Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview

Personalized treatment using predictive biomarkers in solid organ malignancies: A review

In recent years, the influence of specific biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of solid organ malignancies has been increasingly prominent. The relevance of the use of predictive biomarkers, which predict cancer response to specific forms of treatment provided, is playing a more significant role than ever before, as it affects diagnosis and initiation of treatment, monitoring for efficacy and side effects of treatment, and adjustment in treatment regimen in the long term. In the current review, we explored the use of predictive biomarkers in the treatment of solid organ malignancies, including common cancers such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and cancers associated with high mortalities, such as pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer and cancers of the central nervous system. We additionally analyzed the goals and types of personalized treatment using predictive biomarkers, and the management of various types of solid organ malignancies using predictive biomarkers and their relative efficacies so far in the clinical settings.

FDA-approved antivirals ledipasvir and daclatasvir downregulate the Src-EPHA2-Akt oncogenic pathway in colorectal and triple-negative breast cancer cells

Direct-acting antivirals ledipasvir (LDV) and daclatasvir (DCV) are widely used as part of combination therapies to treat Hepatitis C infections. Here we show that these compounds inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and colony formation of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, SRC-transduced SW620 colon cancer cells and SRC- transduced NIH3T3 fibroblasts. DCV also inhibits the expression of PDL-1, which is responsible for resistance to immunotherapy in breast cancer cells. The demonstrated low toxicity in many Hepatitis C patients suggests LDV and DCV could be used in combination therapies for cancer patients. At the molecular level, these direct-acting antivirals inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt and the ephrin type A receptor 2 (EPHA2) by destabilizing a Src-EPHA2 complex, although they do not affect the general kinase activity of Src. Thus, LDV and DCV could be effective drugs for Src-associated cancers without the inherent toxicity of classical Src inhibitors.

Biomarkers of occupational benzene exposure: A Systematic Review to estimate the exposure levels and individual susceptibility at low doses

Benzene is associated with diverse occupational and public health hazards. It exhibits an ability to rapidly permeate the skin and contaminate water and food sources, leading to dermal and ingestion exposures. Despite numerous studies examining the associations between benzene and various indicators of harm, the findings have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, relying solely on air concentration as a measure of benzene exposure is limited, as it fails to account for internal exposure dose and individual susceptibility. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review in order to present current knowledge on benzene biomarkers and their significance in evaluating exposure levels and associated health hazards. The search methodology adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and involved the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria across multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated the relevant data based on predetermined criteria. Following the screening process, a total of 80 articles were considered eligible out of the initially retrieved 1053 articles after undergoing screening and assessment for inclusion. As the level of exposure decreased, specific biomarkers demonstrated a gradual increase in limitations, including heightened background concentrations and vulnerability to confounding factors. The advancement of sampling and analysis techniques will yield new biomarkers. Additionally, when conducting practical work, it is crucial to employ a comprehensive utilization of diverse biomarkers while excluding individual metabolic variations and combined exposure factors.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on electronic referrals to rapid access clinics for suspected breast, lung and prostate cancers in Ireland

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted cancer services worldwide. We examined the effect of the first three pandemic waves on the number of electronic (e)-referrals to rapid access clinics (RACs) for breast, lung and prostate cancer in Ireland.

METHODS

This study used a retrospective, repeated cross-sectional design. The predicted weekly number of e-referrals by suspected cancer types from March 2020 to May 2021 was calculated using the Holt-Winters seasonal smoothing method, based on the observed numbers from a representative pre-pandemic period (01 January 2019 to 01 March 2020) and compared this with the observed number across the first three pandemic waves (02 March 2020 to 09 May 2021). Percentage differences were calculated between observed and predicted numbers of e-referrals for the three RACs and patterns were examined in each wave.

RESULTS

Observed e-referrals were lower than predicted for all three RACs in the first wave of the pandemic (15.7% lower for breast, 39.5% lower for lung and 28.1% lower for prostate) with varying levels of recovery in the second and third waves for the three e-referral types.

CONCLUSIONS

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted patterns of e-referrals to RACs in the first three pandemic waves in Ireland. Early identification of changes in engagement with health services, such as a decrease in primary care presentations with a resultant decrease in e-referrals to RACs can allow for a rapid response from cancer control programmes. Continued surveillance of the impact of service disruption on cancer services allows policy makers and strategic leaders in cancer control programmes to respond rapidly to mitigate the impact on cancer outcomes.

Cytotoxic activity of callus extract from Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn

The in vitro cultures of Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn. have demonstrated cytotoxic activity through callus extract on the HeLa cell line. Explants excised from in vitro-grown seedlings from seeds of two different locations were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media containing various concentrations of N-6 benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Optimal efficiency in friable callus induction (100%) was achieved in leaf explants cultured on MS media containing 2.32 µM BA + 13.57 µM 2,4-D. Plant tissues (callus and leaf) were extracted and subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis, revealing the highest total alkaloid and phenolic content in leaf extracts from Queretaro adult specimens (339.5 ± 20.9 mg atropine equivalents (AE) per g dry extract (DE) and 158.4 ± 12.5 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g DE, respectively). In contrast, callus cultures exhibited significantly higher total triterpene content (356-381 mg ursolic acid equivalents (UAE) per g DE) compared to leaf extracts (208-243 mg UAE/g DE). Both leaf and callus extracts displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line, with a significantly lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for leaf extracts (28-32 µg/mL) compared to callus cultures (43-66 µg/mL), suggesting that alkaloids were primarily responsible for the cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, this study provides valuable insights into the controlled production of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic activity, with callus serving as a rich source.

