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Cao D, Bai Y, Li L. Common Carotid Arteries Occlusion Surgery in Adult Rats as a Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2704. [PMID: 34179248 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is an important risk factor of vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hypoxia/ischemia in the whole brain induced by CCH causes serious damage to brain structure and function, which can lead to cognitive impairment. Two-vessel occlusion (2-VO), also known as permanent, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, is one of the most widely used animal models (e.g., rat) of CCH to investigate the mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes. In this protocol, we present the surgical procedure for 2-VO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of BasicMedical Sciences, CapitalMedical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- Department of Pathology, School of BasicMedical Sciences, CapitalMedical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of BasicMedical Sciences, CapitalMedical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, China
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Yan ML, Ai J. A Rodent Model for Chronic Brain Hypoperfusion Related Diseases: Permanent Bilateral Occlusion of the Common Carotid Arteries (2VO) in Rats. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2668. [PMID: 34179226 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) in rat is considered as a suitable animal model to mimic chronic brain hypoperfusion status, which is proved to be a risk factor to precede the Alzheimer's disease or/and vascular dementia. In this protocol, we describe how to successfully ligate the bilateral common carotid arteries covered by anterior cervical muscle group, and provide the details for understanding the surgical procedures of 2VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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53
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Zhu JD, Wang JJ, Zhang XH, Yu Y, Kang ZS. Panax ginseng extract attenuates neuronal injury and cognitive deficits in rats with vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:664-672. [PMID: 29722318 PMCID: PMC5950676 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant. Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antistress activities. Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhancing effect in rats with alcohol-induced memory impairment. In this study, we partially occluded the bilateral carotid arteries in the rat to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, a well-known model of vascular dementia. The rats were then intragastrically administered 50 or 100 mg/kg Panax ginseng extract. Morris water maze and balance beam tests were used to evaluate memory deficits and motor function, respectively. Protein quantity was used to evaluate cholinergic neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells. Western blot assay was used to evaluate protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, Bcl-2 and Bax. Treatment with Panax ginseng extract for 8 weeks significantly improved behavioral function and increased neuronal density and VEGF and bFGF protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 area. Furthermore, Panax ginseng extract reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells, and it decreased apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression. The effect of Panax ginseng extract was dose-dependent and similar to that of nimodipine, a commonly used drug for the treatment of vascular dementia. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng extract is neuroprotective against vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and therefore might have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-De Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xian-Hu Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhao-Sheng Kang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou Province, China
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54
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Lafuente JV, Requejo C, Carrasco A, Bengoetxea H. Nanoformulation: A Useful Therapeutic Strategy for Improving Neuroprotection and the Neurorestorative Potential in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 137:99-122. [PMID: 29132545 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, but current therapies are only symptomatic. Experimental models are necessary to go deeper in the comprehension of pathophysiological mechanism and to assess new therapeutic strategies. The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion either in medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or into the striatum in rats affords to study various stages of PD depending on the evolution time lapsed. A promising alternative to address the neurodegenerative process is the use of neurotrophic factors; but its clinical use has been limited due to its short half-life and rapid degradation after in vivo administration, along with difficulties for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining revealed a significant decrease of the TH-immunopositive striatal volume in 6-OHDA group from rostral to caudal one. The loss of TH-ir neurons and axodendritic network (ADN) was higher in caudal sections showing a selective vulnerability of the topological distributed dopaminergic system. In addition to a remarkable depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system, the administration of 6-OHDA into MFB induces some other neuropathological changes such as an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells in substantia nigra (SN) as well as in striatum. Intrastriatal implantation of micro- or nanosystems delivering neurotrophic factor in parkinsonized rats for bypassing BBB leads to a significative functional and morphological recovery. Neurorestorative morphological changes (preservation of the TH-ir cells and ADN) along the rostrocaudal axis of caudoputamen complex and SN have been probed supporting a selective recovering after the treatment as well. Others innovative therapeutic strategies, such as the intranasal delivery, have been recently assessed in order to search the NTF effects. In addition some others methodological key points are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Lafuente
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Catalina Requejo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrasco
- Group Nanoneurosurgery, Institute of Health Research Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain; Service Neurosurgery, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Harkaitz Bengoetxea
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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55
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Baez-Jurado E, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Echeverria V, Aliev G, Barreto GE. Conditioned Medium of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increases Wound Closure and Protects Human Astrocytes Following Scratch Assay In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5377-5392. [PMID: 28936798 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform essential functions in the preservation of neural tissue. For this reason, these cells can respond with changes in gene expression, hypertrophy, and proliferation upon a traumatic brain injury event (TBI). Different therapeutic strategies may be focused on preserving astrocyte functions and favor a non-generalized and non-sustained protective response over time post-injury. A recent strategy has been the use of the conditioned medium of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (CM-hMSCA) as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various neuropathologies. However, although there is a lot of information about its effect on neuronal protection, studies on astrocytes are scarce and its specific action in glial cells is not well explored. In the present study, the effects of CM-hMSCA on human astrocytes subjected to scratch assay were assessed. Our findings indicated that CM-hMSCA improved cell viability, reduced nuclear fragmentation, and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects were accompanied by morphological changes and an increased polarity index thus reflecting the ability of astrocytes to migrate to the wound stimulated by CM-hMSCA. In conclusion, CM-hMSCA may be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for the protection of astrocyte function in brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Oscar Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Gina Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA.,Fac. Cs de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.,GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. .,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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56
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Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate attenuates neuronal apoptosis in neuron-astrocyte co-culture system through neurotrophy and neuroinflammation pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:554-563. [PMID: 28924549 PMCID: PMC5595293 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate (d,l-PHPB), a new drug candidate for ischemic stroke at the phase II clinic trial, has been shown to protect neurons by inhibiting oxidative injury and reducing neuron apoptosis in previous studies. But the mechanisms of d,l-PHPB remain to be studied. In this study, a neuron–astrocytes co-culture system was used to elucidate the roles of astrocytes in neuroprotection of d,l-PHPB under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) condition. Our data showed that d,l-PHPB reduced neuronal apoptosis in mono-culture system and this effect was enhanced in neuron–astrocyte co-culture system under the OGD/R condition. Meanwhile, d,l-PHPB obviously increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which were mainly secreted from astrocytes, in the co-culture system after OGD/R. The PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways as well as the p-TRKA/B receptors were involved in the process. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β secreted from astrocytes after OGD/R were markedly reduced after d,l-PHPB treatment, which was mainly due to the suppression of phosphorylated p38. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the neuroprotective effects of d,l-PHPB were improved by astrocytes, mainly mediated by increasing the release of BDNF/NGF and attenuating inflammatory cytokines.
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57
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Bhattacharjee S, Jun B, Belayev L, Heap J, Kautzmann MA, Obenaus A, Menghani H, Marcell SJ, Khoutorova L, Yang R, Petasis NA, Bazan NG. Elovanoids are a novel class of homeostatic lipid mediators that protect neural cell integrity upon injury. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700735. [PMID: 28959727 PMCID: PMC5617374 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the characterization of a novel class of lipid mediators termed elovanoids (ELVs) (ELV-N32 and ELV-N34), which are dihydroxylated derivatives of 32:6n3 and 34:6n3, respectively. The precursors of ELVs are made by elongation of a 22:6n3 fatty acid and catalyzed by ELOVL4 (elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-4). The structure and stereochemistry of ELVs were established using synthetic compounds produced by stereocontrolled total synthesis. We report that ELV-mediated protection is induced in neuronal cultures undergoing either oxygen/glucose deprivation or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, as well as in experimental ischemic stroke. The methyl ester or sodium salt of ELV-N32 and ELV-N34 resulted in reduced infarct volumes, promoted cell survival, and diminished neurovascular unit disruption when administered 1 hour following 2 hours of ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Together, our data reveal a novel prohomeostatic and neuroprotective lipid-signaling mechanism aiming to sustain neural cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ludmila Belayev
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jessica Heap
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marie-Audrey Kautzmann
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hemant Menghani
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Shawn J. Marcell
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Larissa Khoutorova
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nicos A. Petasis
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nicolas G. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Corresponding author.
