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Wu XQ, Dai Y, Yang Y, Huang C, Meng XM, Wu BM, Li J. Emerging role of microRNAs in regulating macrophage activation and polarization in immune response and inflammation. Immunology 2016; 148:237-48. [PMID: 27005899 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classically activated macrophages are considered to promote T helper type 1 responses and have strong microbicidal, pro-inflammatory activity, whereas alternatively activated macrophages are supposed to be associated with promotion of tissue remodelling and responses to anti-inflammatory reactions. Transformation of different macrophage phenotypes is reflected in their different, sometimes even opposite, roles in various diseases or inflammatory conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of macrophage polarization (MP). Several miRNAs are induced by Toll-like receptors signalling in macrophages and target the 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding key molecules involved in MP. Therefore, identification of miRNAs related to the dynamic changes of MP and understanding their functions in regulating this process are important for discussing the molecular basis of disease progression and developing novel miRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in MP with relevance to immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Molgora M, Barajon I, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Regulatory Role of IL-1R8 in Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:149. [PMID: 27148268 PMCID: PMC4837151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are characterized by the presence of a conserved intracellular domain and the toll-IL-1resistance (TIR) domain and are key players in immunity and inflammation. ILR and TLR signaling is tightly regulated at different levels. All cell types of the innate immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL-1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL-1R8, also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR, is a fringe member of the ILR family and acts as a negative regulator of ILR and TLR signaling, which dampens ILR- and TLR-mediated cell activation. IL-1R8 is a component of the receptor recognizing human IL-37. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of IL-1R8, focusing on its role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
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Chiu CC, Wu WS. Investigation of microRNAs in mouse macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide-stimulation by combining gene expression with microRNA-target information. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 12:S13. [PMID: 26680554 PMCID: PMC4682375 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s12-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors, which stimulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), induces the releasing of many kinds of proinflammatory cytokines to activate subsequent immune responses. Plenty of studies have also indicated the importance of TLR-signalling on the avoidance of excessive inflammation, tissue repairing and the return to homeostasis after infection and tissue injury. The significance of TLR-signalling attracts many attentions on the regulatory mechanisms since several years ago. However, as newly discovered regulators, how and how many different microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate TLR-signalling pathway are still unclear. Results By integrating several microarray datasets and miRNA-target information datasets, we identified 431 miRNAs and 498 differentially expressed target genes in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with LPS-stimulation. Cooperative miRNA network were constructed by calculating targets overlap scores, and a sub-network finding algorithm was used to identify cooperative miRNA modules. Finally, 17 and 8 modules are identified in the cooperative miRNA networks composed of miRNAs up-regulate and down-regulate genes, respectively. Conclusions We used gene expression data of mouse macrophage stimulated by LPS and miRNA-target information to infer the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs on LPS-induced signalling pathway. Also, our results suggest that miRNAs can be important regulators of LPS-induced innate immune response in BMDMs.
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Picascia A, Grimaldi V, Iannone C, Soricelli A, Napoli C. Innate and adaptive immune response in stroke: Focus on epigenetic regulation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:111-20. [PMID: 26616880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune response play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke giving their contribution to tissue damage and repair. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation, histone modification and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of stroke. Interestingly, epigenetics can influence the molecular events involved in ischemic injury by controlling the switch from pro- to anti-inflammatory response, however, this is still a field to be fully explored. The knowledge of epigenetic processes could to allow for the discovery of more sensitive and specific biomarkers for risk, onset, and progression of disease as well as further novel tools to be used in both primary prevention and therapy of stroke. Indeed, studies performed in vitro and in small animal models seem to suggest a neuroprotective role of HDAC inhibitors (e.g. valproic acid) and antagomir (e.g. anti-miR-181a) in ischemic condition by modulation of both immune and inflammatory pathways. Thus, the clinical implications of altered epigenetic mechanisms for the prevention of stroke are very promising but clinical prospective studies and translational approaches are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Picascia
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grimaldi
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmela Iannone
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy
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55
