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El-Hawary SS, Taha KF, Kirillos FN, Dahab AA, El-Mahis AA, El-Sayed SH. Complementary Effect of Capparis Spinosa L. and Silymarin With/without Praziquantel on Mice Experimentally Infected with Schistosoma Mansoni. Helminthologia 2018; 55:21-32. [PMID: 31662624 PMCID: PMC6799534 DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains to be the most common fibrotic disease resulting from inflammation and deposition of scar tissue around trapped parasitic eggs in the liver. Though chemotherapy eradicates matured worms efficiently and prevents the accumulation of schistosome eggs, fewer effective drugs are directed to reverse the present hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, treatment targeting hepatic fibrosis associated with schistosomiasis remains a challenging proposition. The present study was designed to investigate the potential complementary schistosomicidal and hepatoprotective activities of the methanol extract of Capparis spinosa L. (C. spinosa) with or without praziquantel (PZQ) and compare results with silymarin (Milk thistle), a known hepatoprotective and antifibrotic agent, on induced liver fibrosis by experimental Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection. Total polyphenols in the extract were determined using colorimetric assay. C. spinosa L. caused a partial decrease in worm burden; a statistically significant reduction in hepatic and intestinal tissue egg load, what was associated histopathologically with decreasing in both the number and diameter of granulomas, as well as restoring serum aminotransferases (AST & ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and improving liver albumin synthesis. The best results were obtained in the group of mice treated with C. spinosa L. and PZQ together. Quantitative estimation of total polyphenols content using colorimetric assay showed that C. spinosa L. leaves contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds than fruits. It was concluded that C. spinosa L. has a promising hepatoprotective and antifibrotic properties and could be introduced as a safe and effective therapeutic tool with PZQ in the treatment of schistosomal liver fibrosis. Nevertheless further studies on the mechanism of action of C. spinosa L. in chronic liver diseases may shed light on developing therapeutic methods in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - K F Taha
- Applied Research Center of Medicinal Plants, National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - F N Kirillos
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A Dahab
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Horticulture Research Institute, ARC, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A El-Mahis
- Applied Research Center of Medicinal Plants, National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S H El-Sayed
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.,Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicne, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Protective capabilities of silymarin and inulin nanoparticles against hepatic oxidative stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Deoxynivalenol in rats. Toxicon 2017; 142:1-13. [PMID: 29248467 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that frequently contaminates cereal and cereal-based food and induces liver injury. This study evaluated the protective role of silymarin nanoparticles (SILNPs) and inulin nanoparticles (INNPs) against DON-induced liver injury in rats. Eleven groups of rats were treated orally for 3 weeks as follows: the control group, DON-treated group (5 mg/kg b.w.); INNPs-treated groups at low (LD) or high (HD) dose (100 or 200 mg/kg b.w.); SILPNs-treated group (50 mg/kg b.w.); SILNPs plus INNPs(LD) or INNPs(HD)-treated groups; INNPs(LD) or INNPs(HD) plus DON-treated groups and DON plus SILNPs and INNPs(LD) or INNPs(HD)-treated groups. Blood and tissue samples were collected for different analyses. The results revealed that the practical sizes were 200 and 98 nm for SILNPs and INNPs respectively. DON increased liver enzymes activity, lipid profile, serum cytokines, number and percentage of chromosomal aberration, DNA fragmentation and comet score. It disturbed the oxidative stress markers, down regulated gene expression and induced histological changes in the liver tissue. Treatment with DON and SILNPs and/or INNPs at the two tested doses improved all the tested parameters and SILNPs plus INNPs(HD) normalized most of these parameters in DON-treated animals. SILNPs and INNPs could be promising candidates as hepatoprotective against DON or other hepatotoxins.