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58
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Ismail R, Ul Hussain M. The up regulation of phosphofructokinase1 (PFK1) protein during chemically induced hypoxia is mediated by the hypoxia-responsive internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element, present in its 5′untranslated region. Biochimie 2017; 139:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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59
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Odorcyk F, Nicola F, Duran‐Carabali L, Figueiró F, Kolling J, Vizuete A, Konrath E, Gonçalves C, Wyse A, Netto C. Galantamine administration reduces reactive astrogliosis and upregulates the anti‐oxidant enzyme catalase in rats submitted to neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 62:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.K. Odorcyk
- Post‐graduation Program of NeurosciencesInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - F. Nicola
- Post‐graduation Program of NeurosciencesInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - L.E. Duran‐Carabali
- Post‐graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - F. Figueiró
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - J. Kolling
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - A. Vizuete
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - E.L. Konrath
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - C.A. Gonçalves
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - A.T.S. Wyse
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - C.A. Netto
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
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60
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Gul SS, Huesgen KW, Wang KK, Mark K, Tyndall JA. Prognostic utility of neuroinjury biomarkers in post out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patient management. Med Hypotheses 2017; 105:34-47. [PMID: 28735650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive intervention, patients who survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) generally have very poor prognoses, with nationwide survival rates of approximately 10-20%. Approximately 90% of survivors will have moderate to severe neurological injury ranging from moderate cognitive impairment to brain death. Currently, few early prognostic indicators are considered reliable enough to support patients' families and clinicians' in their decisions regarding medical futility. Blood biomarkers of neurological injury after OHCA may be of prognostic value in these cases. When most bodily tissues are oxygen-deprived, cellular metabolism switches from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. Neurons are a notable exception, however, being dependent solely upon aerobic respiration. Thus, after several minutes without circulating oxygen, neurons sustain irreversible damage, and certain measurable biomarkers are released into the circulation. Prior studies have demonstrated value in blood biomarkers in prediction of survival and neurologic impairment after OHCA. We hypothesize that understanding peptide biomarker kinetics in the early return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) period, especially in the setting of refractory cardiac arrest, may assist clinicians in determining prognosis earlier in acute resuscitation. Specifically, during and after immediate resuscitation and return of ROSC, clinicians and families face a series of important questions regarding patient prognosis, futility of care and allocation of scarce resources such as the early initiation of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). The ability to provide early prognostic information in this setting is highly valuable. Currently available, as well as potential biomarkers that could be good candidates in prognostication of neurological outcomes after OHCA or in the setting of refractory cardiac arrest will be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - K W Huesgen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - K K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarker Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - K Mark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - J A Tyndall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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Tian X, Sun L, Feng D, Sun Q, Dou Y, Liu C, Zhou F, Li H, Shen H, Wang Z, Chen G. HMGB1 promotes neurovascular remodeling via Rage in the late phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2017; 1670:135-145. [PMID: 28606778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein widely expressed in the central nervous system. Extracellular HMGB1 serves as a proinflammatory cytokine and contributes to brain injury during the acute stage post-stroke. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated beneficial effects of HMGB1 in some types of brain injury, but little is known about its effects during the late phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study was designed to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of HMGB1 and its receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end-products (Rage), on brain recovery in the late stage of experimental SAH. Two inhibitors of HMGB1, ethyl pyruvate and glycyrrhizin (EP and GA), and Rage antagonist FPS-ZM1 were used to determine whether HMGB1 promotes brain recovery after SAH. The administration of EP, GA, and FPS-ZM1 effectively reduced HMGB1 and Rage expression. Correspondingly, protein levels of beneficial growth factors (NGF, BDNF, and VEGF) and numbers of BrdU and DCX positive neurons in the cortex were also decreased. The biphasic roles of HMGB1 may be based on the different redox modifications of cysteine residues. In this research, rats injected with two different redox status HMGB1 showed different prognosises at 7-14day after SAH. Recombinant HMGB1 can promote cytokine stimulating activity and aggravate brain injury. However, oxidized HMGB1 was unable to stimulate TNF production but can promote brain recovery by promoting neurotrophin expression. In conclusion, our investigation identified that HMGB1 promotes neurovascular recovery via Rage and may act in the oxidized state in the late stage of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongxia Feng
- Scott & White Clinic-Temple, 2401 S.31st Street, Temple TX 76508, USA
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhu YM, Gao X, Ni Y, Li W, Kent TA, Qiao SG, Wang C, Xu XX, Zhang HL. Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Neuroscience 2017; 356:125-141. [PMID: 28501505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to astrocyte's activation and glial scar formation. Glial scar can inhibit axonal regeneration during the recovery phase. It has demonstrated that sevoflurane has neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke, but its effects on ischemia-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on astrogliosis and glial scar formation in ischemic stroke model both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that 2.5% of sevoflurane postconditioning could significantly reduce infarction volume and improve neurologic deficits. And it could also decrease the expression of the glial scar marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurocan and phosphacan in the peri-infarct region and markedly reduce the thickness of glial scar after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Consistent with the in vivo data, in the oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/Re) model, sevoflurane postconditioning could protect astrocyte against OGD/Re-induced injury, decrease the expression of GFAP, neurocan and phosphacan. Further studies demonstrated that sevoflurane postconditioning could down-regulate the expression of Lamp1 and active cathepsin B, and block I/R or OGD/Re-induced release of cathepsin B from the lysosomes into cytoplasm. In order to confirm whether inhibition of cathepsin B could attenuate the formation of glial scar, we used cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074Me as a positive control. The results showed that inhibition of cathepsin B could decrease the expression of GFAP, neurocan and phosphacan. Taken together, sevoflurane postconditioning can attenuate astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemic stroke, associating with inhibition of the activation and release of lysosomal cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Stroke Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston 77030, TX, United States
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Petrovic-Djergovic D, Goonewardena SN, Pinsky DJ. Inflammatory Disequilibrium in Stroke. Circ Res 2017; 119:142-58. [PMID: 27340273 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. Understanding the benefits of timely reperfusion has led to the development of thrombolytic therapy as the cornerstone of current management of ischemic stroke, but there remains much to be learned about mechanisms of neuronal ischemic and reperfusion injury and associated inflammation. For ischemic stroke, novel therapeutic targets have continued to remain elusive. When considering modern molecular biological techniques, advanced translational stroke models, and clinical studies, a consistent pattern emerges, implicating perturbation of the immune equilibrium by stroke in both central nervous system injury and repair responses. Stroke triggers activation of the neuroimmune axis, comprised of multiple cellular constituents of the immune system resident within the parenchyma of the brain, leptomeninges, and vascular beds, as well as through secretion of biological response modifiers and recruitment of immune effector cells. This neuroimmune activation can directly impact the initiation, propagation, and resolution phases of ischemic brain injury. To leverage a potential opportunity to modulate local and systemic immune responses to favorably affect the stroke disease curve, it is necessary to expand our mechanistic understanding of the neuroimmune axis in ischemic stroke. This review explores the frontiers of current knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain and how these responses together shape the course of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Petrovic-Djergovic
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - David J Pinsky
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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64
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Olajide OJ, Ugbosanmi AT, Enaibe BU, Ogunrinola KY, Lewu SF, Asogwa NT, Akapa T, Imam A, Ibrahim A, Gbadamosi IT, Yawson EO. Cerebellar Molecular and Cellular Characterization in Rat Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Garcinia Biflavonoid Complex. Ann Neurosci 2017; 24:32-45. [PMID: 28827919 DOI: 10.1159/000464421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidences suggest that cerebellar degeneration may be associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, previous reports were mainly observational, lacking substantial characterization of cellular and molecular cerebellar features during AD progression. PURPOSE This study is aimed at characterizing the cerebellum in rat models of AD and assessing the corresponding neuroprotective mechanisms of Garcinia biflavonoid complex (GBc). METHODS Male Wistar rats were grouped and treated alone or in combination with PBS (ad libitum)/day, corn oil (CO; 2 mL/kgBw/day), GBc (200 mg/kgBw/day), sodium azide (NaN3) (15 mg/kgBw/day) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) (100 mg/kgBw/day). Groups A and B received PBS and CO, respectively; C received GBc; D received NaN3; E received AlCl3; F received NaN3 then GBc subsequently; G received AlCl3 then GBc subsequently; H received NaN3 and GBc simultaneously while I received AlCl3 and GBc simultaneously. Following treatments, cerebellar cortices were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and colorimetric assays. RESULTS Our data revealed that cryptic granule neurons and pyknotic Purkinje cell bodies (characterized by short dendritic/axonal processes) correspond to indistinctly demarcated cerebellar layers in rats treated with AlCl3 and NaN3. These correlates, with observed hypertrophic astrogliosis, increased the neurofilament deposition, depleted the antioxidant system-shown by expressed superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and cerebellar glucose bioenergetics dysfunction-exhibited in assayed lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We further showed that GBc reverses cerebellar degeneration through modulation of neurochemical signaling pathways and stressor molecules that underlie AD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Cellular, molecular and metabolic neurodegeneration within the cerebellum is associated with AlCl3 and NaN3-induced AD while GBc significantly inhibits corresponding neurotoxicity and is more efficacious when pre-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi Joseph Olajide
