido Snaterse
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Savchuk I, Morvan ML, Antignac JP, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Le Bizec B, Söder O, Svechnikov K. Androgenic potential of human fetal adrenals at the end of the first trimester. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:348-359. [PMID: 28592511 PMCID: PMC5516548 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset of steroidogenesis in human fetal adrenal glands (HFA) during the first trimester is poorly investigated. An unresolved question is the capacity of the HFA to produce potent androgen DHT via conventional and/or the backdoor pathway(s) at the end of first trimester, when androgen-responsive organs are developed. Our aim was to explore steroidogenesis and the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and transcription factors in HFA at gestational weeks (GW) 9-12 with focus on their androgenic potential. Steroids in the HFA were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The expression of steroidogenic enzymes and transcription factors in the HFA at GW9-12 was investigated by qPCR, automated Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that during GW9-12 HFA produced steroids of the ∆5, ∆4 and the backdoor pathways of the biosynthesis of DHT, though the latter was limited to production of 17α-OH-dihydroprogesterone, androsterone and androstanedione without further conversion to DHT. The only androgens identified in the HFA were testosterone and androsterone, a precursor in the biosynthesis of DHT. We also observed higher levels of CYP17A1 but low expression of 3βHSD2 at GW11-12 in the HFA. Elevated levels of CYP17A1 were associated with an increased expression of SF-1 and GATA-6. Altogether, our data demonstrate that of those steroids analyzed, the only potent androgen directly produced by the HFA at GW9-12 was testosterone. The onset of steroidogenesis in the HFA is a complex process that is regulated by the coordinated action of related transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Savchuk
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Morvan
- LUNAM UniversitéÉcole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
| | - J P Antignac
- LUNAM UniversitéÉcole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
| | - K Gemzell-Danielsson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKarolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Le Bizec
- LUNAM UniversitéÉcole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
| | - O Söder
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Svechnikov
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Bai Y, Li J, Wang X. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency caused by R457H mutation in POR gene in Chinese: case report and literature review. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:16. [PMID: 28288674 PMCID: PMC5348910 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) is a rare disease exhibiting a variety of clinical manifestations. It can be difficult to differentiate with other diseases such as 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Antley–Bixler syndrome (ABS). Nearly 100 cases of PORD have been reported worldwide. However, the genetic characters and clinical management are still unclear, especially in China. Case presentation In this study, we report a 27-year-old female Chinese patient who first presented with amenorrhea and recurrence of large ovary cyst. She was misdiagnosed with PCOS and non-classical 21-OHD due to ovary cysts and elevated 17-hydroxy-progesterone. The patient’s complaining of a mild difficulty of bending the metacarpophalangeal joints reminded us to consider PORD, which usually presents with skeletal deformities and sexual dysfunction. The diagnosis of PORD was confirmed by genetic analyses, which showed the patient harboring a homozygous missense mutation in the POR gene (R457H) and her parents carrying the heterozygous mutation. The patient was treated with low-dose corticosteroids and estrogen/progesterone sequential therapy, and her ovarian cyst gradually reduced with regular menstruation in the follow-up. Moreover, the clinical and genetic characteristics of 104 previously reported PORD cases were also summarized and analyzed. Conclusions PORD is a very rare disease which can be easily misdiagnosed in mild cases. Clinicians should keep in mind of this disease in patients with sexual dysfunction, especially combined with special skeletal deformities. Our data could provide a consciously understanding of this disease for clinic practicers. Low-dose corticosteroids combined with estrogen/progesterone sequential therapy will be effective in PORD patients with recurrence of large ovary cyst. The fact that the reported PORD patients in China carrying an identical variant R457H in POR gene also give us a viewpoint that R457H mutation in POR gene maybe important in causing PORD in Chinese as same as in Japanese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street, NO 155, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street, NO 155, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street, NO 155, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Asiedu B, Anang Y, Nyarko A, Doku DA, Amoah BY, Santa S, Ngala RA, Asare GA. The role of sex steroid hormones in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Aging Male 2017; 20:17-22. [PMID: 28084142 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2016.1272101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains a mystery to scientists; estrogen/androgen imbalance in aged men has been implicated. METHODS Thirty (30) apparently healthy men and newly diagnosed BPH patients were recruited from the Ghana Police Hospital. Lower urinary tract syndrome (LUTS) and prostate volume were assessed via the prostate symptom score sheet (IPSS) and abdominopelvic scan, respectively. Laboratory assays for total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) and hormones [androstenedione (AED), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstanedioladiol (3α-adiol), androstanediol (3β-diol), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2)] were performed via ELISA techniques. Non-parametric analyses were employed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS AED was significantly higher in controls compared to the BPH patients. AKRIC2 (3α-diol/DHT) was significantly higher in the BPH group (p < 0.001) whiles AKRIC1 (3β-diol/DHT) was significantly lower. Estradiol was significantly higher in BPH (p= 0.029). Age correlated negatively with T, while a negative correlation was observed between TIPSS and 3β-diol and AKRIC1. Also, prostate volume correlated negatively with fT.tPSA correlated positively with E2 and aromatase activity (E2/T) and negatively with fT. On multiple linear regression, DHT and 3β-diol remained independent predictors for TIPSS and fT for tPSA. CONCLUSION Estrogens and androstanediols seem to play a role in BPH development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Asiedu
