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Schmidt JA, Allen NE, Almquist M, Franceschi S, Rinaldi S, Tipper SJ, Tsilidis KK, Weiderpass E, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Dossus L, Mesrine S, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Palli D, Krogh V, Panico S, Tumino R, Zanetti R, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Lund E, Menéndez V, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Hennings J, Sandström M, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Romieu I, Gunter MJ, Riboli E, Key TJ, Travis RC. Insulin-like growth factor-i and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:976-85. [PMID: 24646451 PMCID: PMC4046912 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-1210-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the causes of thyroid cancer, but insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) might play an important role in its development due to its mitogenic and antiapoptotic properties. METHODS This study prospectively investigated the association between serum IGF-I concentrations and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. The 345 incident cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma were individually matched to 735 controls by study center, sex and age, date, time, and fasting status at blood collection, follow-up duration, and for women menopausal status, use of exogenous hormones, and phase of menstrual cycle at blood collection. Serum IGF-I concentrations were measured by immunoassay, and risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in relation to IGF-I concentration was estimated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS There was a positive association between IGF-I concentrations and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the OR for a doubling in IGF-I concentration was 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.08; Ptrend = 0.02). The positive association with IGF-I was stable over time between blood collection and cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IGF-I concentrations may be positively associated with risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. IMPACT This study provides the first prospective evidence of a potential association between circulating IGF-I concentrations and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and may prompt the further investigations needed to confirm the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Schmidt
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Naomi E Allen
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Martin Almquist
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Sarah J Tipper
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Kim Overvad
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Laure Dossus
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Sylvie Mesrine
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Annekatrin Lukanova
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Domenico Palli
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Virginia Menéndez
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Nerea Larrañaga
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Joakim Hennings
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Maria Sandström
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Nick Wareham
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Elio Riboli
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Timothy J Key
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford; The School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology and Biotatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund; Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology; Surgical and Perioperative Science; and Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team; Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina; WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland; Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Diet, Genes, and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Hormones and Cancer Group; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Pu
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