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Anita Temi Ugbosanmi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Bernard Ufuoma Enaibe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde Yomi Ogunrinola
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Susan Folashade Lewu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Tosan Akapa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Aminu Imam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdulmumin Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Olusola Yawson
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Li Y, Gao X, Wang Q, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang B, Li L. Retinoic acid protects from experimental cerebral infarction by upregulating GAP-43 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5561. [PMID: 28380213 PMCID: PMC5423748 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether exogenous retinoic acid (RA) can upregulate the mRNA and protein expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), thereby promoting brain functional recovery in a rat distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia. A total of 216 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 300–320 g were divided into 3 groups: sham-operated group, MCAO+vehicle group and MCAO+RA group. Focal cortical infarction was induced with a distal MCAO model. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in the ipsilateral perifocal region was assessed using qPCR and immunocytochemistry at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after distal MCAO. In addition, an intraperitoneal injection of RA was given 12 h before MCAO and continued every day until the animal was sacrificed. Following ischemia, the expression of GAP-43 first increased considerably and then decreased. Administration of RA reduced infarction volume, promoted neurological functional recovery and upregulated expression of GAP-43. Administration of RA can ameliorate neuronal damage and promote nerve regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP-43 in the perifocal region after distal MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Gao
- Department of Neurology, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Southern Medical University Zhu Jiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - B Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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66
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Okoreeh AK, Bake S, Sohrabji F. Astrocyte-specific insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transfer in aging female rats improves stroke outcomes. Glia 2017; 65:1043-1058. [PMID: 28317235 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Middle aged female rats sustain larger stroke infarction and disability than younger female rats. This older group also shows age-related reduction of insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 in serum and in astrocytes, a cell type necessary for poststroke recovery. To determine the impact of astrocytic IGF-1 for ischemic stroke, these studies tested the hypothesis that gene transfer of IGF-1 to astrocytes will improve stroke outcomes in middle aged female rats. Middle aged (10-12 month old), acyclic female rats were injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) packaged with the coding sequence of the human (h)IGF-1 gene downstream of an astrocyte-specific promoter glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (AAV5-GFP-hIGF-1) into the striatum and cortex. The AAV5-control consisted of an identical shuttle vector construct without the hIGF-1 gene (AAV5-GFAP-control). Six to eight weeks later, animals underwent transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal suture. While infarct volume was not altered, AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 treatment significantly improved blood pressure and neurological score in the early acute phase of stroke (2 days) and sensory-motor performance at both the early and late (5 days) acute phase of stroke. AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 treatment also reduced circulating serum levels of GFAP, a biomarker for blood brain barrier permeability. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells in the brain at 24 hr poststroke showed that AAV5-GFAP-hIGF-1 altered the type of immune cells trafficked to the ischemic hemisphere, promoting an anti-inflammatory profile. Collectively, these studies show that targeted enhancement of IGF-1 in astrocytes of middle-aged females improves stroke-induced behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre K Okoreeh
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
| | - Shameena Bake
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, 77807
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Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide Induced MCP-1 Expression in Primary Astrocyte. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6352159. [PMID: 28286770 PMCID: PMC5329661 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6352159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background. Neuroinflammation which presents as a possible mechanism of delirium is associated with MCP-1, an important proinflammatory factor which is expressed on astrocytes. It is known that dexmedetomidine (DEX) possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of DEX on the production of MCP-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. Materials and Methods. Astrocytes were treated with LPS (10 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1000 ng/ml), DEX (500 ng/mL), LPS (100 ng/ml), and DEX (10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) for a duration of three hours; expression levels of MCP-1 were measured by real-time PCR. The double immunofluorescence staining protocol was utilized to determine the expression of α2-adrenoceptors (α2AR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on astrocytes. Results. Expressions of MCP-1 mRNA in astrocytes were induced dose-dependently by LPS. Administration of DEX significantly inhibited the expression of MCP-1 mRNA (P < 0.001). Double immunofluorescence assay showed that α2AR colocalize with GFAP, which indicates the expression of α2-adrenoceptors in astrocytes. Conclusions. DEX is a potent suppressor of MCP-1 in astrocytes induced with lipopolysaccharide through α2A-adrenergic receptors, which potentially explains its beneficial effects in the treatment of delirium by attenuating neuroinflammation.
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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Sanganalmath SK, Gopal P, Parker JR, Downs RK, Parker JC, Dawn B. Global cerebral ischemia due to circulatory arrest: insights into cellular pathophysiology and diagnostic modalities. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:111-127. [PMID: 27896594 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulatory arrest (CA) remains a major unresolved public health problem in the United States; the annual incidence of which is ~0.50 to 0.55 per 1000 population. Despite seminal advances in therapeutic approaches over the past several decades, brain injury continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after CA. In brief, CA typically results in global cerebral ischemia leading to delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal pyramidal cells as well as in the cortical layers. The dynamic changes occurring in neurons after CA are still unclear, and predicting these neurological changes in the brain still remains a difficult issue. It is hypothesized that the "no-flow" period produces a cytotoxic cascade of membrane depolarization, Ca2+ ion influx, glutamate release, acidosis, and resultant activation of lipases, nucleases, and proteases. Furthermore, during reperfusion injury, neuronal death occurs due to the generation of free radicals by interfering with the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The efficacy of many pharmacological agents for CA patients has often been disappointing, reflecting our incomplete understanding of this enigmatic disease. The primary obstacles to the development of a neuroprotective therapy in CA include uncertainties with regard to the precise cause(s) of neuronal dysfunction and what to target. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the pathophysiology as well as specific cellular changes in brain after CA and revisit the most important neurofunctional, neuroimaging techniques, and serum biomarkers as potent predictors of neurologic outcome in CA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Sanganalmath
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John R Parker
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard K Downs
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joseph C Parker
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Morphological Changes in a Severe Model of Parkinson's Disease and Its Suitability to Test the Therapeutic Effects of Microencapsulated Neurotrophic Factors. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7722-7735. [PMID: 27844282 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in rats affords us to study the advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Numerous evidences suggest synergic effects when various neurotrophic factors are administered in experimental models of PD. The aim of the present work was to assess the morphological changes along the rostro-caudal axis of caudo-putamen complex and substantia nigra (SN) in the referred model in order to test the suitability of a severe model to evaluate new neurorestorative therapies. Administration of 6-OHDA into MFB in addition to a remarkable depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system induced an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in SN and an intense immunoreactivity for OX-42, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Lycopersycum esculentum agglutinin (LEA) in striatum and SN. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining revealed a significant decrease of the TH-immunopositive striatal volume in 6-OHDA group from rostral to caudal one. The loss of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and axodendritic network (ADN) was higher in caudal sections. Morphological recovery after the implantation of microspheres loaded with VEGF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in parkinsonized rats was related to the preservation of the TH-ir cell number and ADN in the caudal region of the SN. In addition, these findings support the neurorestorative role of VEGF+GDNF in the dopaminergic system and the synergistic effect between both factors. On the other hand, a topological distribution of the dopaminergic system was noticeable in the severe model, showing a selective vulnerability to 6-OHDA and recovering after treatment.