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Lin L, Lin H, Wang L, Wang B, Hao X, Shi Y. miR-130a regulates macrophage polarization and is associated with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3088-96. [PMID: 26398698 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in primary and metastatic tumors, and contribute to tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Macrophages have been shown to demonstrate a high level of plasticity, with the ability to undergo dynamic transition between M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes. In the present study, we investigated a pivotal role of miR-130a in macrophage polarization and whether it was associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), using RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. The in vitro experiments showed that miRNA-130a was expressed at a higher level in M1 compared to M2 macrophages. The enforced expression of miR-130a in macrophages resulted in a significantly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas deletion of miR-130a impaired the M2‑associated gene expression and led to an M1-biased response. Mechanistically, the bioinformatics analysis revealed that proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a potential target of miR-130a. Additionally, the luciferase assay confirmed that PPARγ translation was suppressed by miR-130a through the interaction with the 3'UTR of PPARγ mRNA. A subsequent analysis revaled that the induction of miR-130a suppressed PPARγ protein expression. In NSCLC patients, the results showed that miR-130a downregulation exhibited clinical relevance as it was correlated with poor prognosis and increased tumor stage and metastasis. In addition, miR‑130a was inversely correlated with the macrophage marker, CD163, and target gene, PPARγ. Taken together, the results established miR-130a as a molecular switch during macrophage development and as a potential target for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University, First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhi Hao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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56
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Slots J. Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:28-45. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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57
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Wang Z, Brandt S, Medeiros A, Wang S, Wu H, Dent A, Serezani CH. MicroRNA 21 is a homeostatic regulator of macrophage polarization and prevents prostaglandin E2-mediated M2 generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115855. [PMID: 25706647 PMCID: PMC4338261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages dictate both initiation and resolution of inflammation. During acute inflammation classically activated macrophages (M1) predominate, and during the resolution phase alternative macrophages (M2) are dominant. The molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage polarization are understudied. MicroRNAs are differentially expressed in M1 and M2 macrophages that influence macrophage polarization. We identified a role of miR-21 in macrophage polarization, and found that cross-talk between miR-21 and the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a determining factor in macrophage polarization. miR-21 inhibition impairs expression of M2 signature genes but not M1 genes. PGE2 and its downstream effectors PKA and Epac inhibit miR-21 expression and enhance expression of M2 genes, and this effect is more pronounced in miR-21-/- cells. Among potential targets involved in macrophage polarization, we found that STAT3 and SOCS1 were enhanced in miR-21-/- cells and further enhanced by PGE2. We found that STAT3 was a direct target of miR-21 in macrophages. Silencing the STAT3 gene abolished PGE2-mediated expression of M2 genes in miR-21-/- macrophages. These data shed light on the molecular brakes involved in homeostatic macrophage polarization and suggest new therapeutic strategies to prevent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho,” 14801–902 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexander Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Tumurkhuu G, Dagvadorj J, Jones HD, Chen S, Shimada K, Crother TR, Arditi M. Alternatively spliced myeloid differentiation protein-2 inhibits TLR4-mediated lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1686-94. [PMID: 25576596 PMCID: PMC4323992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of human myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2s) that competitively inhibits binding of MD-2 to TLR4 in vitro. In this study, we investigated the protective role of MD-2s in LPS-induced acute lung injury by delivering intratracheally an adenovirus construct that expressed MD-2s (Ad-MD-2s). After adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, MD-2s was strongly expressed in lung epithelial cells and readily detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Compared to adenovirus serotype 5 containing an empty vector lacking a transgene control mice, Ad-MD-2s delivery resulted in significantly less LPS-induced inflammation in the lungs, including less protein leakage, cell recruitment, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and MIP-2. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from Ad-MD-2s mice transferred into lungs of naive mice before intratracheal LPS challenge diminished proinflammatory cytokine levels. As house dust mite (HDM) sensitization is dependent on TLR4 and HDM Der p 2, a structural homolog of MD-2, we also investigated the effect of MD-2s on HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Ad-MD-2s given before HDM sensitization significantly inhibited subsequent allergic airway inflammation after HDM challenge, including reductions in eosinophils, goblet cell hyperplasia, and IL-5 levels. Our study indicates that the alternatively spliced short isoform of human MD-2 could be a potential therapeutic candidate to treat human diseases induced or exacerbated by TLR4 signaling, such as Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin-induced lung injury and HDM-triggered allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Jargalsaikhan Dagvadorj
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Heather D Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