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53
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Darvishi-Khezri H, Salehifar E, Kosaryan M, Karami H, Mahdavi M, Alipour A, Aliasgharian A. Iron-chelating effect of silymarin in patients with β-thalassemia major: A crossover randomised control trial. Phytother Res 2017; 32:496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Kosaryan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
| | - Hossein Karami
- Department of Pediatrics, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mahdavi
- PhD in Medical Genetics, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
| | - Abbas Alipour
- Department of Community Medicine, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
| | - Aily Aliasgharian
- Student Research Committee, MSc in Medical Microbiology, Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Mazandaran Sari Iran
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54
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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55
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Henson JB, Brown CL, Chow SC, Muir AJ. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in United States Adults With Liver Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51:564-570. [PMID: 27479144 PMCID: PMC7245507 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GOALS To describe the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in US adults with liver disease. BACKGROUND The prevalence and patterns of CAM use among US adults with liver disease have not been well characterized. The 2012 National Health Interview Survey is considered the most current and comprehensive source of information on CAM use in US adults. STUDY Using the results of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, the prevalence of CAM use, most common modalities used, reasons for CAM use, perceived benefits, perceived helpfulness and importance, and disclosure of CAM to health care providers were compared between adults with and without liver disease. RESULTS Of the 647 adults with liver disease, 41% reported using CAM in the prior year, compared with 33% of adults without liver disease. The most common modality was herbs and supplements (23%), and 3% of respondents reported consumption of a potentially hepatotoxic substance in the previous 30 days. Only a small proportion of CAM therapies were used specifically for liver disease, with milk thistle being the most common. Among respondents with liver disease, CAM was used more commonly for anxiety or depression, fatigue, and substance use. The majority believed that these therapies improved health. Nearly one-third of therapies were not reported to health care providers, mostly due to failure of the provider to ask. CONCLUSIONS CAM use, particularly herbs and supplements, is prevalent among US adults with liver disease. Many do not disclose their CAM use to their providers, despite some using potentially hepatotoxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B. Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics and Department of Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew J. Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
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Manivannan E, Amawi H, Hussein N, Karthikeyan C, Fetcenko A, Narayana Moorthy NSH, Trivedi P, Tiwari AK. Design and discovery of silybin analogues as antiproliferative compounds using a ring disjunctive - Based, natural product lead optimization approach. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:365-378. [PMID: 28411546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation of twelve novel silybin analogues designed using a ring disjunctive-based natural product lead (RDNPL) optimization approach. All twelve compounds were tested against a panel of cancer cells (i.e. breast, prostate, pancreatic, and ovarian) and compared with normal cells. While all of the compounds had significantly greater efficacy than silybin, derivative 15k was found to be highly potent (IC50 < 1 μM) and selective against ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as other cancer cell lines, compared to normal cells. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the antiproliferative efficacy of 15k was mediated by its induction of apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase. Furthermore, 15k inhibited cellular microtubules dynamic and assembly by binding to tubulin and inhibiting its expression and function. Overall, the results of the study establish 15k as a novel tubulin inhibitor with significant activity against ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Noor Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Chandrabose Karthikeyan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Airport Bypass Road, Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462036, India
| | - Aubry Fetcenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - N S Hari Narayana Moorthy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Airport Bypass Road, Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462036, India
| | - Piyush Trivedi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Airport Bypass Road, Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462036, India
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA.
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57
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Lovelace ES, Maurice NJ, Miller HW, Slichter CK, Harrington R, Magaret A, Prlic M, De Rosa S, Polyak SJ. Silymarin suppresses basal and stimulus-induced activation, exhaustion, differentiation, and inflammatory markers in primary human immune cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171139. [PMID: 28158203 PMCID: PMC5291532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), and its flavonolignan components, alter cellular metabolism and inhibit inflammatory status in human liver and T cell lines. In this study, we hypothesized that SM suppresses both acute and chronic immune activation (CIA), including in the context of HIV infection. SM treatment suppressed the expression of T cell activation and exhaustion markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from chronically-infected, HIV-positive subjects. SM also showed a trend towards modifying CD4+ T cell memory subsets from HIV+ subjects. In the HIV-negative setting, SM treatment showed trends towards suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines from non-activated and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated primary human monocytes, and non-activated and cytokine- and T cell receptor (TCR)-activated mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The data suggest that SM elicits broad anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity in primary human immune cells. By using novel compounds to alter cellular inflammatory status, it may be possible to regulate inflammation in both non-disease and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S. Lovelace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hannah W. Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chloe K. Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert Harrington
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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58
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Reddy MK, Reddy AG, Kumar BK, Madhuri D, Boobalan G, Reddy MA. Protective effect of rutin in comparison to silymarin against induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Vet World 2017; 10:74-80. [PMID: 28246450 PMCID: PMC5301182 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.74-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of rutin (RTN) in comparison to silymarin (SLM) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n=24) of 3 months age were equally divided into four groups. Group 1 served as normal control. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the remaining three groups with administration of 500 mg/kg po APAP from day 1-3. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subsequently administered orally with distilled water, 25 mg/kg of SLM, and 20 mg/kg of RTN, respectively, for 11 days. The mean body weights and biomarkers of hepatotoxicity were estimated on day 0, 4 (confirmation of toxicity), and 15 (at the end of treatment). Hematological parameters were evaluated on day 4 and 15. Antioxidant profile and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) were assessed at the end of the experiment. Liver tissues were subjected to histopathology and transmission electron microscopy after the sacrifice on day 15. Results: Antioxidant profile, ATPases, and hematological and sero-biochemical parameters were significantly altered, and histopathological changes were noticed in the liver of toxic control group. These changes were reversed in groups 3 and 4 that were administered with SLM and RTN, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present investigation enunciated that SLM has potent hepatoprotective activity though the RTN was found superior in restoring the pathological alterations in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kasi Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - A Gopala Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - B Kala Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - D Madhuri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - G Boobalan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - M Anudeep Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