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| | - Yvonne Anang
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| | - Adraina Nyarko
- b Department of Molecular Medicine , Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi , Ghana
| | - Derek Amartey Doku
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| | - Brodrick Y Amoah
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| | - Sheila Santa
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| | - Robert A Ngala
- b Department of Molecular Medicine , Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi , Ghana
| | - George A Asare
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences , Korle Bu , Accra , Ghana and
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Yadav R, Petrunak EM, Estrada DF, Scott EE. Structural insights into the function of steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:68-75. [PMID: 27566228 PMCID: PMC5235955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) operates at the core of human steroidogenesis, directing precursors into mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or sex steroids. Although the 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of this dual function enzyme have been investigated extensively, until recently no CYP17A1 structures were available to inform our understanding. Structures of CYP17A1 with a range of steroidal inhibitors and substrates are now available. This review relates functional knowledge of this enzyme to structural features defining the selective differentiation between its various substrates. While both hydroxylase and lyase substrates have similar orientations with respect to the heme, subtle differences in hydrogen bonding between CYP17A1 and the C3 substituent at the opposite end of ligands appear to correlate with differential substrate utilization and product formation. Complementary structural information from solution NMR supports cytochrome b5 allosteric modulation of the lyase reaction, implicating regions involved in ligand access to the otherwise buried active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Elyse M Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Flück CE, Pandey AV. Impact on CYP19A1 activity by mutations in NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:64-70. [PMID: 27032764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1), in human placenta metabolizes androgens to estrogens and uses reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) for the energy requirements of its metabolic activities. Mutations in the human POR lead to congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to loss of activities of several steroid metabolizing enzymatic reactions conducted by the cytochrome P450 proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Effect of POR mutations on different P450 activities depend on individual partner proteins. In this report we have studied the impact of mutations found in the POR on the enzymatic activity of CYP19A1. We expressed wild type as well mutant human POR proteins in bacteria and purified the recombinant proteins, which were then used in an in vitro reconstitution system in combination with CYP19A1 and lipids for enzymatic analysis. We found that several mutations as well as polymorphisms in human POR can cause reduction of CYP19A1 activity. This would affect metabolism of estrogens in people with variations of POR allele. The POR mutants Y181D and R616X were found to have no activity in supporting CYP19A1 reactions. The POR mutations Y607C and delF646 showed a loss of 60-90% activity and two polymorphic forms of POR, R316W and G413S showed similar to WT activity. One POR variant, Q153R had almost double the activity of WT. Loss of CYP19A1 activity may contribute to disordered steroidogenesis in female patients with POR mutations as well as in mothers with POR variants carrying a male child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Narayanan R, Dalton JT. Androgen Receptor: A Complex Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8120108. [PMID: 27918430 PMCID: PMC5187506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and histopathological profiling have classified breast cancer into multiple sub-types empowering precision treatment. Although estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) are the mainstay therapeutic targets in breast cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) is evolving as a molecular target for cancers that have developed resistance to conventional treatments. The high expression of AR in breast cancer and recent discovery and development of new nonsteroidal drugs targeting the AR provide a strong rationale for exploring it again as a therapeutic target in this disease. Ironically, both nonsteroidal agonists and antagonists for the AR are undergoing clinical trials, making AR a complicated target to understand in breast cancer. This review provides a detailed account of AR’s therapeutic role in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - James T Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Savchuk I, Morvan ML, Søeborg T, Antignac JP, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Le Bizec B, Söder O, Svechnikov K. Resveratrol inhibits steroidogenesis in human fetal adrenocortical cells at the end of first trimester. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Savchuk
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marie-Line Morvan
- LUNAM Université; École nationale vétérinaire; agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris); Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA); USC INRA; Nantes France
| | - Tue Søeborg
- Department of Growth and Reproduction; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Novo Nordisk A/S Måløv Denmark
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- LUNAM Université; École nationale vétérinaire; agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris); Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA); USC INRA; Nantes France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; École nationale vétérinaire; agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris); Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA); USC INRA; Nantes France
| | - Olle Söder
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Konstantin Svechnikov
