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Hou C, Peng Y, Qin C, Fan F, Liu J, Long J. Hydrogen-rich water improves cognitive impairment gender-dependently in APP/PS1 mice without affecting Aβ clearance. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1311-1322. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1460749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Toriniwa Y, Saito T, Miyajima K, Ishii Y, Uno K, Maekawa T, Matsui T, Kume S, Yamada T, Ohta T. Investigation of pharmacological responses to anti-diabetic drugs in female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, a new nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:878-885. [PMID: 29643297 PMCID: PMC6021872 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease, and some patients develop hepatic cirrhosis/carcinoma. Animal models play key roles in the development of new therapies for NASH. In this study, the pharmacological effects of metformin and pioglitazone were investigated in female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats to verify the utility of this model. The anti-diabetic drugs were administered to SDT fatty rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet from 4 to 25 weeks, and changes in food intake, body weight, and blood chemistry parameters were evaluated every 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid content, mRNA expression in relation to lipid synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis, and histopathological analyses were performed at 25 weeks. Pioglitazone improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and abnormalities in hepatic parameters. The insulin levels were lower than those in the control rats before 16 weeks. Plasma glucose levels in the metformin-treated rats were lower than those in the control rats, and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels temporarily decreased. The lipid content and some mRNA expression in relation to fibrosis in the liver decreased with pioglitazone treatment, and the mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein increased. Hepatic fibrosis observed in the SDT fatty rats improved with pioglitazone treatment; however, the effect with metformin treatment was partial. These results in both drugs are in line with results in the human study, suggesting that the SDT fatty rat is useful for developing new anti-NASH drugs that show potential to regulate glucose/lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Toriniwa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saito
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kinuko Uno
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kume
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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53
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Chen HC, Liu YC. Creating functional water by treating excited gold nanoparticles for the applications of green chemistry, energy and medicine: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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54
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Shiba K, Tsuchiya K, Komiya C, Miyachi Y, Mori K, Shimazu N, Yamaguchi S, Ogasawara N, Katoh M, Itoh M, Suganami T, Ogawa Y. Canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, attenuates the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of human NASH. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2362. [PMID: 29402900 PMCID: PMC5799179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, an antidiabetic drug, promotes urinary excretion of glucose by blocking its reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules. It is unclear whether SGLT2 inhibition could attenuate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. We examined the preventive effects of an SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin (CANA) in Western diet (WD)-fed melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient (MC4R-KO) mice, a mouse model of human NASH. An eight-week CANA treatment attenuated hepatic steatosis in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice, with increased epididymal fat mass without inflammatory changes. CANA treatment for 20 weeks inhibited the development of hepatic fibrosis in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. After one year of CANA treatment, the number of liver tumors was significantly reduced in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. In adipose tissue, CANA suppressed the ratio of oxidative to reduced forms of glutathiones (GSSG/GSH) in WD-fed MC4R-KO mice. Treatment with GSH significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced upregulation of genes related to NADPH oxidase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that of Il6, Tgfb, and Pdgfb in RAW264.7 cells. This study provides evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors represent the unique class of drugs that can attenuate or delay the onset of NASH and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma, at least partly, through “healthy adipose expansion”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Shiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Diabetes, Yamanashi-Kosei Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Chikara Komiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Katoh
- Medical Science Department Ikuyaku, Integrated Value Development Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Medical and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
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55
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Wu J. Utilization of animal models to investigate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42762-42776. [PMID: 27072576 PMCID: PMC5173170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver disorders with fat accumulation from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis and NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is a progressive form of NAFLD and requires medical attention. One of 5-10 NASH patients may progress to end-state liver disease (ESLD or cirrhosis) in 5-10 years; meanwhile, life-threatening complications of ESLD and HCC account for major mortality. An increasing burden of NAFLD in clinics, elucidation of its pathogenesis and progression, and assessment of the efficacy of potential therapeutics demand reliable animal models. Most NASH-associated HCC occurs in cirrhotic subjects; however, HCC does appear in NASH patients without cirrhosis. Lipotoxicity, oxidant stress, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered adipokine and lymphokine profiles and gut microbiome changes affect NAFLD progression and constitute key pathobiologic interplays. How these factors promote malignant transformation in a microenvironment of steatotic inflammation and fibrosis/cirrhosis, and lead to development of neoplasms is one of critical questions faced in the hepatology field. The present review summarizes the characteristics of emerging rodent NASH-HCC models, and discusses the challenges in utilizing these models to unveil the mysteries of NASH-associated HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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56
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Ogawa H, Okada M, Shudou M, Gyo K, Hato N. Prevention of ischemia-induced hearing loss by intravenous administration of hydrogen-rich saline in gerbil. Neurosci Lett 2017; 665:195-199. [PMID: 29223865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydrogen-rich water, which is a potent antioxidant agent, was investigated for its protective effects against ischemic damage of the cochlea in gerbils. METHODS The animals were subjected to transient cochlear ischemia by occluding the bilateral vertebral arteries for l5min. Five milliliters of hydrogen-rich saline was then intravenously administered immediately after the insult. Saline without hydrogen was used as a control. Effects of hydrogen were evaluated using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and histological studies of the inner ear. RESULTS In non-ischemia animals, ABR thresholds and histological findings of the cochlea did not change by administration of saline or hydrogen-rich saline. In contrast, transient cochlear ischemia caused a 24.2±3.8dB increase in the ABR threshold at 8kHz, and a decrease of 14.1%±1.8% in the number of inner hair cells (IHCs) at the basal turn on day 7. Ischemic damage was more severe at 16 and 32kHz. When the animals were treated with hydrogen-rich saline, cochlear damage was significantly reduced: the increase in ABR threshold was 11.7±2.6dB at 8kHz and the IHC loss was 7.5%±2.1% at the basal turn on day 7. The effects of hydrogen-rich saline were more prominent at higher frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of hydrogen-rich saline was effective in preventing acute hearing loss due to transient cochlear ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ogawa
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Masachika Shudou
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Gyo
- Takanoko Hospital, Otolaryngology, Takanoko 525-1, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-0925, Japan.
| | - Naohito Hato
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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57
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Ge L, Yang M, Yang NN, Yin XX, Song WG. Molecular hydrogen: a preventive and therapeutic medical gas for various diseases. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102653-102673. [PMID: 29254278 PMCID: PMC5731988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2007 discovery that molecular hydrogen (H2) has selective antioxidant properties, multiple studies have shown that H2 has beneficial effects in diverse animal models and human disease. This review discusses H2 biological effects and potential mechanisms of action in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome, organ injury, and cancer; describes effective H2 delivery approaches; and summarizes recent progress toward H2 applications in human medicine. We also discuss remaining questions in H2 therapy, and conclude with an appeal for a greater role for H2 in the prevention and treatment of human ailments that are currently major global health burdens. This review makes a case for supporting hydrogen medicine in human disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ge
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Tai-an City 271000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai-an City 271000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Na-Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Tai-an City 271000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai-an City 271000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Gang Song
- Department of medical immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Tai-an City 271000, Shandong Province, PR China
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58
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Lin CP, Chuang WC, Lu FJ, Chen CY. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen-rich water alleviate ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4920-4934. [PMID: 28785146 PMCID: PMC5526762 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) treatment on prevention of ethanol (EtOH)-induced early fatty liver in mice.
