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Poitras TM, Munchrath E, Zochodne DW. Neurobiological Opportunities in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2303-2323. [PMID: 34935118 PMCID: PMC8804062 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights a selection of potential translational directions for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) currently irreversible and without approved interventions beyond pain management. The list does not include all diabetic targets that have been generated over several decades of research but focuses on newer work. The emphasis is firstly on approaches that support the viability and growth of peripheral neurons and their ability to withstand a barrage of diabetic alterations. We include a section describing Schwann cell targets and finally how mitochondrial damage has been a common element in discussing neuropathic damage. Most of the molecules and pathways described here have not yet reached clinical trials, but many trials have been negative to date. Nonetheless, these failures clear the pathway for new thoughts over reversing DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Poitras
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Easton Munchrath
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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52
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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53
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54
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Zhang N, Cui Y, Li Y, Mi Y. A Novel Role of Nogo Proteins: Regulating Macrophages in Inflammatory Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2439-2448. [PMID: 34224050 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nogo proteins, also known as Reticulon-4, have been identified as myelin-derived inhibitors of neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). There are three Nogo variants, Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Recent studies have shown that Nogo-A/B is abundant in macrophages and may have a wider effect on inflammation. In this review, we focus mainly on the possible roles of Nogo-A/B on polarization and recruitment of macrophages and their involvement in a variety of inflammatory diseases. We then discuss the Nogo receptor1 (NgR1), a common receptor for Nogo proteins that is also abundant in microglia/macrophage in the CNS. Interaction of Nogo and NgR1 in microglia/macrophage may affect the adhesion and polarization of macrophages that are involved in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Overall, this review provides insights into the roles of Nogo proteins in regulating macrophage functions and suggests that, potentially, Nogo proteins maybe a new target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Mi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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55
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Yao C, Wang Q, Wang Y, Wu J, Cao X, Lu Y, Chen Y, Feng W, Gu X, Dun XP, Yu B. Loc680254 regulates Schwann cell proliferation through Psrc1 and Ska1 as a microRNA sponge following sciatic nerve injury. Glia 2021; 69:2391-2403. [PMID: 34115425 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury triggers sequential phenotype alterations in Schwann cells, which are critical for axonal regeneration. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are long transcripts without obvious coding potential. It has been reported that lncRNAs participate in diverse biological processes and diseases. However, the role of lncRNA in Schwann cells and peripheral nerve regeneration is unclear. Here, we identified an lncRNA, loc680254, which is upregulated in rat sciatic nerve after peripheral nerve injury. The loc680254 knockdown inhibits Schwann cell proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and hinders cell cycle, while loc680254 overexpression has the opposite effect. Mechanically, we found that loc680254 might act as a microRNA sponge to regulate the expression of mitosis-related gene, spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1 (Ska1) and proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 (Psrc1). Silencing of Psrc1 or Ska1 attenuates the effect of loc680254 overexpression on Schwann cell proliferation. Finally, we repaired the rat sciatic nerve gap with chitosan scaffolds loaded with loc680254-overexpressing Schwann cells and evaluated axon regeneration and functional recovery. Our results indicated that loc680254 is a new potential modulator for Schwann cell proliferation, which could be targeted to develop novel therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiancheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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56
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Sumarwoto T, Suroto H, Mahyudin F, Utomo DN, Romaniyanto, Tinduh D, Notobroto HB, Sigit Prakoeswa CR, Rantam FA, Rhatomy S. Role of adipose mesenchymal stem cells and secretome in peripheral nerve regeneration. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 67:102482. [PMID: 34168873 PMCID: PMC8209190 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells is a breakthrough in medical biotechnology which brings regenerative therapy into a new era. Over the past several decades, stem cells had been widely used as regenerative therapy and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) had emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Currently stem cells are effective therapeutic agents againts several diseases due to their tissue protective and repair mechanisms. This therapeutic effect is largely due to the biomolecular properties including secretomes. Injury to peripheral nerves has significant health and economic consequences, and no surgical procedure can completely restore sensory and motor function. Stem cell therapy in peripheral nerve injury is an important future intervention to achieve the best clinical outcome improvement. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells which are similar to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The following review aims to provide an overview of the use of AdMSCs and their secretomes in regenerating peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Sumarwoto
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prof Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ferdiansyah Mahyudin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dwikora Novembri Utomo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Romaniyanto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prof Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sholahuddin Rhatomy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro General Hospital, Klaten, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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57
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do Carmo Oliveira TG, Dos Santos ACM, Assis AD, Borges RT, da Costa Silva JR, Ueira-Vieira C, Simões GF, Zanon RG. TNF-mimetic peptide mixed with fibrin glue improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:53-62. [PMID: 34090933 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surgical intervention is necessary following nerve trauma. Tubular prostheses can guide growing axons and inserting substances within these prostheses can be positive for the regeneration, making it an alternative for the current standard tools for nerve repair. Our aim was to investigate the effects of fibrin glue BthTL when combined with a synthetic TNF mimetic-action peptide on nerve regeneration. Male Wistar rats suffered left sciatic nerve transection. For repairing, we used empty silicon tubes (n = 10), tubes filled with fibrin glue BthTL (Tube + Glue group, n = 10) or tubes filled with fibrin glue BThTL mixed with TNF mimetic peptide (Tube + Glue + Pep group, n = 10). Animals were euthanized after 45 days. We collected nerves to perform immunostaining (neurofilament, GAP43, S100-β, NGFRp75 and Iba-1), light and transmission electron microscopy (for counting myelinated, unmyelinated and degenerated fibers; and for the evaluation of morphometric aspects of regenerated fibers) and collagen staining. All procedures were approved by local ethics committee (protocol 063/17). Tube + Glue + Pep group showed intense inflammatory infiltrate, higher Iba-1 expression, increased immunostaining for NGFRp75 receptor (which characterizes Schwann cell regenerative phenotype), higher myelin thickness and fiber diameter and more type III collagen deposition. Tube + Glue group showed intermediate results between empty tube and Tube + Glue + Pep groups for anti-NGFRp75 immunostaining, inflammation and collagen; on fiber counts, this group showed more degenerate fibers and fewer unmyelinated axons than others. Empty tube group showed superiority only in GAP43 immunostaining. A combination of BthTL glue and TNF mimetic peptide induced greater axonal regrowth and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tárika Gonçalves do Carmo Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Moreira Dos Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex Dias Assis
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Teixeira Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Graciele Zanon
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Morphology and Cell Culture. Federal University of Uberlandia, UFU, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
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58
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Ma C, Zhang W, Cao M. Role of the Peripheral Nervous System in PD Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:598457. [PMID: 33994915 PMCID: PMC8119739 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.598457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on Parkinson disease (PD) have mostly focused on the central nervous system—specifically, on the loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and associated motor dysfunction. However, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is gaining prominence in PD research, with increasing clinical attention being paid to non-motor symptoms. Researchers found abnormal deposition of α-synuclein and neuroinflammation in the PNS. Attempts have been made to use these pathological changes during the clinical diagnosis of PD. Animal studies demonstrated that combined transplantation of autologous peripheral nerves and cells with tyrosine hydroxylase activity can reduce dopaminergic neuronal damage, and similar effects were observed in some clinical trials. In this review, we will systematically explain PNS performance in PD pathology and its clinical diagnostic research, describe PNS experimental results [especially Schwann cell (SC) transplantation in the treatment of PD animal models] and the results of clinical trials, and discuss future directions. The mechanism by which SCs produce such a therapeutic effect and the safety of transplantation therapy are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Maohong Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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59