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Gu M, Zhao P, Huang J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Fan S, Ma YM, Tong Q, Yang L, Ji G, Huang C. Silymarin Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Diet-Induced Obesity via Activation of Farnesyl X Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27733832 PMCID: PMC5039206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other types of toxic liver damage. Despite increasing studies on the action of silymarin and its major active constituent, silybin in their therapeutic properties against insulin resistance, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia in vitro and in vivo, the mechanism underlying silymarin action remains unclear. Experimental approach: C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months to induce obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and fatty liver. These mice were then continuously treated with HFD alone or mixed with silymarin at 40 mg/100 g for additional 6 weeks. Biochemical analysis was used to test the serum lipid and bile acid profiles. Farnesyl X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transactivities were analyzed in liver using a gene reporter assay based on quantitative RT-PCR. Key results: Silymarin treatment ameliorated insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and inflammation, and reconstituted the bile acid pool in liver of diet-induced obesity. Associated with this, silybin and silymarin enhanced FXR transactivity. Consistently, in HepG2 cells, silybin inhibited NF-κB signaling, which was enhanced by FXR activation. Conclusion and implications: Our results suggest that silybin is an effective component of silymarin for treating metabolic syndrome by stimulating FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China; Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical SchoolHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Complexity Systems, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
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60
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DebRoy S, Hiraga N, Imamura M, Hayes CN, Akamatsu S, Canini L, Perelson AS, Pohl RT, Persiani S, Uprichard SL, Tateno C, Dahari H, Chayama K. Hepatitis C virus dynamics and cellular gene expression in uPA-SCID chimeric mice with humanized livers during intravenous silibinin monotherapy. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:708-17. [PMID: 27272497 PMCID: PMC4974116 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Legalon SIL (SIL) is a chemically hydrophilized version of silibinin, an extract of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds that has exhibited hepatoprotective and antiviral effectiveness against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients leading to viral clearance in combination with ribavirin. To elucidate the incompletely understood mode of action of SIL against HCV, mathematical modelling of HCV kinetics and human hepatocyte gene expression studies were performed in uPA-SCID-chimeric mice with humanized livers. Chronically HCV-infected mice (n = 15) were treated for 14 days with daily intravenous SIL at 469, 265 or 61.5 mg/kg. Serum HCV and human albumin (hAlb) were measured frequently, and liver HCV RNA was analysed at days 3 and 14. Microarray analysis of human hepatocyte gene expression was performed at days 0, 3 and 14 of treatment. While hAlb remained constant, a biphasic viral decline in serum was observed consisting of a rapid 1st phase followed by a second slower phase (or plateau with the two lower SIL dosings). SIL effectiveness in blocking viral production was similar among dosing groups (median ε = 77%). However, the rate of HCV-infected hepatocyte decline, δ, was dose-dependent. Intracellular HCV RNA levels correlated (r = 0.66, P = 0.01) with serum HCV RNA. Pathway analysis revealed increased anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative gene expression in human hepatocytes in SIL-treated mice. The results suggest that SIL could lead to a continuous second-phase viral decline, that is potentially viral clearance, in the absence of adaptive immune response along with increased anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative gene expression in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati DebRoy
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Department of Mathematics and Computational Science, University of South Carolina-Beaufort, Bluffton, SC, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sakura Akamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Laetitia Canini
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ralf T. Pohl
- German Association of Phytotherapy, Nachtigallenweg 46, Speyer 67346, Germany
| | | | - Susan L. Uprichard
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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61
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Wahyuni TS, Utsubo CA, Hotta H. Promising Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Compounds from Natural Resources. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem, which involves approximately 170 million people. High morbidity of patients is caused by chronic infection, which leads to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and other HCV-related diseases. The sustained virological response (SVR) has been markedly improved to be >90% by the current standard interferon (IFN)-free treatment regimens with a combination of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting the viral NS3 protease, NS5A multi-function protein and NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, compared with 50–70% of SVR rates achieved by the previous standard IFN-based treatment regimens with or without an NS3 protease inhibitor. However, the emergence of DAA-resistant HCV strains and the limited access to the DAAs due to their high cost could be major concerns. Also, the long-term prognosis of patients treated with DAAs, such as the possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma, still needs to be further evaluated. Natural resources are considered to be good candidates to develop anti-HCV agents. Here, we summarize anti-HCV compounds obtained from natural resources, including medicinal plant extracts, their isolated compounds and some of their derivatives that possess high antiviral potency against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Chie Aoki Utsubo
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Oral Vaccine and Drug Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Kyle JE, Zhang X, Weitz KK, Monroe ME, Ibrahim YM, Moore RJ, Cha J, Sun X, Lovelace ES, Wagoner J, Polyak SJ, Metz TO, Dey SK, Smith RD, Burnum-Johnson KE, Baker ES. Uncovering biologically significant lipid isomers with liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:1649-59. [PMID: 26734689 PMCID: PMC4764491 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how biological molecules are generated, metabolized and eliminated in living systems is important for interpreting processes such as immune response and disease pathology. While genomic and proteomic studies have provided vast amounts of information over the last several decades, interest in lipidomics has also grown due to improved analytical technologies revealing altered lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes, cancer, and lipid storage disease. Mass spectrometry (MS) measurements are currently the dominant approach for characterizing the lipidome by providing detailed information on the spatial and temporal composition of lipids. However, interpreting lipids' biological roles is challenging due to the existence of numerous structural and stereoisomers (i.e. distinct acyl chain and double-bond positions), which are often unresolvable using present approaches. Here we show that combining liquid chromatography (LC) and structurally-based ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) measurement with MS analyses distinguishes lipid isomers and allows insight into biological and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Karl K Weitz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Jeeyeon Cha