Depth of Invasion in Early Oral Cancer: Is 4MM a Threshold for Elective Neck Dissection?

Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. In early stage oral cancers, Depth of invasion (DOI) is a predictor for lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate if DOI 4 mm can be considered as a threshold for clinical decision making on elective neck dissection (END) in early oral cancer, by assessing the association of DOI and the risk of occult lymph node metastasis in early Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A retrospective study was conducted on 319 patients with early pT1-2 OSCC who were clinically N negative. All patients underwent primary resection and END. The patients were divided into two groups based on DOI: < 4 mm and ≥ 4 mm. Nodal metastases were then noted for each group. The rate of nodal metastasis in respect to tumor size was also observed. Out of 111 patients having DOI < 4 mm only 15 (4.7%) had lymph node metastasis, whereas out of 208 patients having DOI ≥ 4 mm, 81 patients (25.4%) had neck node metastasis, with p value < 0.05. Tumors having DOI ≥ 4 mm has higher chances of occult metastasis and also increased probability of other prognostic factors like PNI and LVI, suggesting that DOI ≥ 4 mm can be considered a cut - off value for performing END.

Efficacy and safety of pralsetinib in patients with RET fusion positive non-small cell lung cancer: An observational real world study

BACKGROUND

Pralsetinib, a selective RET targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been approved for treating locally advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive NSCLC in adults who have previously received platinum-based chemotherapy in China.

METHODS

In this retrospective analysis conducted at Hunan Cancer Hospital in China, we examined 36 patients with advanced NSCLC with RET fusion, who were treated with pralsetinib between January 2021 and December 2023. The study focused on assessing the efficacy (Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)) and safety profile of pralsetinib in these patients. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

The results revealed that pralsetinib exhibited significant activity in this patient cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated a median PFS of 10.7 months and a median OS of 21.2 months. The overall response rate(ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) was 55.6 % and 72.2 %, respectively. Pralsetinib was generally well tolerated, with most adverse events being mild to moderate (grades 1-2). The most common serious adverse events (≥grade 3) observed were lymphopenia (13.9 %), hypertension (11.1 %), leukopenia (8.3 %), neutropenia (8.3 %), and creatine kinase elevation (8.3 %).

CONCLUSION

Pralsetinib demonstrated promising activity in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring RET fusion with a favorable safety profile.

Effectiveness of Lymphovenular Anastomosis and Complex Decongestive Therapy for the Treatment of Lymphedema in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

Background: Lymphedema is a common breast cancer side effect, with an average incidence of 30%. The gold standard conservative treatment for lymphedema is complex decongestive therapy (CDT), which includes manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, skin care, and exercise. Lymphovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a microsurgical technique that intends to redirect excess lymphatic fluid to the venous circulation; this procedure is usually performed when conservative treatment fails. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of LVA and CDT for the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Methods and Results: The search was performed in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and LILACS. Inclusion criteria were (1) population: women with BCRL; (2) intervention: treated with LVA and CDT; and (3) outcome: primary outcome was lymphedema reduction. Secondary outcome was quality of life. Risk of bias and quality of study reporting were also assessed. The search found 3872 articles, with 5 articles meeting the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes) criteria, 4 pre-post studies, and one observational cohort study. The total sample included 2763 patients. Follow-up was variable. The follow-up varies from 7.8 to 120 months, with an average of 35 months. Lymphedema reduction was obtained in the five studies. Conclusion: The present systematic review suggests that for patients with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer, the combination of both treatments is effective in reducing the size of the limb and improving quality of life. Low-quality evidence was found for both limb circumference reduction and quality of life. Additional research effort is needed to reduce bias and improve the quality of evidence, in order to better inform clinical practice and enhance the care and well-being of patients with BCRL.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial - Cytotoxic Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Quinolin-2-one Hydrazones Containing Nitrophenyl or Isonicotinoyl/Nicotinoyl Moiety

By applying the hybrid molecular strategy, in this study, we reported the synthesis of fifteen quinolin-2-one hydrazones containing nitrophenyl or nicotinonyl/isonicotinoyl moiety, followed by in vitro and in silico evaluations of their potential antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of the target compounds on seven pathogenic strains, applying the broth microdilution method, revealed that compound 4a demonstrated the most potential antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC 512 μg mL-1) and C. krusei (MIC 128 μg mL-1). In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of the target compounds on three human cancer cell lines, employing the MTT method, suggested that compound 5c exhibited the most potential cytotoxicities against HepG2 (IC50 10.19 μM), A549 (IC50 20.43 μM), and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 16.82 μM) cells. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding characteristics of compounds 4a and 5c with fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase and human topoisomerase I-II, respectively, thereby contributing to the elucidation of their in vitro antifungal and cytotoxic properties. Furthermore, compounds 4a and 5c, via SwissADME prediction, could exhibit favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of quinolin-2-one hydrazones as promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents in the future.

Dexmedetomidine promotes necroptosis by upregulating PARP1 in non-small cell lung cancer

The score and prognostic value of necroptosis were analyzed in the TCGA and GSE120622 datasets. Necroptosis has the highest correlation with the immune microenvironment, and the high score in NSCLC correlates with poor prognosis. Differentially expressed genes between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and controls in both datasets were identified and subjected to construct co-expression networks, respectively. Black and blue modules were selected because of high correction with necroptosis. The intersected two module genes were mainly involved in immune and inflammatory response, cell cycle process and DNA replication. Nine marker genes of necroptosis were identified in these modules and considered as candidate genes. Based on candidate genes, we identified two clusters utilizing concordance clustering, additionally dividing NSCLC samples into high- and low-risk groups. There were significant differences in overall survival between two clusters and between high- and low-risk groups. Furthermore, PARP1 was found among the candidate genes to be the target gene of dexmedetomidine acting on necroptosis. Molecular experimental results found that PARP1 was highly expressed in the dexmedetomidine treated NSCLC compared with the NSCLC. Candidate genes associated with necroptosis may provide a powerful prognostic tool for precision oncology. Dexmedetomidine may target PARP1 to promote necroptosis and then affect NSCLC.