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De Logu F, Marini M, Landini L, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Bartalucci N, Trevisan G, Bruno G, Marangoni M, Schmidt BL, Bunnett NW, Geppetti P, Nassini R. Peripheral Nerve Resident Macrophages and Schwann Cells Mediate Cancer-Induced Pain. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3387-3401. [PMID: 33771895 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although macrophages (MΦ) are known to play a central role in neuropathic pain, their contribution to cancer pain has not been established. Here we report that depletion of sciatic nerve resident MΦs (rMΦ) in mice attenuates mechanical/cold hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain evoked by intraplantar injection of melanoma or lung carcinoma cells. MΦ-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) was upregulated in the sciatic nerve trunk and mediated cancer-evoked pain via rMΦ expansion, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) activation, and oxidative stress. Targeted deletion of Trpa1 revealed a key role for Schwann cell TRPA1 in sciatic nerve rMΦ expansion and pain-like behaviors. Depletion of rMΦs in a medial portion of the sciatic nerve prevented pain-like behaviors. Collectively, we identified a feed-forward pathway involving M-CSF, rMΦ, oxidative stress, and Schwann cell TRPA1 that operates throughout the nerve trunk to signal cancer-evoked pain. SIGNIFICANCE: Schwann cell TRPA1 sustains cancer pain through release of M-CSF and oxidative stress, which promote the expansion and the proalgesic actions of intraneural macrophages. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/12/3387/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Niccolò Bartalucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduated Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gennaro Bruno
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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60
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Boissonnas A, Louboutin F, Laviron M, Loyher PL, Reboussin E, Barthelemy S, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Lobsiger CS, Combadière B, Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Combadière C. Imaging resident and recruited macrophage contribution to Wallerian degeneration. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151939. [PMID: 32648893 PMCID: PMC7596821 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a process of autonomous distal degeneration of axons upon injury. Macrophages (MPs) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are the main cellular agent controlling this process. Some evidence suggests that resident PNS-MPs along with MPs of hematogenous origin may be involved, but whether these two subsets exert distinct functions is unknown. Combining MP-designed fluorescent reporter mice and coherent anti–Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging of the sciatic nerve, we deciphered the spatiotemporal choreography of resident and recently recruited MPs after injury and unveiled distinct functions of these subsets, with recruited MPs being responsible for efficient myelin stripping and clearance and resident MPs being involved in axonal regrowth. This work provides clues to tackle selectively cellular processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Boissonnas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Louboutin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie Laviron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Barthelemy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Christian S Lobsiger
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Béhazine Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mélik Parsadaniantz
- Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
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61
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Jia B, Huang W, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang Z, Zheng M, Wang T. Nogo-C Inhibits Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Regulating Schwann Cell Apoptosis and Dedifferentiation. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:616258. [PMID: 33584179 PMCID: PMC7873940 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.616258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Nogo protein demonstrably inhibits nerve regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), its effect on Schwann cells in peripheral nerve repair and regeneration following sciatic nerve injury remains unknown. In this research, We assessed the post-injury expression of Nogo-C in an experimental mouse model of sciatic nerve-crush injury. Nogo-C knockout (Nogo-C–/–) mouse was generated to observe the effect of Nogo-C on sciatic nerve regeneration, Schwann cell apoptosis, and myelin disintegration after nerve injury, and the effects of Nogo-C on apoptosis and dedifferentiation of Schwann cells were observed in vitro. We found that the expression of Nogo-C protein at the distal end of the injured sciatic nerve increased in wild type (WT) mice. Compared with the injured WT mice, the proportion of neuronal apoptosis was significantly diminished and the myelin clearance rate was significantly elevated in injured Nogo-C–/– mice; the number of nerve fibers regenerated and the degree of myelination were significantly elevated in Nogo-C–/– mice on Day 14 after injury. In addition, the recovery of motor function was significantly accelerated in the injured Nogo-C–/– mice. The overexpression of Nogo-C in primary Schwann cells using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer promoted Schwann cells apoptosis. Nogo-C significantly reduced the ratio of c-Jun/krox-20 expression, indicating its inhibition of Schwann cell dedifferentiation. Above all, we hold the view that the expression of Nogo-C increases following peripheral nerve injury to promote Schwann cell apoptosis and inhibit Schwann cell dedifferentiation, thereby inhibiting peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jia
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
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Li L, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu J, Hu X, Tan D, Li Z, Guo J. Ascorbic acid accelerates Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1078-1085. [PMID: 33269753 PMCID: PMC8224114 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration occurs after peripheral nerve injury and provides a beneficial microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Our previous study demonstrated that ascorbic acid promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, possibly through promoting Schwann cell proliferation and phagocytosis and enhancing macrophage proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. Because Schwann cells and macrophages are the main cells involved in Wallerian degeneration, we speculated that ascorbic acid may accelerate this degenerative process. To test this hypothesis, 400 mg/kg ascorbic acid was administered intragastrically immediately after sciatic nerve transection, and 200 mg/kg ascorbic acid was then administered intragastrically every day. In addition, rat sciatic nerve explants were treated with 200 μM ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid significantly accelerated the degradation of myelin basic protein-positive myelin and neurofilament 200-positive axons in both the transected nerves and nerve explants. Furthermore, ascorbic acid inhibited myelin-associated glycoprotein expression, increased c-Jun expression in Schwann cells, and increased both the number of macrophages and the amount of myelin fragments in the macrophages. These findings suggest that ascorbic acid accelerates Wallerian degeneration by accelerating the degeneration of axons and myelin in the injured nerve, promoting the dedifferentiation of Schwann cells, and enhancing macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. The study was approved by the Southern Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. SMU-L2015081) on October 15, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University; Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Masgutov R, Zeinalova A, Bogov A, Masgutova G, Salafutdinov I, Garanina E, Syromiatnikova V, Idrisova K, Mullakhmetova A, Andreeva D, Mukhametova L, Kadyrov A, Pankov I, Rizvanov A. Angiogenesis and nerve regeneration induced by local administration of plasmid pBud-coVEGF165-coFGF2 into the intact rat sciatic nerve. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1882-1889. [PMID: 33510097 PMCID: PMC8328758 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are well-known growth factors involved in the regeneration of various tissues and organs, including peripheral nerve system. In the present study, we elucidated the local and systemic effects of plasmid construct рBud-coVEGF165-coFGF2 injected into the epineurium of intact rat sciatic nerve. Results of histological examination of sciatic nerve and multiplex immunoassays of serum showed the absence of immunogenicity and biosafety of plasmid рBud-coVEGF165-coFGF2. Moreover, local administration of plasmid DNA construct resulted in significantly decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-12, and significantly increased levels of cytokines and chemokines including Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secrete (RANTES), epidermal growth factor, interleukin-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. These changes in the peripheral blood on day 7 after injection of plasmid construct рBud-coVEGF165-coFGF2 show that the plasmid construct has systemic effects and may modulate immune response. At the same time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed transient expression of coFGF2, coVEGF165, ratFGF2 and ratVEGFA with direct transport of transcripts from distal part to proximal part of the sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemical staining revealed prolonged presence of VEGFA in sciatic nerve till 14 days post-injection. These findings suggest that local administration of plasmid construct рBud-coVEGF165-coFGF2 at a concentration of 30 ng/µL results in the formation of pro-angiogenic stimuli and, and the plasmid construct, used as a drug for gene therapy, might potentially facilitate regeneration of the sciatic nerve. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Kazan Federal University, procedures were approved by the Local Ethics Committee (approval No. 5) on May 27, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Masgutov