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O’Connor BP, Danhorn T, De Arras L, Flatley BR, Marcus RA, Farias-Hesson E, Leach SM, Alper S. Regulation of toll-like receptor signaling by the SF3a mRNA splicing complex. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004932. [PMID: 25658809 PMCID: PMC4450051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a key role in fighting infection by activating inflammation and stimulating the adaptive immune response. However, chronic activation of innate immunity can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases with an inflammatory component. Thus, various negatively acting factors turn off innate immunity subsequent to its activation to ensure that inflammation is self-limiting and to prevent inflammatory disease. These negatively acting pathways include the production of inhibitory acting alternate proteins encoded by alternative mRNA splice forms of genes in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. We previously found that the SF3a mRNA splicing complex was required for a robust innate immune response; SF3a acts to promote inflammation in part by inhibiting the production of a negatively acting splice form of the TLR signaling adaptor MyD88. Here we inhibit SF3a1 using RNAi and subsequently perform an RNAseq study to identify the full complement of genes and splicing events regulated by SF3a in murine macrophages. Surprisingly, in macrophages, SF3a has significant preference for mRNA splicing events within innate immune signaling pathways compared with other biological pathways, thereby affecting the splicing of specific genes in the TLR signaling pathway to modulate the innate immune response. Within minutes after we are exposed to pathogens, our bodies react with a rapid response known as the “innate immune response.” This arm of the immune response regulates the process of inflammation, in which various immune cells are recruited to sites of infection and are activated to produce a host of antimicrobial compounds. This response is critical to fight infection. However, this response, if it is activated too strongly or if it becomes chronic, can do damage and can contribute to numerous very common diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to asthma to cancer. Thus it is essential that this response be tightly regulated, turned on when we have an infection, and turned off when not needed. We are investigating a mechanism that helps turn off this response, to ensure that inflammation is limited to prevent inflammatory disease. This mechanism involves the production of alternate forms of RNAs and proteins that control inflammation. We have discovered that a protein known as SF3a1 can regulate the expression of these alternate inhibitory RNA forms and are investigating how to use this knowledge to better control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. O’Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brenna R. Flatley
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roland A. Marcus
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eveline Farias-Hesson
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonia M. Leach
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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60
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by hepatocyte damage, inflammatory cell activation and increased intestinal permeability leading to the clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis. Selected members of the family of microRNAs are affected by alcohol, resulting in an abnormal miRNA profile in the liver and circulation in ALD. Increasing evidence suggests that mRNAs that regulate inflammation, lipid metabolism and promote cancer are affected by excessive alcohol administration in mouse models of ALD. This communication highlights recent findings in miRNA expression and functions as they relate to the pathogenesis of ALD. The cell-specific distribution of miRNAs, as well as the significance of circulating extracellular miRNAs, is discussed as potential biomarkers. Finally, the prospects of miRNA-based therapies are evaluated in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Zhang W, Liu H, Liu W, Liu Y, Xu J. Polycomb-mediated loss of microRNA let-7c determines inflammatory macrophage polarization via PAK1-dependent NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:287-97. [PMID: 25215948 PMCID: PMC4291490 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase family members p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are important regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling and cell motility in mononuclear phagocytic system, but their role in macrophage differentiation and polarization remains obscure. We have shown here that inflammatory stimuli induced PAK1 overexpression in human and murine macrophages. Elevated expression of PAK1 contributed to macrophage M1 polarization and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin shock. We further observed that epigenetic loss of microRNA let-7c due to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) upregulation determined PAK1 elevation and inflammatory phenotype in M1 macrophages. EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 axis promotes macrophage M1 polarization via NIK-IKK-NF-κB signaling. Moreover, pharmacological and genetic ablation with EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 axis blunted inflammatory phenotype in M1 macrophages. Critically, either myeloid-restricted PAK1 deletion (PAK1(Lyz2cre)) or pharmacological and genetic ablation with EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 signal resulted in resistance to LPS-induced endotoxin shock via blunting macrophage M1 polarization. PAK1, therefore, is an essential controller of inflammatory macrophage polarization, regulating immune responses against pathogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - H Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - J Xu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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62
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by hepatocyte damage, inflammatory cell activation and increased intestinal permeability leading to the clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis. Selected members of the family of microRNAs are affected by alcohol, resulting in an abnormal miRNA profile in the liver and circulation in ALD. Increasing evidence suggests that mRNAs that regulate inflammation, lipid metabolism and promote cancer are affected by excessive alcohol administration in mouse models of ALD. This communication highlights recent findings in miRNA expression and functions as they relate to the pathogenesis of ALD. The cell-specific distribution of miRNAs, as well as the significance of circulating extracellular miRNAs, is discussed as potential biomarkers. Finally, the prospects of miRNA-based therapies are evaluated in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Li L, Wei Z, Zhou Y, Gao F, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zheng H, Tong W, Yang S, Zheng H, Shan T, Liu F, Xia T, Tong G. Host miR-26a suppresses replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by upregulating type I interferons. Virus Res 2015; 195:86-94. [PMID: 25218480 PMCID: PMC7114497 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in viral infections, especially by modulating the expression of cellular factors essential to viral replication or the host innate immune response to infection. To identify host miRNAs important to controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, we