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pařízek A, Hill M, Dušková M, Vítek L, Velíková M, Kancheva R, Šimják P, Koucký M, Kokrdová Z, Adamcová K, Černý A, Hájek Z, Stárka L. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Steroid Metabolism in Women with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159203. [PMID: 27494119 PMCID: PMC4975406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a common liver disorder, mostly occurring in the third trimester. ICP is defined as an elevation of serum bile acids, typically accompanied by pruritus and elevated activities of liver aminotransferases. ICP is caused by impaired biliary lipid secretion, in which endogenous steroids may play a key role. Although ICP is benign for the pregnant woman, it may be harmful for the fetus. We evaluated the differences between maternal circulating steroids measured by RIA (17-hydroxypregnenolone and its sulfate, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol) and GC-MS (additional steroids), hepatic aminotransferases and bilirubin in women with ICP (n = 15, total bile acids (TBA) >8 μM) and corresponding controls (n = 17). An age-adjusted linear model, receiver-operating characteristics (ROC), and multivariate regression (a method of orthogonal projections to latent structure, OPLS) were used for data evaluation. While aminotransferases, conjugates of pregnanediols, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were higher in ICP patients, 20α-dihydropregnenolone, 16α-hydroxy-steroids, sulfated 17-oxo-C19-steroids, and 5β-reduced steroids were lower. The OPLS model including steroids measured by GC-MS and RIA showed 93.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while the model including steroids measured by GC-MS in a single sample aliquot showed 93.3% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity. A composite index including ratios of sulfated 3α/β-hydroxy-5α/β-androstane-17-ones to conjugated 5α/β-pregnane-3α/β, 20α-diols discriminated with 93.3% specificity and 81.3% sensitivity (ROC analysis). These new data demonstrating altered steroidogenesis in ICP patients offer more detailed pathophysiological insights into the role of steroids in the development of ICP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Pařízek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Patrik Šimják
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Koucký
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kokrdová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Adamcová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Černý
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hájek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Fujisawa Y, Sakaguchi K, Ono H, Yamaguchi R, Kato F, Kagami M, Fukami M, Ogata T. Combined steroidogenic characters of fetal adrenal and Leydig cells in childhood adrenocortical carcinoma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:86-93. [PMID: 26940356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although childhood adrenocortical carcinomas (c-ACCs) with a TP53 mutation are known to produce androgens, detailed steroidogenic characters have not been clarified. Here, we examined steroid metabolite profiles and expression patterns of steroidogenic genes in a c-ACC removed from the left adrenal position of a 2-year-old Brazilian boy with precocious puberty, using an atrophic left adrenal gland removed at the time of tumorectomy as a control. The c-ACC produced not only abundant dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate but also a large amount of testosterone via the Δ5 pathway with Δ5-androstenediol rather than Δ4-androstenedione as the primary intermediate metabolite. Furthermore, the c-ACC was associated with elevated expressions of CYP11A1, CYP17A1, POR, HSD17B3, and SULT2A1, a low but similar expression of CYB5A, and reduced expressions of AKR1C3 (HSD17B5) and HSD3B2. Notably, a Leydig cell marker INSL3 was expressed at a low but detectable level in the c-ACC. Furthermore, molecular studies revealed a maternally inherited heterozygous germline TP53 mutation, and several post-zygotic genetic aberrations in the c-ACC including loss of paternally derived chromosome 17 with a wildtype TP53 and loss of maternally inherited chromosome 11 and resultant marked hyperexpression of paternally expressed growth promoting gene IGF2 and drastic hypoexpression of maternally expressed growth suppressing gene CDKN1C. These results imply the presence of combined steroidogenic properties of fetal adrenal and Leydig cells in this patient's c-ACC with a germline TP53 mutation and several postzygotic carcinogenic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rie Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Saito K, Matsuzaki T, Iwasa T, Miyado M, Saito H, Hasegawa T, Homma K, Inoue E, Miyashiro Y, Kubota T, Irahara M, Ogata T, Fukami M. Steroidogenic pathways involved in androgen biosynthesis in eumenorrheic women and patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:31-37. [PMID: 26877255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The conventional Δ5 and Δ4 steroidogenic pathways mediate androgen production in females. While multiple non-conventional pathways to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have recently been postulated in humans, the functional significance of these pathways remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the origin of androgens in healthy women and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifactorial disorder characterized by androgen overproduction. We measured 13 steroids in blood samples of 31 eumenorrheic females and 28 PCOS patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. We found that 17-hydroxy (17-OH) progesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (Δ4A), testosterone, androstanedione, androsterone, and androstanediol levels were higher in the patient group than in the eumenorrheic group, while levels of other steroids were comparable between the two groups. In the eumenorrheic group, DHT levels were correlated with testosterone, androstanedione, and androstanediol. Quantitative correlations were also observed among 17-OH allopregnanolone, androsterone, androstanediol, and DHT, and among Δ4A, androstanedione, androsterone, and androstanediol. In the patient group, DHT levels were correlated with testosterone levels, but not with androstanedione or androstanediol levels. Δ4A and testosterone paralleled 17-OHP. Androstanedione, androsterone, androstanediol, and 17-OH allopregnanolone were quantitatively correlated. In both groups, multivariable linear regression analyses suggested relationships between androsterone and androstanedione, as well as between androsterone and 17-OH allopregnanolone. These results indicate that multiple androgen biosynthesis pathways are operating in eumenorrheic females and PCOS patients. In PCOS patients, excessive androgens are produced primarily via the conventional pathways, while two alternative pathways; i.e., an androstanedione-mediated pathway and a so-called backdoor pathway, likely serve as sources of a weak androgen and potential precursors of DHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Medical Center for Children and Mothers, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Keiko Homma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Division of Statistical Analysis, Center for Clinical Research and Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | | | - Toshiro Kubota