METHODS In vitro reduction of hydrogen peroxide by HRW was determined with a chemiluminescence system. Female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, EtOH, EtOH + silymarin, EtOH + HRW and EtOH + silymarin + HRW. Each group was fed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing EtOH or isocaloric maltose dextrin (control diet). Silymarin was used as a positive control to compare HRW efficacy against chronic EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity. HRW was freshly prepared and given at a dosage of 1.2 mL/mouse trice daily. Blood and liver tissue were collected after chronic-binge liquid-diet feeding for 12 wk.
RESULTS The in vitro study showed that HRW directly scavenged hydrogen peroxide. The in vivo study showed that HRW increased expression of acyl ghrelin, which was correlated with food intake. HRW treatment significantly reduced EtOH-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerol and total cholesterol levels, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6. HRW attenuated malondialdehyde level, restored glutathione depletion and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver. Moreover, HRW reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels but increased IL-10 and IL-22 levels.
CONCLUSION HRW protects against chronic EtOH-induced liver injury, possibly by inducing acyl ghrelin to suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and induce IL-10 and IL-22, thus activating antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress.
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59
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Dong WW, Zhang YQ, Zhu XY, Mao YF, Sun XJ, Liu YJ, Jiang L. Protective Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Saline Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Alveolar Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2357-2364. [PMID: 28522797 PMCID: PMC5445901 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic change is one of the important reasons for the poor prognosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The present study investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich saline, a selective hydroxyl radical scavenger, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male ICR mice were divided randomly into 5 groups: Control, LPS-treated plus vehicle treatment, and LPS-treated plus hydrogen-rich saline (2.5, 5, or 10 ml/kg) treatment. Twenty-eight days later, fibrosis was assessed by determination of collagen deposition, hydroxyproline, and type I collagen levels. Development of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was identified by examining protein expressions of E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 content, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. RESULTS Mice exhibited increases in collagen deposition, hydroxyproline, type I collagen contents, and TGF-β1 production in lung tissues after LPS treatment. LPS-induced lung fibrosis was associated with increased expression of α-SMA, as well as decreased expression of E-cadherin. In addition, LPS treatment increased MDA levels but decreased T-AOC, CAT, and SOD activities in lung tissues, indicating that LPS induced pulmonary oxidative stress. Hydrogen-rich saline treatment at doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 ml/kg significantly attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis. LPS-induced loss of E-cadherin in lung tissues was largely reversed, whereas the acquisition of α-SMA was dramatically decreased by hydrogen-rich saline treatment. In addition, hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogen-rich saline may protect against LPS-induced EMT and pulmonary fibrosis through suppressing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Dong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yun-Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Fei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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60
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Patitucci C, Couchy G, Bagattin A, Cañeque T, de Reyniès A, Scoazec JY, Rodriguez R, Pontoglio M, Zucman-Rossi J, Pende M, Panasyuk G. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α suppresses steatosis-associated liver cancer by inhibiting PPARγ transcription. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1873-1888. [PMID: 28394260 DOI: 10.1172/jci90327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases, including liver steatosis, are associated with an increased frequency of malignancies, showing the highest positive correlation for liver cancer. The heterogeneity of liver cancer represents a clinical challenge. In liver, the transcription factor PPARγ promotes metabolic adaptations of lipogenesis and aerobic glycolysis under the control of Akt2 activity, but the role of PPARγ in liver tumorigenesis is unknown. Here we have combined preclinical mouse models of liver cancer and genetic studies of a human liver biopsy atlas with the aim of identifying putative therapeutic targets in the context of liver steatosis and cancer. We have revealed a protumoral interaction of Akt2 signaling with hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) and PPARγ, transcription factors that are master regulators of hepatocyte and adipocyte differentiation, respectively. Akt2 phosphorylates and inhibits HNF1α, thus relieving the suppression of hepatic PPARγ expression and promoting tumorigenesis. Finally, we observed that pharmacological inhibition of PPARγ is therapeutically effective in a preclinical murine model of steatosis-associated liver cancer. Taken together, our studies in humans and mice reveal that Akt2 controls hepatic tumorigenesis through crosstalk between HNF1α and PPARγ.
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Nur77 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via switching glucose metabolism toward gluconeogenesis through attenuating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase sumoylation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14420. [PMID: 28240261 PMCID: PMC5333363 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis, an essential metabolic process for hepatocytes, is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we show that the nuclear receptor Nur77 is a tumour suppressor for HCC that regulates gluconeogenesis. Low Nur77 expression in clinical HCC samples correlates with poor prognosis, and a Nur77 deficiency in mice promotes HCC development. Nur77 interacts with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK1), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, to increase gluconeogenesis and suppress glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and cell growth arrest. However, PEPCK1 becomes labile after sumoylation and is degraded via ubiquitination, which is augmented by the p300 acetylation of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9). Although Nur77 attenuates sumoylation and stabilizes PEPCK1 via impairing p300 activity and preventing the Ubc9-PEPCK1 interaction, Nur77 is silenced in HCC samples due to Snail-mediated DNA methylation of the Nur77 promoter. Our study reveals a unique mechanism to suppress HCC by switching from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis through Nur77 antagonism of PEPCK1 degradation.