Exploring Anticancer Potential of Lactobacillus Strains: Insights into Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Mechanisms on HCT 115 Cancer Cells

Introduction

This study aims to systematically assess the anticancer potential of distinct Lactobacillus strains on Human Colorectal Tumor (HCT) 115 cancer cells, with a primary focus on the apoptotic mechanisms involved. Lactobacillus strains were isolated from sheep milk and underwent a meticulous microbial isolation process. Previous research indicates that certain probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus species, may exhibit anticancer properties through mechanisms such as apoptosis induction. However, there is limited understanding of how different Lactobacillus strains exert these effects on cancer cells and the underlying molecular pathways involved.

Methods

Cytotoxicity was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and exposure durations of Lactobacillus cell-free lyophilized filtrates. Additional apoptotic features were characterized using 4.6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) analysis for nuclear fragmentation and Annexin V/PI analysis for apoptosis quantification. Genetic analysis explored the modulation of apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl2) in response to Lactobacillus treatment. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to understand the genetic makeup of the Lactobacillus strains used in the study.

Results

The study demonstrated a significant reduction in HCT 115 cell viability, particularly with L. plantarum, as evidenced by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and MTT assays. DAPI analysis revealed nuclear fragmentation, emphasizing an apoptotic cell death mechanism. Annexin V/PI analysis supported this, showing a higher percentage of early and late apoptosis in L. plantarum-treated cells. Genetic analysis uncovered up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in response to Lactobacillus treatment. WGS study revealed a strain reported to NCBI PRJNA439183.

Discussion

L. plantarum emerged as a potent antiproliferative agent against HCT 115 cancer cells, inducing apoptosis through intricate molecular mechanisms. This study underscores the scientific basis for L. plantarum's potential role in cancer therapeutics, highlighting its impact on antiproliferation, adhesion, and gene-protein regulation. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific molecular pathways involved and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of L. plantarum in preclinical and clinical settings.

PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression considering HPV status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

This systematic review aims to determine whether the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) influences the immunohistochemical expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand (PD-L1) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression varies in OPSCC, and the presence of HPV is a plausible explanation for this variability. Comprehending these findings is crucial, as high PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment of OPSCC can help identify patient subgroups that could be suitable for immunotherapy. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines (CRD42023437800). An electronic literature search was performed without time or language restrictions. The search included PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, https://clinictrials.gov, and relevant journals. A meta-analysis was performed using RStudio. Fourteen studies involving 1,629 participants were included. The sample consisted predominantly of males (81.26%) with a mean age of 58.3 years. Concerning clinical and pathological characteristics, the most frequently described anatomical location was the tonsils (68.54%), and most participants were either current or former smokers (78%) and alcohol users (79%). Advanced TNM IV was the most common stage. Regarding histopathological characteristics, HPV 16 was the only type mentioned, and half of the cases were detected through immunohistochemistry. The SP142 clone (35.7%) and the pattern of membrane immunostaining in tumor cells (71%) were the most commonly employed methods. The most prevalent findings were positive expression of PD-L1 (64.28%) and negative HPV status (57.14%). The association between PD-L1 positivity and HPV positivity (78.57%) was confirmed by meta-analysis. The conclusion was that HPV-positive status has an impact on immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in OPSCC.

Determination of Comfort Levels and Spiritual Care Needs of Gynecologic Cancer Patients with Abdominal Drains: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study in Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the comfort levels and spiritual care needs of gynecologic cancer patients with abdominal drains. The study was conducted with 61 gynecologic cancer patients with abdominal drains at the gynecologic oncology surgery clinic of a state hospital in Turkey. Data were collected using the "Participant Information Form," "Perianesthesia Comfort Questionnaire (PCQ)", and "Spiritual Care Needs Inventory". Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. It was found that the postoperative comfort of the patients in this study was above a moderate level. Patients who did not need spiritual care, did not fulfil religious rituals regularly and did not receive social support had a high level of comfort in the early postoperative period. Patients with gynecologic cancer were found to have high spiritual care needs. Patients without chronic diseases, possessing a single abdominal drain, familiar with the concept of spiritual care, expressing a need for spiritual care, engaging in regular religious rituals, and enjoying social support were identified as having elevated spiritual care needs. Within the framework of holistic nursing care provided to gynecologic cancer patients with abdominal drains, the results reveal the necessity of spiritual care and the importance of comfort.

A sustainable RP-HPLC method for concurrent estimation of capecitabine and celecoxib in liposomal formulation: Greenness and whiteness appraisal

Liposomes have been reported for combination therapy due to their ability to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs together. The current investigation aims to develop a novel, eco-friendly, and sustainable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of capecitabine and celecoxib co-encapsulated in liposomes. The method reported herein uses a C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm2, 5 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of water, and acetonitrile/methanol in a ratio of 60:40, containing 0.1% formic acid in both the phases. The flow rate is maintained at 1 mL/min, with an injection volume of 10 μL in the gradient mode. Detection is set at λmax = 240 nm for capecitabine and 252 nm for celecoxib. The developed liposomes are mono-disperse with a surface potential of -6.93 mV. The average size of the liposomes is 142 nm. The percentage entrapment efficiency for capecitabine is 52.39 ± 0.94%, and for celecoxib, it is 77.13 ± 0.74%. The Analytical Greenness Metric of 0.61 and Analytical Eco-Scale Score of 75 signify the greenness of the developed method. Also, the Red-Green-Blue model shows excellent whiteness, with a score of 83.2. Thus, the developed method offers a reliable, accurate, precise, buffer-free, and environment-friendly RP-HPLC approach for the simultaneous analysis of capecitabine and celecoxib co-encapsulated in liposomes.