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Endo S, Miyagi N, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Ikari A. Human dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 11 is a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:231-6. [PMID: 26920053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report characterization of a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily encoded in a human gene, DHRS11. The recombinant protein (DHRS11) efficiently catalyzed the conversion of the 17-keto group of estrone, 4- and 5-androstenes and 5α-androstanes into their 17β-hydroxyl metabolites with NADPH as a coenzyme. In contrast, it exhibited reductive 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity toward 5β-androstanes, 5β-pregnanes, 4-pregnenes and bile acids. Additionally, DHRS11 reduced α-dicarbonyls (such as diacetyl and methylglyoxal) and alicyclic ketones (such as 1-indanone and loxoprofen). The enzyme activity was inhibited in a mixed-type manner by flavonoids, and competitively by carbenoxolone, glycyrrhetinic acid, zearalenone, curcumin and flufenamic acid. The expression of DHRS11 mRNA was observed widely in human tissues, most abundantly in testis, small intestine, colon, kidney and cancer cell lines. Thus, DHRS11 represents a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with unique catalytic properties and tissue distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Namiki Miyagi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Robic A, Feve K, Louveau I, Riquet J, Prunier A. Exploration of steroidogenesis-related genes in testes, ovaries, adrenals, liver and adipose tissue in pigs. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:1041-7. [PMID: 27436769 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore the metabolism of steroids in the pig species, a qualitative PCR analysis was performed for the main transcript of 27 genes involved in steroid metabolism. We compared samples of testes, adipose tissue and liver from immature and peripubertal males, adrenal cortex from peripubertal males, ovaries from cyclic females and adipose tissue from peripubertal females. Some genes were shown to have a tissue-specific expression. Two of them were expressed only in testes, ovaries and adrenals: CYP11A1 and CYP11B. The CYP21 and HSD17B3 genes, were expressed respectively only in adrenals and only in testes. Very few differences were observed between transcriptional patterns of peripubertal testes and adrenal glands as well as between male and female fat tissues. However, the expression of genes involved in the sulfonation of steroids was higher in testes than in adrenals from males. Main differences between ovaries and testes were observed for HSD17B1/2/3, AKR1C-pig6 and sulfotransferase genes (SULT2A1/SULT2B1). The present study shows that the SRD5A2 and CYP21 genes were not involved in the testicular biosynthesis of androstenone. It also shows that porcine adrenal glands produce essentially corticosteroids and that fat tissue is unable to produce de novo steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Robic
- INRA, UMR1388-GenPhySE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Katia Feve
- INRA, UMR1388-GenPhySE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Louveau
- INRA, UMR1348-PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France.,Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | | | - Armelle Prunier
- INRA, UMR1348-PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France.,Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Handelsman DJ, Yeap B, Flicker L, Martin S, Wittert GA, Ly LP. Age-specific population centiles for androgen status in men. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:809-17. [PMID: 26385186 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The age-specific population profiles in men of circulating testosterone and its two bioactive metabolites dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) across the adult lifespan and its determinants are not well described. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to deduce smoothed age-specific centiles of circulating testosterone, DHT, and E2 in men using pooled data from population-based studies in three Australian cities from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry steroid measurements in a single laboratory. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We pooled data of 10 904 serum samples (serum testosterone, DHT, E2, age, height, and weight) from observational population-based studies in three major cities across Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age-specific smoothed centiles for serum testosterone, DHT, and E2 in men aged 35-100 years were deduced by large sample data analysis methods. RESULTS We found that serum testosterone, DHT, and E2 decline gradually from ages 35 onwards with a more marked decline after 80 years of age. Higher weight, BMI, and body surface area as well as shorter stature are associated with reduced serum testosterone, DHT, and E2. CONCLUSIONS Among Australian men, there is a gradual progressive population-wide decline in androgen status during male aging until the age of 80 years after which there is a more marked decline. Obesity and short stature are associated with reduced androgen status. Research into the age-related decline in androgen status should focus on the progressive accumulation of age-related comorbidities to better inform optimal clinical trial design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - B Yeap
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Flicker
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Martin
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G A Wittert
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Testosterone deficiency induced by progressive stages of diabetes mellitus impairs glucose metabolism and favors glycogenesis in mature rat Sertoli cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 66:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
69
|
Therapy escape mechanisms in the malignant prostate. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:133-44. [PMID: 26299608 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the main target for prostate cancer therapy. Clinical approaches for AR inactivation include chemical castration, inhibition of androgen synthesis and AR antagonists (anti-androgens). However, treatment resistance occurs for which an important number of therapy escape mechanisms have been identified. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Moreover, the tumour escape mechanisms are arranged into the concepts of target modification, bypass signalling, histologic transformation, cancer stem cells and miscellaneous mechanisms. This may help researchers to compare and understand same or similar concepts of therapy resistance in prostate cancer and other cancer types.