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University; Republican Clinical Hospital, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alina Zeinalova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Galina Masgutova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilnur Salafutdinov
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriia Syromiatnikova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kamilla Idrisova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Adelya Mullakhmetova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dina Andreeva
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liliya Mukhametova
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Adilet Kadyrov
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Pankov
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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64
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Cao QQ, Li S, Lu Y, Wu D, Feng W, Shi Y, Zhang LP. Transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying facial nerve injury repair in rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2316-2323. [PMID: 33818518 PMCID: PMC8354104 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the transcriptional alterations inside the facial nucleus after facial nerve injury have been well studied, the gene expression changes in the facial nerve trunk after injury are still unknown. In this study, we established an adult rat model of facial nerve crush injury by compressing the right lateral extracranial nerve trunk. Transcriptome sequencing, differential gene expression analysis, and cluster analysis of the injured facial nerve trunk were performed, and 39 intersecting genes with significant variance in expression were identified. Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the 39 intersecting genes revealed that these genes are mostly involved in leukocyte cell-cell adhesion and phagocytosis and have essential roles in regulating nerve repair. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to validate the expression of pivotal genes. Finally, nine pivotal genes that contribute to facial nerve recovery were identified, including Arhgap30, Akr1b8, C5ar1, Csf2ra, Dock2, Hcls1, Inpp5d, Sla, and Spi1. Primary Schwann cells were isolated from the sciatic nerve of neonatal rats. After knocking down Akr1b8 in Schwann cells with an Akr1b8-specific small interfering RNA plasmid, expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were decreased, while cell proliferation and migration were not obviously altered. These findings suggest that Akr1b8 likely regulates the interaction between Schwann cells and macrophages through regulation of cytokine expression to promote facial nerve regeneration. This study is the first to reveal a transcriptome change in the facial nerve trunk after facial nerve injury, thereby revealing the potential mechanism underlying repair of facial nerve injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nantong University, China in 2018 (approval No. S20180923-007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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65
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Qu WR, Zhu Z, Liu J, Song DB, Tian H, Chen BP, Li R, Deng LX. Interaction between Schwann cells and other cells during repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:93-98. [PMID: 32788452 PMCID: PMC7818858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common and, unlike damage to the central nervous system injured nerves can effectively regenerate depending on the location and severity of injury. Peripheral myelinating glia, Schwann cells (SCs), interact with various cells in and around the injury site and are important for debris elimination, repair, and nerve regeneration. Following PNI, Wallerian degeneration of the distal stump is rapidly initiated by degeneration of damaged axons followed by morphologic changes in SCs and the recruitment of circulating macrophages. Interaction with fibroblasts from the injured nerve microenvironment also plays a role in nerve repair. The replication and migration of injury-induced dedifferentiated SCs are also important in repairing the nerve. In particular, SC migration stimulates axonal regeneration and subsequent myelination of regenerated nerve fibers. This mobility increases SC interactions with other cells in the nerve and the exogenous environment, which influence SC behavior post-injury. Following PNI, SCs directly and indirectly interact with other SCs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. In addition, the inter- and intracellular mechanisms that underlie morphological and functional changes in SCs following PNI still require further research to explain known phenomena and less understood cell-specific roles in the repair of the injured peripheral nerve. This review provides a basic assessment of SC function post-PNI, as well as a more comprehensive evaluation of the literature concerning the SC interactions with macrophages and fibroblasts that can influence SC behavior and, ultimately, repair of the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Biao Song
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Peng Chen
- Orthopedic Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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66
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Mesquida-Veny F, Del Río JA, Hervera A. Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101970. [PMID: 33358752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries do not heal properly in contrast to normal tissue repair, in which functional recovery typically occurs. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is explained in part by macrophage and microglial malfunction, affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to appropriate axonal regeneration. In normal healing tissue, macrophages promote the repair of injured tissue by regulating transitions through different phases of the healing response. In contrast, inflammation dominates the outcome of CNS injury, often leading to secondary damage. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this dichotomy is critical to advance in neuronal repair therapies. Recent studies highlight the plasticity and complexity of macrophages and microglia beyond the classical view of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm. This plasticity represents an in vivo continuous spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping functions and markers. Moreover, macrophage and microglial plasticity affect many events essential for neuronal regeneration after injury, such as myelin and cell debris clearance, inflammation, release of cytokines, and trophic factors, affecting both intrinsic neuronal properties and extracellular matrix deposition. Until recently, this complexity was overlooked in the translation of therapies modulating these responses for the treatment of neuronal injuries. However, recent studies have shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this complexity and its transitions and effects on regenerative events. Here we review the complexity of macrophages and microglia after neuronal injury and their roles in regeneration, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, and we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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67
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Kalinski AL, Yoon C, Huffman LD, Duncker PC, Kohen R, Passino R, Hafner H, Johnson C, Kawaguchi R, Carbajal KS, Jara JS, Hollis E, Geschwind DH, Segal BM, Giger RJ. Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement. eLife 2020; 9:60223. [PMID: 33263277 PMCID: PMC7735761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury triggers sterile inflammation within the distal nerve and axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Granulocytes and pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes infiltrate the nerve first and rapidly give way to Ly6Cnegative inflammation-resolving macrophages. In axotomized DRGs, few hematogenous leukocytes are detected and resident macrophages acquire a ramified morphology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of injured sciatic nerve identifies five macrophage subpopulations, repair Schwann cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Macrophages at the nerve crush site are molecularly distinct from macrophages associated with Wallerian degeneration. In the injured nerve, macrophages ‘eat’ apoptotic leukocytes, a process called efferocytosis, and thereby promote an anti-inflammatory milieu. Myeloid cells in the injured nerve, but not axotomized DRGs, strongly express receptors for the cytokine GM-CSF. In GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-/-) mice, inflammation resolution is delayed and conditioning-lesion-induced regeneration of DRG neuron central axons is abolished. Thus, carefully orchestrated inflammation resolution in the nerve is required for conditioning-lesion-induced neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Choya Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin S Carbajal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States.,The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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68
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Effects of Pacap on Schwann Cells: Focus on Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218233. [PMID: 33153152 PMCID: PMC7663204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells, the most abundant glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, represent the key players able to supply extracellular microenvironment for axonal regrowth and restoration of myelin sheaths on regenerating axons. Following nerve injury, Schwann cells respond adaptively to damage by acquiring a new phenotype. In particular, some of them localize in the distal stump to form the Bungner band, a regeneration track in the distal site of the injured nerve, whereas others produce cytokines involved in recruitment of macrophages infiltrating into the nerve damaged area for axonal and myelin debris clearance. Several neurotrophic factors, including pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), promote survival and axonal elongation of injured neurons. The present review summarizes the evidence existing in the literature demonstrating the autocrine and/or paracrine action exerted by PACAP to promote remyelination and ameliorate the peripheral nerve inflammatory response following nerve injury.