Assessing a decade of leukaemia-related premature mortality costs: impact on productivity loss in Spain

INTRODUCTION

Cancer mortality is one of the dominant causes of productivity loss; and within all cancer sites, blood cancer is the fourth most common cause of death in Spain. Thus, its impacts in work productivity are a major concern and represent a high social impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity losses resulting from of premature deaths due to leukaemia in Spain.

METHODS

The productivity costs stemming from premature mortality due to leukaemia were estimated using the human capital method. Information pertaining to mortality rates, typical incomes, and joblessness figures was gathered throughout a decade-long period spanning from 2012 to 2021.

RESULTS

Leukaemia caused 40% of haematological malignancies losses. It represented a 3.39% of all cancer-related deaths. In addition, it was responsible for 7,851 years of potential productive life lost (YPLPLL) in 2021, and productivity losses of €4,206.52 million over the 10-year period. All these numbers are relevant for Spain as will help on a more efficient distribution of resource.

CONCLUSIONS

These productivity losses obtained, highlight the burden of leukaemia on the Spanish population, providing novel data on the number of deaths, trends and productivity losses for this type of cancer. This evaluation offers fresh insights that can aid policymakers in efficiently distributing resources, thereby lessening the economic burden it imposes on individuals of working age.

Ultrasensitive and multiplexed Gastric cancer biomarkers detection with an integrated electrochemical immunosensing platform

Developing immunosensing platforms capable of simultaneously detecting multiple cancer markers is crucial for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Here, we introduce a novel dual-mode electrochemical biosensing assay platform capable of detecting two gastric cancer biomarkers: pepsinogen I (PG I) and pepsinogen II (PG II). Methylene blue (MB) and Prussian blue (PB) were used as dual signal sources to label PG I and PG II, respectively. The platform integrates an ARM STM32F411 microcontroller and an AD5941 analog front-end, which not only facilitates cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with efficacy comparable to commercial electrochemical workstations but also offers data collection and synchronous analysis capabilities, allowing simultaneous output of PG I and PGR (PG I/PG II) values. Equipped with an interactive screen for operational control and result display, the immunosensing platform provides linear detection ranges for PG I (5 pg/mL-100 ng/mL) and PG II (50 pg/mL-200 ng/mL), enabling rapid detection within 5 min. It demonstrates excellent sensitivity and selectivity when comparing serum samples from healthy individuals and gastric cancer patients. The dual-marker detection platform significantly enhances early diagnosis and screening of gastric cancer, offering substantial improvements over single-marker assays. Furthermore, this platform shows potential for detecting multiple biomarkers in various diseases, highlighting its utility for biomedical applications.

The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors and Clinical Aspects on the Quality of Life of Surgically Treated Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Introduction

Due to the increasing number of cases and the levels of mortality, colorectal cancer is still a major health problem. Therefore, the growing interest in the quality of life of patients and the assessment of the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer seems to be particularly important. The aim of the study was to investigate and determine factors that have a significant impact on the QoL of patients who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer that was surgically treated in the Surgical Department of the 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw.

Methods

102 respondents were enrolled into the study. The QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR29 as well as an original questionnaire regarding the socioeconomic factors were used for the assessment. The information was supplemented with patients' clinical data.

Results

According to the QLQ-C30 questionnaire the average QoL of the respondents was 55%. Factors such as male gender, younger age, higher BMI, no significant weight loss, living with family, lower level of education and being professionally active have significant positive impact on QoL. In contrary, patients with more advanced and malignant cancer with tumor located in the right half of the colon had worse QoL. The particular domains of QoL influenced by these factors were also identified. Determining these factors will allow for more effective treatment, for the shortening of the hospitalization and finally for the reduction of the costs.

Conclusion

The better QoL of the patients with colorectal cancer treated surgically showed younger men, living with family and with the support from close people, professionally active, with primary level of education, and without significant weight loss, ie less than 5% of body weight in the last 6 months. Moreover, patients with cancer located in the left colon, at a lower stage, with a lower grading demonstrated a better QoL.

Regional Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Screening

Cancer screening is the most cost-effective prevention strategy that enables improved cancer mortality and morbidity rates. However, there was a significant decline in cancer screening during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. This study aimed to measure regional differences in cancer screening by comparing screening rates before and during COVID-19 and to examine factors explaining the regional difference in cancer screening. All variables including the differences in cancer screening rate before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were collected from 229 administrative subregions in South Korea and joined with each community in ArcGIS environment. Factors explaining regional difference in cancer screening were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and interactive decision tree modeling. Cancer screening rates decreased in all regions during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. The findings revealed that national health insurance premiums, the number of cancer screening facilities, livelihood benefit recipients, and the population aged 65+ could be classified as variables highly affecting the decrease in cancer screening rate. These findings highlight the efforts to appraise different barriers to cancer screening in each community. In addition, it is important to promote sustainable cancer screening strategies from regional perspectives based on regional vulnerabilities and their complex impact on cancer screening.