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erica S Lovelace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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Waltenberger B, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Bernhard D, Rollinger JM, Breuss JM, Schuster D, Bauer R, Kopp B, Franz C, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H. Drugs from nature targeting inflammation (DNTI): a successful Austrian interdisciplinary network project. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 147:479-491. [PMID: 27069281 PMCID: PMC4785209 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inflammation is part of numerous pathological conditions, which are lacking satisfying treatment and effective concepts of prevention. A national research network project, DNTI, involving scientists from six Austrian universities as well as several external partners aimed to identify and characterize natural products capable of combating inflammatory processes specifically in the cardiovascular system. The combined use of computational techniques with traditional knowledge, high-tech chemical analysis and synthesis, and a broad range of in vitro, cell-based, and in vivo pharmacological models led to the identification of a series of promising anti-inflammatory drug lead candidates. Mechanistic studies contributed to a better understanding of their mechanism of action and delivered new knowledge on the molecular level of inflammatory processes. Herein, the used approaches and selected highlights of the results of this interdisciplinary project are presented. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johannes M Breuss
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chlodwig Franz
- Institute for Applied Botany and Pharmacognosy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hellerbrand C, Schattenberg JM, Peterburs P, Lechner A, Brignoli R. The potential of silymarin for the treatment of hepatic disorders. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-016-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Ferenci P. Silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases: What is the clinical evidence? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2016; 7:8-10. [PMID: 31041017 PMCID: PMC6490246 DOI: 10.1002/cld.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferenci
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Gholami M, Moallem SA, Afshar M, Amoueian S, Etemad L, Karimi G. Teratogenic effects of silymarin on mouse fetuses. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:542-549. [PMID: 27761424 PMCID: PMC5052417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silybum marianum has been used for centuries in herbal medicine for treatment of liver diseases. Currently, there is no data available on the possible effects of silymarin on fetal development. This study aimed to investigate the teratogenic effect of silymarin on BALB/c mice fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 pregnant mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Three groups received silymarin at three different doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day during gestational days (GDs). The control group received normal saline and tween (solvent). Dams were sacrificed on GD 18 and all fetuses were examined for gross malformations, size and body weight. Malformed fetuses were double stained with alizarin red and alcian blue. RESULTS Silymarin administration at all doses resulted in reduction of the mean fetal body weights. The abnormalities included limb, vertebral column and craniofacial malformations. Craniofacial malformations were the most common abnormalities, but they were not observed in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of fetal resorption significantly increased (up to 15%) in all treatment groups. CONCLUSION Based on our results, silymarin, especially at high doses can lead to fetal resorption, intrauterine growth retardation and limb, vertebral column and craniofacial abnormalities. More precise studies should be conducted about the teratogenic effects of herbal medicine investigating the underlying mechanisms. Thus, caution should be taken when administering S. marianum to pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobe Gholami
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Department of Anatomy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sakineh Amoueian
- Department of Pathology, Imam-Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Authors: Tel: +985138823255, Fax: +985138823251, ,
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmacy school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Authors: Tel: +985138823255, Fax: +985138823251, ,
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Lovelace ES, Polyak SJ. Natural Products as Tools for Defining How Cellular Metabolism Influences Cellular Immune and Inflammatory Function during Chronic Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:6218-32. [PMID: 26633463 PMCID: PMC4690857 DOI: 10.3390/v7122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections like those caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause disease that establishes an ongoing state of chronic inflammation. While there have been tremendous improvements towards curing HCV with directly acting antiviral agents (DAA) and keeping HIV viral loads below detection with antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is still a need to control inflammation in these diseases. Recent studies indicate that many natural products like curcumin, resveratrol and silymarin alter cellular metabolism and signal transduction pathways via enzymes such as adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and these pathways directly influence cellular inflammatory status (such as NF-κB) and immune function. Natural products represent a vast toolkit to dissect and define how cellular metabolism controls cellular immune and inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Lovelace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gufford BT, Graf TN, Paguigan ND, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis, Characterization, and Scale-Up of Milk Thistle Flavonolignan Glucuronides. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1734-43. [PMID: 26316643 PMCID: PMC4613946 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based therapeutics, including herbal products, continue to represent a growing facet of the contemporary health care market. Mechanistic descriptions of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of constituents composing these products remain nascent, particularly for metabolites produced following herbal product ingestion. Generation and characterization of authentic metabolite standards are essential to improve the quantitative mechanistic understanding of herbal product disposition in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Using the model herbal product, milk thistle, the objective of this work was to biosynthesize multimilligram quantities of glucuronides of select constituents (flavonolignans) to fill multiple knowledge gaps in the understanding of herbal product disposition and action. A partnership between clinical pharmacology and natural products chemistry expertise was leveraged to optimize reaction conditions for efficient glucuronide formation and evaluate alternate enzyme and reagent sources to improve cost effectiveness. Optimized reaction conditions used at least one-fourth the amount of microsomal protein (from bovine liver) and cofactor (UDP glucuronic acid) compared with typical conditions using human-derived subcellular fractions, providing substantial cost savings. Glucuronidation was flavonolignan-dependent. Silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B generated five, four, four, and three monoglucuronides, respectively. Large-scale synthesis (40 mg of starting material) generated three glucuronides of silybin A: silybin A-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (15.7 mg), silybin A-5-O-β-D-glucuronide (1.6 mg), and silybin A-4´´-O-β-D-glucuronide (11.1 mg). This optimized, cost-efficient method lays the foundation for a systematic approach to synthesize and characterize herbal product constituent glucuronides, enabling an improved understanding of mechanisms underlying herbal product disposition and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Gufford
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (B.T.G., M.F.P.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (T.N.G., N.D.P., N.H.O.)