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69
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Pan D, Sayanagi J, Acevedo-Cintrón JA, Schellhardt L, Snyder-Warwick AK, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. Liposomes embedded within fibrin gels facilitate localized macrophage manipulations within nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:108981. [PMID: 33075327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the role of macrophages at discrete spatial locations during nerve regeneration after injury is important. But, methodologies that systemically manipulate macrophages can obscure their roles within discrete spatial locations within nerve. NEW METHOD Liposomes were embedded within fibrin gels to construct a delivery system that facilitated macrophage-specific manipulations at a sole spatial region, as macrophages accumulated within the fibrin. Clodronate liposomes were characterized for their toxicity to specific cells composing nerve in vitro, then tested for macrophage-specific depletion in vivo. This delivery system using clodronate liposomes was used to repair a mouse sciatic nerve gap to evaluate its efficacy and effects. RESULT Clodronate liposomes showed specific toxicity to macrophages without affecting dorsal root ganglia (DRG)-derived neurons, endothelial cells, or Schwann cells in culture. The delivery system demonstrated sustained release of liposomes for more than 7 days while still retaining liposomes within the fibrin. In vivo, the delivery system demonstrated macrophages were targeted by liposomes, and the use of clodronate liposomes minimized macrophage accumulation within fibrin, while not affecting macrophage accumulation within DRG. Nerve regeneration across the nerve gap repaired using this delivery system was associated with decreased angiogenesis, Schwann cell accumulation, axon growth, and reinnervation of affected muscle. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This delivery system allowed specific perturbation of macrophages locally in nerve. This method could be applicable across species without the need for genetic manipulations or systemic pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION Liposomes embedded within fibrin gels locally target macrophages at the site of nerve injury, which enables greater precision in conclusions regarding their roles in nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Junichi Sayanagi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jesús A Acevedo-Cintrón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren Schellhardt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alison K Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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70
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Lanigan LG, Russell DS, Woolard KD, Pardo ID, Godfrey V, Jortner BS, Butt MT, Bolon B. Comparative Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:10-33. [PMID: 33016246 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
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71
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Nocera G, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3977-3989. [PMID: 32277262 PMCID: PMC7532964 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The great plasticity of Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is a critical feature in the context of peripheral nerve regeneration following traumatic injuries and peripheral neuropathies. After a nerve damage, SCs are rapidly activated by injury-induced signals and respond by entering the repair program. During the repair program, SCs undergo dynamic cell reprogramming and morphogenic changes aimed at promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. SCs convert into a repair phenotype, activate negative regulators of myelination and demyelinate the damaged nerve. Moreover, they express many genes typical of their immature state as well as numerous de-novo genes. These genes modulate and drive the regeneration process by promoting neuronal survival, damaged axon disintegration, myelin clearance, axonal regrowth and guidance to their former target, and by finally remyelinating the regenerated axon. Many signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators and epigenetic mechanisms regulate these events. In this review, we discuss the main steps of the repair program with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate SC plasticity following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Nocera
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claire Jacob
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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72
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Tiong YL, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Chye SM. Melatonin promotes Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation through the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK pathways, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 32934681 PMCID: PMC7471953 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon peripheral nerve injury (PNI), continuous proliferation of Schwann cells is critical for axon regeneration and tubular reconstruction for nerve regeneration. Melatonin is a hormone that is able to induce proliferation in various cell types. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on promoting Schwann cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism involved were investigated. The present results showed that melatonin enhanced the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) expression in Schwann cells. Melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation into progenitor-like Schwann cells, as observed by immunofluorescence staining, which showed Sox2 marker expression. In addition, melatonin enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, mediated by the upregulation of glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GNDF) and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK signaling pathways were also involved in Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation. In conclusion, melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation via the Ras/Raf/ERK, MAPK and GDNF/PKC pathways. The present results suggested that melatonin could be used to enhance the recovery of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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73
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Guo K, Eid SA, Elzinga SE, Pacut C, Feldman EL, Hur J. Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and gene expression identifies candidate genes for human diabetic neuropathy. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:123. [PMID: 32787975 PMCID: PMC7425575 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DPN are poorly understood, we and others have shown that altered gene expression and DNA methylation are implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, how DNA methylation might functionally impact gene expression and contribute to nerve damage remains unclear. Here, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptomic and methylomic profiles of sural nerves from T2D patients with DPN. RESULTS Unbiased clustering of transcriptomics data separated samples into groups, which correlated with HbA1c levels. Accordingly, we found 998 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 929 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) between the groups with the highest and lowest HbA1c levels. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs and DMGs were enriched for pathways known to play a role in DPN, including those related to the immune system, extracellular matrix (ECM), and axon guidance. To understand the interaction between the transcriptome and methylome in DPN, we performed an integrated analysis of the overlapping genes between DEGs and DMGs. Integrated functional and network analysis identified genes and pathways modulating functions such as immune response, ECM regulation, and PI3K-Akt signaling. CONCLUSION These results suggest for the first time that DNA methylation is a mechanism regulating gene expression in DPN. Overall, DPN patients with high HbA1c have distinct alterations in sural nerve DNA methylome and transcriptome, suggesting that optimal glycemic control in DPN patients is an important factor in maintaining epigenetic homeostasis and nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Rd. Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Eid
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Sarah E. Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Rd. Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
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74