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Kim TH, Jun HY, Kim KJ, Lee YH, Lee MS, Choi KH, Yun KJ, Jeong YY, Jun CH, Cho EY, Yoon KH. Hepatic Alanine Differentiates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis From Simple Steatosis in Humans and Mice: A Proton MR Spectroscopy Study With Long Echo Time. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1298-1310. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Imaging Science Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Young Jun
- Imaging Science Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Kim
- Department of Radiology; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Imaging Science Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Su Lee
- Imaging Science Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Ha Choi
- Department of Pathology; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jung Yun
- Department of Pathology; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Jeong
- Department of Radiology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hwan Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine; Chonnam National University Hospital; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Imaging Science Research Center; Wonkwang University; Iksan Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology; Wonkwang University School of Medicine; Iksan Republic of Korea
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63
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Nishimura N, Tanabe H, Yamamoto T. Sufficient intake of high amylose cornstarch maintains high colonic hydrogen production for 24 h in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:173-180. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1234929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Colonic hydrogen (H2) can suppress oxidative stress and damage in the body. We examined the minimum requirement of high amylose cornstarch (HAS) to maintain high colonic H2 production for 24 h. Ileorectostomized and sham-operated rats were fed a control diet supplemented with or without 20% HAS for 7 days. Colonic starch utilization was determined. Next, rats were fed the control diet with or without 10% or 20% HAS for 14 or 28 days, respectively. Breath and flatus H2 excretion for 24 h was measured. 1.04 g of resistant fraction in HAS was utilized for 24 h by colonic bacteria. High H2 excretion was not maintained for 24 h in rats fed the 10% HAS diet, from which only 0.89 g of resistant starch was estimated to be delivered. High colonic H2 production for 24 h would be maintained by delivering more HAS to the large intestine than is utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Nishimura
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
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Bozaykut P, Sahin A, Karademir B, Ozer NK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress related molecular mechanisms in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 157:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Umemura A, He F, Taniguchi K, Nakagawa H, Yamachika S, Font-Burgada J, Zhong Z, Subramaniam S, Raghunandan S, Duran A, Linares JF, Reina-Campos M, Umemura S, Valasek MA, Seki E, Yamaguchi K, Koike K, Itoh Y, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Karin M. p62, Upregulated during Preneoplasia, Induces Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis by Maintaining Survival of Stressed HCC-Initiating Cells. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:935-948. [PMID: 27211490 PMCID: PMC4907799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptor and signaling protein that accumulates in premalignant liver diseases and most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Although p62 was proposed to participate in the formation of benign adenomas in autophagy-deficient livers, its role in HCC initiation was not explored. Here we show that p62 is necessary and sufficient for HCC induction in mice and that its high expression in non-tumor human liver predicts rapid HCC recurrence after curative ablation. High p62 expression is needed for activation of NRF2 and mTORC1, induction of c-Myc, and protection of HCC-initiating cells from oxidative stress-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Umemura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Feng He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamachika
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Departments of Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sindhu Raghunandan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Angeles Duran
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juan F Linares
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Miguel Reina-Campos
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shiori Umemura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Valasek
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Kamimura N, Ichimiya H, Iuchi K, Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen stimulates the gene expression of transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α to enhance fatty acid metabolism. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16008. [PMID: 28721265 PMCID: PMC5515010 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that molecular hydrogen (H2) acts as a novel antioxidant to exhibit multiple functions. Moreover, long-term drinking of H2-water (water infused with H2) enhanced energy expenditure to improve obesity and diabetes in db/db mice accompanied by the increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) by an unknown mechanism. H2 was ingested by drinking of H2-water or by oral administration of an H2-producing material, MgH2. The comprehensive gene expression profile in the liver of db/db mice was analyzed by DNA microarray. The molecular mechanisms underlying the gene expression profile was investigated using cultured HepG2 cells. Moreover, the effects on lifespan of drinking H2-water were examined using wild-type mice that were fed a fatty diet. Pathway analyses based on comprehensive gene expression revealed the increased expression of various genes involved in fatty acid and steroid metabolism. As a transcription pathway, the PPARα signaling pathway was identified to upregulate their genes by ingesting H2. As an early event, the gene expression of PGC-1α was transiently increased, followed by increased expression of FGF21. The expression of PGC-1α might be regulated indirectly through sequential regulation by H2, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and Akt/FoxO1 signaling, as suggested in cultured cell experiments. In wild-type mice fed the fatty diet, H2-water improved the level of plasma triglycerides and extended their average of lifespan. H2 induces expression of the PGC-1α gene, followed by stimulation of the PPARα pathway that regulates FGF21, and the fatty acid and steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kamimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki-city, Japan
| | - Harumi Ichimiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki-city, Japan
| | - Katsuya Iuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki-city, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki-city, Japan.,Department of Neuroregenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Han B, Zhou H, Jia G, Wang Y, Song Z, Wang G, Pan S, Bai X, Lv J, Sun B. MAPKs and Hsc70 are critical to the protective effect of molecular hydrogen during the early phase of acute pancreatitis. FEBS J 2016; 283:738-56. [PMID: 26683671 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2 ) has been proven to be an effective agent that can cure multiple organ diseases by reducing oxidative stress. Although the protective effect of hydrogen on acute pancreatitis (AP) has been confirmed, its molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this article, we aimed to investigate the changes in pancreatic cell protein expression associated with the protective effect of H2 against AP and attempted to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying this process. A proteomic analysis identified 73 differentially expressed proteins and generated the protein-protein interaction networks of these proteins. The results triggered our interest in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Hsc70). The subsequent in vitro experiments showed that H2 treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK, and activated NF-κB and the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β, while simultaneously preventing the translocation of phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK, and phospho-p38 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Furthermore, Hsc70 expression was upregulated by H2 administration. The animal experimental results were consistent with those of the in vitro experiments. In conclusion, H2 treatment can ameliorate the inflammatory response and reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators during the early phase of AP by inhibiting the MAPK pathways and increasing Hsc70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, China.,Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Haoxin Zhou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zengfu Song
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xuewei Bai
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jiachen Lv