| | - Tyler N Graf
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (B.T.G., M.F.P.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (T.N.G., N.D.P., N.H.O.)
| | - Noemi D Paguigan
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (B.T.G., M.F.P.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (T.N.G., N.D.P., N.H.O.)
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (B.T.G., M.F.P.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (T.N.G., N.D.P., N.H.O.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (B.T.G., M.F.P.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (T.N.G., N.D.P., N.H.O.)
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Lovelace ES, Wagoner J, MacDonald J, Bammler T, Bruckner J, Brownell J, Beyer R, Zink EM, Kim YM, Kyle JE, Webb-Robertson BJ, Waters KM, Metz TO, Farin F, Oberlies NH, Polyak SJ. Silymarin Suppresses Cellular Inflammation By Inducing Reparative Stress Signaling. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1990-2000. [PMID: 26186142 PMCID: PMC4703094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a characterized extract of the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), suppresses cellular inflammation. To define how this occurs, transcriptional profiling, metabolomics, and signaling studies were performed in human liver and T cell lines. Cellular stress and metabolic pathways were modulated within 4 h of silymarin treatment: activation of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF-4) and adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, the latter being associated with induction of DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4). Metabolomics analyses revealed silymarin suppression of glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and amino acid metabolism. Anti-inflammatory effects arose with prolonged (i.e., 24 h) silymarin exposure, with suppression of multiple pro-inflammatory mRNAs and signaling pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and forkhead box O (FOXO). Studies with murine knock out cells revealed that silymarin inhibition of both mTOR and NF-κB was partially AMPK dependent, whereas silymarin inhibition of mTOR required DDIT4. Other natural products induced similar stress responses, which correlated with their ability to suppress inflammation. Thus, natural products activate stress and repair responses that culminate in an anti-inflammatory cellular phenotype. Natural products like silymarin may be useful as tools to define how metabolic, stress, and repair pathways regulate cellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S. Lovelace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States, 98105
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States, 98105
| | - Jacob Bruckner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104
| | | | - Richard Beyer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States, 98105
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | | | - Katrina M. Waters
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Federico Farin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States, 98105
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 98104Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States, 98105
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Mahli A, Koch A, Czech B, Peterburs P, Lechner A, Haunschild J, Müller M, Hellerbrand C. Hepatoprotective effect of oral application of a silymarin extract in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-015-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Silymarin derived from the milk thistle plant “Silybum marianum” is composed of four major flavonolignans. Clinical as well as experimental studies indicate hepatoprotective effects of silymarin. However, the underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of oral administration of a defined silymarin extract in the model of acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury.
Methods
A single dose of a silymarin extract (SE; 20 or 100 mg/kg body weight) was given to rats by oral gavage. Subsequently, rats were injected with a single dose of CCl4 (2 ml/kg body weight).
Results
After 24h, analysis of liver to body weight ratio, serum levels of transaminases and histological analysis revealed a marked liver damage which was inhibited by SE in a dose dependent manner. CCl4-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic genes were significantly reduced in SE treated rats. Molecular analysis revealed that SE reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1, the pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-beta as well as collagen I in isolated human hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which are the key effector cells of hepatic fibrosis.
Conclusion
Oral administration of the tested silymarin extract inhibited hepatocellular damage in a model of acute liver injury. Moreover, we newly found that the silymarin extract had direct effects on pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic gene expression in HSCs in vitro. This indicates that direct effects on HSC also contribute to the in vivo hepatoprotective effects of silymarin, and further promote its potential as anti-fibrogenic agent also in chronic liver disease.
