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Nagasawa K, Tanizaki Y, Okui T, Watarai A, Ueda S, Kato T. Significant modulation of the hepatic proteome induced by exposure to low temperature in Xenopus laevis. Biol Open 2013; 2:1057-69. [PMID: 24167716 PMCID: PMC3798189 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is an ectothermic vertebrate that can survive at low environmental temperatures. To gain insight into the molecular events induced by low body temperature, liver proteins were evaluated at the standard laboratory rearing temperature (22°C, control) and a low environmental temperature (5°C, cold exposure). Using nano-flow liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 58 proteins that differed in abundance. A subsequent Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the tyrosine and phenylalanine catabolic processes were modulated by cold exposure, which resulted in decreases in hepatic tyrosine and phenylalanine, respectively. Similarly, levels of pyruvate kinase and enolase, which are involved in glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, were also decreased, whereas levels of glycogen phosphorylase, which participates in glycogenolysis, were increased. Therefore, we measured metabolites in the respective pathways and found that levels of hepatic glycogen and glucose were decreased. Although the liver was under oxidative stress because of iron accumulation caused by hepatic erythrocyte destruction, the hepatic NADPH/NADP ratio was not changed. Thus, glycogen is probably utilized mainly for NADPH supply rather than for energy or glucose production. In conclusion, X. laevis responds to low body temperature by modulating its hepatic proteome, which results in altered carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Nagasawa
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Life and Medical Science, Waseda University , TWIns Building, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan
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Li Y, Deng Y, Tang Y, Yu H, Gao C, Liu L, Liu L, Yao P. Quercetin protects rat hepatocytes from oxidative damage induced by ethanol and iron by maintaining intercellular liable iron pool. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:534-41. [PMID: 23928830 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113499168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that ethanol-induced iron overload plays a crucial role in the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease. We designed the present study to investigate the potential protective effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring iron-chelating antioxidant on alcoholic iron overload and oxidative stress. Ethanol-incubated (100 mmol/L) rat primary hepatocytes were co-treated by quercetin (100 µmol/L) and different dose of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) for 24 h. When the hepatic enzyme releases in the culture medium, redox status of hepatocytes and the intercellular labile iron pool (LIP) level were assayed. Our data showed that Fe-NTA dose dependently induced cellular leakage of aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione depletion, superoxide dismutase inactivation, and overproduction of malondialdehyde) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of intact and especially ethanol-incubated hepatocytes. The oxidative damage resulted from ethanol, Fe-NTA, and especially their combined treatment was substantially alleviated by quercetin, accompanying the corresponding normalization of intercellular LIP level. Iron in excess, thus, may aggravate ethanol hepatotoxicity through Fenton-active LIP, and quercetin attenuated ethanol-induced iron and oxidative stress. To maintain intercellular LIP contributes to the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin besides its direct ROS-quenching activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Bhattacharyya S, Pal PB, Sil PC. A 35 kD Phyllanthus niruri protein modulates iron mediated oxidative impairment to hepatocytes via the inhibition of ERKs, p38 MAPKs and activation of PI3k/Akt pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:119-30. [PMID: 23435124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the herb, Phyllanthus niruri, possess antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-asthmatic, anti-diuretic, anti-soresis and many more beneficial activities. The goal of our present study was to evaluate the protective role of a 35 kD protein (PNP) isolated from this herb against iron-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Exposure of hepatocytes to iron (FeSO4) caused elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, depleted glutathione levels, decreased the antioxidant power (FRAP) of the cells and reduced cell viability. Iron mediated cytotoxicity disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and thereby caused apoptosis mainly by the intrinsic pathway via the down-regulation of IκBα with a concomitant up-regulation of NF-kB as well as the phosphorylation of ERKs and p38 MAP kinases. In addition, iron-induced cytotoxicity disrupted the normal balance of Bcl-2 family proteins in hepatocytes. Incubation of hepatocytes with PNP, however, protected the cells from apoptosis by stabilizing the mitochondria and arresting the release of cytochrome c. It also suppressed caspase activation and cleavage of PARP. Moreover, this protein has strong free radical scavenging activity and thereby scavenged ROS extensively. Combining all, results suggest that simultaneous treatment with PNP might suppress the iron-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bhattacharyya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054, West Bengal, India
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54
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Gao Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Guan P, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang J, Chu L. Mechanism of protective effects of Danshen against iron overload-induced injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:254-260. [PMID: 23147497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) has been widely prescribed in traditional folk medicine for treatment of hepatic and cardiovascular diseases in China and other Asian countries for several hundred years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, iron overload, low-dose Danshen (L-Danshen, 3g/kg/day), high-dose Danshen (H-Danshen, 6g/kg/day) and deferoxamine (DFO) groups (n=12 per group). Iron dextran was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 50mg/kg body weight/day to establish the iron overload model. While control mice received saline, mice of the treated groups simultaneously received (i.p.) injections of L-Danshen, H-Danshen or DFO daily for 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment, changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide desmutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured, and histological changes were observed by Prussian blue or hematoxylin and eosin staining of the liver. Apoptosis was detected by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling. RESULTS Treatment of iron overloaded mice with either low or high doses of Danshen not only significantly attenuated the hepatic dysfunction (ALT/AST levels), decreased the content of MDA and increased the activities of GSH-Px and SOD, it also suppressed apoptosis in hepatocytes. Histopathological examination showed that treatment with Danshen reduced iron deposition and ameliorated pathological changes in the liver of iron overloaded mice. CONCLUSIONS Danshen demonstrated significant protective effects in the liver of iron overloaded mice, which were at least partly due to the decrease of iron deposition and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 326, Xinshi South Road, Shijiazhuang, 050091 Hebei, China
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55
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Ahmed U, Latham PS, Oates PS. Interactions between hepatic iron and lipid metabolism with possible relevance to steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4651-8. [PMID: 23002334 PMCID: PMC3442203 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an important site for iron and lipid metabolism and the main site for the interactions between these two metabolic pathways. Although conflicting results have been obtained, most studies support the hypothesis that iron plays a role in hepatic lipogenesis. Iron is an integral part of some enzymes and transporters involved in lipid metabolism and, as such, may exert a direct effect on hepatic lipid load, intrahepatic metabolic pathways and hepatic lipid secretion. On the other hand, iron in its ferrous form may indirectly affect lipid metabolism through its ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, a hypothesis which is currently the focus of much research in the field of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH). The present review will first discuss how iron might directly interact with the metabolism of hepatic lipids and then consider a new perspective on the way in which iron may have a role in the two hit hypothesis for the progression of NAFLD via ferroportin and the iron regulatory molecule hepcidin. The review concludes that iron has important interactions with lipid metabolism in the liver that can impact on the development of NAFLD/NASH. More defined studies are required to improve our understanding of these effects.