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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Hou C, Wang Y, Zhu E, Yan C, Zhao L, Wang X, Qiu Y, Shen H, Sun X, Feng Z, Liu J, Long J. Coral calcium hydride prevents hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced obese rats: A potent mitochondrial nutrient and phase II enzyme inducer. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 103:85-97. [PMID: 26774456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by profound lipid accumulation and associated with an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously demonstrated that some mitochondrial nutrients effectively ameliorated high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and metabolic disorders. Molecular hydrogen in hydrogen-rich liquid or inhaling gas, which has been confirmed in scavenging reactive oxygen species and preventing mitochondrial decay, improved metabolic syndrome in patients and animal models. Coral calcium hydride (CCH) is a new solid molecular hydrogen carrier made of coral calcium. However, whether and how CCH impacts HFD-induced hepatic steatosis remains uninvestigated. In the present study, we applied CCH to a HFD-induced NAFLD rat model for 13 weeks. We found that CCH durably generated hydrogen in vivo and in vitro. CCH treatment significantly reduced body weight gain, improved glucose and lipid metabolism and attenuated hepatic steatosis in HFD-induced obese rats with no influence on food and water intake. Moreover, CCH effectively improved HFD-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced oxidative stress, and activated phase II enzymes. Our results suggest that CCH is an efficient hydrogen-rich agent, which could prevent HFD-induced NAFLD via activating phase II enzymes and improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yongyao Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Erkang Zhu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yingfeng Qiu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Military Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of Aeromedicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Hydrogen-Rich Water Intake Accelerates Oral Palatal Wound Healing via Activation of the Nrf2/Antioxidant Defense Pathways in a Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:5679040. [PMID: 26798423 PMCID: PMC4699099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5679040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The wound healing process attempts to restore the integrity and function of the injured tissue. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative stress play important roles in wound healing. The aim of this study was to determine whether hydrogen-rich water intake induces the activation of the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathway in rat palatal tissue, thereby reducing systemic oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine levels and promoting healing-associated genes. A circular excisional wound was created in the oral palatal region, and the wound healing process was observed. The rats were divided into two experimental groups in which either hydrogen-rich water or distilled water was consumed. In the drinking hydrogen-rich water, the palatal wound healing process was accelerated compared to that in the control group. As molecular hydrogen upregulated the Nrf2 pathway, systemic oxidative stresses were decreased by the activation of antioxidant activity. Furthermore, hydrogen-rich water intake reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels and promoted the expression of healing-associated factors in rat palatal tissue. In conclusion, hydrogen-rich water intake exhibited multiple beneficial effects through activation of the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathway. The results of this study support the hypothesis that oral administration of hydrogen-rich water benefits the wound healing process by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Ichihara M, Sobue S, Ito M, Ito M, Hirayama M, Ohno K. Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen - comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Med Gas Res 2015; 5:12. [PMID: 26483953 PMCID: PMC4610055 DOI: 10.1186/s13618-015-0035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen for a wide range of disease models and human diseases have been investigated since 2007. A total of 321 original articles have been published from 2007 to June 2015. Most studies have been conducted in Japan, China, and the USA. About three-quarters of the articles show the effects in mice and rats. The number of clinical trials is increasing every year. In most diseases, the effect of hydrogen has been reported with hydrogen water or hydrogen gas, which was followed by confirmation of the effect with hydrogen-rich saline. Hydrogen water is mostly given ad libitum. Hydrogen gas of less than 4 % is given by inhalation. The effects have been reported in essentially all organs covering 31 disease categories that can be subdivided into 166 disease models, human diseases, treatment-associated pathologies, and pathophysiological conditions of plants with a predominance of oxidative stress-mediated diseases and inflammatory diseases. Specific extinctions of hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite were initially presented, but the radical-scavenging effect of hydrogen cannot be held solely accountable for its drastic effects. We and others have shown that the effects can be mediated by modulating activities and expressions of various molecules such as Lyn, ERK, p38, JNK, ASK1, Akt, GTP-Rac1, iNOS, Nox1, NF-κB p65, IκBα, STAT3, NFATc1, c-Fos, and ghrelin. Master regulator(s) that drive these modifications, however, remain to be elucidated and are currently being extensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ichihara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Sayaka Sobue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673 Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
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Takaki A, Yamamoto K. Control of oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: Helpful or harmful? World J Hepatol 2015; 7:968-979. [PMID: 25954479 PMCID: PMC4419100 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i7.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is becoming recognized as a key factor in the progression of chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocarcinogenesis. The metabolically important liver is a major reservoir of mitochondria that serve as sources of reactive oxygen species, which are apparently responsible for the initiation of necroinflammation. As a result, CLD could be a major inducer of oxidative stress. Chronic hepatitis C is a powerful generator of oxidative stress, causing a high rate of hepatocarcinogenesis among patients with cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is also associated with oxidative stress although its hepatocarcinogenic potential is lower than that of chronic hepatitis C. Analyses of serum markers and histological findings have shown that hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with oxidative stress and experimental data indicate that oxidative stress increases the likelihood of developing hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the results of antioxidant therapy have not been favorable. Physiological oxidative stress is a necessary biological response, and thus adequate control of oxidative stress and a balance between oxidative and anti-oxidative responses is important. Several agents including metformin and L-carnitine can reportedly control mechanistic oxidative stress. This study reviews the importance of oxidative stress in hepatocarcinogenesis and of control strategies for the optimal survival of patients with CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Lee PC, Yang YY, Huang CS, Hsieh SL, Lee KC, Hsieh YC, Lee TY, Lin HC. Concomitant inhibition of oxidative stress and angiogenesis by chronic hydrogen-rich saline and N-acetylcysteine treatments improves systemic, splanchnic and hepatic hemodynamics of cirrhotic rats. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:578-88. [PMID: 24961937 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM In cirrhosis, increased oxidative stress leads to systemic and splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation, splanchnic angiogenesis, portosystemic collateral formation, hepatic endothelial dysfunction, increased intrahepatic resistance and the subsequent portal hypertension. Like N-acetylcysteine, hydrogen-rich saline is a new documented antioxidant with the potential to treat the complications of liver diseases. METHODS In this study, hemodynamics, splanchnic angiogenesis and hepatic endothelial dysfunction were measured in common bile duct ligation (BDL)-cirrhotic rats receiving 1-month treatment of vehicle, N-acetylcysteine and hydrogen-rich saline immediately after BDL. Additionally, acute effects of N-acetylcysteine and hydrogen-rich saline on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tubule formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were also evaluated. RESULTS The data indicate that 1-month treatment of N-acetylcysteine or hydrogen-rich saline significantly ameliorated systemic and splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation, corrected hepatic endothelial dysfunction, and decreased intrahepatic resistance and mesenteric angiogenesis by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, VEGF and reducing mesenteric oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. In vivo studies revealed that acute co-incubation of N-acetylcysteine or hydrogen-rich saline with VEGF effectively suppressed VEGF-induced angiogenesis and migration of HUVEC accompanied by decreasing of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Both hydrogen-rich saline and N-acetylcysteine alleviate portal hypertension, the severity of portosystemic collaterals, mesenteric angiogenesis, hepatic endothelial dysfunction and intrahepatic resistance in cirrhotic rats. N-Acetylcysteine and the new antioxidant, hydrogen-rich saline are potential treatments for the complications of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang JY, Song SD, Pang Q, Zhang RY, Wan Y, Yuan DW, Wu QF, Liu C. Hydrogen-rich water protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4195-4209. [PMID: 25892869 PMCID: PMC4394080 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice.