screened 15 miRNAs that were previously implicated in innate immunity or antiviral functions. Over-expression of the miR-26 family strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in vitro, as shown by virus titer assays, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR assays. MiR-26a inhibited the replication of both type 1 and type 2 PRRSV strains. Mutating the seed region of miR-26 restored viral titers. Luciferase reporters showed that miR-26a does not target the PRRSV genome directly but instead affects the expression of type I interferon and the IFN-stimulated genes MX1 and ISG15 during PRRSV infection. These results demonstrate the important role of miR-26a in modulating PRRSV infection and also support the possibility of using host miR-26a to achieve RNAi-mediated antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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Lawless N, Vegh P, O'Farrelly C, Lynn DJ. The Role of microRNAs in Bovine Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:611. [PMID: 25505900 PMCID: PMC4245999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that are recognized as critical regulators of immune gene expression during infection. Many immunologically significant human miRNAs have been found to be conserved in agriculturally important species, including cattle. Discovering how bovine miRNAs mediate the immune defense during infection is critical to understanding the etiology of the most prevalent bovine diseases. Here, we review current knowledge of miRNAs in the bovine genome, and discuss the advances in understanding of miRNAs as regulators of immune cell function, and bovine immune response activation, regulation, and resolution. Finally, we consider the future perspectives on miRNAs in bovine viral disease, their role as potential biomarkers and in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lawless
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany , Meath , Ireland ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Peter Vegh
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany , Meath , Ireland ; School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David J Lynn
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; School of Medicine, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via TLR-2 ligation through an NF-κB dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112796. [PMID: 25401327 PMCID: PMC4234737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. However the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. We hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (LAMP) to TLRs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). To test this hypothesis, live bacteria or LAMPs isolated from a virulent (Rlow) or a non-virulent (Rhigh) strain were incubated with primary TECs or chicken tracheae ex vivo. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of several inflammatory and chemokine genes in TECs as early as 1.5 hours post-exposure. Kinetic analysis using RT-qPCR identified the peak of expression for most genes to be at either 1.5 or 6 hours. Ex-vivo exposure also showed up-regulation of inflammatory genes in epithelial cells by 1.5 hours. Among the commonly up-regulated genes were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL-20, and NOS-2, all of which are important immune-modulators and/or chemo-attractants of leukocytes. While these inflammatory genes were up-regulated in all four treatment groups, Rlow exposed epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo showed the most dramatic up-regulation, inducing over 100 unique genes by 5-fold or more in TECs. Upon addition of a TLR-2 inhibitor, LAMP-mediated gene expression of IL-1β and CCL-20 was reduced by almost 5-fold while expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-8 and NOS-2 mRNA was reduced by about 2–3 fold. Conversely, an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the response entirely for all six genes. miRNA-146a, a negative regulator of TLR-2 signaling, was up-regulated in TECs in response to either Rlow or Rhigh exposure. Taken together we conclude that LAMPs isolated from both Rhigh and Rlow induced rapid, TLR-2 dependent but transient up-regulation of inflammatory genes in primary TECs through an NF-κB dependent pathway.
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Ueberberg B, Kohns M, Mayatepek E, Jacobsen M. Are microRNAs suitable biomarkers of immunity to tuberculosis? Mol Cell Pediatr 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 26567102 PMCID: PMC4530568 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-014-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of human immunity e.g. against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Against the background of still alarming high mortality of tuberculosis effective biomarkers to improve diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection and successful treatment are of major importance. Conclusions This review summarizes recent surrogate tissue studies for identification of miRNA biomarker candidates in human tuberculosis with a special focus on reproducibility and conformance. In addition we provide assistance for the design of biomarker studies to circumvent major pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ueberberg
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Malte Kohns
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Identifying the role of microRNAs in spinal cord injury. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1663-71. [PMID: 25231644 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is medically and socioeconomically debilitating, and effective treatments are lacking. The elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SCI is essential for developing effective treatments for SCI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules (18-24 nucleotides long) that regulate gene expression by interacting with specific target sequences. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs can act as post-transcriptional regulators to inhibit mRNA translation. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that the altered expression of miRNAs has an effect on critical processes of SCI physiopathology, including astrogliosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and neuroplasticity. Therefore, the study of miRNAs may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of SCI. Current studies have also provided potential therapeutic clinical applications that involve targeting mRNAs to treat SCI. This review summarizes the biogenesis and function of miRNAs and the roles of miRNAs in SCI. We also discuss the potential therapeutic applications of miRNA-based interventions for SCI.