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56
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An S, Soe K, Akamatsu M, Hishikawa Y, Koji T. Accelerated proliferation of hepatocytes in rats with iron overload after partial hepatectomy. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:773-86. [PMID: 22825839 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although iron overload is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, the precise mechanism was not known yet. In the present study, we investigated the effect of iron overload upon the induction of hepatocyte proliferation after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats fed with rat chow with 3% carbonyl iron for 3 months. In normal-diet rats, the increase in Ki-67 labeling index (LI) commenced at 24 h post-PH and the LIs of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and phospho-histone H3 reached maximum values at 36 and 48 h after PH, respectively. In iron-overload rats, the above parameters occurred 12 h earlier compared to that of normal-diet rats, shortening the G0-G1 transition. Interestingly, nuclear staining for metallothionein (MT), which is essential for hepatocyte proliferation, was noted even at 0 h in iron-overload rats, while MT expression occurred at 6 h in the normal rats. Moreover, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression, which is an essential early event leading to liver regeneration, was detected in Kupffer cells at 0 h in iron-overload rats. These results may indicate that overloaded iron, maybe through the induction of MT and NF-κB, may keep liver as a state ready to regenerate in response to PH, by bypassing signal transduction cascades involved in the initiation of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai An
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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57
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Pauluhn J, Wiemann M. Siderite (FeCO₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) overload-dependent pulmonary toxicity is determined by the poorly soluble particle not the iron content. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:763-83. [PMID: 22035119 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.606431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The two poorly soluble iron containing solid aerosols of siderite (FeCO₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were compared in a 4-week inhalation study on rats at similar particle mass concentrations of approximately 30 or 100 mg/m³. The particle size distributions were essentially identical (MMAD ≈1.4 μm). The iron-based concentrations were 12 or 38 and 22 or 66 mg Fe/m³ for FeCO₃ and Fe₃O₄, respectively. Modeled and empirically determined iron lung burdens were compared with endpoints suggestive of pulmonary inflammation by determinations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and oxidative stress in lung tissue during a postexposure period of 3 months. The objective of study was to identify the most germane exposure metrics, that are the concentration of elemental iron (mg Fe/m³), total particle mass (mg PM/m³) or particle volume (μl PM/m³) and their associations with the effects observed. From this analysis it was apparent that the intensity of pulmonary inflammation was clearly dependent on the concentration of particle-mass or -volume and not of iron. Despite its lower iron content, the exposure to FeCO₃ caused a more pronounced and sustained inflammation as compared to Fe₃O₄. Similarly, borderline evidence of increased oxidative stress and inflammation occurred especially following exposure to FeCO₃ at moderate lung overload levels. The in situ analysis of 8-oxoguanine in epithelial cells of alveolar and bronchiolar regions supports the conclusion that both FeCO₃ and Fe₃O₄ particles are effectively endocytosed by macrophages as opposed to epithelial cells. Evidence of intracellular or nuclear sources of redox-active iron did not exist. In summary, this mechanistic study supports previous conclusions, namely that the repeated inhalation exposure of rats to highly respirable pigment-type iron oxides cause nonspecific pulmonary inflammation which shows a clear dependence on the particle volume-dependent lung overload rather than any increased dissolution and/or bioavailability of redox-active iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Experimental Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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58
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Mitochondrial dysfunction induced impairment of spermatogenesis in LPS-treated rats: Modulatory role of lycopene. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 677:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Aroun A, Zhong JL, Tyrrell RM, Pourzand C. Iron, oxidative stress and the example of solar ultraviolet A radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:118-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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60
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Tan TCH, Crawford DHG, Jaskowski LA, Murphy TM, Heritage ML, Subramaniam VN, Clouston AD, Anderson GJ, Fletcher LM. Altered lipid metabolism in Hfe-knockout mice promotes severe NAFLD and early fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G865-76. [PMID: 21817060 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The HFE protein plays a crucial role in the control of cellular iron homeostasis. Steatosis is commonly observed in HFE-related iron-overload disorders, and current evidence suggests a causal link between iron and steatosis. Here, we investigated the potential contribution of HFE mutations to hepatic lipid metabolism and its role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Wild-type (WT) and Hfe knockout mice (Hfe(-/-)) were fed either standard chow, a monounsaturated low fat, or a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD) and assessed for liver injury, body iron status, and markers of lipid metabolism. Despite hepatic iron concentrations and body weights similar to WT controls, Hfe(-/-) mice fed the HFD developed severe hypoxia-related steatohepatitis, Tnf-α activation, and mitochondrial respiratory complex and antioxidant dysfunction with early fibrogenesis. These features were associated with an upregulation in the expression of genes involved in intracellular lipid synthesis and trafficking, while transcripts for mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and adiponectin signaling-related genes were significantly attenuated. In contrast, HFD-fed WT mice developed bland steatosis only, with no inflammation or fibrosis and no upregulation of lipogenesis-related genes. A HFD led to reduced hepatic iron in Hfe(-/-) mice compared with chow-fed mice, despite higher serum iron, decreased hepcidin expression, and increased duodenal ferroportin mRNA. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Hfe(-/-) mice show defective hepatic-intestinal iron and lipid signaling, which predispose them toward diet-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by an accelerated progression of injury to fibrosis.