METHODS: Male mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: normal saline (NS) control group, mice received equivalent volumes of NS intraperitoneally (ip); HRW control group, mice were given HRW (same volume as the NS group); APAP + NS group, mice received NS ip for 3 d (5 mL/kg body weight, twice a day at 8 am and 5 pm) after APAP injection; APAP + HRW group, mice received HRW for 3 d (same as NS treatment) after APAP challenge. In the first experiment, mice were injected ip with a lethal dose of 750 mg/kg APAP to determine the 5-d survival rates. In the second experiment, mice were injected ip with a sub-lethal dose of 500 mg/kg. Blood and liver samples were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after APAP injection to determine the degree of liver injury.
RESULTS: Treatment with HRW resulted in a significant increase in the 5-d survival rate compared with the APAP + NS treatment group (60% vs 26.67%, P < 0.05). HRW could significantly decrease the serum alanine aminotransferase level (24 h: 4442 ± 714.3 U/L vs 6909 ± 304.8 U/L, P < 0.01; 48 h: 3782 ± 557.5 U/L vs 5111 ± 404 U/L, P < 0.01; and 3255 ± 337.4 U/L vs 3814 ± 250.2 U/L, P < 0.05, respectively) and aspartate aminotransferase level (24 h: 4683 ± 443.4 U/L vs 5307 ± 408.4 U/L, P < 0.05; 48 h: 3392 ± 377.6 U/L vs 4458 ± 423.6 U/L, P < 0.01; and 3354 ± 399.4 U/L vs 3778 ± 358 U/L, respectively) compared with the APAP treatment group. The alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels had the same result. Seventy-two hours after APAP administration, liver samples were collected for pathological examination and serum was collected to detect the cytokine levels. The liver index (5.16% ± 0.26% vs 5.88% ± 0.073%, P < 0.05) and percentage of liver necrosis area (27.73% ± 0.58% vs 36.87% ± 0.49%, P < 0.01) were significantly lower in the HRW-treated animals. The malonyldialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly reduced in the HRW pretreatment group, but they were increased in the APAP-treated group (10.44 ± 1.339 nmol/mg protein vs 16.70 ± 1.646 nmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). A decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the APAP treatment group and an increase of SOD in the HRW treatment group were also detected (9.74 ± 0.46 U/mg protein vs 12.1 ± 0.67 U/mg protein, P < 0.05). Furthermore, HRW could significantly increase the glutathione (GSH) contents (878.7 ± 76.73 mg/g protein vs 499.2 ± 48.87 mg/g protein) compared with the APAP treatment group. Meanwhile, HRW could reduce the inflammation level (serum TNF-α: 399.3 ± 45.50 pg/L vs 542.8 ± 22.38 pg/L, P < 0.05; and serum IL-6: 1056 ± 77.01 pg/L vs 1565 ± 42.11 pg/L, P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, HRW could inhibit 4-HNE, nitrotyrosine formation, JNK phosphorylation, connexin 32 and cytochrome P4502E expression. Simultaneously, HRW could facilitate hepatocyte mitosis to promote liver regeneration.
CONCLUSION: HRW has significant therapeutic potential in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and promoting liver regeneration.
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74
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Runtuwene J, Amitani H, Amitani M, Asakawa A, Cheng KC, Inui A. Hydrogen-water enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced inhibition of colon cancer. PeerJ 2015; 3:e859. [PMID: 25870767 PMCID: PMC4393812 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in cancer development. Hydrogen (H2) is a potent antioxidant and exhibits anti-inflammatory and potentially anticancer-like activities. This study aimed to investigate the role of H2 incombination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment both in vitro and in vivo using the colon 26 cell line. The survival rate was determined using the Kaplan–Meier survival test, and cell viability was assessed using cell viability imaging kit and the MTT assay, and activation of the cell apoptosis pathway (Phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and Caspase 3) were characterized by western blots. Hydrogen water administration improved the survival of mice with colon 26-induced cancer. Furthermore, hydrogen water enhanced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, resulting in a marked increase in the expression of p-AMPK, AIF and Caspase 3 in colon 26 cells. Hydrogen water also increased the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on colon 26 cells with spect to cell survival rate and anticancer functions. Additionally, high-content hydrogen water exhibited stronger antioxidative and anticancer activity than did the natural hydrogen water. In conclusion, high-content hydrogen water can inhibit colon cancer, particularly in combination with 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Runtuwene
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan ; Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University , Manado , Indonesia
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Marie Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
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75
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Potential ghrelin-mediated benefits and risks of hydrogen water. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:350-5. [PMID: 25649854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) can scavenge hydroxyl radical and diminish the toxicity of peroxynitrite; hence, it has interesting potential for antioxidant protection. Recently, a number of studies have explored the utility of inhaled hydrogen gas, or of hydrogen-saturated water, administered parenterally or orally, in rodent models of pathology and in clinical trials, oftentimes with very positive outcomes. The efficacy of orally ingested hydrogen-rich water (HW) has been particularly surprising, given that only transient and rather small increments in plasma hydrogen can be achieved by this method. A recent study in mice has discovered that orally administered HW provokes increased gastric production of the orexic hormone ghrelin, and that this ghrelin mediates the favorable impact of HW on a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The possibility that most of the benefits observed with HW in experimental studies are mediated by ghrelin merits consideration. Ghrelin is well known to function as an appetite stimulant and secretagogue for growth hormone, but it influences physiological function throughout the body via interaction with the widely express GHS-R1a receptor. Rodent and, to a more limited extent, clinical studies establish that ghrelin has versatile neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing activity, favorably impacts vascular health, exerts anti-inflammatory activity useful in autoimmune disorders, and is markedly hepatoprotective. The stimulatory impact of ghrelin on GH-IGF-I activity, while potentially beneficial in sarcopenia or cachectic disorders, does raise concerns regarding the long-term impact of ghrelin up-regulation on cancer risk. The impact of ingesting HW water on ghrelin production in humans needs to be evaluated; if HW does up-regulate ghrelin in humans, it may have versatile potential for prevention and control of a number of health disorders.