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69
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Qu Q, Xuan W, Fan GH. Roles of resolvins in the resolution of acute inflammation. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:3-22. [PMID: 25052386 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolution is an active process that terminates inflammatory response to maintain health. Acute inflammation and its timely resolution are important in host response to danger signals. Unresolved inflammation is associated with widely recurrent diseases. Resolvins, including the D and E series, are endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute of inflammation from the ω-3 PUFAs, DHA, and EPA. They have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties that have been determined in many inflammation studies in animal models. In this review, we provide an updated overview of biosynthesis, actions, and signaling pathways of resolvins, thereby underscoring their diverse protective roles and introducing novel therapeutic strategies for inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China
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70
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Role of microRNA-1 in human cancer and its therapeutic potentials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:428371. [PMID: 24949449 PMCID: PMC4052501 DOI: 10.1155/2014/428371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the mechanisms of human cancer development are not fully understood, evidence of microRNA (miRNA, miR) dysregulation has been reported in many human diseases, including cancer. miRs are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the specific region of gene mRNAs, resulting in downregulation of gene expression. Not only are certain miRs consistently dysregulated across many cancers, but they also play critical roles in many aspects of cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Recent studies from our group and others revealed that miR-1 is frequently downregulated in various types of cancer. Through targeting multiple oncogenes and oncogenic pathways, miR-1 has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor gene that represses cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and promotes apoptosis by ectopic expression. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of miR-1 in human cancers and emphasize its significant values for therapeutic potentials.
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71
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Xie N, Cui H, Banerjee S, Tan Z, Salomao R, Fu M, Abraham E, Thannickal VJ, Liu G. miR-27a regulates inflammatory response of macrophages by targeting IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:327-334. [PMID: 24835395 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although microRNAs were shown to participate in innate immune responses, it is not completely understood how they regulate negative immunomodulatory events. IL-10 is an important anti-inflammatory mediator that prevents excessive inflammation and associated immunological pathologies. Although the regulation of IL-10 expression has been well studied at both the transcriptional and translational levels, it is less clear how microRNAs control IL-10 expression during inflammation. In this study, we found that miR-27a is downregulated in macrophages following stimulation through TLR2 and TLR4, but not TLR3. Upregulation of miR-27a enhanced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in TLR2/4-activated macrophages. Conversely, knockdown of miR-27a diminished cytokine expression. Mechanistically, we found that miR-27a negatively regulates IL-10 expression; upregulation of miR-27a decreases, whereas downregulation of miR-27a increases, IL-10 expression in activated macrophages. Likely due to the decreased expression of IL-10, upregulation of miR-27a diminished IL-10-dependent STAT3 phosphorylation in TLR4-activated macrophages. Consistent with IL-10 being a potential mediator for the role of miR-27a in the immune response, blocking IL-10 abolished the enhancing effect of miR-27a on TLR4-activated inflammation. In conclusion, our study identified miR-27a downregulation as a negative-regulatory mechanism that prevents overly exuberant TLR2- and TLR4-driven inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Huachun Cui
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Sami Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Reinaldo Salomao
- Department of Medicine, escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 04039 032
| | - Mingui Fu
- University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | | | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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McDonald MK, Tian Y, Qureshi RA, Gormley M, Ertel A, Gao R, Aradillas Lopez E, Alexander GM, Sacan A, Fortina P, Ajit SK. Functional significance of macrophage-derived exosomes in inflammation and pain. Pain 2014; 155:1527-1539. [PMID: 24792623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, secreted microvesicles transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs, and proteins through bodily fluids, facilitate intercellular communication and elicit immune responses. Exosomal contents vary, depending on the source and the physiological conditions of cells, and can provide insights into how cells and systems cope with physiological perturbations. Previous analysis of circulating miRNAs in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a debilitating chronic pain disorder, revealed a subset of miRNAs in whole blood that are altered in the disease. To determine functional consequences of alterations in exosomal biomolecules in inflammation and pain, we investigated exosome-mediated information transfer in vitro, in a rodent model of inflammatory pain, and in exosomes from patients with CRPS. Mouse macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides secrete exosomes containing elevated levels of cytokines and miRNAs that mediate inflammation. Transcriptome sequencing of exosomal RNA revealed global alterations in both innate and adaptive immune pathways. Exosomes from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells were sufficient to cause nuclear factor-κB activation in naive cells, indicating functionality in recipient cells. A single injection of exosomes attenuated thermal hyperalgesia in a murine model of inflammatory pain, suggesting an immunoprotective role for macrophage-derived exosomes. Macrophage-derived exosomes carry a protective