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Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, Powell LW, Tavill AS. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2011; 54:328-43. [PMID: 21452290 PMCID: PMC3149125 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Bacon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA.
| | - Paul C Adams
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences CentreLondon, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Center for Liver Disease, Virginia Mason Medical CenterSeattle, WA
| | - Lawrie W Powell
- Royal Brisbane Hospital, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchBrisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony S Tavill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH
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Galleano M, Tapia G, Puntarulo S, Varela P, Videla LA, Fernández V. Liver preconditioning induced by iron in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Life Sci 2011; 89:221-8. [PMID: 21699906 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liver preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major area of experimental research, in which regulation of gene expression with cytoprotective responses due to transient oxidative stress development has been reported. Considering that significant cytoprotection occurs after exposure to low levels of iron (Fe), we tested the hypothesis that sub-chronic administration of Fe to rats underlying transient oxidative stress preconditions the liver against IR injury. MAIN METHODS Animals received six doses (50 mg Fe-dextran/kg ip) every second day during 10 days, before partial IR (vascular clamping) or sham laparotomy (control). Transient oxidative stress was defined by liver glutathione and protein carbonyl contents (24, 48, and 72 h after Fe treatment). Plasma and liver Fe status and ferritin content (western blot) were assessed in animals not subjected to IR. Liver injury and inflammatory response were evaluated by serum transaminases, liver morphology and serum TNF-α. Fe preconditioning against IR injury was correlated with liver glutathione content and the redox-sensitive NF-κB signaling pathway (EMSA) and western blot analysis of haptoglobin. KEY FINDINGS Significant hepatoprotection against IR injury, underlying transient oxidative stress and enhancement in the total and labile Fe pools, was achieved by Fe administration. Abrogation of IR injury is related to reduced TNF-α response (91%), abolishment of the IR-induced liver glutathione depletion and recovery of the NF-κB signaling pathway (75%), lost during IR. SIGNIFICANCE Sub-chronic Fe administration protects the liver against IR injury through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, with recovery of NF-κB activation and related acute-phase response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galleano
- Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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63
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Tuoi Do TH, Gaboriau F, Ropert M, Moirand R, Cannie I, Brissot P, Loréal O, Lescoat G. Ethanol Effect on Cell Proliferation in the Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cell Line: Relationship With Iron Metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35:408-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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64
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Niemelä O, Alatalo P. Biomarkers of alcohol consumption and related liver disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 70:305-12. [PMID: 20470213 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2010.486442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Alcohol abuse is a major cause of abnormal liver function throughout the world. While measurements of liver enzyme activities (GGT, ALT, AST) are important screening tools for detecting liver disease, due to lack of ethanol-specificity and inconsistencies regarding the definitions of significant alcohol consumption, several other blood tests are usually needed to exclude competing and co-existing causes of abnormal liver function. Information on the specific role of ethanol consumption behind hepatotoxicity may be obtained through measurements of blood ethanol and its specific metabolites (ethyl glucuronide, phosphatidylethanol, protein-acetaldehyde condensates and associated autoimmune responses). Recent studies have indicated that being overweight is another increasingly common cause of abnormal liver enzyme levels and adiposity may also increase the impact of ethanol consumption on liver pathology. Interestingly, increased liver enzyme activities in circulation may reflect not only hepatic function but can also serve as indicators of general health and the status of oxidative stress in vivo. ALT and GGT activities predict insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, mortality from coronary heart diseases and even mortality from all causes. If the upper reference limits for liver enzyme activities were defined based on the data obtained from normal weight abstainers, the clinical value of liver enzyme measurements as screening tools and in patient follow-up could be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland.
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65
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Magdalan J, Zawadzki M, Sozanski T. Fulminant hepatic failure in woman with iron and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1106-11. [PMID: 20952452 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110386392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A 17-year-old, previously healthy female ingested 16,000 mg iron sulphate (96.15 mg of iron ions per kg of b.wt.) with a suicidal intent. The patient was admitted to a toxicology unit 10 hours after the drug ingestion. Serum iron concentration at admission was 2351 μg% (421.0 μmol/L). In the course of the intoxication, hemorrhagic gastritis, renal insufficiency and increasing signs of fulminant hepatic failure complicated with coagulopathy and encephalopathy were observed. Treatment with deferoxamine was started immediately after admission to the hospital and continued for 15 hours until the serum concentration of iron decreased to 145 μg% (25.9 μmol/L). Patient was qualified for liver transplant, therefore albumin dialysis as a bridge to liver transplantation was performed. In spite of two procedures of albumin dialysis using the Prometheus system, deep coma, shock and respiratory insufficiency developed. The patient died 80 hours after iron ingestion. In the presented case, the ingestion of a very high dose of iron and late introduction of deferoxamine treatment contributed to fulminant liver failure and fatal outcome of the intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Magdalan
- Toxicological Unit, T Marciniak Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
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66
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-cirrhotic Liver Without Evidence of Iron Overload in a Patient with Primary Hemochromatosis. Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2010; 43:36-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12029-010-9205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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67
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Leukocyte DNA damage in children with iron deficiency anemia: effect of iron supplementation. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:951-6. [PMID: 20169450 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is frequently associated with anemia. Iron is a transition-metal ion, and it can induce free radical formation, which leads to formation of various lesions in DNA, proteins, and lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate baseline oxidative DNA damage and to clarify the role of the administration of a therapeutic dose of iron on DNA oxidation in children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Twenty-seven children with IDA and 20 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Leukocyte DNA damage (strand breaks and Fpg-sensitive sites) was assessed using comet assay before and after 12 weeks of daily iron administration. Before the iron administration, the frequency of DNA strand breaks in the children with IDA was found to be lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), but there was not a significant difference for frequency of Fpg-sensitive sites. After 12 weeks of iron administration, the frequency of both DNA strand breaks and Fpg-sensitive sites were found to be increased (P < 0.01). No significant association was determined between DNA damage parameters and hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin. In conclusion, basal level of DNA strand breaks is at a low level in children with IDA. After iron administration, DNA strand breaks and Fpg-sensitive sites, which represent oxidatively damaged DNA, increased. However, this increase was unrelated to serum level of iron and ferritin.