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71
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Hsiang CY, Lin LJ, Kao ST, Lo HY, Chou ST, Ho TY. Glycyrrhizin, silymarin, and ursodeoxycholic acid regulate a common hepatoprotective pathway in HepG2 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:768-777. [PMID: 26141764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin, silymarin, and ursodeoxycholic acid are widely used hepatoprotectants for the treatment of liver disorders, such as hepatitis C virus infection, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. PURPOSE The gene expression profiles of HepG2 cells responsive to glycyrrhizin, silymarin, and ursodeoxycholic acid were analyzed in this study. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with 25 µM hepatoprotectants for 24 h. Gene expression profiles of hepatoprotectants-treated cells were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray in triplicates. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activities were assessed by luciferase assay. RESULTS Among a total of 30,968 genes, 252 genes were commonly regulated by glycyrrhizin, silymarin, and ursodeoxycholic acid. These compounds affected the expression of genes relevant various biological pathways, such as neurotransmission, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, apoptosis, and anti-oxidative pathways were differentially regulated by all compounds. Moreover, interaction networks showed that NF-κB might play a central role in the regulation of gene expression. Further analysis revealed that these hepatoprotectants inhibited NF-κB activities in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that glycyrrhizin, silymarin, and ursodeoxycholic acid regulated the expression of genes relevant to apoptosis and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the regulation by these hepatoprotectants might be relevant to the suppression of NF-κB activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ting Chou
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Evren E, Yurtcu E. In vitro effects on biofilm viability and antibacterial and antiadherent activities of silymarin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:351-6. [PMID: 25937395 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Limited treatment options in infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms created the need to search new approaches. Several herbal extracts are studied for their enormous therapeutic potential. Silymarin extract, from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), is an old and a new remedy for this goal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antiadherent effects of silymarin besides biofilm viability activity on standard bacterial strains. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherent/antibiofilm activity, and effects on biofilm viability of silymarin were evaluated against standard bacterial strains. MIC values were observed between 60 and >241 μg/mL (0.25->1 mmol/L). Gram-positive bacteria were inhibited at concentrations between 60 and 120 μg/mL. Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by the silymarin concentrations included in this study. MBC values for Gram-positive bacteria were greater than 241 μg/mL. Adherence/biofilm formations were decreased to 15 μg/mL silymarin concentration when compared with silymarin-untreated group. Silymarin reduced the biofilm viabilities to 13 and 46 % at 1 and 0.5 mmol/L concentrations, respectively. We demonstrated that silymarin shows antibacterial and antiadherent/antibiofilm activity against certain standard bacterial strains which may be beneficial when used as a dietary supplement or a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Evren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Eskisehir yolu 20.km Baglica, Ankara, Turkey,
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Seeff LB, Bonkovsky HL, Navarro VJ, Wang G. Herbal products and the liver: a review of adverse effects and mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:517-532.e3. [PMID: 25500423 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal products have been used for centuries among indigenous people to treat symptoms and illnesses. Recently, their use in Western countries has grown significantly, rivaling that of prescription medications. Currently, herbal products are used mainly for weight loss and bodybuilding purposes but also to improve well-being and symptoms of chronic diseases. Many people believe that because they are natural, they must be effective and safe; however, these beliefs are erroneous. Few herbal products have been studied in well-designed controlled trials of patients with liver or other diseases, despite testimony to the contrary. Moreover, current highly effective antiviral drugs make efforts to treat hepatitis C with herbal products redundant. Herbal products are no safer than conventional drugs and have caused liver injury severe enough to require transplantation or cause death. Furthermore, their efficacy, safety, and claims are not assessed by regulatory agencies, and there is uncertainty about their reported and unreported contents. We review the history of commonly used herbal products, as well as their purported efficacies and mechanisms and their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Liver Digestive & Metabolic Disorders Laboratory, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Victor J Navarro
- Jefferson Medical College, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guqi Wang
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Dahari H, Shteingart S, Gafanovich I, Cotler SJ, D'Amato M, Pohl RT, Weiss G, Ashkenazi YJ, Tichler T, Goldin E, Lurie Y. Sustained virological response with intravenous silibinin: individualized IFN-free therapy via real-time modelling of HCV kinetics. Liver Int 2015; 35:289-94. [PMID: 25251042 PMCID: PMC4304917 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intravenous silibinin (SIL) is a potent antiviral agent against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype-1. In this proof of concept case-study we tested: (i) whether interferon-alfa (IFN)-free treatment with SIL plus ribavirin (RBV) can achieve sustained virological response (SVR); (ii) whether SIL is safe and feasible for prolonged duration of treatment and (iii) whether mathematical modelling of early on-treatment HCV kinetics can guide duration of therapy to achieve SVR. METHODS A 44 year-old female HCV-(genotype-1)-infected patient who developed severe psychiatric adverse events to a previous course of pegIFN+RBV, initiated combination treatment with 1200 mg/day of SIL, 1200 mg/day of RBV and 6000 u/day vitamin D. Blood samples were collected frequently till week 4, thereafter every 1-12 weeks until the end of therapy. The standard biphasic mathematical model with time-varying SIL effectiveness was used to predict the duration of therapy to achieve SVR. RESULTS Based on modelling the observed viral kinetics during the first 3 weeks of treatment, SVR was predicted to be achieved within 34 weeks of therapy. Provided with this information, the patient agreed to complete 34 weeks of treatment. IFN-free treatment with SIL+RBV was feasible, safe and achieved SVR (week-33). CONCLUSIONS We report, for the first time, the use of real-time mathematical modelling of HCV kinetics to individualize duration of IFN-free therapy and to empower a patient to participate in shared decision making regarding length of treatment. SIL-based individualized therapy provides a treatment option for patients who do not respond to or cannot receive other HCV agents and should be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA,To whom correspondence and questions regarding mathematical modeling should be addressed: Harel Dahari, Address: Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA; Fax: +1-708-216-6299; Tel: +1-708-216-4682;