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Cekanaviciute E, Buckwalter MS. Astrocytes: Integrative Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:685-701. [PMID: 27677607 PMCID: PMC5081110 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate neuroinflammatory responses after stroke and in other neurological diseases. Although not all astrocytic responses reduce inflammation, their predominant function is to protect the brain by driving the system back to homeostasis after injury. They receive multidimensional signals within the central nervous system and between the brain and the systemic circulation. Processing this information allows astrocytes to regulate synapse formation and maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Similarly, in response to stroke and other central nervous system disorders, astrocytes detect and integrate signals of neuronal damage and inflammation to regulate the neuroinflammatory response. Two direct regulatory mechanisms in the astrocyte arsenal are the ability to form both physical and molecular barriers that seal the injury site and localize the neuroinflammatory response. Astrocytes also indirectly regulate the inflammatory response by affecting neuronal health during the acute injury and axonal regrowth. This ability to regulate the location and degree of neuroinflammation after injury, combined with the long time course of neuroinflammation, makes astrocytic signaling pathways promising targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Cekanaviciute
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Specq ML, Bourgoin-Heck M, Samson N, Corbin F, Gestreau C, Richer M, Kadhim H, Praud JP. Moderate Hyperbilirubinemia Alters Neonatal Cardiorespiratory Control and Induces Inflammation in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius. Front Physiol 2016; 7:437. [PMID: 27746740 PMCID: PMC5043013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia (HB) occurs in 90% of preterm newborns. Moderate HB can induce acute neurological disorders while severe HB has been linked to a higher incidence of apneas of prematurity. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that even moderate HB disrupts cardiorespiratory control in preterm lambs. Two groups of preterm lambs (born 14 days prior to term), namely control (n = 6) and HB (n = 5), were studied. At day 5 of life, moderate HB (150–250 μmol/L) was induced during 17 h in the HB group after which cardiorespiratory control as well as laryngeal and pulmonary chemoreflexes were assessed during baseline recordings and during hypoxia. Recordings were repeated 72 h after HB induction, just before euthanasia. In addition, neuropathological studies were performed to investigate for cerebral bilirubin deposition as well as for signs of glial reactivity in brainstem structures involved in cardiorespiratory control. Results revealed that sustained and moderate HB: (i) decreased baseline respiratory rate and increased the time spent in apnea; (ii) blunted the cardiorespiratory inhibition normally observed during both laryngeal and pulmonary chemoreflexes; and (iii) increased heart rate in response to acute hypoxia. These acute physiological changes were concurrent with an activation of Alzheimer type II astrocytes throughout the brain, including the brainstem. Concomitantly, bilirubin deposits were observed in the leptomeninges, but not in brain parenchyma. While most cardiorespiratory alterations returned to normal 72 h after HB normalization, the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) was still increased within the nucleus tractus solitarius. In conclusion, moderate and sustained HB in preterm lambs induced cardiorespiratory alterations, the latter of which were associated with neurohistopathological changes. These changes are indicative of an inflammatory response in the brainstem neuroanatomical substrates involved in cardiorespiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Specq
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology - Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélisande Bourgoin-Heck
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology - Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Samson
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology - Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - François Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maxime Richer
- Department of Pathology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hazim Kadhim
- Neuropathology Unit and Reference Center for Neuro-Muscular Pathology, Brugmann University Hospital and Childrens' Hospital (CHU Brugmann - HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Praud
- Neonatal Respiratory Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology - Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Repetto IE, Monti R, Tropiano M, Tomasi S, Arbini A, Andrade-Moraes CH, Lent R, Vercelli A. The Isotropic Fractionator as a Tool for Quantitative Analysis in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:190. [PMID: 27547177 PMCID: PMC4974250 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major aim in quantitative and translational neuroscience is to achieve a precise and fast neuronal counting method to work on high throughput scale to obtain reliable results. Here, we tested the isotropic fractionator (IF) method for evaluating neuronal and non-neuronal cell loss in different models of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent: (i) ischemic brain damage; (ii) intraperitoneal injection with kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures; and (iii) monolateral striatal injection with quinolinic acid (QA) mimicking human Huntington's disease. All specimens were processed for IF method and cell loss assessed. Hippocampus from KA-treated rats and striatum from QA-treated rats were carefully dissected using a dissection microscope and a rat brain matrix. Ischemic rat brains slices were first processed for TTC staining and then for IF. In the ischemic group the cell loss corresponded to the neuronal loss suggesting that hypoxia primarily affects neurons. Combining IF with TTC staining we could correlate the volume of lesion to the neuronal loss; by IF, we could assess that neuronal loss also occurs contralaterally to the ischemic side. In the epileptic group we observed a reduction of neuronal cells in treated rats, but also evaluated the changes in the number of non-neuronal cells in response to the hippocampal damage. In the QA model, there was a robust reduction of neuronal cells on ipsilateral striatum. This neuronal cell loss was not related to a drastic change in the total number of cells, being overcome by the increase in non-neuronal cells, thus suggesting that excitotoxic damage in the striatum strongly activates inflammation and glial proliferation. We concluded that the IF method could represent a simple and reliable quantitative technique to evaluate the effects of experimental lesions mimicking human diseases, and to consider the neuroprotective/anti-inflammatory effects of different treatments in the whole brain and also in discrete regions of interest, with the potential to investigate non-neuronal alterations. Moreover, IF could be used in addition or in substitution to classical stereological techniques or TTC staining used so far, since it is fast, precise and easily combined with complex molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E. Repetto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Marta Tropiano
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Simone Tomasi
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New HavenCT, USA
| | - Alessia Arbini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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Molecular Signaling and Dysfunction of the Human Reactive Enteric Glial Cell Phenotype: Implications for GI Infection, IBD, POI, Neurological, Motility, and GI Disorders. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1812-34. [PMID: 27416040 PMCID: PMC4993196 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations or animal studies implicate enteric glial cells in motility disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal (GI) infections, postoperative ileus, and slow transit constipation. Mechanisms underlying glial responses to inflammation in human GI tract are not understood. Our goal was to identify the "reactive human enteric glial cell (rhEGC) phenotype" induced by inflammation, and probe its functional relevance. METHODS Human enteric glial cells in culture from 15 GI-surgical specimens were used to study gene expression, Ca, and purinergic signaling by Ca/fluo-4 imaging and mechanosensitivity. A nanostring panel of 107 genes was designed as a read out of inflammation, transcription, purinergic signaling, vesicular transport protein, channel, antioxidant, and other pathways. A 24-hour treatment with lipopolysaccharide (200 μg/mL) and interferon-γ (10 μg/mL) was used to induce inflammation and study molecular signaling, flow-dependent Ca responses from 3 mL/min to 10 mL/min, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and ATP responses. RESULTS Treatment induced a "rhEGC phenotype" and caused up-regulation in messenger RNA transcripts of 58% of 107 genes analyzed. Regulated genes included inflammatory genes (54%/IP10; IFN-γ; CxCl2; CCL3; CCL2; C3; s100B; IL-1β; IL-2R; TNF-α; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; IL-12A; IL-17A; IL-22; and IL-33), purine-genes (52%/AdoR2A; AdoR2B; P2RY1; P2RY2; P2RY6; P2RX3; P2RX7; AMPD3; ENTPD2; ENTPD3; and NADSYN1), channels (40%/Panx1; CHRNA7; TRPV1; and TRPA1), vesicular transporters (SYT1, SYT2, SNAP25, and SYP), transcription factors (relA/relB, SOCS3, STAT3, GATA_3, and FOXP3), growth factors (IGFBP5 and GMCSF), antioxidant genes (SOD2 and HMOX1), and enzymes (NOS2; TPH2; and CASP3) (P < 0.0001). Treatment disrupted Ca signaling, ATP, and mechanical/flow-dependent Ca responses in human enteric glial cells. ATP release increased 5-fold and s100B decreased 33%. CONCLUSIONS The "rhEGC phenotype" is identified by a complex cascade of pro-inflammatory pathways leading to alterations of important molecular and functional signaling pathways (Ca, purinergic, and mechanosensory) that could disrupt GI motility. Inflammation induced a "purinergic switch" from ATP to adenosine diphosphate/adenosine/uridine triphosphate signaling. Findings have implications for GI infection, inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative ileus, motility, and GI disorders.