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Abstract
AbstractHemochromatosis is a common genetic disorder in which iron may progressively accumulate in the liver, heart, and other organs. The primary goal of therapy is iron depletion to normalize body iron stores and to prevent or decrease organ dysfunction. The primary therapy to normalize iron stores is phlebotomy. In this opinion article, we discuss the indications for and monitoring of phlebotomy therapy to achieve iron depletion, maintenance therapy, dietary and pharmacologic maneuvers that could reduce iron absorption, and the role of voluntary blood donation.
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69
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Najafzadeh H, Jalali MR, Morovvati H, Taravati F. Comparison of the prophylactic effect of silymarin and deferoxamine on iron overload-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:22-6. [PMID: 20182837 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In pathologic conditions or poisoning states, iron overload can affect different tissues including liver. In this study, the prophylactic effect of deferoxamine and silymarin was compared in decreasing experimental iron-overload-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study was done in six groups of rats, which received drugs q2 days for 2 weeks. The rats in groups 1 to 6 received drugs, respectively: normal saline, iron dextran, iron dextran + deferoxamine (intraperitoneally), iron dextran + silymarin (orally), iron dextran + silymarin (intraperitoneally), and iron dextran + deferoxamine (intraperitoneally) + silymarin (intraperitoneally). At the end of the study, blood was collected, and serum was separated for laboratory tests. The liver of rats was separated for iron measuring and tissue processing. The serum iron concentration and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were determined. The numbers of necrotic hepatocytes were counted as quantity index tissue injury in light microscopic examination. The mean of serum and liver iron in group 2 was significantly greater than group 1. Liver iron was significantly decreased in other groups except group 4. Also serum iron was decreased in groups 3 to 6 compared to group 2 (nearly 400%). ALT activity in group 3 and AST activity in group 5 were significantly lesser than in other groups. The mean of necrotic hepatocytes in group 2 was significantly increased in comparison to group 1. This elevation was significantly prevented by deferoxamine and silymarin. The result of the present study shows that silymarin has a protective effect similar to deferoxamine on iron overload-induced hepatotoxicity.
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70
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Oktar S, Yönden Z, Aydin M, Ilhan S, Alçin E, Oztürk OH. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on iron-induced liver damage in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:339-44. [PMID: 20358346 DOI: 10.1007/bf03185928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural product with potent anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, and attenuates inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of CAPE on iron-induced liver damage. Rats were divided into four groups and treated for 7 days with saline (control group), 10 micromol kg CAPE/day s.c. (CAPE group), 50 mg iron-dextran/kg i.p. (IRON group) and CAPE and iron at the same time (IRON+CAPE group). Seven days later, rats were killed and the livers were excised for biochemical analysis. The administration of IRON alone resulted in higher myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lipid peroxidation than in the control and CAPE treatment prevented the increase in MPO activity and malondialdeyde (MDA) level. No differences were observed in all four groups with regards to superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities. Our results collectively suggest that CAPE may be an available agent to protect the liver from injury via inhibition of MPO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oktar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay.
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71
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Novel assessment of hepatic iron distribution by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Med Mol Morphol 2010; 43:19-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-009-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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72
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Abstract
Sickle cell anemia is one of the common hemoglobinopathies around the world. It results from a single change of one amino acid valine instead of glutamic acid in the hemoglobin beta change. This change leads to polymerization of the hemoglobin when the oxygen saturation is lowered, resulting in deformity of the red blood cells and microvascular occlusion. Sickle cell anemia can affect any part of the body and one of the main organs to be affected is the hepatobiliary system either directly from the sicklening process or indirectly as a result of chronic hemolysis and multiple blood transfusions. This manifests in several clinical conditions which poses diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas to the treating physicians. These hepatobiliary manifestations will be outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Issa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Al-Salem
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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73
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74
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Abu-Kishk I, Kozer E, Goldstein LH, Weinbaum S, Bar-Haim A, Alkan Y, Petrov I, Evans S, Siman-Tov Y, Berkovitch M. Oral N-acetylcysteine has a deleterious effect in acute iron intoxication in rats. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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75
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Hope TA, High WA, LeBoit PE, Chaopathomkul B, Rogut VS, Herfkens RJ, Brasch RC. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in Rats Treated with Erythropoietin and Intravenous Iron. Radiology 2009; 253:390-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2532090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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76
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Diesen DL, Kuo PC. Nitric oxide and redox regulation in the liver: part II. Redox biology in pathologic hepatocytes and implications for intervention. J Surg Res 2009; 167:96-112. [PMID: 20400112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are created in normal hepatocytes and are critical for normal physiologic processes, including oxidative respiration, growth, regeneration, apoptosis, and microsomal defense. When the levels of oxidation products exceed the capacity of normal antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. This type of stress, in the form of ROS and RNS, can be damaging to all liver cells, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells, through induction of inflammation, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis, apoptosis, or through malignant transformation by damaging lipids, proteins, and/or DNA. In Part I of this review, we will discuss basic redox biology in the liver, including a review of ROS, RNS, and antioxidants, with a focus on nitric oxide as a common source of RNS. We will then review the evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism of liver injury in hepatitis (alcoholic, viral, nonalcoholic). In Part II of this review, we will review oxidative stress in common pathophysiologic conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, iron overload, Wilson's disease, sepsis, and acetaminophen overdose. Finally, biomarkers, proteomic, and antioxidant therapies will be discussed as areas for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Diesen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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77
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Hepatocytes of donor origin in recipient liver after hematopoietic SCT in β-thalassemia major patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 45:694-8. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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78