Collapse
|
70
|
Westlund N, Oinonen KA, Mazmanian D, Bird JL. The value of middle phalangeal hair as an anthropometric marker: A review of the literature. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2015; 66:316-31. [PMID: 25882043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Middle phalangeal hair (MPH) is a trait frequently examined in anthropological studies throughout the 20th century. MPH is found on the back of the middle segment of the fingers, excluding the thumb. Typically, researchers examined the presence and absence of hair in various populations, and described it in terms of age, ancestry, and sex. Recently MPH has been examined as a potential anthropometric indicator of: androgen levels, androgen-related side effects in women, gene homozygosity, and disease resistance. Given the potential value of this marker, the present paper provides a comprehensive overview of MPH and its associated characteristics (i.e., ethnicity, sex, age, and hormonal variations) and presents new data on the reliability of MPH assessment. Findings suggest that ethnicity, sex, and age need to be controlled in any studies examining MPH and its relationship with other variables. Two measures of MPH (i.e., presence/absence of MPH and actual hair count) are both acceptable to use in MPH assessment; and the use of a hand lens to examine MPH provides high reliability when MPH is assessed by expert raters. However, researchers should avoid participant self-assessment. Future avenues for research are suggested (e.g., measurement issues and studies on hormonal correlates in women). MPH could be useful in research or for clinical purposes as a possible non-invasive indicator of hormone levels or hormonal sensitivity, or of predisposition toward androgen-related or gene-homozygosity-related health issues or behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Westlund
- Health Hormones & Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B5E1
| | - K A Oinonen
- Health Hormones & Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B5E1.
| | - D Mazmanian
- Health Hormones & Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B5E1
| | - J L Bird
- Health Hormones & Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B5E1
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Determination of the topology of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins using redox-sensitive green-fluorescence protein fusions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1672-82. [PMID: 25889538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are involved in a wide array of essential cellular functions. Identification of the topology of membrane proteins can provide significant insight into their mechanisms of action and biological roles. This is particularly important for membrane enzymes, since their topology determines the subcellular site where a biochemical reaction takes place and the dependence on luminal or cytosolic co-factor pools and substrates. The methods currently available for the determination of topology of proteins are rather laborious and require post-lysis or post-fixation manipulation of cells. In this work, we have developed a simple method for defining intracellular localization and topology of ER membrane proteins in living cells, based on the fusion of the respective protein with redox-sensitive green-fluorescent protein (roGFP). We validated the method and demonstrated that roGFP fusion proteins constitute a reliable tool for the study of ER membrane protein topology, using as control microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) proteins whose topology has been resolved, and comparing with an independent approach. We then implemented this method to determine the membrane topology of six microsomal members of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) family. The results revealed a luminal orientation of the catalytic site for three enzymes, i.e. 17β-HSD6, 7 and 12. Knowledge of the intracellular location of the catalytic site of these enzymes will enable future studies on their biological functions and on the role of the luminal co-factor pool.