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76
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Wang L, Du Y, Wang K, Xu G, Luo S, He G. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces memory deficits and facilitates Aβ generation in C57BL/6J mice. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:353-64. [PMID: 27421879 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia frequently responsible for cognitive decline in the elderly. The etiology and molecular mechanism of AD pathogenesis remain inconclusive. Aging and vascular factors are important independent causes and contributors to sporadic AD. Clinical imaging studies showed that cerebral blood flow decreases before cognitive impairment in patients with AD. To investigate the effect of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) on cognitive impairment and morphological features, we developed a new manner of CCH mouse model by narrowing bilateral common carotid arteries. Mice started to manifest spatial memory deficits 1month after the surgery and exhibited behavioral changes in a time-dependent manner. Mice also presented memory deficits accompanied with morphological changes at the neuronal and synaptic levels. CCH damaged the normal neuronal morphology and significantly reduced the expression level of PSD95. CCH activated astrocytes, increased the co-expression of GFAP and AQP4, and destroyed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, CCH facilitated intracellular and extracellular Aβ deposition by up-regulating γ-secretase and β-secretase levels. Our results showed good reproducibility of post-CCH pathological processes, which are characterized by neuronal apoptosis, axonal abnormalities, glial activation, BBB damage, amyloid deposition, and cognitive dysfunction; these processes may be used to decipher the complex interplay and pathological process between CCH and AD. This study provides laboratory evidence for the prevention and treatment of cognitive malfunction and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yehong Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifang Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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77
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Ghanbarabadi M, Iranshahi M, Amoueian S, Mehri S, Motamedshariaty VS, Mohajeri SA. Neuroprotective and memory enhancing effects of auraptene in a rat model of vascular dementia: Experimental study and histopathological evaluation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 623:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pflugrad H, Meyer GJ, Dirks M, Raab P, Tryc AB, Goldbecker A, Worthmann H, Wilke F, Boellaard R, Yaqub M, Berding G, Weissenborn K. Cerebral microglia activation in hepatitis C virus infection correlates to cognitive dysfunction. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:348-57. [PMID: 26768955 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may induce chronic fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Virus replication was proven within the brain and HCV-positive cells were identified as microglia and astrocytes. We hypothesized that cerebral dysfunction in HCV-afflicted patients is associated with microglia activation. Microglia activation was assessed in vivo in 22 patients with chronic HCV infection compared to six healthy controls using [(11) C]-PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) combined with magnetic resonance tomography for anatomical localization. Patients were subdivided with regard to their PCR status, Fatigue Impact Scale score (FIS) and attention test sum score (ATS). A total of 12 patients (54.5%) were HCV PCR positive [of which 7 (58.3%) had an abnormal FIS and 7 (58.3%) an abnormal ATS], 10 patients (45.5%) were HCV PCR negative (5 (50%) each with an abnormal FIS or ATS). Patients without attention deficits showed a significantly higher accumulation of [(11) C]-PK11195 in the putamen (P = 0.05), caudate nucleus (P = 0.03) and thalamus (P = 0.04) compared to controls. Patients with and without fatigue did not differ significantly with regard to their specific tracer binding in positron emission tomography. Preserved cognitive function was associated with significantly increased microglia activation with predominance in the basal ganglia. This indicates a probably neuroprotective effect of microglia activation in HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pflugrad
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G-J Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Dirks
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Raab
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A B Tryc
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Goldbecker
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Worthmann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Wilke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Berding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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79
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Neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by intravenous administration of liposomal fasudil. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:129-37. [PMID: 27107903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, is a promising neuroprotectant against ischemic stroke; however, its low bioavailability is an obstacle to be overcome. Our previous study revealed that the liposomal drug delivery system is a hopeful strategy to increase the therapeutic efficacy of neuroprotectants. In the present study, the usefulness of intravenously administered liposomal fasudil for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury treatment was examined in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) rats. The results showed that PEGylated liposomes of approximately 100nm in diameter accumulated more extensively in the I/R region compared with those of over 200nm. Confocal images showed that fluorescence-labeled liposomal fasudil was widely distributed in the I/R region, and was not noticeably taken up by microglia, which are well-known resident macrophages in the brain, and neuronal cells. These data indicated that liposomal fasudil mainly exerted its pharmacological activity by releasing fasudil from the liposomes in the I/R region. Moreover, liposomal fasudil effectively suppressed neutrophil invasion and brain cell damage in the t-MCAO rats, resulting in amelioration of their motor function deficits. These findings demonstrated both the importance of particle size for neuroprotectant delivery and the effectiveness of liposomal fasudil for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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80
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Min H, Jang YH, Cho IH, Yu SW, Lee SJ. Alternatively activated brain-infiltrating macrophages facilitate recovery from collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Brain 2016; 9:42. [PMID: 27094968 PMCID: PMC4837536 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the major causes of stroke. After onset of ICH, massive infiltration of macrophages is detected in the peri-hematoma regions. Still, the function of these macrophages in ICH has not been completely elucidated. Results In a collagenase-induced ICH model, CX3CR1+ macrophages accumulated in the peri-hematoma region. Characterization of these macrophages revealed expression of alternatively activated (M2) macrophage markers. In the macrophage-depleted mice, ICH-induced brain lesion volume was larger and neurological deficits were more severe compared to those of control mice, indicating a protective role of these macrophages in ICH. In the ICH-injured brain, mannose receptor-expressing macrophages increased at a delayed time point after ICH, indicating M2 polarization of the brain-infiltrating macrophages in the brain microenvironment. To explore this possibility, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were co-cultured with mouse brain glial cells and then tested for activation phenotype. Upon co-culture with glia, the number of mannose receptor-positive M2 macrophages was significantly increased. Furthermore, treatment with glia-conditioned media increased the number of BMDM of M2 phenotype. Conclusions In this study, our data suggest that brain-infiltrating macrophages after ICH are polarized to the M2 phenotype by brain glial cells and thereby contribute to recovery from ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ma L, Shen X, Gao Y, Wu Q, Ji M, Luo C, Zhang M, Wang T, Chen X, Tao L. Blocking B7-1/CD28 Pathway Diminished Long-Range Brain Damage by Regulating the Immune and Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1673-83. [PMID: 26980009 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute brain injuries can activate bidirectional crosstalk between the injured brain and the immune system. The immune system, particularly T lymphocytes and cytokines, has been implicated in the progression of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80)/B7-2 (CD86) binding cognate receptor provides a secondary signaling to T cell activation. The aim of our study was to explore the effects of anti-B7-1 antibody on the development and prognosis of cerebral hemorrhage and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were inner canthus veniplex administered with anti-B7-1 antibody at 10 min and 24 h after ICH and sacrificed on the third day after ICH. Immune function was assessed via splenocyte proliferation assay and organism index, respectively. IFN-γ and IL-4 were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. The cerebral edema was evaluated via brain water content. The levels of autophagy and apoptosis related proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. In addition, functional outcome was studied with pole-climbing test and morris water maze. The mice were weighed on 0, 1, 3, 14 and 21 days after ICH. The treatment with anti-B7-1 antibody significantly lowered immune function, and reduced the latency of water maze on 18 and 20 days, the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 as well as body weight on day 3 after cerebral hemorrhage. Our study suggests that in the cerebral hemorrhage mice brain anti-B7-1 antibody may reduce long-range brain damage by reversing immune imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Mengmeng Ji
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, No. 178, Ganjiang East Road, Soochow, 215123, China.