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Fakih S, Podinovskaia M, Kong X, Schaible UE, Collins HL, Hider RC. Monitoring intracellular labile iron pools: A novel fluorescent iron(III) sensor as a potential non-invasive diagnosis tool. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2212-26. [PMID: 18823046 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological importance of intracellular redox active "labile" iron has created a significant need for improved noninvasive diagnostic tools to reliably monitor iron metabolism in living cells. In this context, fluorescent iron-sensitive chemosensors in combination with digital fluorescence spectroscopic methods have proven to be highly sensitive and indispensable tools to determine cellular iron homeostasis. Recently, application of fluorescent iron sensors has led to the identification of a complex sub-cellular iron compartmentation. Cell organelle-specific iron sensors will significantly contribute to enhance fundamental knowledge of cellular iron trafficking, representing a crucial prerequisite for the future development of therapeutic strategies in iron dysregulatory diseases. Here we present physicochemical characterization and functional investigation of a new 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one based fluorescent iron(III) sensor, exclusively monitoring labile iron pools in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments. In vitro studies of the fluorescein labeled probe were carried out in murine bone marrow derived macrophages. Endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of the probe was revealed by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated high sensitivity of the probe towards exogenous alterations of intracellular iron concentrations as well as in response to the chelation potency of iron chelators, clinically approved for treatment of iron-overload related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fakih
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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79
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Akai K, Tsuchiya K, Tokumura A, Kogure K, Ueno S, Shibata A, Tamaki T, Fukuzawa K. Ability of Ferric Nitrilotriacetate Complex with Three pH-dependent Conformations to Induce Lipid Peroxidation. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:951-62. [PMID: 15621713 DOI: 10.1080/1071576042000261945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of lipid peroxidation by carcinogenic iron(III)-NTA complex (1:1), which has three conformations with two pKa values (pKa1 approximately 4, pKa2 approximately 8). These conformations are type (a) in acidic conditions of pH 1-6, type (n) in neutral conditions of pH 3-9, and type (b) in basic conditions of pH 7-10. The iron(III)-NTA complex was reduced to iron(II) complex under cool-white fluorescent light without the presence of any reducer. The reduction rates of three species of iron(III)-NTA were in the order type (a) >> type (n) > type (b). Iron(III)-NTA-dependent lipid peroxidation was induced in the presence and absence of preformed lipid peroxides (L-OOH) through processes associated with and without photoreduction of iron(III). The order of the abilities of the three species of iron(III)-NTA to initiate the three mechanisms of lipid peroxidation was: (1) type (a) > type (n) > type (b) in lipid peroxidation that is induced L-OOH- and H2O2-dependently and mediated by the photoreduction of iron(III); (2) type (b) > type (n) > type (a) in lipid peroxidation that is induced L-OOH- and H2O2-dependently but not mediated by the photoreduction of iron(III); (3) type (n) > type (b) > type (a) in lipid peroxidation that is induced peroxide-independently and mediated by the photoactivation but not by the photoreduction of iron(III). The rate of lipid peroxidation induced L-OOH-dependently is faster than that induced H2O2-dependently in the mechanism (1), but the rate of lipid peroxidation induced H2O2-dependently is faster than that induced L-OOH-dependently in the mechanism (2). In the lag process of mechanism (3), L-OOH and/or some free radical species, not 1O2, were generated by photoactivation of iron(III)-NTA. These multiple pro-oxidant properties that depend on the species of iron(III)-NTA were postulated to be a principal cause of its carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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80
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Kim KY, Cho SE, Yu BS. Intragastrically Applicated CCl 4-Thiopental Sodium Enhanced Lipid Peroxidation and Liver Fibrosis (Cirrhosis) in Rat: Malonedialdehyde as a Parameter of Lipid Peroxidation Correlated with Hydroxyproline as a Parameter of Collagen Synthesis (Deposition). Toxicol Res 2009; 25:71-78. [PMID: 32038822 PMCID: PMC7006345 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.2.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pathogenesis of liver tissue damage during the lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis with the observation of correlations between the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) and lipid peroxidation in liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups, normal and CCl4-thiopental sod. intoxicated group. And the one group was treated intragastrically with the mixture of CCl4-thiopental sod. 3 times per week for 3 weeks. The liver tissue and sera were used for the measurement of hydroxyproline (HYP), malonedialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total-bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Additionally, the expression of collagen α1(III) and β-actin mRNA was observed by RT-PCR. The histological change in liver tissue was also observed by Masson's trichrome and H&E staining. Correlation analysis was carried by Spearman's rho method. All biochemical parameters except total-bilirubin were significantly higher in the CCl4-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group (p < 0.01). In the CCl4-thiopental sod. treated group, Hyp as a parameter of collagen synthesis (deposition) and MDA as a metabolite of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated by 1.98 and 2.11 times higher than that of the normal group (p> 0.001) respectively. The activity of SOD in the CCl4-thiopental sod. treated group is decreased significantly by 44.8% (p> 0.001). And collagen α1(III) mRNA was more expressed in the CCl4-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group. However, the expression of β-actin mRNA is showed similar in both of groups. A good correlation was observed between the content of hyp and MDA concentration (r = 0.70, n = 40) in the two groups. And the correlation between the levels of hyp and SOD (r = -0.71, n = 25) is also reliable. However, no correlation were observed between MDA concentration and SOD (r = -0.40, n = 25) in the two groups. Elevated levels of MDA in CCl4-thiopental sod. treated rats indicated enhancement of lipid peroxidation, which is accompanied by a decrease in SOD activity. Moreover, we could confirm that the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) is in good correlation with the metabolite of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the lipid peroxidation antagonizing enzyme (SOD). Hence, we propose that ➀ lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and deposition) could be enhanced by intragastrically application of CCl4-thiopental sod. during a short terms. And ➁ the intoxication of CCl4-thiopental sod. could be used for monitoring of lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and depositon) for test of antioxidant and antifibrotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Kim
- Dept. of Pathology, Medical School and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Korea
| | - Syung-Eun Cho
- 22Bionanochemistry Division, Natural Science College, Wonkwang University, 344-2 IKsan City, Jeonbook, Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Yu
- 22Bionanochemistry Division, Natural Science College, Wonkwang University, 344-2 IKsan City, Jeonbook, Korea
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81
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Padmavathi P, Reddy VD, Varadacharyulu N. Influence of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Biochemical Profile in Male Human Volunteers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaddi Damodara Reddy
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Health sciences
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82