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Ntogwa M, Imai S, Hiraiwa R, Koyanagi M, Matsumoto M, Ogihara T, Nakagawa S, Omura T, Yonezawa A, Nakagawa T, Matsubara K. Schwann cell-derived CXCL1 contributes to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-induced neuropathic pain by modulating macrophage infiltration in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:325-339. [PMID: 32229220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coat proteins, such as glycoprotein 120 (gp120), are considered to be responsible for the HIV-associated distal sensory neuropathy. Accumulating evidences suggest that T-cell line tropic X4 gp120 increases macrophage infiltration into the peripheral nerves, and thereby induces neuroinflammation leading to pain. However, the mechanisms underlying X4 gp120-induced macrophage recruitment to the peripheral nervous systems remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that perineural application of X4 gp120 from HIV-1 strains IIIB and MN elicited mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry and immunohistochemical studies revealed increased infiltration of bone marrow-derived macrophages into the parenchyma of sciatic nerves and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 7 days after gp120 IIIB or MN application. Chemical deletion of circulating macrophages using clodronate liposomes markedly suppressed gp120 IIIB-induced pain-like behaviors. In in vitro cell infiltration analysis, RAW 264.7 cell (a murine macrophage cell line) was chemoattracted to conditioned medium from gp120 IIIB- or MN-treated cultured Schwann cells, but not to conditioned medium from these gp120-treated DRG neurons, suggesting possible involvement of Schwann cell-derived soluble factors in macrophage infiltration. We identified using a gene expression array that CXCL1, a chemoattractant of macrophages and neutrophils, was increased in gp120 IIIB-treated cultured Schwann cells. Similar to gp120 IIIB or MN, perineural application of recombinant CXCL1 elicited pain-like behaviors accompanied by macrophage infiltration to the peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the repeated injection of CXCR2 (receptor for CXCL1) antagonist or CXCL1 neutralizing antibody prevented both pain-like behaviors and macrophage infiltration in gp120 IIIB-treated mice. Thus, the present study newly defines that Schwann cell-derived CXCL1, secreted in response to X4 gp120 exposure, is responsible for macrophage infiltration into peripheral nerves, and is thereby associated with pain-like behaviors in mice. We propose herein that communication between Schwann cells and macrophages may play a prominent role in the induction of X4 HIV-1-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo Ntogwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Ren Hiraiwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mayuna Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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75
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Rigoni M, Negro S. Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair. Cells 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 32722089 PMCID: PMC7464993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Myology Center (Cir-Myo), University of Padua, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
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76
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Min Q, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Migrating Schwann cells direct axon regeneration within the peripheral nerve bridge. Glia 2020; 69:235-254. [PMID: 32697392 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells within the peripheral nervous system possess a remarkable regenerative potential. Current research shows that peripheral nerve-associated Schwann cells possess the capacity to promote repair of multiple tissues including peripheral nerve gap bridging, skin wound healing, digit tip repair as well as tooth regeneration. One of the key features of the specialized repair Schwann cells is that they become highly motile. They not only migrate into the area of damaged tissue and become a key component of regenerating tissue but also secrete signaling molecules to attract macrophages, support neuronal survival, promote axonal regrowth, activate local mesenchymal stem cells, and interact with other cell types. Currently, the importance of migratory Schwann cells in tissue regeneration is most evident in the case of a peripheral nerve transection injury. Following nerve transection, Schwann cells from both proximal and distal nerve stumps migrate into the nerve bridge and form Schwann cell cords to guide axon regeneration. The formation of Schwann cell cords in the nerve bridge is key to successful peripheral nerve repair following transection injury. In this review, we first examine nerve bridge formation and the behavior of Schwann cell migration in the nerve bridge, and then discuss how migrating Schwann cells direct regenerating axons into the distal nerve. We also review the current understanding of signals that could activate Schwann cell migration and signals that Schwann cells utilize to direct axon regeneration. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Schwann cell migration could potentially offer new therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- The Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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77
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Lüningschrör P, Slotta C, Heimann P, Briese M, Weikert UM, Massih B, Appenzeller S, Sendtner M, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B. Absence of Plekhg5 Results in Myelin Infoldings Corresponding to an Impaired Schwann Cell Autophagy, and a Reduced T-Cell Infiltration Into Peripheral Nerves. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:185. [PMID: 32733205 PMCID: PMC7358705 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. An activated immune response is considered to be the cause of myelin breakdown in demyelinating disorders. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), myelin can be degraded in an autophagy-dependent manner directly by Schwann cells or by macrophages, which are modulated by T-lymphocytes. Here, we show that the NF-κB activator Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) is involved in the regulation of both Schwann cell autophagy and recruitment of T-lymphocytes in peripheral nerves during motoneuron disease. Plekhg5-deficient mice show defective axon/Schwann cell units characterized by myelin infoldings in peripheral nerves. Even at late stages, Plekhg5-deficient mice do not show any signs of demyelination and inflammation. Using RNAseq, we identified a transcriptional signature for an impaired immune response in sciatic nerves, which manifested in a reduced number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. These findings identify Plekhg5 as a promising target to impede myelin breakdown in demyelinating PNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Slotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Heimann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Briese
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Weikert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bita Massih
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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78
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Lohrmann F, Forde AJ, Merck P, Henneke P. Control of myeloid cell density in barrier tissues. FEBS J 2020; 288:405-426. [PMID: 32502309 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the mammalian host and its environment is formed by barrier tissues, for example, of the skin, and the respiratory and the intestinal tracts. On the one hand, barrier tissues are colonized by site-adapted microbial communities, and on the other hand, they contain specific myeloid cell networks comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These immune cells are tightly regulated in function and cell number, indicating important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune balance in the presence of commensal microorganisms. The regulation of myeloid cell density and activation involves cell-autonomous 'single-loop circuits' including autocrine mechanisms. However, an array of microenvironmental factors originating from nonimmune cells and the microbiota, as well as the microanatomical structure, impose additional layers of regulation onto resident myeloid cells. This review discusses models integrating these factors into cell-specific programs to instruct differentiation and proliferation best suited for the maintenance and renewal of immune homeostasis in the tissue-specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florens Lohrmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, university of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Merck
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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79
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López-Leal R, Díaz-Viraqué F, Catalán RJ, Saquel C, Enright A, Iraola G, Court FA. Schwann cell reprogramming into repair cells increases miRNA-21 expression in exosomes promoting axonal growth. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.239004. [PMID: 32409566 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery after peripheral nerve damage is dependent on the reprogramming of differentiated Schwann cells (dSCs) into repair Schwann cells (rSCs), which promotes axonal regeneration and tissue homeostasis. Transition into a repair phenotype requires expression of c-Jun and Sox2, which transcriptionally mediates inhibition of the dSC program of myelination and activates a non-cell-autonomous repair program, characterized by the secretion of neuronal survival and regenerative molecules, formation of a cellular scaffold to guide regenerating axons and activation of an innate immune response. Moreover, rSCs release exosomes that are internalized by peripheral neurons, promoting axonal regeneration. Here, we demonstrate that reprogramming of Schwann cells (SCs) is accompanied by a shift in the capacity of their secreted exosomes to promote neurite growth, which is dependent on the expression of c-Jun (also known as Jun) and Sox2 by rSCs. Furthermore, increased expression of miRNA-21 is responsible for the pro-regenerative capacity of rSC exosomes, which is associated with PTEN downregulation and PI3-kinase activation in neurons. We propose that modification of exosomal cargo constitutes another important feature of the repair program of SCs, contributing to axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo López-Leal
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Florencia Díaz-Viraqué
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno - Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut de Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Romina J Catalán
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Cristian Saquel
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Anton Enright
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.,Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile .,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 7800003, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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80