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82
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Afifi OK, Embaby AS. Histological Study on the Protective Role of Ascorbic Acid on Cadmium Induced Cerebral Cortical Neurotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2016; 4:36-45. [PMID: 30023208 PMCID: PMC6014236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity represents a worldwide problem in environmental contamination and a common cause of occupational and non-occupational neurological diseases. So, this study aimed to evaluate the histological changes induced by Cd on the cerebral cortex of adult rats and evaluating the possible ameliorating role of ascorbic acid (AA). Twenty adult male rats were divided into; control group, AA group (each rat was received a daily oral dose of 200 mg AA/kg body weight (b.w) and Cd group (each rat was received 5 mg Cd/kg b.w orally) and protective group (each rat was given AA concomitantly with Cd at the same dose, route and period of administration of the previous groups. After two months the cerebral cortexes were processed for histological examination. The cerebral cortex of Cd treated animals exhibited severe degenerative changes especially in pyramidal and granule cells. Structural changes in these cells were in the form of dilated rER and Golgi complex, swollen mitochondria and marginated nuclear chromatin. Myelinated nerve fibers displayed myelination disruption and irregular neurofilaments. The neuropil appeared vacuolated with accumulation of neuroglial cells. On the other hand, these changes were ameliorated in rats which received AA concomitantly with Cd. So, it could be concluded that AA can ameliorate the histological changes induced by Cd and this direct the attention to the antioxidants as protective measures for the neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Kamel Afifi
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt, Taif University, KSA
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83
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Newaz K, Sriram K, Bera D. Identification of Major Signaling Pathways in Prion Disease Progression Using Network Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144389. [PMID: 26646948 PMCID: PMC4672924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that arise due to conformational change of normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to protease-resistant isofrom (rPrPSc). Deposition of misfolded PrpSc proteins leads to an alteration of many signaling pathways that includes immunological and apoptotic pathways. As a result, this culminates in the dysfunction and death of neuronal cells. Earlier works on transcriptomic studies have revealed some affected pathways, but it is not clear which is (are) the prime network pathway(s) that change during the disease progression and how these pathways are involved in crosstalks with each other from the time of incubation to clinical death. We perform network analysis on large-scale transcriptomic data of differentially expressed genes obtained from whole brain in six different mouse strain-prion strain combination models to determine the pathways involved in prion diseases, and to understand the role of crosstalks in disease propagation. We employ a notion of differential network centrality measures on protein interaction networks to identify the potential biological pathways involved. We also propose a crosstalk ranking method based on dynamic protein interaction networks to identify the core network elements involved in crosstalk with different pathways. We identify 148 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) potentially related to the prion disease progression. Functional association of the identified genes implicates a strong involvement of immunological pathways. We extract a bow-tie structure that is potentially dysregulated in prion disease. We also propose an ODE model for the bow-tie network. Predictions related to diseased condition suggests the downregulation of the core signaling elements (PI3Ks and AKTs) of the bow-tie network. In this work, we show using transcriptomic data that the neuronal dysfunction in prion disease is strongly related to the immunological pathways. We conclude that these immunological pathways occupy influential positions in the PFNs (protein functional networks) that are related to prion disease. Importantly, this functional network involvement is prevalent in all the five different mouse strain-prion strain combinations that we studied. We also conclude that the dysregulation of the core elements of the bow-tie structure, which belongs to PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, leads to dysregulation of the downstream components corresponding to other biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalique Newaz
- Department of Computer Science, IIIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - K. Sriram
- Center for Computational Biology, IIIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Debajyoti Bera
- Department of Computer Science, IIIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
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84
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Hosseini SM, Farahmandnia M, Kazemi S, Shakibajahromi B, Sarvestani FS, Khodabande Z. A Novel Cell Therapy Method for Recovering after Brain Stroke in Rats. Int J Stem Cells 2015; 8:191-9. [PMID: 26634067 PMCID: PMC4651283 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, stroke leads to a significant part of the adult mortality and morbidity and also it could result in some neurological deficits in the patients' lives. Cell therapy has opened a new approach to treat the brain ischemia and reduce its terrible effects on the patients' lives. There are several articles which show that the cell therapy could be beneficial for treating brain stroke. In this study, we have planned to present a new cell therapy method for stroke by administration of Mesenchymal stem cells and differentiated neural stem cells without astrocytes. METHOD AND MATERIALS The Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from tibia and femur of a 250~300 g rat and they were cultured in DMEM/F12, 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% Pen/Strep. Neural stem cells were isolated from 14 days rat embryo ganglion eminence and were cultured in NSA media containing Neurobasal, 2% B27, bFGF 10 ng/ml and EGF 20 ng/ml after 5 days they formed some neurospheres. The isolated neural stem cells were differentiated to neural lineages by adding 5% fetal bovine serum to their culture media. After 48 hours the astrocytes were depleted by using MACS kit. RESULTS The group that received Mesenchymal stem cells systemically and differentiated neural stem cells without astrocytes had the best neurological outcomes and the least infarct volume and apoptosis. It could be understood that this cell therapy method might cause almost full recovery after brain stoke. CONCLUSION Using combination cell therapy with Mesenchymal stem cells and differentiated neural stem cells with removed astrocyte could provide a novel method for curing brain stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell & Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmandnia
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell & Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell & Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benafshe Shakibajahromi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell & Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sabet Sarvestani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell & Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabande
- Trangenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells in a Parkinsonian Model Exerts Neuroprotection via Regulation of the Host Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26473-92. [PMID: 26556344 PMCID: PMC4661825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and consequent dopamine (DA) deficit, and current treatment still remains a challenge. Although neural stem cells (NSCs) have been evaluated as appealing graft sources, mechanisms underlying the beneficial phenomena are not well understood. Here, we investigate whether human NSCs (hNSCs) transplantation could provide neuroprotection against DA depletion by recruiting endogenous cells to establish a favorable niche. Adult mice subjected to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were transplanted with hNSCs or vehicle into the striatum. Behavioral and histological analyses demonstrated significant neurorescue response observed in hNSCs-treated animals compared with the control mice. In transplanted animals, grafted cells survived, proliferated, and migrated within the astrocytic scaffold. Notably, more local astrocytes underwent de-differentiation, acquiring the properties of NSCs or neural precursor cells (NPCs) in mice given hNSCs. Additionally, we also detected significantly higher expression of host-derived growth factors in hNSCs-transplanted mice compared with the control animals, together with inhibition of local microglia and proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, our results indicate that hNSCs transplantation exerts neuroprotection in MPTP-insulted mice via regulating the host niche. Harnessing synergistic interaction between the grafts and host cells may help optimize cell-based therapies for PD.
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Vigneswaran S, Rojas JHV, Garvey L, Taylor-Robinson S, Winston A. Differences in the variability of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements within three HIV-infected cohorts. Neuroradiol J 2015; 28:545-54. [PMID: 26493269 DOI: 10.1177/1971400915609867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral functional impairment remains prevalent in effectively treated HIV-infected subjects. As the results of formal cognitive testing are highly variable, surrogate markers to accurately measure cerebral function parameters are needed. Such markers include measurement of cerebral metabolite ratios (CMR) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). However, data on the inter-subject variability of CMR are sparse. Our aim was to assess inter-subject variability in CMRs within three different HIV-infected cohorts. METHODS Cerebral 1H-MRS was performed using a Phillips Achieva™ 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner in HIV-infected subjects as follows: 12 subjects before (group 1) and after intensification of antiretroviral therapy with maraviroc (group 2) and 13 subjects with acute viral hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection (group 3). The coefficients of variation (CV) for CMRs in each group were determined and compared using non-parametric tests to determine whether the inter-subject variability differed significantly. All baseline characteristics between the groups were similar. RESULTS Overall CVs for all CMRs in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 32.3%, 33.2% and 23.4%, respectively (group 1 vs. 2, p=0.863; group 1 vs. 3, p=0.076). On testing for differences in variability between individual CMRs, two metabolites in the right basal ganglia (RBG) had statistically significantly different CVs when comparing group 1 with group 3: N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr), p=0.029 and myo-Inositol/creatine (mI/Cr), p=0.016. CONCLUSION The variability of 1H MRS-measurable CMRs in HIV-infected individuals was lower in those with acute HCV co-infection (group 3).We can conclude that the use of these CMRs in 1H MRS imaging in patients with HIV/acute HCV co-infection is more reliable to assess cerebral function than in patients with HIV infection alone. This has implications for future sample size estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime H Vera Rojas
- Division of medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School Department of HIV and GU Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy Garvey
- Department of HIV and GU Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of HIV and GU Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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87
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Huang L, Zhao S, Lu W, Guan S, Zhu Y, Wang JH. Acidosis-Induced Dysfunction of Cortical GABAergic Neurons through Astrocyte-Related Excitotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140324. [PMID: 26474076 PMCID: PMC4608795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acidosis impairs cognitions and behaviors presumably by acidification-induced changes in neuronal metabolism. Cortical GABAergic neurons are vulnerable to pathological factors and their injury leads to brain dysfunction. How acidosis induces GABAergic neuron injury remains elusive. As the glia cells and neurons interact each other, we intend to examine the role of the astrocytes in acidosis-induced GABAergic neuron injury. RESULTS Experiments were done at GABAergic cells and astrocytes in mouse cortical slices. To identify astrocytic involvement in acidosis-induced impairment, we induced the acidification in single GABAergic neuron by infusing proton intracellularly or in both neurons and astrocytes by using proton extracellularly. Compared the effects of intracellular acidification and extracellular acidification on GABAergic neurons, we found that their active intrinsic properties and synaptic outputs appeared more severely impaired in extracellular acidosis than intracellular acidosis. Meanwhile, extracellular acidosis deteriorated glutamate transporter currents on the astrocytes and upregulated excitatory synaptic transmission on the GABAergic neurons. Moreover, the antagonists of glutamate NMDA-/AMPA-receptors partially reverse extracellular acidosis-induced injury in the GABAergic neurons. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that acidosis leads to the dysfunction of cortical GABAergic neurons by astrocyte-mediated excitotoxicity, in addition to their metabolic changes as indicated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui, China 233000