Collapse
|
72
|
Fokidis HB, Adomat HH, Kharmate G, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Guns ES, Soma KK. Regulation of local steroidogenesis in the brain and in prostate cancer: lessons learned from interdisciplinary collaboration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:108-29. [PMID: 25223867 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play critical roles in the regulation of the brain and many other organs. Traditionally, researchers have focused on sex steroid signaling that involves travel from the gonads via the circulation to intracellular receptors in target tissues. This classic concept has been challenged, however, by the growing number of cases in which steroids are synthesized locally and act locally within diverse tissues. For example, the brain and prostate carcinoma were previously considered targets of gonadal sex steroids, but under certain circumstances, these tissues can upregulate their steroidogenic potential, particularly when circulating sex steroid concentrations are low. We review some of the similarities and differences between local sex steroid synthesis in the brain and prostate cancer. We also share five lessons that we have learned during the course of our interdisciplinary collaboration, which brought together neuroendocrinologists and cancer biologists. These lessons have important implications for future research in both fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Bobby Fokidis
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 37289, USA; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Hans H Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Emma S Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Fukami M, Ogata T. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency: rare congenital disorder leading to skeletal malformations and steroidogenic defects. Pediatr Int 2014; 56:805-808. [PMID: 25294558 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (PORD) is a newly characterized disorder. PORD is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in POR encoding an electron donor for several microsomal enzymes such as CYP21A2, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, CYP51A1, and CYP26A1-C1. Molecular defects of PORD include a Japanese founder mutation p.R457H, as well as various missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations and exonic deletions. PORD leads to unique skeletal malformations referred to as Antley-Bixler syndrome, in addition to 46,XX and 46,XY disorders of sex development, pubertal failure, adrenal dysfunction, and maternal virilization during pregnancy. Such clinical features are ascribable to impaired activities of the POR-dependent microsomal enzymes. PORD represents one form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, although it can occur as a congenital malformation syndrome and a disorder of sex development. Phenotypic severity of PORD is highly variable and only partly depends on the residual activity of the mutant proteins. It is possible that PORD remains undiagnosed in several patients. Detailed hormonal assessment and molecular analysis are useful for diagnosis of PORD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
We constructed a 400K WG tiling oligoarray for the horse and applied it for the discovery of copy number variations (CNVs) in 38 normal horses of 16 diverse breeds, and the Przewalski horse. Probes on the array represented 18,763 autosomal and X-linked genes, and intergenic, sub-telomeric and chrY sequences. We identified 258 CNV regions (CNVRs) across all autosomes, chrX and chrUn, but not in chrY. CNVs comprised 1.3% of the horse genome with chr12 being most enriched. American Miniature horses had the highest and American Quarter Horses the lowest number of CNVs in relation to Thoroughbred reference. The Przewalski horse was similar to native ponies and draft breeds. The majority of CNVRs involved genes, while 20% were located in intergenic regions. Similar to previous studies in horses and other mammals, molecular functions of CNV-associated genes were predominantly in sensory perception, immunity and reproduction. The findings were integrated with previous studies to generate a composite genome-wide dataset of 1476 CNVRs. Of these, 301 CNVRs were shared between studies, while 1174 were novel and require further validation. Integrated data revealed that to date, 41 out of over 400 breeds of the domestic horse have been analyzed for CNVs, of which 11 new breeds were added in this study. Finally, the composite CNV dataset was applied in a pilot study for the discovery of CNVs in 6 horses with XY disorders of sexual development. A homozygous deletion involving AKR1C gene cluster in chr29 in two affected horses was considered possibly causative because of the known role of AKR1C genes in testicular androgen synthesis and sexual development. While the findings improve and integrate the knowledge of CNVs in horses, they also show that for effective discovery of variants of biomedical importance, more breeds and individuals need to be analyzed using comparable methodological approaches. Genomes of individuals in a species vary in many ways, one of which is DNA copy number variation (CNV). This includes deletions, duplications, and complex rearrangements typically larger than 50 base-pairs. CNVs are part of normal genetic variation contributing to phenotypic diversity but can also be pathogenic and associated with diseases and disorders. In order to distinguish between the two, detailed knowledge about CNVs in the species of interest is needed. Here we studied the genomes of 38 normal horses of 16 diverse breeds, and identified 258 CNV regions. We integrated our findings with previously published horse CNVs and generated a composite dataset of ∼1400 CNVRs. Despite this large number, our analysis shows that CNV research in horses needs further improvement because the current data are based on 10% of horse breeds and that most CNVRs are study-specific and require validation. Finally, we analyzed CNVs in horses with disorders of sexual development and found in two male pseudo-hermaphrodites a large deletion disrupting a group of genes involved in sex hormone metabolism and sexual differentiation. The findings underline the possible role of CNVs in complex disorders such as development and reproduction.