Nose-on-Chip Nanobiosensors for Early Detection of Lung Cancer Breath Biomarkers

Lung cancer remains a global health concern, demanding the development of noninvasive, prompt, selective, and point-of-care diagnostic tools. Correspondingly, breath analysis using nanobiosensors has emerged as a promising noninvasive nose-on-chip technique for the early detection of lung cancer through monitoring diversified biomarkers such as volatile organic compounds/gases in exhaled breath. This comprehensive review summarizes the state-of-the-art breath-based lung cancer diagnosis employing chemiresistive-module nanobiosensors supported by theoretical findings. It unveils the fundamental mechanisms and biological basis of breath biomarker generation associated with lung cancer, technological advancements, and clinical implementation of nanobiosensor-based breath analysis. It explores the merits, challenges, and potential alternate solutions in implementing these nanobiosensors in clinical settings, including standardization, biocompatibility/toxicity analysis, green and sustainable technologies, life-cycle assessment, and scheming regulatory modalities. It highlights nanobiosensors' role in facilitating precise, real-time, and on-site detection of lung cancer through breath analysis, leading to improved patient outcomes, enhanced clinical management, and remote personalized monitoring. Additionally, integrating these biosensors with artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet-of-things, bioinformatics, and omics technologies is discussed, providing insights into the prospects of intelligent nose-on-chip lung cancer sniffing nanobiosensors. Overall, this review consolidates knowledge on breathomic biosensor-based lung cancer screening, shedding light on its significance and potential applications in advancing state-of-the-art medical diagnostics to reduce the burden on hospitals and save human lives.

Microbiota and other detrimental metabolites in colorectal cancer

Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota plays an essential role in the onset and development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms by which these microorganisms contribute to cancer development are complex and far from completely clarified. Specifically, the impact of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on CRC is undeniable, exerting both protective and detrimental effects. This paper examines the effects and mechanisms by which important bacterial metabolites exert detrimental effects associated with increased risk of CRC. Metabolites considered include heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heme iron, secondary bile acids, ethanol, and aromatic amines. It is necessary to delve deeper into the mechanisms of action of these metabolites in CRC and identify the microbiota members involved in their production. Furthermore, since diet is the main factor capable of modifying the intestinal microbiota, conducting studies that include detailed descriptions of dietary interventions is crucial. All this knowledge is essential for developing precision nutrition strategies to optimise a protective intestinal microbiota against CRC.

Low pre-immunotherapy forced vital capacity is associated with poor outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy regardless of prior treatment history

Background

Many patients with lung cancer have underlying chronic lung diseases. We assume that baseline lung functions might also affect the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving immunotherapy.

Objectives

We aimed to assess the impact of pretreatment clinical parameters, including lung function measures such as forced vital capacity (FVC), on the prognosis of patients with NSCLC following immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy.

Design

Retrospective multicenter study.

Methods

Study subjects were consecutively selected from a multicenter cohort of patients with NSCLC who were undergoing immunotherapy. Patients were selected regardless of their initial cancer stage and prior treatment. The primary outcome was immunotherapy-related overall survival (iOS), defined as the duration from the initiation of immunotherapy to the time patients were censored. Spirometry values were acquired before bronchodilator application and were performed within the year before the first ICI treatment.

Results

We selected 289 patients for evaluation. The median iOS was 10.9 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 7.5-14.3). Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tested by SP263, was <1% in 20.9%, 1%-49% in 44.3%, and ⩾50% in 32.6% of the patients. ICI was used most often as second-line treatment (70.2%), followed by first line (13.1%), and third line (11.4%). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median iOS of the low FVC group was significantly shorter than that in the preserved FVC group (6.10 (95% CI, 4.45-7.76) months vs 14.40 (95% CI, 10.61-18.34) months, p < 0.001)). A Cox regression analysis for iOS showed that age, poor performance status, PD-L1 expression measured by SP263, stage at diagnosis, and FVC (% predicted) were independent predictive factors. When we replaced FVC (%) in the multivariable analysis with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%), diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco; %), or DLco (absolute), each of the pulmonary function factors showed a significant association with iOS.

Conclusion

Pre-immunotherapy FVC (%) predicted immunotherapy-related outcomes in NSCLC patients, regardless of initial stage at diagnosis and prior treatment modalities.

ASPYRE-Lung: validation of a simple, fast, robust and novel method for multi-variant genomic analysis of actionable NSCLC variants in FFPE tissue

Introduction

Genomic variant testing of tumors is a critical gateway for patients to access the full potential of personalized oncology therapeutics. Current methods such as next-generation sequencing are costly and challenging to interpret, while PCR assays are limited in the number of variants they can cover. We developed ASPYRE® (Allele-Specific PYrophosphorolysis REaction) technology to address the urgent need for rapid, accessible and affordable diagnostics informing actionable genomic target variants of a given cancer. The targeted ASPYRE-Lung panel for non-small cell carcinoma covers 114 variants in 11 genes (ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, RET, ROS1, MET & NTRK1/2/3) to robustly inform clinical management. The assay detects single nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions, and gene fusions from tissue-derived DNA and RNA simultaneously.

Methods

We tested the limit of detection, specificity, analytical accuracy and analytical precision of ASPYRE-Lung using FFPE lung tissue samples from patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma, variant-negative FFPE tissue from healthy donors, and FFPE-based contrived samples with controllable variant allele fractions.