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Qiu T, Xie P, Liu Y, Li G, Xiong Q, Hao L, Li H. The profound effects of microcystin on cardiac antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial function and cardiac toxicity in rat. Toxicology 2008; 257:86-94. [PMID: 19135122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deaths from microcystin toxication have widely been attributed to hypovolemic shock due to hepatic interstitial hemorrhage, while some recent studies suggest that cardiogenic complication is also involved. So far, information on cardiotoxic effects of MC has been rare and the underlying mechanism is still puzzling. The present study examined toxic effects of microcystins on heart muscle of rats intravenously injected with extracted MC at two doses, 0.16LD(50) (14 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight) and 1LD(50) (87 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight). In the dead rats, both TTC staining and maximum elevations of troponin I levels confirmed myocardial infarction after MC exposure, besides a serious interstitial hemorrhage in liver. In the 1LD(50) dose group, the coincident falls in heart rate and blood pressure were related to mitochondria dysfunction in heart, while increases in creatine kinase and troponin I levels indicated cardiac cell injury. The corresponding pathological alterations were mainly characterized as loss of adherence between cardiac myocytes and swollen or ruptured mitochondria at the ultrastructural level. MC administration at a dose of 1LD(50) not only enhanced activities and up-regulated mRNA transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes, but also increased GSH content. At both doses, level of lipid peroxides increased obviously, suggesting serious oxidative stress in mitochondria. Simultaneously, complex I and III were significantly inhibited, indicating blocks in electron flow along the mitochondrial respiratory chain in heart. In conclusion, the findings of this study implicate a role for MC-induced cardiotoxicity as a potential factor that should be considered when evaluating the mechanisms of death associated with microcystin intoxication in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qiu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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83
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Alatalo P, Koivisto H, Puukka K, Hietala J, Anttila P, Bloigu R, Niemelä O. Biomarkers of liver status in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 44:199-203. [PMID: 19054785 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although a wide variety of biomarkers reflecting liver status are known to be influenced by excessive ethanol consumption, the dose-response relationships between ethanol intake and marker changes have remained less understood. METHODS Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and ferritin and albumin protein concentrations were compared in a large population of heavy drinkers (105 men, 28 women), moderate drinkers (781 men, 723 women) and abstainers (252 men, 433 women), who were devoid of apparent liver disease. RESULTS In heavy drinkers, serum GGT, AST, ALT, ferritin and albumin were all significantly higher than in moderate drinkers or abstainers (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The highest incidences of elevated values were found for GGT (62%) followed by AST (53%), ALT (39%), ferritin (34%) and albumin (20%). Serum GGT (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.01) and ferritin (P < 0.05) in moderate drinkers were also higher than the levels observed in abstainers. When the study population was further divided into subgroups according to gender, significant differences between moderate drinkers and abstainers in GGT and ALT were noted in men whereas not in women. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that biomarkers of alcohol abuse and liver function may respond to even rather low levels of ethanol intake in a gender-dependent manner, which should be implicated in studies on the early-phase interactions of ethanol and the liver and in the definition of normal ranges for such biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivikki Alatalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
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84
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Weinbaum S, Kozer E, Evans S, Bar-Haim A, Zandback Y, Lahat E, Petrov I, Alkan Y, Siman-Tov Y, Rechavi M, Goldstein L, Berkovitch M. Depletion of Glutathione System Enzymes of the Liver and Erythrocytes in a Rat Model of Acute Iron Poisoning. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:623-6. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510802282212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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85
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Fakih S, Podinovskaia M, Kong X, Collins HL, Schaible UE, Hider RC. Targeting the Lysosome: Fluorescent Iron(III) Chelators To Selectively Monitor Endosomal/Lysosomal Labile Iron Pools. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4539-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fakih
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Maria Podinovskaia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Xiaole Kong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Helen L. Collins
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., and Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, Hodgkin-Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
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86
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Crawford DHG, Fletcher LM, Anderson GJ. Cell-specific location of Hfe: It is the 'cyte that matters. Hepatology 2008; 48:336-8. [PMID: 18571786 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell H G Crawford
- School of Medicine and Gallipoli Research Foundation, Greenslopes Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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87
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Differential effect of high dietary iron on α-tocopherol and retinol levels in the liver and serum of mice fed olive oil– and corn oil–enriched diets. Nutr Res 2008; 28:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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88
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Kohgo Y, Ohtake T, Ikuta K, Suzuki Y, Torimoto Y, Kato J. Dysregulation of systemic iron metabolism in alcoholic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 Suppl 1:S78-81. [PMID: 18336670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) are frequently associated with iron overload. Until recently, the effects of ethanol in hepatic iron uptake and intestinal iron absorption have not been clarified in detail. Two possible mechanisms for iron overload are the uptake of iron into hepatocytes in a specific manner through the increased expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) 1; and increased intestinal iron absorption by the lowering of hepcidin. It is worthwhile to examine whether a similar mechanism is present in the development of steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatocytes have several iron uptake pathways. Ethanol increases transferrin (Tf)-mediated uptake via a receptor-dependent manner, but downregulates the non-Tf-bound iron uptake. According to immunohistochemical study, TfR1 was increased in hepatocytes in 80% of hepatic tissues of patients with ALD, but was not detected in normal hepatic tissues. In an experimental model, ethanol exposure to the primary cultured-hepatocytes in the presence of iron increased TfR1 expression and (59)Fe-labeled Tf uptake. In patients with ALD, intestinal iron absorption is increased by oral iron uptake assay. The regulatory hormone for iron homeostasis, hepcidin is downregulated in ethanol-loaded mice liver. As well as ALD, a similar mechanism was present in the mouse model fed with a high-fat diet, a model of the initial phenomenon of steatosis. The common mechanism for hepatic iron deposition and the triggering role of iron may be present in the development of ALD and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kohgo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
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89
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Hepatocyte mitochondrion electron-transport chain alterations in CCl4 and alcohol induced hepatitis in rats and their correction with simvastatin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:27-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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90