Collapse
|
75
|
Armandari I, Hamid AR, Verhaegh G, Schalken J. Intratumoral steroidogenesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a target for therapy. Prostate Int 2014; 2:105-13. [PMID: 25325021 PMCID: PMC4186953 DOI: 10.12954/pi.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in a low androgen environment, arising from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is a major problem in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the progression of PCa to CRPC during ADT, one of them is so called persistent intratumoral steroidogenesis. The existence of intratumoral steroidogenesis was hinted based on the residual levels of intraprostatic testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) after ADT. Accumulating evidence has shown that the intraprostatic androgen levels after ADT are sufficient to induce cancer progression. Several studies now have demonstrated that PCa cells are able to produce T and DHT from different androgen precursors, such as cholesterol and the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Furthermore, up-regulation of genes encoding key steroidogenic enzymes in PCa cells seems to be an indicator for active intratumoral steroidogenesis in CRPC cells. Currently, several drugs are being developed targeting those steroidogenic enzymes, some of which are now in clinical trials or are being used as standard care for CRPC patients. In the future, novel agents that target steroidogenesis may add to the arsenal of drugs for CRPC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Armandari
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agus Rizal Hamid
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Urology, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gerald Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Pandey AV, Sproll P. Pharmacogenomics of human P450 oxidoreductase. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:103. [PMID: 24847272 PMCID: PMC4023047 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) supports reactions of microsomal cytochrome P450 which metabolize drugs and steroid hormones. Mutations in POR cause disorders of sexual development. P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) was initially identified in patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome (ABS) but now it has been established as a separate disorder of sexual development (DSD). Here we are summarizing the work on variations in POR related to metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. We have compiled mutation data on reported cases of PORD from clinical studies. Mutations found in patients with defective steroid profiles impact metabolism of steroid hormones as well as drugs. Some trends are emerging that establish certain founder mutations in distinct populations, with Japanese (R457H), Caucasian (A287P), and Turkish (399–401) populations showing repeated findings of similar mutations. Most other mutations are found as single occurrences. A large number of different variants in POR gene with more than 130 amino acid changes are now listed in databases. Among the polymorphisms, the A503V is found in about 30% of all alleles but there are some differences across different population groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Program in Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Sproll
- Program in Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Flück CE, Pandey AV. Steroidogenesis of the testis -- new genes and pathways. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:40-7. [PMID: 24793988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects of androgen biosynthesis cause 46,XY disorder of sexual development (DSD). All steroids are produced from cholesterol and the early steps of steroidogenesis are common to mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and sex steroid production. Genetic mutations in enzymes and proteins supporting the early biosynthesis pathways cause adrenal insufficiency (AI), DSD and gonadal insufficiency. The classic androgen biosynthesis defects with AI are lipoid CAH, CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 deficiencies. Deficiency of CYP17A1 rarely causes AI, and HSD17B3 or SRD5A2 deficiencies only cause 46,XY DSD and gonadal insufficiency. All androgen biosynthesis depends on 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17A1 which is supported by P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5). Therefore 46,XY DSD with apparent 17,20 lyase deficiency may be due to mutations in CYP17A1, POR or CYB5. Illustrated by patients harboring mutations in SRD5A2, normal development of the male external genitalia depends largely on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is converted from circulating testicular testosterone (T) through SRD5A2 in the genital skin. In the classic androgen biosynthetic pathway, T is produced from DHEA and androstenedione/-diol in the testis. However, recently found mutations in AKR1C2/4 genes in undervirilized 46,XY individuals have established a role for a novel, alternative, backdoor pathway for fetal testicular DHT synthesis. In this pathway, which has been first elucidated for the tammar wallaby pouch young, 17-hydroxyprogesterone is converted directly to DHT by 5α-3α reductive steps without going through the androgens of the classic pathway. Enzymes AKR1C2/4 catalyse the critical 3αHSD reductive reaction which feeds 17OH-DHP into the backdoor pathway. In conclusion, androgen production in the fetal testis seems to utilize two pathways but their exact interplay remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15/C845, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology Steroid Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15/C837, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Robic A, Faraut T, Prunier A. Pathways and genes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in male pigs: a review and update. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:44-55. [PMID: 24239507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews state-of-the-art knowledge on steroid biosynthesis pathways in the pig and provides an updated characterization of the porcine genes involved in these pathways with particular focus on androgens, estrogens, and 16-androstenes. At least 21 different enzymes appear to be involved in these pathways in porcine tissues together with at least five cofactors. Until now, data on several porcine genes were scarce or confusing. We characterized the complete genomic and transcript sequences of the single porcine CYP11B gene. We analyzed the porcine AKR1 gene cluster and identified four AKR1C, one AKR1C like genes and one AKR1E2 gene. We provide evidence that porcine AKR1C genes are not orthologous to human AKR1C. A new nomenclature is thus needed for this gene family in the pig. Thirty-two genes are now described: transcript (30+2 characterized in this study) and genomic (complete: 18+1 and partial: 12+1) sequences are identified. However, despite increasing knowledge on steroid metabolism in the pig, there is still no explanation of why porcine testes can produce androstenone and epiandrosterone, but not dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is also a reduced steroid.