| | - Shidi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui, China 233000
| | - Wei Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders in Shandong, Qingdao University, Medical College, 38 Dengzhou, Shandong China 266021
| | - Sudong Guan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui, China 233000
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui, China 233000
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China 100101
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88
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Assessment of C-phycocyanin effect on astrocytes-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative brain injury using 2D and 3D astrocyte tissue model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14418. [PMID: 26399322 PMCID: PMC4585836 DOI: 10.1038/srep14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs are currently being developed to attenuate oxidative stress as a treatment for brain injuries. C-phycocyanin (C-Pc) is an antioxidant protein of green microalgae known to exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative brain injury. Astrocytes, which compose many portions of the brain, exert various functions to overcome oxidative stress; however, little is known about how C-Pc mediates the antioxidative effects of astrocytes. In this study, we revealed that C-Pc intranasal administration to the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats ensures neuroprotection of ischemic brain by reducing infarct size and improving behavioral deficits. C-Pc also enhanced viability and proliferation but attenuated apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of oxidized astrocytes, without cytotoxicity to normal astrocytes and neurons. To elucidate how C-Pc leads astrocytes to enhance neuroprotection and repair of ischemia brain, we firstly developed 3D oxidized astrocyte model. C-Pc had astrocytes upregulate antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and catalase and neurotrophic factors BDNF and NGF, while alleviating inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β and glial scar. Additionally, C-Pc improved viability of 3D oxidized neurons. In summary, C-Pc was concluded to activate oxidized astrocytes to protect and repair the ischemic brain with the combinatorial effects of improved antioxidative, neurotrophic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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89
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Zhang Q, Lan Y, He XF, Luo CM, Wang QM, Liang FY, Xu GQ, Pei Z. Allopurinol protects against ischemic insults in a mouse model of cortical microinfarction. Brain Res 2015; 1622:361-7. [PMID: 26187758 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microinfarcts are common in patients with cognitive decline and dementia. Allopurinol (ALLO), a xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitor, has been found to reduce proinflammatory molecules and oxidative stress in the vasculature. We here examined the effect of pre-treatment with allopurinol on the cortical microinfarction. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a permanent single penetrating arteriole occlusion induced by two-photon laser irradiation. Infarction volume, the activation of glial cells and nitrosative stress in the ischemic brain was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Pre-treatment with ALLO achieved 42% reduction of infarct volume and significantly reduced microglia infiltration, astrocyte proliferation and nitrosative stress in the ischemic brain. These data indicate that ALLO protects against microinfarcts possibly through inhibition of nitrosative stress and attenuation of microglia infiltration as well as astrocytes reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People׳s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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90
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Carreras FJ, Aranda CJ, Porcel D, Rodriguez-Hurtado F, Martínez-Agustin O, Zarzuelo A. Expression of glucose transporters in the prelaminar region of the optic-nerve head of the pig as determined by immunolabeling and tissue culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128516. [PMID: 26030125 PMCID: PMC4452482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop the use of cultured tissue of the prelaminar optic nerve of the pig to explore possible alterations of the astrocyte-axon metabolic pathways in glaucoma, we map the distribution of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in fresh and cultured tissue. Methods We monitor cell survival in cultures of the prelaminar optic-nerve tissue, measuring necrosis and apoptosis markers biochemically as well as morphologically, and establish the presence of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. We map the distribution of these transporters with immunolabeling in histological sections of the optic nerve using confocal and electronic transmission microscopy. Results We find that the main death type in prelaminar culture is apoptosis. Caspase 7 staining reveals an increment in apoptosis from day 1 to day 4 and a reduction from day 4 to day 8. Western blotting for GLUT1 shows stability with increased culture time. CLSM micrographs locate GLUT1 in the columnar astrocytes and in the area of axonal bundles. Anti-GLUT3 predominantly labels axonal bundles. TEM immunolabeling with colloidal gold displays a very specific distribution of GLUT-1 in the membranes of vascular endothelial cells and in periaxonal astrocyte expansions. The GLUT-3 isoform is observed with TEM only in axons in the axonal bundles. Conclusions Tissue culture is suitable for apoptosis-induction experiments. The results suggest that glucose is transported to the axonal cleft intracytoplasmically and delivered to the cleft by GLUT1 transporters. As monocarboxylate transporters have been reported in the prelaminar region of the optic-nerve head, this area is likely to use both lactate and glucose as energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Carreras
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos J. Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Porcel
- Center of Scientific Instrumentation, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Olga Martínez-Agustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Zarzuelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Granada, Spain
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91
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Ritzel RM, Patel AR, Grenier JM, Crapser J, Verma R, Jellison ER, McCullough LD. Functional differences between microglia and monocytes after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:106. [PMID: 26022493 PMCID: PMC4465481 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The brain’s initial innate response to stroke is primarily mediated by microglia, the resident macrophage of the CNS. However, as early as 4 h after stroke, the blood–brain barrier is compromised and monocyte infiltration occurs. The lack of discriminating markers between these two myeloid populations has led many studies to generate conclusions based on the grouping of these two populations. A growing body of evidence now supports the distinct roles played by microglia and monocytes in many disease models. Methods Using a flow cytometry approach, combined with ex-vivo functional assays, we were able to distinguish microglia from monocytes using the relative expression of CD45 and assess the function of each cell type following stroke over the course of 7 days. Results We found that at 72 h after a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), microglia populations decrease whereas monocytes significantly increase in the stroke brain compared to sham. After stroke, BRDU incorporation into monocytes in the bone marrow increased. After recruitment to the ischemic brain, these monocytes accounted for nearly all BRDU-positive macrophages. Inflammatory activity peaked at 72 h. Microglia produced relatively higher reactive oxygen species and TNF, whereas monocytes were the predominant IL-1β producer. Although microglia showed enhanced phagocytic activity after stroke, monocytes had significantly higher phagocytic capacity at 72 h. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between TNF expression levels and phagocytic activity of microglia after stroke. Conclusions In summary, the resident microglia population is vulnerable to the effects of severe ischemia, show compromised cell cycle progression, and adopt a largely pro-inflammatory phenotype after stroke. Infiltrating monocytes are primarily involved with early debris clearance of dying cells. These findings suggest that the early wave of infiltrating monocytes may be beneficial to stroke repair and future therapies aimed at mitigating microglia cell death may prove more effective than attempting to elicit targeted anti-inflammatory responses from damaged cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0329-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Anita R Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Grenier
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Joshua Crapser
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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92
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Choudhury GR, Ding S. Reactive astrocytes and therapeutic potential in focal ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:234-244. [PMID: 25982835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many CNS disorders including focal ischemic stroke, the leading cause of brain injury and death in patients. One of the prominent pathological features of a focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Reactive astrogliosis is accompanied with changes in morphology, proliferation, and gene expression in the reactive astrocytes. This study provides an overview of the most recent advances in astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling, spatial, and temporal dynamics of the morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes as well as signaling pathways involved in the reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental studies performed in various animal models. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of reactive astrocytes in focal ischemic stroke. As reactive astrocytes exhibit high plasticity, we suggest that modulation of local reactive astrocytes is a promising strategy for cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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93
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Resveratrol downregulates type-1 glutamate transporter expression and microglia activation in the hippocampus following cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1608:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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94
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Li F, Yan CQ, Lin LT, Li H, Zeng XH, Liu Y, Du SQ, Zhu W, Liu CZ. Acupuncture attenuates cognitive deficits and increases pyramidal neuron number in hippocampal CA1 area of vascular dementia rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:133. [PMID: 25928206 PMCID: PMC4426171 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased cognition is recognized as one of the most severe and consistent behavioral impairments in dementia. Experimental studies have reported that acupuncture may improve cognitive deficits, relieve vascular dementia (VD) symptoms, and increase cerebral perfusion and electrical activity. METHODS Multi-infarction dementia was modeled in rats with 3% microemboli saline suspension. Two weeks after acupuncture at Zusanli (ST36), all rats were subjected to a hidden platform trial to test their 3-day spatial memory using the Morris water maze test. To estimate the numbers of pyramidal neuron, astrocytes, and synaptic boutons in hippocampal CA1 area, we adopted an unbiased stereology method to accurately sample and measure the size of cells. RESULTS We found that acupuncture at ST36 significantly decreased the escape latency of VD rats. In addition, acupuncture significantly increased the pyramidal neuron number in hippocampal CA1 area (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease the number of astrocytes (P = 0.063). However, there was no significant change in the synaptic bouton number of hippocampal CA1 area in any of the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that acupuncture may improve cognitive deficits and increase pyramidal neuron number of hippocampal CA1 area in VD rats.