signature that is altered when secreting cells are exposed to an inflammatory stimulus. We also show that circulating miRNAs altered in patients with complex regional pain syndrome are trafficked by exosomes. With their systemic signaling capabilities, exosomes can induce pleiotropic effects potentially mediating the multifactorial pathology underlying chronic pain, and should be explored for their therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite K McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Zhang Q, Guo XK, Gao L, Huang C, Li N, Jia X, Liu W, Feng WH. MicroRNA-23 inhibits PRRSV replication by directly targeting PRRSV RNA and possibly by upregulating type I interferons. Virology 2014; 450-451:182-95. [PMID: 24503081 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and play critical roles in intricate networks of host-pathogen interactions and innate immunity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases affecting swine industry worldwide. Here, we demonstrated that miR-23, miR-378, and miR-505 were antiviral host factors against PRRS virus (PRRSV). Over-expression of the three miRNAs inhibited PRRSV infection in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Blockage of the three endogenously expressed miRNAs significantly enhanced PRRSV replication. Different type 2 PRRSV strains harbored conserved miR-23, miR-378, and miR-505 target sites (TSs) that were sufficient to confer miRNA-mediated repression of PRRSV replication. Interestingly, miR-23 was capable of inducing type I interferon expression during PRRSV infection through IRF3/IRF7 activation, which might further lead to the inhibition of virus infection. These results suggest that miR-23, miR-378, and miR-505, especially miR-23, may have the potential to be used as antiviral therapy against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue-Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Changes in microglial inflammation-related and brain-enriched MicroRNAs expressions in response to in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:233-43. [PMID: 24338221 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia plays important role in central nervous system immune surveillance and has emerged as an essential cellular component for understanding brain diseases. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate the post-transcriptional expression of protein-coding mRNAs, which may have key roles in microglial activation in response to brain ischemia and other stressors. Primary cultured rat microglial cells were prepared, and then microglial activation model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) method. Morphological observation, CD11b/c immunofluorence, MTT assay and Propidium iodide staining were done to test microglia viability at different OGD time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). qPCR were performed to detect the dynamic changes in expressions of inflammation-related miRs (146a, 21, 181a, 221, and 222) and brain-enriched miRs (124, 134, 9, 132, and 138) in resting microglia and after challenge with OGD for the same time points. The activation and viability of the microglia was time dependent. Similarly, expressions of different miRs in microglia were significantly upregulated and reached the peak at different time points before reaching the baseline level with extension of OGD. Our data demonstrates for the first time that OGD as a model of an ischemic insult modulates the expressions of some inflammation-related and brain-enriched miRs. These changes may help to explore the molecular basis of microglia activation on the post-transcriptional level in response to different time points of OGD.
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75
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Resolvin D1 and its GPCRs in resolution circuits of inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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76
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De Arras L, Alper S. Limiting of the innate immune response by SF3A-dependent control of MyD88 alternative mRNA splicing. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003855. [PMID: 24204290 PMCID: PMC3812059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling infectious disease without inducing unwanted inflammatory disease requires proper regulation of the innate immune response. Thus, innate immunity needs to be activated when needed during an infection, but must be limited to prevent damage. To accomplish this, negative regulators of innate immunity limit the response. Here we investigate one such negative regulator encoded by an alternative splice form of MyD88. MyD88 mRNA exists in two alternative splice forms: MyD88L, a long form that encodes a protein that activates innate immunity by transducing Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals; and a short form that encodes a different protein, MyD88S, that inhibits the response. We find that MyD88S levels regulate the extent of inflammatory cytokine production in murine macrophages. MyD88S mRNA levels are regulated by the SF3A and SF3B mRNA splicing complexes, and these mRNA splicing complexes function with TLR signaling to regulate MyD88S production. Thus, the SF3A mRNA splicing complex controls production of a negative regulator of TLR signaling that limits the extent of innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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77
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Zhang Y, Li YK. MicroRNAs in the regulation of immune response against infections. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:1-7. [PMID: 23303626 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is considered to provide the initial defense against infections by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Detection of the signature molecules of invading pathogens by front-line defense cells via various germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is needed to activate intracellular signaling cascades that lead to transcriptional expression of inflammatory mediators to coordinate the elimination of pathogens and infected cells. To maintain a fine balance between protective immunity and inflammatory pathology upon infection, the innate signaling pathways in the host need to be tightly regulated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a new class of small non-coding RNAs, have been recently shown to be potent modulators that function at post-transcriptional levels. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the involvement of microorganism-encoded and host miRNAs might play instructive roles in the immune response upon infection. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of miRNAs in the regulation of immune response against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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78