| | - Shimon Shteingart
- Digestive Disease Institute, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inna Gafanovich
- Liver Unit, Digestive Disease Institute, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott J. Cotler
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Gali Weiss
- Nursing Division, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Thomas Tichler
- Internal medicine, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Disease Institute, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Lurie
- Liver Unit, Digestive Disease Institute, Share'e Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,To whom correspondence and questions regarding mathematical modeling should be addressed: Harel Dahari, Address: Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA; Fax: +1-708-216-6299; Tel: +1-708-216-4682;
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75
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Wang H, Yan T, Xie Y, Zhao M, Che Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Cao L, Cheng X, Xie Y, Li F, Qi Q, Wang G, Hao H. Mechanism-based inhibitory and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-dependent modulating effects of silybin on principal hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:444-54. [PMID: 25587127 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybin, a major pharmacologically active compound in silymarin, has been widely used in combination with other prescriptions in the clinic to treat hepatitis and a host of other diseases. Previous studies suggested that silybin is a potential inhibitor of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs); however, the in vitro to in vivo translation and the mechanisms involved remain established. The aim of this study was to provide a mechanistic understanding of the regulatory effects of silybin on principal DMEs. Silybin (50 or 150 mg/kg/d) was administered to mice for a consecutive 14 days. The plasma and hepatic exposure of silybin were detected; the mRNA, protein levels, and enzyme activities of principal DMEs were determined. The results demonstrated that the enzyme activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP3A11, and UGT1A1 were significantly repressed, whereas little alteration of the mRNA and protein levels was observed. Silybin inhibits these DMEs in a mechanism-based and/or substrate-competitive manner. More importantly, silybin was found to be a weak agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, as evidenced from the molecular docking, reporter gene assay, and the targeting gene expression analysis. However, silybin could significantly compromise the activation of PPARα by fenofibrate, characterized with significantly repressed expression of PPARα targeting genes, including L-FABP, ACOX1, and UGT1A6. This study suggests that silybin, despite its low bioavailability, may inhibit enzyme activities of multiple DMEs in a mechanism-based mode, and more importantly, may confer significant drug-drug interaction with PPARα agonists via the repression of PPARα activation in a competitive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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76
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Song E, Xia X, Su C, Dong W, Xian Y, Wang W, Song Y. Hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity of patulin in mice, and its modulation by green tea polyphenols administration. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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Rendina M, D'Amato M, Castellaneta A, Castellaneta NM, Brambilla N, Giacovelli G, Rovati L, Rizzi SF, Zappimbulso M, Bringiotti RS, Di Leo A. Antiviral activity and safety profile of silibinin in HCV patients with advanced fibrosis after liver transplantation: a randomized clinical trial. Transpl Int 2014; 27:696-704. [PMID: 24673819 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Response to interferon-based therapies in HCV recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) is unsatisfactory, and major safety issues aroused in preliminary experience with boceprevir and telaprevir. As transplant community identified HCV viral clearance as a critical matter, efficacious and safe anti-HCV therapies are awaited. The aim of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of intravenous silibinin monotherapy in patients with established HCV recurrence after LT, nonresponders to pegylated interferon and ribavirin. This is a single center, prospective, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial including 20 patients randomly assigned (3:1) to receive daily 20 mg/kg of intravenous silibinin or saline as placebo, for 14 consecutive days. On day 14 of treatment, viral load decreased by 2.30 ± 1.32 in silibinin group versus no change in the placebo group (P = 0.0002). Sixteen days after the end of the treatment, viral load mean values were similar to baseline. Treatment resulted well tolerated apart from a transient and reversible increase in bilirubin. Neither changes in immunosuppressant through levels nor dosage adjustments were necessary. Silibinin monotherapy has a significant antiviral activity in patients with established HCV recurrence on the graft not responding to standard therapy and confirms safety and tolerability without interaction with immunosuppressive drugs (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01518933).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rendina
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Bari, Italy
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78
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Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Noha S, Kunert O, Schuster D, Heiss EH, Oberlies NH, Wagner H, Bauer R, Dirsch VM. Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:842-7. [PMID: 24597776 PMCID: PMC4003856 DOI: 10.1021/np400943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Agonists of this nuclear receptor are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and are also studied as a potential treatment of other metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Silymarin, a concentrated phenolic mixture from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds, is used widely as a supportive agent in the treatment of a variety of liver diseases. In this study, the PPARγ activation potential of silymarin and its main constituents was investigated. Isosilybin A (3) caused transactivation of a PPARγ-dependent luciferase reporter in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect could be reversed upon co-treatment with the PPARγ antagonist T0070907. In silico docking studies suggested a binding mode for 3 distinct from that of the inactive silymarin constituents, with one additional hydrogen bond to Ser342 in the entrance region of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor. Hence, isosilybin A (3) has been identified as the first flavonolignan PPARγ agonist, suggesting its further investigation as a modulator of this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan