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76
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Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications. Methods Enzymol 2015; 555:289-317. [PMID: 25747486 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) was believed to be inert and nonfunctional in mammalian cells. We overturned this concept by demonstrating that H2 reacts with highly reactive oxidants such as hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) inside cells. H2 has several advantages exhibiting marked effects for medical applications: it is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect signaling by reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it should have no or little adverse effects. H2 can be monitored with an H2-specific electrode or by gas chromatography. H2 rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells to exhibit efficient effects. Thus, we proposed the potential of H2 for preventive and therapeutic applications. There are several methods to ingest or consume H2: inhaling H2 gas, drinking H2-dissolved water (H2-water), injecting H2-dissolved saline (H2-saline), taking an H2 bath, or dropping H2-saline onto the eyes. Recent publications revealed that, in addition to the direct neutralization of highly reactive oxidants, H2 indirectly reduces oxidative stress by regulating the expression of various genes. Moreover, by regulating gene expression, H2 functions as an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiapoptotic molecule, and stimulates energy metabolism. In addition to growing evidence obtained by model animal experiments, extensive clinical examinations were performed or are under way. Since most drugs specifically act on their specific targets, H2 seems to differ from conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Owing to its great efficacy and lack of adverse effects, H2 has potential for clinical applications for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan.
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77
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Yamashita YI, Imai D, Bekki Y, Kimura K, Matsumoto Y, Nakagawara H, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Shirabe K, Aishima S, Maehara Y. Surgical Outcomes of Hepatic Resection for Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen-Negative and Hepatitis C Virus Antibody-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:2279-85. [PMID: 25472646 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen-negative and hepatitis C virus antibody-negative hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC) is gradually increasing. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in 694 patients who underwent curative hepatic resection for primary HCC from January 1990 to December 2011. RESULTS In the NBNC-HCC group (n = 110), the complication rate of diabetic mellitus (38 %) was significantly higher than that of the B-HCC group (n = 110; 17 %), and their rate of alcohol abuse (38 %) was significantly higher than that of both the B-HCC (26 %) and C-HCC groups (n = 474; 22 %). In the NBNC-HCC group, the tumor diameter (4.5 ± 3.6 cm) was significantly larger than that of the C-HCC group (2.9 ± 1.8 cm), but the rate of histological cirrhosis (37 %) was significantly lower than those of both the B-HCC (67 %) and C-HCC (53 %) groups. There were no significant differences regarding overall and disease-free survival among the three groups. In the NBNC-HCC group, multiple intrahepatic or distant recurrences (25 %) were significantly higher than in the C-HCC group (17 %), and the rate of recurrence more than 2 years after hepatic resection (24 %) was significantly higher than that of the B-HCC group (12 %). CONCLUSIONS The surgical outcomes of patients with NBNC-HCC were not significantly different compared with those of the patients with B-HCC or C-HCC. There was a substantial population with late recurrence among the patients with NBNC-HCC after curative hepatic resection, and thus not only long-term follow-up but also the early establishment of preventive methods for HCC recurrence from NBNC-hepatitis are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,
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78
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Pais P, D'Amato M. In vivo efficacy study of milk thistle extract (ETHIS-094™) in STAM™ model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Drugs R D 2014; 14:291-9. [PMID: 25404123 PMCID: PMC4269824 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-014-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A subcategory of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by accumulation of fat accompanied by inflammatory infiltration and hepatocellular damage. The active complex of milk thistle is a lipophilic extract from its seeds, comprising three isomers, collectively known as silymarin. Silymarin has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, and has been extensively studied in the treatment of liver diseases. The majority of published clinical research on silymarin has used Legalon(®) (Rottapharm/Madaus), containing the patented extract of milk thistle ETHIS-094™ (Euromed). The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of ETHIS-094™ in the Stelic Animal Model (STAM™), a validated and widely used animal model for NASH. METHODS After 4 h fasting from 4 to 8 weeks of age, 15 male mice in whom NASH had been induced were orally administered, once daily, either (1) vehicle (saline) at a volume of 10 mL/kg, (2) vehicle supplemented with milk thistle at a dose of 500 mg/kg, or (3) vehicle supplemented with milk thistle at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg. RESULTS Mean liver weight and the liver-to-body weight ratio were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in the milk thistle high-dose group compared with the vehicle group. NAFLD activity score (NAS) tended to decrease in the milk thistle treatment groups compared with vehicle group, as did steatosis scores. CONCLUSION Milk thistle extract administration induced a decreasing trend in NAS compared with the vehicle group. Milk thistle induced a numerical decrease of the steatosis score compared with vehicle, and this was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in liver weight and the liver-to-body weight ratio, implying a potential anti-steatosis effect of milk thistle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pais
- R&D, Euromed, C/Rec de Dalt, 21-23, Mollet del Vallès, 08100, Barcelona, Spain,
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79
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Ge CJ, Zheng SH, Tong QY. Expression of 8-OHdG and TBARS in alcoholic fatty liver in rats: Implications for therapeutic effects of vitamin E. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4312-4316. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i28.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of oxidative stress (OS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) in rats and to investigate the effect of vitamin E (VE) on AFL.
METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group (n = 15), an ethanol group (ET, n= 15), and an ET + VE group (n = 15). The control group was given distilled water by gavage once a day for 8 wk. The ET group was given ET and fish oil by gavage. The ET + VE group was given additional VE compared with the ET group. Triglyceride (TG) in the liver was measured by colorimetric method. The contents of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: The ET group had a significant increase in TG compared with the control group (0.72 ± 0.09 vs 0.28 ± 0.07, P < 0.01). After VE intervention, TG in the liver decreased. 8-OHdG (1.45 ± 0.17 vs 0.52 ± 0.21, P < 0.01) and TBARS (65.2 ± 9.7 vs 51.2 ± 12.9, P < 0.01) increased significantly in the ET group compared with the control group. 8-OHdG and TBARS decreased significantly in the ET + VE group compared with the ET group.
CONCLUSION: TG deposits obviously in the liver of AFL rats. OS and LPO play an important role in the pathogenesis of AFL. VE as an antioxidant can ameliorate AFL induced injury.