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Pan D, Acevedo-Cintrón JA, Sayanagi J, Snyder-Warwick AK, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. The CCL2/CCR2 axis is critical to recruiting macrophages into acellular nerve allograft bridging a nerve gap to promote angiogenesis and regeneration. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113363. [PMID: 32450192 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) are increasingly used to repair nerve gaps following injuries. However, these nerve scaffolds have yet to surpass the regenerative capabilities of cellular nerve autografts; improved understanding of their regenerative mechanisms could improve design. Due to their acellular nature, both angiogenesis and diverse cell recruitment is necessary to repopulate these scaffolds to promote functional regeneration. We determined the contribution of angiogenesis to initial cellular repopulation of ANAs used to repair nerve gaps, as well as the signaling that drives a significant portion of this angiogenesis. Wild-type (WT) mice with nerve gaps repaired using ANAs that were treated with an inhibitor of VEGF receptor signaling severely impaired angiogenesis within ANAs, as well as hampered cell repopulation and axon extension into ANAs. Similarly, systemic depletion of hematogenous-derived macrophages, but not neutrophils, in these mice models severely impeded angiogenesis and subsequent nerve regeneration across ANAs suggesting hematogenous-derived macrophages were major contributors to angiogenesis within ANAs. This finding was reinforced using CCR2 knockout (KO) models. As macrophages represented the majority of CCR2 expressing cells, a CCR2 deficiency impaired angiogenesis and subsequent nerve regeneration across ANAs. Furthermore, an essential role for CCL2 during nerve regeneration across ANAs was identified, as nerves repaired using ANAs had reduced angiogenesis and subsequent nerve regeneration in CCL2 KO vs WT mice. Our data demonstrate the CCL2/CCR2 axis is important for macrophage recruitment, which promotes angiogenesis, cell repopulation, and subsequent nerve regeneration and recovery across ANAs used to repair nerve gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jesús A Acevedo-Cintrón
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Junichi Sayanagi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alison K Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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81
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Gavini CK, Bonomo R, Mansuy-Aubert V. Neuronal LXR Regulates Neuregulin 1 Expression and Sciatic Nerve-Associated Cell Signaling in Western Diet-fed Rodents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6396. [PMID: 32286429 PMCID: PMC7156713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by peripheral nerve injuries significantly affects sensory perception and quality of life. Accumulating evidence strongly link cholesterol with development and progression of Obesity and Diabetes associated-neuropathies. However, the exact mechanisms of how cholesterol/lipid metabolism in peripheral nervous system (PNS) contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathy remains poorly understood. Dysregulation of LXR pathways have been identified in many neuropathic models. The cholesterol sensor, LXR α/β, expressed in sensory neurons are necessary for proper peripheral nerve function. Deletion of LXR α/β from sensory neurons lead to pain-like behaviors. In this study, we identified that LXR α/β expressed in sensory neurons regulates neuronal Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), protein involved in cell-cell communication. Using in vivo cell-specific approaches, we observed that loss of LXR from sensory neurons altered genes in non-neuronal cells located in the sciatic nerve (potentially representing Schwann cells (SC)). Our data suggest that neuronal LXRs may regulate non-neuronal cell function via a Nrg1-dependent mechanism. The decrease in Nrg1 expression in DRG neurons of WD-fed mice may suggest an altered Nrg1-dependent neuron-SC communication in Obesity. The communication between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as SC could be a new biological pathway to study and understand the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying Obesity-associated neuropathy and PNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Gavini
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA
| | - Raiza Bonomo
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA.
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82
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Invited review: Utilizing peripheral nerve regenerative elements to repair damage in the CNS. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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83
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Yoshiba N, Edanami N, Ohkura N, Maekawa T, Takahashi N, Tohma A, Izumi K, Maeda T, Hosoya A, Nakamura H, Tabeta K, Noiri Y, Yoshiba K. M2 Phenotype Macrophages Colocalize with Schwann Cells in Human Dental Pulp. J Dent Res 2020; 99:329-338. [PMID: 31913775 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519894957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells with high plasticity that perform many functions related to tissue injury and repair. They are generally categorized as 2 functional phenotypes: M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory and prohealing). To investigate the role of macrophages in human dental pulp, we examined the localization and distributional alterations of macrophages in healthy dental pulp as well as during the reparative process of pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and in cariously inflamed pulp of adult human teeth. We also quantified the populations of M1/M2 macrophages in healthy dental pulp by flow cytometric analysis. CD68+CD86+ cells (M1 phenotype) and CD68+CD163+ cells (M2 phenotype) were 2.11% ± 0.50% and 44.99% ± 2.22%, respectively, of 2.96% ± 0.41% CD68+ cells (pan-macrophages) in whole healthy dental pulp. Interestingly, M2 phenotype macrophages were associated with Schwann cells in healthy pulp, during mineralized bridge formation, and in pulp with carious infections in vivo. Furthermore, the M2 macrophages associated with Schwann cells expressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) under all in vivo conditions. Moreover, we found that plasma cells expressed BDNF. Coculture of Schwann cells isolated from human dental pulp and human monocytic cell line THP-1 showed that Schwann cells induced M2 phenotypic polarization of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. The THP-1 macrophages that maintained contact with Schwann cells were stimulated, leading to elongation of their cell shape and expression of M2 phenotype marker CD163 in cocultures. In summary, we revealed the spatiotemporal localization of macrophages and potent induction of the M2 phenotype by Schwann cells in human dental pulp. M2 macrophages protect neural elements, whereas M1 cells promote neuronal destruction. Therefore, suppressing the neurodestructive M1 phenotype and maintaining the neuroprotective M2 phenotype of macrophages by Schwann cells may be critical for development of effective treatment strategies to maintain the viability of highly innervated dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yoshiba
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - N Edanami
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - N Ohkura
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Maekawa
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - N Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Tohma
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Maeda
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Department of Oral Histology, Institute for Dental Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Y Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Yoshiba
- Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Li R, Li D, Wu C, Ye L, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Yang S, Xie L, Mao Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Li X, Xiao J. Nerve growth factor activates autophagy in Schwann cells to enhance myelin debris clearance and to expedite nerve regeneration. Theranostics 2020; 10:1649-1677. [PMID: 32042328 PMCID: PMC6993217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Autophagy in Schwann cells (SCs) is crucial for myelin debris degradation and clearance following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in reconstructing peripheral nerve fibers and promoting axonal regeneration. However, it remains unclear if NGF effect in enhancing nerve regeneration is mediated through autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs. Methods: In vivo, free NGF solution plus with/without pharmacological inhibitors were administered to a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. In vitro, the primary Schwann cells (SCs) and its cell line were cultured in normal medium containing NGF, their capable of swallowing or clearing degenerated myelin was evaluated through supplement of homogenized myelin fractions. Results: Administration of exogenous NGF could activate autophagy in dedifferentiated SCs, accelerate myelin debris clearance and phagocytosis, as well as promote axon and myelin regeneration at early stage of PNI. These NGF effects were effectively blocked by autophagy inhibitors. In addition, inhibition of the p75 kD neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) signal or inactivation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also inhibited the NGF effect as well. Conclusions: NGF effect on promoting early nerve regeneration is closely associated with its accelerating autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs, which probably regulated by the p75NTR/AMPK/mTOR axis. Our studies thus provide strong support that NGF may serve as a powerful pharmacological therapy for peripheral nerve injuries.