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Pardo-Andreu GL, Barrios MF, Curti C, Hernández I, Merino N, Lemus Y, Martínez I, Riaño A, Delgado R. Protective effects of Mangifera indica L extract (Vimang), and its major component mangiferin, on iron-induced oxidative damage to rat serum and liver. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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91
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Imeryuz N, Tahan V, Sonsuz A, Eren F, Uraz S, Yuksel M, Akpulat S, Ozcelik D, Haklar G, Celikel C, Avsar E, Tozun N. Iron preloading aggravates nutritional steatohepatitis in rats by increasing apoptotic cell death. J Hepatol 2007; 47:851-9. [PMID: 17825453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS High serum ferritin and liver iron concentrations were found in some patients with NASH, suggesting a role for iron as a co-factor that aggravates liver injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of parenteral iron in a rat model of NASH induced by a methionine choline deficient diet (MCDD). METHODS Wistar rats were divided into 1 - Control, 2 - Iron (Fe), 3 - MCDD, 4 - MCDD&Fe groups. Iron dextran 100mg/kg was administered intra-muscularly in groups 2 and 4. All rats were fed MCDD, Groups 1 and 2 were supplied with choline and methionine. Blood and tissue samples were obtained after 4weeks. RESULTS The iron injection alone did not affect the liver whereas MCDD led to steatohepatitis. Iron worsened steatosis without any obvious effect on accompanying inflammation. It aggravated tissue injury by increasing apoptosis. Liver fibrosis was observed only in 3 out of 10 rats in the MCDD&Fe group. CONCLUSIONS Observation of liver fibrosis only in the MCDD&Fe group suggests that iron induced increase in apoptosis contributes to the development of fibrosis at an earlier time than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Imeryuz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey
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92
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Abstract
Patients with alcoholic liver disease frequently exhibit increased body iron stores, as reflected by elevated serum iron indices (transferrin saturation, ferritin) and hepatic iron concentration. Even mild to moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to increase the prevalence of iron overload. Moreover, increased hepatic iron content is associated with greater mortality from alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting a pathogenic role for iron in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol increases the severity of disease in patients with genetic hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder common in the Caucasian population. Both iron and alcohol individually cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which culminates in liver injury. Despite these observations, the underlying mechanisms of iron accumulation and the source of the excess iron observed in alcoholic liver disease remain unclear. Over the last decade, several novel iron-regulatory proteins have been identified and these have greatly enhanced our understanding of iron metabolism. For example, hepcidin, a circulatory antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the hepatocytes of the liver is now known to play a central role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. This review attempts to describe the interaction of alcohol and iron-regulatory molecules. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is of considerable clinical importance because both alcoholic liver disease and genetic hemochromatosis are common diseases, in which alcohol and iron appear to act synergistically to cause liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Dee Harrison-Findik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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93
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Sebastiani G, Walker AP. HFE gene in primary and secondary hepatic iron overload. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4673-89. [PMID: 17729389 PMCID: PMC4611189 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct from hereditary haemochromatosis, hepatic iron overload is a common finding in several chronic liver diseases. Many studies have investigated the prevalence, distribution and possible contributory role of excess hepatic iron in non-haemochromatotic chronic liver diseases. Indeed, some authors have proposed iron removal in liver diseases other than hereditary haemochromatosis. However, the pathogenesis of secondary iron overload remains unclear. The High Fe (HFE) gene has been implicated, but the reported data are controversial. In this article, we summarise current concepts regarding the cellular role of the HFE protein in iron homeostasis. We review the current status of the literature regarding the prevalence, hepatic distribution and possible therapeutic implications of iron overload in chronic hepatitis C, hepatitis B, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and porphyria cutanea tarda. We discuss the evidence regarding the role of HFE gene mutations in these liver diseases. Finally, we summarize the common and specific features of iron overload in liver diseases other than haemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Sebastiani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova and Digestive Diseases, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition Department, Umberto I Hospital, Venice, Italy.
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94
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Kohgo Y, Ikuta K, Ohtake T, Torimoto Y, Kato J. Iron overload and cofactors with special reference to alcohol, hepatitis C virus infection and steatosis/insulin resistance. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4699-706. [PMID: 17729391 PMCID: PMC4611191 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several cofactors which affect body iron metabolism and accelerate iron overload. Alcohol and hepatic viral infections are the most typical examples for clarifying the role of cofactors in iron overload. In these conditions, iron is deposited in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through Fenton reaction have key role to facilitate cellular uptake of transferrin-bound iron. Furthermore, hepcidin, antimicrobial peptide produced mainly in the liver is also responsible for intestinal iron absorption and reticuloendothelial iron release. In patients with ceruloplasmin deficiency, anemia and secondary iron overload in liver and neurodegeneration are reported. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that fatty acid accumulation without alcohol and obesity itself modifies iron overload states. Ineffective erythropoiesis is also an important factor to accelerate iron overload, which is associated with diseases such as thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. When this condition persists, the dietary iron absorption is increased due to the increment of bone marrow erythropoiesis and tissue iron overload will thereafter occurs. In porphyria cutanea tarda, iron is secondarily accumulated in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kohgo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-higashi 2-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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95
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Loréal O, Ropert M, Mosser A, Déhais V, Deugnier Y, David V, Brissot P, Jouanolle AM. Physiopathologie et génétique de l'hémochromatose HFE de type 1. Presse Med 2007; 36:1271-7. [PMID: 17521857 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary type 1 HFE hemochromatosis is associated with homozygosity for the p.Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene (C282Y mutation). The p.Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene leads to an abnormal reduction in hepatic expression of hepcidin, a protein that appears to control the release of iron from enterocytes and macrophages towards plasma. Abnormally low hepcidin levels promote an increase in the bioavailability of plasma iron, characterized by elevated transferrin saturation and the appearance of non transferrin bound iron. This nontransferrin-bound iron is avidly taken up by the liver, heart, and pancreas, the principal target organs for systemic iron overload. The variable penetrance of this disease is related to environmental and genetic factors. Among the genetic factors, mutations of some newly identified genes may aggravate the phenotype of iron overload associated with homozygosity for the p.Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene; these new genes include those of hemojuvelin (HJV), transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), and hepcidin (HAMP).