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Takaki Y, Saito Y, Takasugi A, Toshimitsu K, Yamada S, Muramatsu T, Kimura M, Sugiyama K, Suzuki H, Arai E, Ojima H, Kanai Y, Saito H. Silencing of microRNA-122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1254-60. [PMID: 25117675 PMCID: PMC4462359 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a common cause of chronic liver disease and virus-independent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were analyzed in STAM mice, a NASH-HCC animal model. MicroRNA expression was also examined in 42 clinical samples of HCC tissue. Histopathological images of the liver of STAM mice at the ages of 6, 8, 12, and 18 weeks showed findings compatible with fatty liver, NASH, liver cirrhosis (LC), and HCC, respectively. Expression of miR-122 in non-tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks was significantly lower than that in LC at the age of 12 weeks. Expression of miR-122 was further decreased in HCCs relative to non-tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks. Expression of miR-122 was also decreased in clinical samples of liver tissue showing macrovesicular steatosis and HCC, being consistent with the findings in the NASH model mice. DNA methylation analysis revealed that silencing of miR-122 was not mediated by DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region. These results suggest that silencing of miR-122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, and that miR-122 could be a novel molecular marker for evaluating the risk of HCC in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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81
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Tomofuji T, Kawabata Y, Kasuyama K, Endo Y, Yoneda T, Yamane M, Azuma T, Ekuni D, Morita M. Effects of hydrogen-rich water on aging periodontal tissues in rats. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5534. [PMID: 24985521 PMCID: PMC4078318 DOI: 10.1038/srep05534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is involved in age-related inflammatory reactions. The anti-oxidative effects of hydrogen-rich water suppress oxidative damage, which may aid in inhibiting age-related inflammatory reactions. We investigated the effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on aging periodontal tissues in healthy rats. Four-month-old male Fischer 344 rats (n = 12) were divided into two groups: the experimental group (hydrogen-rich water treatment) and the control group (distilled water treatment). The rats consumed hydrogen-rich water or distilled water until 16 months of age. The experimental group exhibited lower periodontal oxidative damage at 16 months of age than the control group. Although protein expression of interleukin-1β did not differ, gene expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasomes was activated in periodontal tissues from the experimental group as compared with the control group. Drinking hydrogen-rich water is proposed to have anti-aging effects on periodontal oxidative damage, but not on inflammatory reactions in healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuya Kawabata
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenta Kasuyama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Endo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamane
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Azuma
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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82
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Takaki A, Kawai D, Yamamoto K. Molecular mechanisms and new treatment strategies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7352-79. [PMID: 24786095 PMCID: PMC4057677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in which most patients exhibit non-progressive, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) attributable to simple steatosis. Multiple hits, including genetic differences, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota changes, account for the progression of NASH. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, which induces adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level, which in turn induces hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Among these factors, gut microbiota are acknowledged as having an important role in initiating this multifactorial disease. Oxidative stress is considered to be a key contributor in the progression from NAFL to NASH. Macrophage infiltration is apparent in NAFL and NASH, while T-cell infiltration is apparent in NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that antioxidative therapy with vitamin E can effectively control hepatitis pathology in the short term, the long-term effects remain obscure and have often proved to be ineffective in many other diseases. Several long-term antioxidant protocols have failed to reduce mortality. New treatment modalities that incorporate current understanding of NAFLD molecular pathogenesis must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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83
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Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:1-11. [PMID: 24769081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been accepted to be an inert and nonfunctional molecule in our body. We have turned this concept by demonstrating that H2 reacts with strong oxidants such as hydroxyl radical in cells, and proposed its potential for preventive and therapeutic applications. H2 has a number of advantages exhibiting extensive effects: H2 rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells, and it is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect signaling reactive oxygen species; therefore, there should be no or little adverse effects of H2. There are several methods to ingest or consume H2; inhaling H2 gas, drinking H2-dissolved water (H2-water), injecting H2-dissolved saline (H2-saline), taking an H2 bath, or dropping H2-saline into the eyes. The numerous publications on its biological and medical benefits revealed that H2 reduces oxidative stress not only by direct reactions with strong oxidants, but also indirectly by regulating various gene expressions. Moreover, by regulating the gene expressions, H2 functions as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic, and stimulates energy metabolism. In addition to growing evidence obtained by model animal experiments, extensive clinical examinations were performed or are under investigation. Since most drugs specifically act to their targets, H2 seems to differ from conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Owing to its great efficacy and lack of adverse effects, H2 has promising potential for clinical use against many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-machi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa-ken, 211-8533 Japan.
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84
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Adkins Y, Schie IW, Fedor D, Reddy A, Nguyen S, Zhou P, Kelley DS, Wu J. A novel mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with significant insulin resistance. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1313-22. [PMID: 24145238 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available models insufficiently reflect the pathogenic alternation of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\NASH), such as insulin resistance. The present study aimed to characterize a novel NASH model caused by feeding the diet containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In this study, mice were fed a control diet or the diet containing 0.5% CLA for 8 weeks. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used to determine the extent of insulin resistance. Liver lipotoxicity and inflammation were assessed by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autolipophagy, recruitment of Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. We found that liver weight was markedly increased, and histopathological examination showed marked macrosteatosis with focal hepatocellular death through apoptosis, and mild pericellular fibrosis with Kupffer cell recruitment and HSC activation, as well as light chain IIIβ-positive cells and enhanced ER stress in mice fed the CLA-containing diet. Enhanced synthesis and reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids resulted in their accumulation and lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. A biophotonic technology revealed lipid droplet accumulation in the liver from mice fed the CLA-containing diet, and Raman spectroscopic analysis indicated that these lipid droplets predominantly contained saturated fatty acids. Elevated fasting insulin levels, abnormal ITT and HOMA-IR confirmed the marked insulin resistance in these mice. Decreased phosphorylation of the insulin-signaling molecule Akt was partially responsible for the significant insulin resistance. In conclusion, Mice fed the diet containing CLA-developed steatohepatitis with marked insulin resistance, which is similar to the characteristics observed in NASH patients. The further characterization of this model would be particularly useful for revealing the critical role of insulin resistance in NASH development in conditions such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Adkins
- 1] Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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85