Results

The sensitivity of ASPYRE-Lung was determined to be ≤ 3% variant allele fraction for single nucleotide variants and insertions or deletions, 100 copies for fusions, and 200 copies for MET exon 14 skipping. The specificity was 100% with no false positive results. The analytical accuracy test yielded no discordant calls between ASPYRE-Lung and expected results for clinical samples (via orthogonal testing) or contrived samples, and results were replicable across operators, reagent lots, runs, and real-time PCR instruments with a high degree of precision.

Conclusions

The technology is simple and fast, requiring only four reagent transfer steps using standard laboratory equipment (PCR and qPCR instruments) with analysis via a cloud-based algorithm. The ASPYRE-Lung assay has the potential to be transformative in facilitating access to rapid, actionable molecular profiling of tissue for patients with non-small cell carcinoma.

Recent advancements in improving the efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

The liver is one of the most frequent sites of primary malignancies in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent solid tumors with poor prognosis. Current treatments showed limited efficacy in some patients, and, therefore, alternative strategies, such as immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and recently chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-T cells, are developed to offer better efficacy and safety profile in patients with HCC. Unlike other ACTs like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), CAR-T cells are equipped with engineered CAR receptors that effectively identify tumor antigens and eliminate cancer cells without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. This process induces intracellular signaling, leading to T lymphocyte recruitment and subsequent activation of other effector cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Until today, novel approaches have been used to develop more potent CAR-T cells with robust persistence, specificity, trafficking, and safety. However, the clinical application of CAR-T cells in solid tumors is still challenging. Therefore, this study aims to review the advancement, prospects, and possible avenues of CAR-T cell application in HCC following an outline of the CAR structure and function.

Knowledge mapping analysis of ground glass nodules: a bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2023

Background

In recent years, the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in early lung cancer screening has led to an increase in the detection rate of lung ground glass nodules (GGNs). The persistence of GGNs, which may indicate early lung adenocarcinoma, has been a focus of attention for scholars in the field of lung cancer prevention and treatment in recent years. Despite the rapid development of research into GGNs, there is a lack of intuitive content and trend analyses in this field, as well as a lack of detailed elaboration on possible research hotspots. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of lung ground glass nodules over the past decade, employing bibliometric methods.

Method

The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for relevant ground-glass lung nodule literature published from 2013-2023. Bibliometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix".

Results

A total of 2,218 articles from 75 countries and 2,274 institutions were included in this study. The number of publications related to GGNs has been high in recent years. The United States has led in GGNs-related research. Radiology has one of the highest visibilities as a selected journal and co-cited journal. Jin Mo Goo has published the most articles. Travis WD has been cited the most frequently. The main topics of research in this field are Lung Cancer, CT, and Deep Learning, which have been identified as long-term research hotspots. The GGNs-related marker is a major research trend in this field.

Conclusion

This study represents the inaugural bibliometric analysis of applied research on ground-glass lung nodules utilizing three established bibliometric software. The bibliometric analysis of this study elucidates the prevailing research themes and trends in the field of GGNs over the past decade. It also furnishes pertinent recommendations for researchers to provide objective descriptions and comprehensive guidance for future related research.

Gastric cancer-Epidemiology, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, challenges and opportunities: An updated review

Gastric cancer represents a significant global health challenge due to its high mortality and incidence rates, particularly in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest epidemiological data and explores both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with gastric cancer, aiming to delineate the multifactorial etiology of this disease. Modifiable risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, obesity, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, whereas nonmodifiable factors comprise genetic predispositions, age, family history and male gender. The interplay of these factors significantly impacts the risk and progression of gastric cancer, suggesting potential preventive strategies. The challenges in treating gastric cancer are considerable, largely because of the late-stage diagnosis and the heterogeneity of the disease, which complicate effective treatment regimens. Current treatment strategies involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. The FLOT regimen (5-FU, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin and Docetaxel) is now a standard for resectable cases in Europe and the US, showing superior survival and response rates over ECF and ECX regimens. For HER2-positive gastric cancer, trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy improves overall survival, as demonstrated by the ToGA trial. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab and nivolumab offer promising results. However, the five-year survival rate remains low, underscoring the urgency for improved therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in molecular biology and cancer genomics have begun to pave the way for personalized medicine in gastric cancer care, focusing on molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy. This review also highlights the critical need for better screening methods that could facilitate early detection and treatment, potentially improving the prognosis. By integrating epidemiological insights with new therapeutic strategies, this article aims to thoroughly understand of gastric cancer's dynamics and outline a framework for future research and clinical management, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to tackle this formidable disease.

Synthesis of Novel Cu(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Ni(II) Hydrazone Metal Complexes as Potent Anticancer Agents: Spectroscopic, DFT, Molecular Docking, and MD Simulation Studies

Metal complexes [FeL], [NiL]·H2O, [CuL], and [CoL]·H2O were formed by the ligand (L, 4-fluoro-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide) reacting with Fe(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2·4H2O, Cu(OAc)2·H2O, and Co(OAc)2·4H2O. The produced compounds were characterized using a variety of methods, such as NMR, UV-vis, FT-IR, magnetic susceptibility, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity. The spectrum of the data indicates that the geometry of the complex molecular structures is octahedral with six coordination sites. The ligand and its different metal complexes were tested in a human lung cancer cell line and a normal embryonic kidney cell line. A cytotoxic assay revealed that L-Cu is the most potent chelate against cancer cell lines. A computational study was performed to rationalize this finding. The binding potential of relatively active compounds to a suitable target was analyzed. For this purpose, a target that is known to be inhibited by small compounds with a scaffold similar to that of the synthesized compounds, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), was first determined. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that L-Cu has a high binding potential to LSD1 at a level comparable to that of a standard ligand. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that L-Cu and L form stable complexes with the enzyme. Furthermore, the MD simulation study showed that L-Cu remained inside the binding pocket of the enzyme during the 200 ns simulation period. Density functional theory (DFT) studies demonstrated that the chemical stability of L was higher than that of its chelate form, L-Cu.