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Harapan H, Fitra F, Ichsan I, Mulyadi M, Miotto P, Hasan NA, Calado M, Cirillo DM. The roles of microRNAs on tuberculosis infection: meaning or myth? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:596-605. [PMID: 24025365 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central proteins for protection against tuberculosis are attributed to interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, while IL-10 primarily suppresses anti-mycobacterial responses. Several studies found alteration of expression profile of genes involved in anti-mycobacterial responses in macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells from active and latent tuberculosis and from tuberculosis and healthy controls. This alteration of cellular composition might be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Albeit only 1% of the genomic transcripts in mammalian cells encode miRNA, they are predicted to control the activity of more than 60% of all protein-coding genes and they have a huge influence in pathogenesis theory, diagnosis and treatment approach to some diseases. Several miRNAs have been found to regulate T cell differentiation and function and have critical role in regulating the innate function of macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Here, we have reviewed the role of miRNAs implicated in tuberculosis infection, especially related to their new roles in the molecular pathology of tuberculosis immunology and as new targets for future tuberculosis diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Center, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
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79
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Liu G, Abraham E. MicroRNAs in immune response and macrophage polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:170-7. [PMID: 23325473 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is essential to combat invading microbial pathogens. In this process, the involvement of multiple immune cell populations is crucial in mounting an optimum immune response. In the past decade, a new class of noncoding small RNAs, called microRNAs (miRNAs), has emerged as important regulators in biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune response is highlighted by studies in which deregulation of miRNAs was demonstrated to accompany diseases associated with excessive or uncontrolled inflammation. In this brief review, we summarize the roles of miRNAs that have been characterized in innate and adaptive immune responses. We discuss the role of miRNAs in macrophage polarization, a molecular event that has clear effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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80
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Lai L, Song Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, Han Q, Chen W, Pan T, Zhang Y, Cao X, Wang Q. MicroRNA-92a negatively regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR)-triggered inflammatory response in macrophages by targeting MKK4 kinase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7956-7967. [PMID: 23355465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against invading pathogens. MicroRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of TLR signaling. In this study, we have found that the stimulation of multiple TLRs rapidly reduced the levels of microRNA-92a (miRNA-92a) and some other members of the miRNA-92a family in macrophages. miR-92a mimics significantly decreased, whereas miR-92a knockdown increased, the activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway and the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages when stimulated with ligands for TLR4. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), a kinase that activates JNK/stress-activated protein kinase, was found to be directly targeted by miR-92a. Similar to the effects of the miR-92a mimics, knockdown of MKK4 inhibited the activation of JNK/c-Jun signaling and the production of TNF-α and IL-6. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that TLR-mediated miR-92a reduction feedback enhances TLR-triggered production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, thus outlining new mechanisms for fine-tuning the TLR-triggered inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyun Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Quan Han
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Li Q, Li X, Guo Z, Xu F, Xia J, Liu Z, Ren T. MicroRNA-574-5p was pivotal for TLR9 signaling enhanced tumor progression via down-regulating checkpoint suppressor 1 in human lung cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48278. [PMID: 23133627 PMCID: PMC3487732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggested that functional expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in tumor cells was involved in tumor progression. Our previous study demonstrated that TLR9 signaling could enhance the tumor progression of human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We further showed that miR-574-5p was the mostly up-regulated miRNA in human lung cancer cells under TLR9 signaling by miRNA array analysis. Here we characterized the potential role of miRNA-574-5p in enhanced tumor progression induced by TLR9 signaling in human lung cancer. We confirmed that TLR9 signaling effectively elevated the expression of miR-574-5p in human lung cancer cells. Notably, we found that down-regulation of miRNA-574-5p using miR-574-5p inhibitor in vitro or miR-574-5p sponge in vivo significantly abrogated the enhanced tumor progression induced by TLR9 signaling. Further studies showed that miR-574-5p was an important player associated with enhanced tumor progression of human lung cancer cells. Notably, we identified checkpoint suppressor 1 (Ches1) as the dominant direct target for miRNA-574-5p to confer the TLR9 signaling enhanced tumor progression. We revealed that over-expression of Ches1 significantly inhibited the cell cycle entry of human lung cancer cells. Finally, we revealed that the expression of miR-574-5p was positively correlated with TLR9 and reversely correlated with Ches1 in lung cancer patients. Our findings not only facilitated the further understanding of the crosstalk between miRNAs and TLRs in tumor biology, but also provided novel potential candidates for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Recchiuti A, Serhan CN. Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs) and Their Actions in Regulating miRNA in Novel Resolution Circuits in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:298. [PMID: 23093949 PMCID: PMC3477628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is associated with several widely occurring diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Endogenous mechanisms that curtail excessive inflammation and prompt its timely resolution are of considerable interest. In recent years, previously unrecognized chemical mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified that control the acute inflammatory response by activating local resolution programs. Among these are the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) that include lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), protectins (PD), and maresins (MaR), because they are enzymatically biosynthesized during resolution of self-limited inflammation. They each possess distinct chemical structures and regulate cellular pathways by their ability to activate pro-resolving G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in a stereospecific manner. For instance, RvD1 controls several miRNAs of interest in self-limited acute inflammation that counter-regulate the mediators and proteins that are involved in inflammation. Here, we overview some of the biosynthesis and mechanisms of SPM actions with focus on the recently reported miR involved in their pro-resolving responses that underscore their beneficial actions in the regulation of acute inflammation and its timely resolution. The elucidation of these mechanisms operating in vivo to keep acute inflammation within physiologic boundaries as well as stimulate resolution have opened resolution pharmacology and many new opportunities to target inflammation-related human pathologies via activating resolution mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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Ponomarev ED, Veremeyko T, Weiner HL. MicroRNAs are universal regulators of differentiation, activation, and polarization of microglia and macrophages in normal and diseased CNS. Glia 2012; 61:91-103. [PMID: 22653784 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (∼22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-translational level. It is estimated that 30-90% of human genes are regulated by miRNAs, which makes these molecules of great importance for cell growth, activation, and differentiation. Microglia is CNS-resident cells of a myeloid lineage that play an important role in immune surveillance and are actively involved in many neurologic pathologies. Although the exact origin of microglia remains enigmatic, it is established that primitive macrophages from a yolk sac populate the brain and spinal cord in normal conditions throughout development. During various pathological events such as neuroinflammation, bone marrow derived myeloid cells also migrate into the CNS. Within the CNS, both primitive macrophages from the yolk sac and bone marrow derived myeloid cells acquire a specific phenotype upon interaction with other cell types within the CNS microenvironment. The factors that drive differentiation of progenitors into microglia and control the state of activation of microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells within the CNS are not well understood. In this review we will summarize the role of miRNAs during activation and differentiation of myeloid cells. The role of miR-124 in the adaptation of microglia and macrophages to the CNS microenvironment will be further discussed. We will also summarize the role of miRNAs as modulators of activation of microglia and microphages. Finally, we will describe the role of miR-155 and miR-124 in the polarization of macrophages towards classically and alternatively activated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Tufekci KU, Meuwissen R, Genc S, Genc K. Inflammation in Parkinson's disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 88:69-132. [PMID: 22814707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398314-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Inflammatory responses manifested by glial reactions, T cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent features of PD. The consistent findings obtained by various animal models of PD suggest that neuroinflammation is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease and may further propel the progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, although it may not be the primary cause of PD, additional epidemiological, genetic, pharmacological, and imaging evidence support the proposal that inflammatory processes in this specific brain region are crucial for disease progression. Recent in vitro studies, however, have suggested that activation of microglia and subsequently astrocytes via mediators released by injured dopaminergic neurons is involved. However, additional in vivo experiments are needed for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis. Further insight on the mechanisms of inflammation in PD will help to further develop alternative therapeutic strategies that will specifically and temporally target inflammatory processes without abrogating the potential benefits derived by neuroinflammation, such as tissue restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Ivashkiv LB. Inflammatory signaling in macrophages: transitions from acute to tolerant and alternative activation states. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2477-81. [PMID: 21952800 PMCID: PMC3264328 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammatory activation of macrophages by Toll-like and related receptors is characterized by transient activation of MAPK-, NF-κB- and IRF-mediated signaling pathways and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This activation state is inherently unstable and often transitions into a state of 'tolerance' characterized by diminished signaling, repressive chromatin modifications, and an alternative gene expression program. This Viewpoint describes signaling and epigenetic mechanisms associated with transition to tolerant states, which are proposed to correspond to alternative activation states programmed by the original inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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