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Aihara Y, Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Kaji K, Namisaki T, Shirai Y, Douhara A, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Fukui H. Direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, attenuates the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat model. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:1241-50. [PMID: 23448275 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Renin is a rate-limiting enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and several reports have shown that renin plays an important role in several pathological processes. Although RAS is known to play a pivotal role in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the role of renin is still obscure. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of the clinically used direct renin inhibitor (DRI), aliskiren, on the progression of NASH in a rat model. METHODS The effects of DRI on the choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat NASH model was examined in conjunction with the activated hepatic stellate cells (Ac-HSC) and neovascularization, both of which are known to play important roles in liver fibrosis development and hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. RESULTS DRI exerted a marked inhibitory effect against liver fibrosis development and glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive preneoplastic lesions along with suppression of the Ac-HSC and neovascularization in a dose-dependent manner. DRI also inhibited the hepatic expressions of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), angiotensin-II (AT-II) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These results indicated that renin played a pivotal role in the liver fibrosis development and hepatocarcinogenesis of NASH. CONCLUSION Because DRI is already widely used in the clinical practice with safety, this drug may represent a potential new strategy against the progression of NASH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Aihara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Takaki A, Kawai D, Yamamoto K. Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20704-28. [PMID: 24132155 PMCID: PMC3821639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple parallel hits, including genetic differences, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota, account for the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Multiple hits induce adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level that subsequently induce hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, among which oxidative stress is considered a key contributor to progression from simple fatty liver to NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that anti-oxidative therapy can effectively control hepatitis activities in the short term, the long-term effect remains obscure. Several trials of long-term anti-oxidant protocols aimed at treating cerebrovascular diseases or cancer development have failed to produce a benefit. This might be explained by the non-selective anti-oxidative properties of these drugs. Molecular hydrogen is an effective antioxidant that reduces only cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several diseases associated with oxidative stress are sensitive to hydrogen. The progress of NASH to hepatocellular carcinoma can be controlled using hydrogen-rich water. Thus, targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress might be a good candidate for NASH treatment. Long term clinical intervention is needed to control this complex lifestyle-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Krishnan B, Babu S, Walker J, Walker AB, Pappachan JM. Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2013; 4:51-63. [PMID: 23772273 PMCID: PMC3680624 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects virtually every organ system in the body and the degree of organ involvement depends on the duration and severity of the disease, and other co-morbidities. Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement can present with esophageal dysmotility, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastroparesis, enteropathy, non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and glycogenic hepatopathy. Severity of GERD is inversely related to glycemic control and management is with prokinetics and proton pump inhibitors. Diabetic gastroparesis manifests as early satiety, bloating, vomiting, abdominal pain and erratic glycemic control. Gastric emptying scintigraphy is considered the gold standard test for diagnosis. Management includes dietary modifications, maintaining euglycemia, prokinetics, endoscopic and surgical treatments. Diabetic enteropathy is also common and management involves glycemic control and symptomatic measures. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and treatment is mainly lifestyle measures, with diabetes and dyslipidemia management when coexistent. Glycogenic hepatopathy is a manifestation of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes and is managed by prompt insulin treatment. Though GI complications of diabetes are relatively common, awareness about its manifestations and treatment options are low among physicians. Optimal management of GI complications is important for appropriate metabolic control of diabetes and improvement in quality of life of the patient. This review is an update on the GI complications of diabetes, their pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and management.
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Cynis H, Kehlen A, Haegele M, Hoffmann T, Heiser U, Fujii M, Shibazaki Y, Yoneyama H, Schilling S, Demuth HU. Inhibition of Glutaminyl Cyclases alleviates CCL2-mediated inflammation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:217-25. [PMID: 23560443 PMCID: PMC3664967 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an integral part of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most prevalent form of hepatic pathology found in the general population. In this context, recently we have examined the potential role of Glutaminyl Cyclases (QC and isoQC), and their inhibitors, in the maturation of chemokines, for example, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1, CCL2), to generate their bioactive conformation. Catalysis by isoQC leads to the formation of an N-terminal pyroglutamate residue protecting CCL2 against degradation by aminopeptidases. This is of importance because truncated forms possess a reduced potential to attract immune cells. Since liver inflammation is characterized by the up-regulation of different chemokine pathways, and within this CCL2 is known to be a prominent example, we hypothesised that application of QC/isoQC inhibitors may alleviate liver inflammation by destabilizing CCL2. Therefore, we investigated the role of QC/isoQC inhibition, in comparison with the angiotensin receptor blocker Telmisartan, during development of pathology in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Application of a QC/isoQC inhibitor led to a significant reduction in circulating alanine aminotransferase and NAFLD activity score accompanied by an inhibitory effect on hepatocyte ballooning. Further analysis revealed a specific reduction of inflammation by decreasing the number of F4/80-positive macrophages, which is in agreement with the proposed CCL2-related mechanism of action of QC/isoQC inhibitors. Finally, QC/isoQC inhibitor application attenuated liver fibrosis as characterized by reduced collagen deposition in the liver parenchyma. Thus in conclusion, QC/isoQC inhibitors are a promising novel class of anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis drugs which have a comparable disease-modifying effect to that of Telmisartan, which is probably mediated via specific interference with a comparable monocyte/macrophage infiltration that occurs under inflammatory conditions.
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Anti-inflammatory effect of lactobacilli bacteria on HepG2 cells is through cross-regulation of TLR4 and NOD2 signalling. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Iio A, Ito M, Itoh T, Terazawa R, Fujita Y, Nozawa Y, Ohsawa I, Ohno K, Ito M. Molecular hydrogen attenuates fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through downregulating CD36 expression in HepG2 cells. Med Gas Res 2013; 3:6. [PMID: 23448206 PMCID: PMC3599869 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is accumulating evidence that obesity is closely associated with an impaired free fatty acid metabolism as well as with insulin resistance and inflammation. Excessive fatty acid uptake mediated by fatty acid translocase CD36 plays an important role in hepatic steatosis. Molecular hydrogen has been shown to attenuate oxidative stress and improve lipid, glucose and energy metabolism in patients and animal models of hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were exposed to palmitate-BSA complex after treatment with or without hydrogen for 24 h. The fatty acid uptake was measured by using spectrofluorometry and the lipid content was detected by Oil Red O staining. JNK phosphorylation and CD36 expression were analyzed by Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. Results Pretreatment with hydrogen reduced fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation after palmitate overload in HepG2 cells, which was associated with inhibition of JNK activation. Hydrogen treatment did not alter CD36 mRNA expression but reduced CD36 protein expression. Conclusion Hydrogen inhibits fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through the downregulation of CD36 at the protein level in hepatic cultured cells, providing insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the hydrogen effects in vivo on lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Iio
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Zhang DQ, Zhu JH, Chen WC. Acarbose: a new option in the treatment of ulcerative colitis by increasing hydrogen production. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2012; 10:166-169. [PMID: 24082339 PMCID: PMC3746371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acarbose, which is clinically widely used to treat Type 2 Diabetes, is thought to act at the small intestine by competitively inhibiting enzymes that delay the release of glucose from complex carbohydrates, thereby specifically reducing post prandial glucose excursion. The major side-effect of treatment with acarbose, flatulence, occurs when undigested carbohydrates are fermented by colonic bacteria, resulting in considerable amount of hydrogen. We propose that enteric benefits of acarbose is partly attributable to be their ability to neutralise oxidative stress via increased production of H2 in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, symptoms of ulcerative colitis in human beings can be ameliorated by acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qing Zhang
- Department of Digestion Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Su Zhou 215006, P.R. China
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