Emerging electrochemical biosensors for lung cancer-associated protein biomarker and miRNA detection

Lung cancer remains a major driver of global morbidity and mortality, and diagnosing lung tumors early in their development is vital to maximizing treatment efficacy and patient survival. Several biomarkers, including CYFRA 21-1, NSE, ProGRP, CEA, and miRNA, have been identified as reliable indicators for early lung cancer detection and monitoring treatment progress. However, the minute changes in the levels of these biomarkers during the early stages of disease necessitate advanced detection platforms. In this space, electrochemical biosensors have currently emerged as robust tools for early lung cancer screening and diagnosis owing to their low costs, rapid responses, and superior sensitivity and selectivity. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the application of electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, and other electrochemical analytical strategies for detecting lung cancer-associated protein biomarkers, and miRNA. This review compares these techniques to provide a concise overview of the principles underlying these electrochemical analytical methods, the preparation of their components, and the performance of the resulting biosensors. Lastly, a discussion of the challenges and opportunities associated with electrochemical biosensors detection of lung cancer-associated biomarkers are provided.

A comprehensive review of PRAME and BAP1 in melanoma: Genomic instability and immunotherapy targets

In a thorough review of the literature, the complex roles of PRAME (preferentially expressed Antigen of Melanoma) and BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein 1) have been investigated in uveal melanoma (UM) and cutaneous melanoma. High PRAME expression in UM is associated with poor outcomes and correlated with extraocular extension and chromosome 8q alterations. BAP1 mutations in the UM indicate genomic instability and a poor prognosis. Combining PRAME and BAP1 immunohistochemical staining facilitates effective risk stratification. Mechanistically, both genes are associated with genomic instability, making them promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Hypomethylation of PRAME, specifically in its promoter regions, is critical for UM progression and contributes to epigenetic reprogramming. Additionally, miR-211 regulation is crucial in melanoma and has therapeutic potential. The way PRAME changes signaling pathways provides clues about the cause of cancer due to genomic instability related to modifications in DNA repair. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 in cells expressing PRAME could lead to potential therapeutic applications. Pathway enrichment analysis underscores the significance of PRAME and BAP1 in melanoma pathogenesis.

The Potential and Challenges of Proton FLASH in Head and Neck Cancer Reirradiation

Ultrahigh-dose-rate therapy, also known as FLASH radiotherapy (RT), is an emerging technique that is garnering significant interest in cancer treatment due to its potential to revolutionize therapy. This method can achieve comparable tumor control to conventional-dose-rate RT while offering the enhanced protection of normal tissue through the FLASH-sparing effect. This innovative technique has demonstrated promising results in preclinical studies involving animals and cell lines. Particularly noteworthy is its potential application in treating head and neck (HN) cancers, especially in patients with challenging recurrent tumors and reirradiation cases, where the toxicity rates with conventional radiotherapy are high. Such applications aim to enhance tumor control while minimizing side effects and preserving patients' quality of life. In comparison to electron or photon FLASH modalities, proton therapy has demonstrated superior dosimetric and delivery characteristics and is a safe and effective FLASH treatment for human malignancies. Compared to the transmission proton FLASH, single-energy Bragg peak FLASH is a novel delivery method that allows highly conformal doses to targets and minimal radiation doses to crucial OARs. Proton Bragg peak FLASH for HN cancer has still not been well studied. This review highlights the significance of proton FLASH in enhancing cancer therapy by examining the advantages and challenges of using it for HN cancer reirradiation.

Epstein-Barr Virus BARF1 Is Expressed in Lung Cancer and Is Associated with Cancer Progression

BACKGROUND

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in the development of lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC), and a subgroup of gastric carcinomas (GC), and has also been detected in lung carcinomas, even though the role of the virus in this malignancy has not yet been established. BamH1-A Rightward Frame 1 (BARF1), a suggested exclusive epithelial EBV oncoprotein, is detected in both EBV-associated GCs (EBVaGC) and NPC. The expression and role of BARF1 in lung cancer is unknown.

METHODS

A total of 158 lung carcinomas including 80 adenocarcinomas (AdCs) and 78 squamous cell carcinomas (SQCs) from Chilean patients were analyzed for EBV presence via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), or chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). The expression of BARF1 was evaluated using Reverse Transcription Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, A549 and BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells were transfected with a construct for ectopic BARF1 expression. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were evaluated.

RESULTS

We found that EBV was present in 37 out of 158 (23%) lung carcinomas using PCR. Considering EBV-positive specimens using PCR, IHC for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) detected EBV in 24 out of 30 (80%) cases, while EBERs were detected using CISH in 13 out of 16 (81%) cases. Overall, 13 out of 158 (8%) lung carcinomas were shown to be EBV-positive using PCR/IHC/CISH. BARF1 transcripts were detected in 6 out of 13 (46%) EBV-positive lung carcinomas using RT qPCR. Finally, lung cells ectopically expressing BARF1 showed increased migration, invasion, and EMT.

CONCLUSIONS

EBV is frequently found in lung carcinomas from Chile with the expression of BARF1 in a significant subset of cases, suggesting that this viral protein may be involved in EBV-associated lung cancer progression.