Collapse
Key Words
- 11-K-DHT
- 11-K-Testo
- 11-OH-DHT
- 11-OH-Testo
- 11-OH-Δ4-AD
- 11-keto dihydrotestosterone
- 11-ketotestosterone or 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione
- 11deoxycorticosterone or 21-hydroxyprogesterone (21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione)
- 11β hydroxy-androstenedione or 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
- 11β-hydroxy dihydrotestosterone
- 11β-hydroxy testosterone or 11β,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
- 17-hydroxy pregnenolone
- 17-hydroxy progesterone
- 17OH- progesterone
- 17OH-pregnenolone
- 17β-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol
- 17β-hydroxy-5alpha-androst-1-en-3-one
- 19-OH-Testo
- 19-OH-Δ4-AD
- 19-norTesto
- 19-nortestosterone (or nandrolone) or 17β-hydroxyestra-4-en-3-one
- 19β hydroxy-androstenedione or 19β hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
- 19β-hydroxy testosterone or 17β,19-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one
- 20-OH-progesterone
- 20αprogesterone or 4-pregnen-20-α-ol-3-one
- 21 steroid hydroxylase enzyme encoded by porcine CYP21 gene
- 3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one
- 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one
- 4-pregnen-3,20-dione
- 5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one
- 5-α reductase
- 5α-R
- 5α-Reduction
- 5α-androstan-3,17-diol
- AD
- AKR1C
- Adrenosterone
- Androstadienol
- Androstadienone
- Androstanediol
- Androstenone
- Androsterone
- Boar
- CYP11
- Cytb5
- Cytb5-red
- DHEA
- DHT
- DOC
- EpiA
- Estradiol
- Estrone
- HSD
- Hormones
- P450 aromatase encoded by one of the three porcine CYP19A genes
- P450aro
- P450c11
- P450c17
- P450c21
- P450scc
- Pregnenolone
- Progesterone
- S
- StAR
- Steroidogenesis
- Testosterone
- aa
- amino acid
- androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione or 11-oxoandrostenedione
- androstanedione or 5α-androstan-3,17-dione
- androstenediol or 5-Androstene-3,17-diol
- androstenedione or 4-Androstene-3,17-dione
- cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage encoded by porcine CYP11A1 gene
- cytochrome b5
- cytochrome b5 reductase
- dehydroepiandrosterone or 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
- dihydrotestosterone or 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one
- enzyme encoded by porcine CYP11B gene
- enzyme encoded by porcine CYP17A1 gene
- epiandrosterone or 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one
- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- steroidogenic acute regulatory encoded by porcine STAR gene
- sulphate
- Δ 4,16-androstadien-3-ol
- Δ 4,16-androstadien-3-one
- Δ4-AD
- Δ4-androstene -3-one
- Δ5-ADiol
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Robic
- UMR444, Génétique Cellulaire, INRA, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; UMR444, Génétique Cellulaire, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Thomas Faraut
- UMR444, Génétique Cellulaire, INRA, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; UMR444, Génétique Cellulaire, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France.
| | - Armelle Prunier
- UMR1348-PEGASE, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France; UMR1348-PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Luu-The V. Assessment of steroidogenesis and steroidogenic enzyme functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:176-82. [PMID: 23770321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is some confusion in the literature about steroidogenesis in endocrine glands and steroidogenesis in peripheral intracrine tissues. The objective of the present review is to bring some clarifications and better understanding about steroidogenesis in these two types of tissues. Concerns about substrate specificity, kinetic constants and place of enzymes in the pathway have been discussed. The role of 17α-hydroxylase/17-20 lyase (CYP17A1) in the production of dehydroepiandrosterone and back-door pathways of dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis is also analyzed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu-The
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Human Genomics (CREMOGH) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University and the CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Capel B, Tanaka M. Forward to the special issue on sex determination. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:303-6. [PMID: 23404452 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
81
|
Pandey AV, Flück CE. NADPH P450 oxidoreductase: structure, function, and pathology of diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:229-54. [PMID: 23353702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an enzyme that is essential for multiple metabolic processes, chiefly among them are reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 proteins for metabolism of steroid hormones, drugs and xenobiotics. Mutations in POR cause a complex set of disorders that often resemble defects in steroid metabolizing enzymes 17α-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase and aromatase. Since our initial reports of POR mutations in 2004, more than 200 different mutations and polymorphisms in POR gene have been identified. Several missense variations in POR have been tested for their effect on activities of multiple steroid and drug metabolizing P450 proteins. Mutations in POR may have variable effects on different P450 partner proteins depending on the location of the mutation. The POR mutations that disrupt the binding of co-factors have negative impact on all partner proteins, while mutations causing subtle structural changes may lead to altered interaction with specific partner proteins and the overall effect may be different for each partner. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to mutations and polymorphisms in POR and discusses these mutations in the context of historical developments in the discovery and characterization of POR as an electron transfer protein. The review is focused on the structural, enzymatic and clinical implications of the mutations linked to newly identified disorders in humans, now categorized as POR deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3004 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|