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85
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Elberg G, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Reichert F, Matozaki T, Tal M, Rotshenker S. Deletion of SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) promotes phagocytic clearance of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration, and recovery from nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:277. [PMID: 31883525 PMCID: PMC6935070 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery of function from traumatic nerve injury depends on the ability of severed axons to grow/regenerate back to their target tissues. This is achieved by successfully crossing the lesion site where physical impact severed axons, determined by the type of trauma, followed by successfully growing throughout the Wallerian degenerating nerve segment located distal to and beyond the lesion site, determined by the nature of Wallerian degeneration. The protracted removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, which leads residual myelin debris to slow down axon growth, impedes recovery of function. We focused in this study on mechanism(s) that delay the removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration and so impede recovery. Previously, we showed that myelin debris inhibited its own phagocytosis in primary cultured macrophages and microglia as CD47 on myelin ligated SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes, and sequentially, SIRPα generated "don't eat me" signaling. We also demonstrated that serum inhibited phagocytosis in a SIRPα-dependent manner. Herein, we aimed to determine whether SIRPα-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis in macrophages impedes the in vivo removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, further leading to impaired healing. METHODS Using SIRPα null (SIRPα-/-) and littermate wild-type (SIRPα+/+) mice, we studied the recovery of sensory and motor functions from nerve injury and, further, axon regeneration, SIRPα expression, myelin debris removal, and the phagocytic capacity and presence of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration. RESULTS Myelin debris removal, axon regeneration, and the recovery of functions were all faster in SIRPα-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Between the two cell types that mostly scavenge myelin debris, macrophages but not Schwann cells expressed SIRPα in wild-type mice, and furthermore, SIRPα-/- macrophages phagocytosed significantly more than wild-type macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an intrinsic normally occurring SIRPα-dependent mechanism that impedes the in vivo removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration by inhibiting the phagocytosis of myelin debris in macrophages, hence preventing fast growing axons from fully implementing their regenerative potential. Thus, accelerating the removal of myelin debris by eliminating SIRPα-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis will most likely advance recovery of functions from nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Elberg
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- The Faculty of health profession, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fanny Reichert
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michael Tal
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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86
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Woodley PK, Min Q, Li Y, Mulvey NF, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Distinct VIP and PACAP Functions in the Distal Nerve Stump During Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1326. [PMID: 31920495 PMCID: PMC6920234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase Activating Peptide (PACAP) are regeneration-associated neuropeptides, which are up-regulated by neurons following peripheral nerve injury. So far, they have only been studied for their roles as autocrine signals for both neuronal survival and axon outgrowth during peripheral nerve regeneration. In this report, we examined VIP and PACAP's paracrine effects on Schwann cells and macrophages in the distal nerve stump during peripheral nerve regeneration. We show that VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 are all up-regulated in the mouse distal nerve following peripheral nerve injury and are highly expressed in Schwann cells and macrophages within the distal sciatic nerve. We further investigated the effect of VIP and PACAP on cultured rat Schwann cells, and found that VIP and PACAP can not only promote myelin gene expression in Schwann cells but can also inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by Schwann cells. Furthermore, we show that VIP and PACAP inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in sciatic nerve explants. Our results provide evidence that VIP and PACAP could have important functions in the distal nerve stump following injury to promote remyelination and regulate the inflammatory response. Thus, VIP and PACAP receptors appear as important targets to promote peripheral nerve repair following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Woodley
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Nina F Mulvey
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David B Parkinson
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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87
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Stratton JA, Holmes A, Rosin NL, Sinha S, Vohra M, Burma NE, Trang T, Midha R, Biernaskie J. Macrophages Regulate Schwann Cell Maturation after Nerve Injury. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2561-2572.e6. [PMID: 30184491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-regenerative macrophages are well known for their role in promoting tissue repair; however, their specific roles in promoting regeneration of the injured nerve are not well defined. Specifically, how macrophages interact with Schwann cells following injury during remyelination has been largely unexplored. We demonstrate that after injury, including in humans, macrophages function to clear debris and persist within the nerve microenvironment. Macrophage ablation immediately preceding remyelination results in an increase in immature Schwann cell density, a reduction in remyelination, and long-term deficits in conduction velocity. Targeted RNA-seq of macrophages from injured nerve identified Gas6 as one of several candidate factors involved in regulating Schwann cell dynamics. Functional studies show that the absence of Gas6 within monocyte lineage cells impairs Schwann cell remyelination within the injured nerve. These results demonstrate a role for macrophages in regulating Schwann cell function during nerve regeneration and highlight a molecular mechanism by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Anne Stratton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Holmes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nicole L Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Mohit Vohra
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nicole E Burma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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88
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Manoukian OS, Baker JT, Rudraiah S, Arul MR, Vella AT, Domb AJ, Kumbar SG. Functional polymeric nerve guidance conduits and drug delivery strategies for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 317:78-95. [PMID: 31756394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries can be extremely debilitating, resulting in sensory and motor loss-of-function. Endogenous repair is limited to non-severe injuries in which transection of nerves necessitates surgical intervention. Traditional treatment approaches include the use of biological grafts and alternative engineering approaches have made progress. The current article serves as a comprehensive, in-depth perspective on peripheral nerve regeneration, particularly nerve guidance conduits and drug delivery strategies. A detailed background of peripheral nerve injury and repair pathology, and an in-depth look into augmented nerve regeneration, nerve guidance conduits, and drug delivery strategies provide a state-of-the-art perspective on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohan S Manoukian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jiana T Baker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Michael R Arul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sangamesh G Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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89
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Kuffler DP. Injury-Induced Effectors of Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:51-66. [PMID: 31701439 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Injuries typically result in the development of neuropathic pain, which decreases in parallel with wound healing. However, the pain may remain after the injury appears to have healed, which is generally associated with an ongoing underlying pro-inflammatory state. Injury induces many cells to release factors that contribute to the development of a pro-inflammatory state, which is considered an essential first step towards wound healing. However, pain elimination requires a transition of the injury site from pro- to anti-inflammatory. Therefore, developing techniques that eliminate chronic pain require an understanding of the cells resident at and recruited to injury sites, the factors they release, that promote a pro-inflammatory state, and promote the subsequent transition of that site to be anti-inflammatory. Although a relatively large number of cells, factors, and gene expression changes are involved in these processes, it may be possible to control a relatively small number of them leading to the reduction and elimination of chronic neuropathic pain. This first of two papers examines the roles of the most salient cells and mediators associated with the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. The following paper examines the cells and mediators involved in reducing and eliminating chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, 201 Blvd. del Valle, San Juan, PR, 00901, USA.