M. Noha
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hildebert Wagner
- Department
für Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmazieforschung, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University Graz, Austria
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79
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McClure J, Margineantu DH, Sweet IR, Polyak SJ. Inhibition of HIV by Legalon-SIL is independent of its effect on cellular metabolism. Virology 2014; 449:96-103. [PMID: 24418542 PMCID: PMC3909448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we further characterized the effects of silibinin (SbN), derived from milk thistle extract, and Legalon-SIL (SIL), a water-soluble derivative of SbN, on T cell metabolism and HIV infection. We assessed the effects of SbN and SIL on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CEM-T4 cells in terms of cellular growth, ATP content, metabolism, and HIV infection. SIL and SbN caused a rapid and reversible (upon removal) decrease in cellular ATP levels, which was associated with suppression of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. SbN, but not SIL inhibited glucose uptake. Exposure of T cells to SIL (but not SbN or metabolic inhibitors) during virus adsorption blocked HIV infection. Thus, both SbN and SIL rapidly perturb T cell metabolism in vitro, which may account for its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects that arise with prolonged exposure of cells. However, the metabolic effects are not involved in SIL's unique ability to block HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janela McClure
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daciana H Margineantu
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Department of Medicine (Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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80
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Pilkington LI, Barker D. Total Synthesis of (-)-Isoamericanin A and (+)-Isoamericanol A. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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81
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Althagafy HS, Meza-Aviña ME, Oberlies NH, Croatt MP. Mechanistic study of the biomimetic synthesis of flavonolignan diastereoisomers in milk thistle. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7594-600. [PMID: 23876147 PMCID: PMC3855429 DOI: 10.1021/jo4011377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the biomimetic synthesis of flavonolignan diastereoisomers in milk thistle is proposed to proceed by single-electron oxidation of coniferyl alcohol, subsequent reaction with one of the oxygen atoms of taxifolin's catechol moiety, and finally, further oxidation to form four of the major components of silymarin: silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B. This mechanism is significantly different from a previously proposed process that involves the coupling of two independently formed radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
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82
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Althagafy HS, Graf TN, Sy-Cordero AA, Gufford BT, Paine MF, Wagoner J, Polyak SJ, Croatt MP, Oberlies NH. Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3919-26. [PMID: 23673225 PMCID: PMC3855444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract of the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is used as an herbal remedy, particularly for hepatoprotection. The main chemical constituents in silymarin are seven flavonolignans. Recent studies explored the non-selective methylation of one flavonolignan, silybin B, and then tested those analogues for cytotoxicity and inhibition of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity in human liver microsomes and hepatitis C virus infection in a human hepatoma (Huh7.5.1) cell line. In general, enhanced bioactivity was observed with the analogues. To further probe the biological consequences of methylation of the seven major flavonolignans, a series of 7-O-methylflavonolignans were generated. Optimization of the reaction conditions permitted selective methylation at the phenol in the 7-position in the presence of each metabolite's 4-5 other phenolic and/or alcoholic positions without the use of protecting groups. These 7-O-methylated analogues, in parallel with the corresponding parent compounds, were evaluated for cytotoxicity against Huh7.5.1 cells; in all cases the monomethylated analogues were more cytotoxic than the parent compounds. Moreover, parent compounds that were relatively non-toxic and inactive or weak inhibitors of hepatitis C virus infection had enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-HCV activity upon 7-O-methylation. Also, the compounds were tested for inhibition of major drug metabolizing enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP3A4/5, UDP-glucuronsyltransferases) in pooled human liver or intestinal microsomes. Methylation of flavonolignans differentially modified inhibitory potency, with compounds demonstrating both increased and decreased potency depending upon the compound tested and the enzyme system investigated. In total, these data indicated that monomethylation modulates the cytotoxic, antiviral, and drug interaction potential of silymarin flavonolignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S. Althagafy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Arlene A. Sy-Cordero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Brandon T. Gufford
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mary F. Paine
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Mitchell P. Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Brownell J, Polyak SJ. Molecular pathways: hepatitis C virus, CXCL10, and the inflammatory road to liver cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1347-52. [PMID: 23322900 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is characterized histologically by a persistent immune and inflammatory response that fails to clear HCV from hepatocytes. This response is recruited to the liver, in part, by the chemokine CXCL10, the serum and intrahepatic levels of which have been inversely linked to the outcome of interferon-based therapies for hepatitis C. Bystander tissue damage from this ineffective response is thought to lead to increased hepatocyte turnover and the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, CXCL10 is traditionally viewed as an orchestrator of the angiostatic and antitumor immune response. In this review, we will explore this duality and the pathways by which CXCL10 is produced by hepatocytes during HCV infection, its effects on resident and infiltrating immune cells, and how deregulation of these cell populations within the liver may lead to chronic liver inflammation. We will also discuss potential host-directed therapies to slow or reverse HCV-induced inflammation that leads to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brownell
- Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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