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95
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Min H, Hong J, Cho IH, Jang YH, Lee H, Kim D, Yu SW, Lee S, Lee SJ. TLR2-induced astrocyte MMP9 activation compromises the blood brain barrier and exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models. Mol Brain 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 25879213 PMCID: PMC4397689 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in various neurological diseases, yet neither its role in ICH nor the mechanisms by which it functions have yet been elucidated. We examined these in this study using a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model with TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS TLR2 expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral hemorrhagic tissues of the collagenase-injected mice. Brain injury volume and neurological deficits following ICH were reduced in TLR2 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Heterologous blood-transfer experiments show that TLR2 signaling in brain-resident cells, but not leukocytes, contributes to the injury. In our study to elucidate underlying mechanisms, we found that damage to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following ICH was attenuated in TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice, which may be due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activation in astrocytes. The reduced BBB damage accompanies decreased neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in the injured brain parenchyma, which may account for the attenuated brain damage in TLR2 KO mice after ICH. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a detrimental role in ICH-induced brain damage by activating MMP9 in astrocytes, compromising BBB, and enhancing neutrophils infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Dongwoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Vella J, Zammit C, Di Giovanni G, Muscat R, Valentino M. The central role of aquaporins in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:108. [PMID: 25904843 PMCID: PMC4389728 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a complex and devastating neurological condition with limited treatment options. Brain edema is a serious complication of stroke. Early edema formation can significantly contribute to infarct formation and thus represents a promising target. Aquaporin (AQP) water channels contribute to water homeostasis by regulating water transport and are implicated in several disease pathways. At least 7 AQP subtypes have been identified in the rodent brain and the use of transgenic mice has greatly aided our understanding of their functions. AQP4, the most abundant channel in the brain, is up-regulated around the peri-infarct border in transient cerebral ischemia and AQP4 knockout mice demonstrate significantly reduced cerebral edema and improved neurological outcome. In models of vasogenic edema, brain swelling is more pronounced in AQP4-null mice than wild-type providing strong evidence of the dual role of AQP4 in the formation and resolution of both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema. AQP4 is co-localized with inwardly rectifying K(+)-channels (Kir4.1) and glial K(+) uptake is attenuated in AQP4 knockout mice compared to wild-type, indicating some form of functional interaction. AQP4-null mice also exhibit a reduction in calcium signaling, suggesting that this channel may also be involved in triggering pathological downstream signaling events. Associations with the gap junction protein Cx43 possibly recapitulate its role in edema dissipation within the astroglial syncytium. Other roles ascribed to AQP4 include facilitation of astrocyte migration, glial scar formation, modulation of inflammation and signaling functions. Treatment of ischemic cerebral edema is based on the various mechanisms in which fluid content in different brain compartments can be modified. The identification of modulators and inhibitors of AQP4 offer new therapeutic avenues in the hope of reducing the extent of morbidity and mortality in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mario Valentino
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
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97
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Parmar J, Jones NM. Hypoxic preconditioning can reduce injury-induced inflammatory processes in the neonatal rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:35-42. [PMID: 25824817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Studies have shown that hypoxic preconditioning (HP) can ameliorate brain damage, but its effects on inflammation remain unknown. Postnatal day 6 (P6), Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normoxia and hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) groups. On P7, some pups underwent a right carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 3h) while under 1.5% isofluorane anesthesia and the remaining pups underwent sham surgery without occlusion. Animals were sacrificed 5 days later and fixed tissue was used to examine changes in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the cortex. Fresh tissue was collected to determine cortical levels of proinflammatory cytokines using ELISA. There was a significant loss in the number of NeuN positive cells in the cortex following HI injury, which was improved when HP was given prior to HI. There was an increase in cortical area of astrocyte staining after HI injury compared to control. HP before HI was able to reduce area of GFAP staining back to control levels. HI caused a large increase in the number of activated microglia compared to control and HP was able to significantly reduce this, although not back to control levels. HP alone increased microglial activation. Interleukin-1β levels were increased in the cortex 5 days after HI, but HP was not able to significantly reduce this change. The neuroprotective effects of HP appear to be mediated by affecting cellular inflammatory processes in the brain following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, New South Wales, Australia.
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98
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O'Shea RD, Lau CL, Zulaziz N, Maclean FL, Nisbet DR, Horne MK, Beart PM. Transcriptomic analysis and 3D bioengineering of astrocytes indicate ROCK inhibition produces cytotrophic astrogliosis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:50. [PMID: 25750613 PMCID: PMC4335181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes provide trophic, structural and metabolic support to neurons, and are considered genuine targets in regenerative neurobiology, as their phenotype arbitrates brain integrity during injury. Inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK) cause stellation of cultured 2D astrocytes, increased L-glutamate transport, augmented G-actin, and elevated expression of BDNF and anti-oxidant genes. Here we further explored the signposts of a cytotrophic, “healthy” phenotype by data-mining of our astrocytic transcriptome in the presence of Fasudil. Gene expression profiles of motor and autophagic cellular cascades and inflammatory/angiogenic responses were all inhibited, favoring adoption of an anti-migratory phenotype. Like ROCK inhibition, tissue engineered bioscaffolds can influence the extracellular matrix. We built upon our evidence that astrocytes maintained on 3D poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds adopt a cytotrophic phenotype similar to that produced by Fasudil. Using these procedures, employing mature 3D cultured astrocytes, Fasudil (100 μM) or Y27632 (30 μM) added for the last 72 h of culture altered arborization, which featured numerous additional minor processes as shown by GFAP and AHNAK immunolabelling. Both ROCK inhibitors decreased F-actin, but increased G-actin labeling, indicative of disassembly of actin stress fibers. ROCK inhibitors provide additional beneficial effects for bioengineered 3D astrocytes, including enlargement of the overall arbor. Potentially, the combined strategy of bio-compatible scaffolds with ROCK inhibition offers unique advantages for the management of glial scarring. Overall these data emphasize that manipulation of the astrocyte phenotype to achieve a “healthy biology” offers new hope for the management of inflammation in neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D O'Shea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chew L Lau
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natasha Zulaziz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca L Maclean
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Horne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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99
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Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and most numerous glial cell type in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many neural disorders including focal ischemic stroke, a leading cause of brain injury and human death. One of the prominent pathological features of focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation associated with morphological changes and proliferation. This review paper discusses the recent advances in spatial and temporal dynamics of morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental animal studies. As reactive astrocytes exhibit stem cell-like properties, knowledge of dynamics of reactive astrocytes and glial scar formation will provide important insights for astrocyte-based cell therapy in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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100
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Freeman KA, Fullerton DA, Foley LS, Bell MT, Cleveland JC, Weyant MJ, Mares J, Meng X, Puskas F, Reece TB. Spinal cord protection via alpha-2 agonist-mediated increase in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 149:578-84; discussion 584-6. [PMID: 25454921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Delayed paraplegia secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury is a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Alpha-2 agonists have been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the mechanism for protection has yet to be elucidated. A growing body of evidence suggests that astrocytes play a critical role in neuroprotection by release of neurotrophins. We hypothesize that alpha-2 agonism with dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord astrocytes to provide spinal cord protection. METHODS Spinal cords were isolated en bloc from C57BL/6 mice, and primary spinal cord astrocytes and neurons were selected for and grown separately in culture. Astrocytes were treated with dexmedetomidine, and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor was tested for by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess neuronal viability. RESULTS Spinal cord primary astrocytes treated with dexmedetomidine at 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L had significantly increased glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor production compared with control (P < .05). Neurons subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation had significant preservation (P < .05) of viability with use of dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media. Glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor neutralizing antibody eliminated the protective effects of the dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes have been shown to preserve neuronal viability via release of neurotrophic factors. Dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor from spinal cord astrocytes via the alpha-2 receptor. Treatment with alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine may be a clinical tool for use in spinal cord protection in aortic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa S Foley
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Marshall T Bell
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | | | - Michael J Weyant
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Joshua Mares
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Ferenc Puskas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - T Brett Reece
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
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