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90
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Stierli S, Imperatore V, Lloyd AC. Schwann cell plasticity-roles in tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and disease. Glia 2019; 67:2203-2215. [PMID: 31215712 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How tissues are maintained over a lifetime and repaired following injury are fundamental questions in biology with a disruption to these processes underlying pathologies such as cancer and degenerative disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that each tissue has a distinct mechanism to maintain homeostasis and respond to injury utilizing different types of stem/progenitor cell populations depending on the insult and/or with a contribution from more differentiated cells that are able to dedifferentiate to aid tissue regeneration. Peripheral nerves are highly quiescent yet show remarkable regenerative capabilities. Remarkably, there is no evidence for a classical stem cell population, rather all cell-types within the nerve are able to proliferate to produce new nerve tissue. Co-ordinating the regeneration of this tissue are Schwann cells (SCs), the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. SCs exist in architecturally stable structures that can persist for the lifetime of an animal, however, they are not postmitotic, in that following injury they are reprogrammed at high efficiency to a progenitor-like state, with these cells acting to orchestrate the nerve regeneration process. During nerve regeneration, SCs show little plasticity, maintaining their identity in the repaired tissue. However, once free of the nerve environment they appear to exhibit increased plasticity with reported roles in the repair of other tissues. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the homeostasis and regeneration of peripheral nerves and how reprogrammed progenitor-like SCs have broader roles in the repair of other tissues with implications for pathologies such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Stierli
- MRC LMCB, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC LMCB, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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91
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Zhou Y, Bazick H, Miles JR, Fethiere AI, Salihi MOA, Fazio S, Tavori H, Notterpek L. A neutral lipid-enriched diet improves myelination and alleviates peripheral nerve pathology in neuropathic mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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92
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Sahley TL, Anderson DJ, Hammonds MD, Chandu K, Musiek FE. Evidence for a dynorphin-mediated inner ear immune/inflammatory response and glutamate-induced neural excitotoxicity: an updated analysis. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1421-1460. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00595.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic overstimulation (AOS) is defined as the stressful overexposure to high-intensity sounds. AOS is a precipitating factor that leads to a glutamate (GLU)-induced Type I auditory neural excitotoxicity and an activation of an immune/inflammatory/oxidative stress response within the inner ear, often resulting in cochlear hearing loss. The dendrites of the Type I auditory neural neurons that innervate the inner hair cells (IHCs), and respond to the IHC release of the excitatory neurotransmitter GLU, are themselves directly innervated by the dynorphin (DYN)-bearing axon terminals of the descending brain stem lateral olivocochlear (LOC) system. DYNs are known to increase GLU availability, potentiate GLU excitotoxicity, and induce superoxide production. DYNs also increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines by modulating immune/inflammatory signal transduction pathways. Evidence is provided supporting the possibility that the GLU-mediated Type I auditory neural dendritic swelling, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and cochlear hearing loss that follow AOS may be part of a brain stem-activated, DYN-mediated cascade of inflammatory events subsequent to a LOC release of DYNs into the cochlea. In support of a DYN-mediated cascade of events are established investigations linking DYNs to the immune/inflammatory/excitotoxic response in other neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Sahley
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- School of Health Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Karthik Chandu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Frank E. Musiek
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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93
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Luzhansky ID, Sudlow LC, Brogan DM, Wood MD, Berezin MY. Imaging in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2659-2677. [PMID: 31612779 PMCID: PMC6886568 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical intervention followed by physical therapy remains the major way to repair damaged nerves and restore function. Imaging constitutes promising, yet underutilized, approaches to improve surgical and postoperative techniques. Dedicated methods for imaging nerve regeneration will potentially provide surgical guidance, enable recovery monitoring and postrepair intervention, elucidate failure mechanisms and optimize preclinical procedures. Herein, we present an outline of promising innovations in imaging-based tracking of in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration. We emphasize optical imaging because of its cost, versatility, relatively low toxicity and sensitivity. We discuss the use of targeted probes and contrast agents (small molecules and nanoparticles) to facilitate nerve regeneration imaging and the engineering of grafts that could be used to track nerve repair. We also discuss how new imaging methods might overcome the most significant challenges in nerve injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Luzhansky
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Leland C Sudlow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Brogan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Berezin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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94
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c-Jun in Schwann Cells: Stay Away from Extremes. J Neurosci 2019; 38:3388-3390. [PMID: 29618544 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0028-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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95
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Forese MG, Pellegatta M, Canevazzi P, Gullotta GS, Podini P, Rivellini C, Previtali SC, Bacigaluppi M, Quattrini A, Taveggia C. Prostaglandin D2 synthase modulates macrophage activity and accumulation in injured peripheral nerves. Glia 2019; 68:95-110. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Forese
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Canevazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Giorgia S. Gullotta
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Rivellini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Stefano C. Previtali
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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96
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Tajdaran K, Chan K, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Matrices, scaffolds, and carriers for protein and molecule delivery in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 319:112817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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97
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Comparative effects of implanted electrodes with differing contact patterns on peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Neurosci Res 2019; 145:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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98
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Chen G, Luo X, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhu F, Wang W. Interleukin-1β Promotes Schwann Cells De-Differentiation in Wallerian Degeneration via the c-JUN/AP-1 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:304. [PMID: 31338026 PMCID: PMC6629865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) de-differentiate in Wallerian degeneration (WD) following nerve injury and, by doing so, can actively promote nerve repair and functional recovery. An innate-immune response is an important component of the complex of events referred to as WD. Damaged peripheral nervous system SCs produce IL-1β and other inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that, in addition to a role in immune responses, IL-1β participates in de-differentiation and proliferation of SCs. qPCR and ELISA demonstrated that expression of IL-1β mRNAs and protein increased after nerve injury. Immunofluorescent staining and western blotting demonstrated that expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was significantly increased and levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) were significantly decreased after IL-1β exposure compared with control groups in vitro WD. Additionally, qPCR demonstrated that IL-1β elevated expression of the de-differentiation gene p75NTR and decreased expression of myelination locus MPZ and promoted SCs de-differentiation. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, qPCR and ELISA revealed that IL-1β promoted c-JUN expression and activation of AP-1 activity of SCs in an in vitro WD model. Finally, Immunofluorescent staining illustrated that IL-1β elevated expression of Ki67 in SCs nuclei, the apoptosis of SCs were detected by TUNEL. SCs of WD produce IL-1β which promotes SCs de-differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chung HJ, Kim M, Jung J, Jeong NY. Inhibition of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by Ethyl Pyruvate in Schwann Cells Protects Against Peripheral Nerve Degeneration. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1964-1976. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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The natural plant flavonoid apigenin is a strong antioxidant that effectively delays peripheral neurodegenerative processes. Anat Sci Int 2019; 94:285-294. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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