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96
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Jatobá CAN, de Rezende AA, de Paiva Rodrigues SJ, de Almeida Câmara MM, das Graças Almeida M, Freire-Neto F, da Rocha LRM, da Medeiros AC, Brandão-Neto J, de Carvalho Formiga MC, de Azevedo IM, de Oliveira Ramos AM. Liver iron overload induced by tamoxifen in diabetic and non-diabetic female Wistar rats. Biometals 2007; 21:171-8. [PMID: 17636394 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-007-9105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TX), a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer, may cause hepatic changes in some patients. The consequences of its use on the liver tissues of rats with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between plasma hepatic enzyme levels and the presence of iron overload in the hepatic tissue of female Wistar rats with or without streptozotocin-induced DM and using TX. Female rats were studied in control groups: C-0 (non-drug users), C-V (sorbitol vehicle only) and C-TX (using TX). DM (diabetic non-drug users) and DM-TX (diabetics using TX) were the test groups. Sixty days after induced DM, blood samples were collected for glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin measures. Hepatic fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Perls. The hepatic iron content was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. AST, ALT and ALP levels were significantly elevated in the DM and DM-TX groups, with unchanged bilirubin levels. Liver iron overload using Perls stain and atomic absorption spectrometry were observed exclusively in groups C-TX and DM-TX. There was positive correlation between AST, ALT and ALP levels and microscopic hepatic siderosis intensity in group DM-TX. In conclusion, TX administration is associated with liver siderosis in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In addition, TX induced liver iron overload with unaltered hepatic function in non-diabetic rats and may be a useful tool for investigating the biological control of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos André Nunes Jatobá
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
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97
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Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Kowdley KV. Relationship between transferrin-iron saturation, alcohol consumption, and the incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:624-9. [PMID: 17478349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excessive alcohol consumption and iron overload might act in synergy to promote hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. We examined the relation between baseline serum transferrin-iron saturation (TS) and the incidence of hospitalizations or deaths related to cirrhosis and liver cancer as well as the influence of alcohol consumption on this relationship. METHODS Participants included 8767 persons aged 25-74 years without evidence of cirrhosis at entry into the study or during the first 5 years of follow-up who were subsequently followed for a mean of 13.3 years as part of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS During 116,656 person-years of follow-up, 115 participants were hospitalized for or died of cirrhosis and 4 more of liver cancer. Compared with persons with low TS (<40%) and low alcohol consumption (</=1 drink/day) who had an incidence of cirrhosis/liver cancer of 70/100,000 person-years, the incidence was increased in persons with elevated TS (>/=40%) and low alcohol consumption (154/100,000; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.8) and in persons with low TS and elevated (>1 drink/day) alcohol consumption (198/100,000; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-5.0). The incidence of cirrhosis/liver cancer was particularly high among persons with both elevated TS and elevated alcohol consumption (480/100,000; adjusted hazard ratio, 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-12.9), exceeding the rate predicted by the addition of the separate attributable risks associated with drinking and elevated serum TS. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum TS is associated with an increased incidence of cirrhosis or liver cancer particularly in the presence of elevated alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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98
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Guyader D, Thirouard AS, Erdtmann L, Rakba N, Jacquelinet S, Danielou H, Perrin M, Jouanolle AM, Brissot P, Deugnier Y. Liver iron is a surrogate marker of severe fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2007; 46:587-95. [PMID: 17156889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with chronic hepatitis C have frequently mild to moderate liver iron overload which increases with fibrosis stage. Thus, it has been postulated that iron could enhance the progression of fibrosis. However, the real impact of iron is still controversial. The study was undertaken to determine the effect of confounding variables. All factors known to influence both iron overload and fibrosis were taken into account. METHODS Five hundred and eighty-six patients, who had liver biopsy performed prior to antiviral treatment, were included. Serum ferritin and liver iron were correlated with clinical, biological and histological variables in univariate and multivariate analysis. The impact of iron on fibrosis was evaluated in multivariate analysis in the whole group and in the subgroup of 380 patients with available date of infection. RESULTS Hyperferritinemia, encountered in 27%, was associated with liver iron deposits in only 46% of cases. Liver iron was elevated in 17%, and correlated with age, male sex, and alcohol intake. The univariate strong link which existed between liver iron and fibrosis disappeared after adjustment for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, liver iron should be considered more as a surrogate marker for disease severity than as a fibrogenic factor per se.
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99
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Tajiri K, Shimizu Y, Tsuneyama K, Sugiyama T. A case report of oxidative stress in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39:616-8. [PMID: 16927384 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver injury is well known as a complication of anorexia nervosa (AN), and steatosis of the liver has been thought to be the main cause of the injury. However, the precise mechanism for the liver injury is still unclear. METHOD AND RESULTS We had a chance to examine the histological change of the liver with AN, and found that not only fat deposit but also peroxidated lipid products and irons were recognized in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Our present case demonstrates that oxidative stresses in hepatocytes, which might be associated with iron deposition, could be involved in the pathogenesis of liver injury in patients with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tajiri
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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100
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Almeida AM, Bertoncini CRA, Borecký J, Souza-Pinto NC, Vercesi AE. Mitochondrial DNA damage associated with lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane induced by Fe2+-citrate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2006; 78:505-14. [PMID: 16936939 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652006000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron imbalance/accumulation has been implicated in oxidative injury associated with many degenerative diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, beta-thalassemia, and Friedreich's ataxia. Mitochondria are particularly sensitive to iron-induced oxidative stress - high loads of iron cause extensive lipid peroxidation and membrane permeabilization in isolated mitochondria. Here we detected and characterized mitochondrial DNA damage in isolated rat liver mitochondria exposed to a Fe2+-citrate complex, a small molecular weight complex. Intense DNA fragmentation was induced after the incubation of mitochondria with the iron complex. The detection of 3' phosphoglycolate ends at the mtDNA strand breaks by a 32P-postlabeling assay, suggested the involvement of hydroxyl radical in the DNA fragmentation induced by Fe2+-citrate. Increased levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine also suggested that Fe2+-citrate-induced oxidative stress causes mitochondrial DNA damage. In conclusion, our results show that iron-mediated lipid peroxidation was associated with intense mtDNA damage derived from the direct attack of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa M Almeida
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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