α-Parvin Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues: Correlation with Clinical Parameters and Prognostic Significance

Stromal cells play a critical role in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer (BC), as they are recruited by tumor cells and regulate the metastatic spread. Though high expression of α-parvin, a member of the parvin family of actin-binding proteins, is reported to be associated with a poor prognosis and metastasis in several cancers, its role in carcinogenesis has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, we aimed to examine the expression of α-parvin in BC patients by compartmentalizing and quantifying tissues to determine whether α-parvin can be a potential therapeutic target. We performed immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of α-parvin in BC tissues, and the IHC scores were calculated in the overall tissue, stroma, and epithelium using image analysis software. The expression of α-parvin was significantly higher in BC tissues (p = 0.0002) and BC stroma (p < 0.0001) than in normal tissues. Furthermore, all α-parvin scores were significantly positively correlated with the proliferation marker Ki67. The overall and stroma scores are associated with the tumor, (lymph) node, and metastasis (TNM) classification, stage, and grade. These results suggest that high expression of α-parvin in stroma is associated with BCs and might be a new predictive marker for diagnosing BC.

The Impact of Heat-Not-Burn, E-Cigarettes, and Cigarettes on Small Airway Function

Introduction

E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are gaining worldwide significance. The tobacco industry is promoting these products as healthier alternatives to conventional cigarettes.

Methods

In this four-arm crossover study, we examined the acute effects of cigarette smoking, vaping IQOS, or vaping e-cigarettes (with or without nicotine) on hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, and small airways. Twenty subjects (10 male, 10 female), all occasional smokers, completed each study arm. There was at least a 48 h washout period before each test day. Arterial stiffness and peripheral and central hemodynamics were assessed using Mobil-O-Graph™ (I.E.M., Germany), whereas tremoFlo® c-100 (Thoracic Medical Systems Inc) was used to evaluate the effects on the small airways and resistance.

Results

Cigarettes, IQOS, e-cigarettes containing nicotine, and nicotine-free e-cigarettes had similar effects on peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as on arterial stiffness. We observed a significant increase in all parameters. However, only nicotine-containing products lead to increased bronchial obstruction, higher reactance, and a higher tidal volume.

Conclusion

Therefore, we concluded that cigarettes, IQOS, and e-cigarettes have similar effects on hemodynamics. No differences were observed between the nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-cigarettes. All nicotine-containing products also influence small airways. These findings suggest that e-cigarettes and HTPs are not healthier alternatives than conventional cigarettes.

Cancer pharmacoinformatics: Databases and analytical tools

Cancer is a subject of extensive investigation, and the utilization of omics technology has resulted in the generation of substantial volumes of big data in cancer research. Numerous databases are being developed to manage and organize this data effectively. These databases encompass various domains such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, immunology, and drug discovery. The application of computational tools into various core components of pharmaceutical sciences constitutes "Pharmacoinformatics", an emerging paradigm in rational drug discovery. The three major features of pharmacoinformatics include (i) Structure modelling of putative drugs and targets, (ii) Compilation of databases and analysis using statistical approaches, and (iii) Employing artificial intelligence/machine learning algorithms for the discovery of novel therapeutic molecules. The development, updating, and analysis of databases using statistical approaches play a pivotal role in pharmacoinformatics. Multiple software tools are associated with oncoinformatics research. This review catalogs the databases and computational tools related to cancer drug discovery and highlights their potential implications in the pharmacoinformatics of cancer.

Community Pharmacists' Readiness for Breast Cancer Mammogram Promotion: A National Survey from Jordan

Purpose

Mammography is the gold standard screening technique for early detection of breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of community pharmacists of different aspects emphasized by the JBCP programs. This study also identifies the attitudes and barriers towards promoting early detection services.

Patients and Methods

This study was a cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Jordan. Pharmacists were randomly selected and asked to complete an electronic questionnaire. Inclusion criteria: a pharmacist with a bachelor's degree or higher and registered at the JPA working in a community pharmacy. The questionnaire included demographic and socioeconomic information, knowledge, attitudes towards breast cancer screening mammography services, and barriers towards participation in the promotion of these services.

Results

A total of 1,088 community pharmacists were approached, 1,000 (91.8%) completed the questionnaire. Participants had an average age of 34 years ± 10.8 and average experience of 9.1 ± 9.5 years. Only 48 (37.8%) of the female pharmacists aged 40 years or older underwent a mammogram. Knowledge of symptoms of breast cancer was the highest with a score of 755, followed by knowledge of risk factors (670) and finally early detection of breast cancer (540). Many barriers were reported by the community pharmacists including lack of educational materials and time constraints. Pharmacists with higher educational levels (p<0.001), of female gender (p<0.001), attended continuous cancer-related education (p<0.001), encountered a higher percentage of female customers (p<0.001), in a certain geographic location (p=0.003), underwent mammography (p=0.014), and encountered high frequency of inquiries on mammogram by the customers (p<0.001) were all associated with higher knowledge scores.

Conclusion

Despite the reported barriers and insufficient knowledge in certain aspects of early detection of breast cancer, community pharmacists have positive attitudes and can be a valuable asset for awareness-raising efforts.

Discrimination of serum samples of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia with 1H-NMR metabolomics

Prostate cancer continues to be a prominent health concern for men globally. Current screening techniques, primarily the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination (DRE), possess inherent limitations, with prostate biopsy being the definitive diagnostic procedure. The invasive nature of the biopsy and other drawbacks of current screening tests create the need for non-invasive and more accurate diagnostic methods. This study utilized 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) based serum metabolomics to differentiate between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Serum samples from 40 PCa and 41 BPH patients were analysed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PepsNMR was utilized for preprocessing the raw NMR data, and the binned spectra were examined for patterns distinguishing PCa and BPH. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a moderate separation between PCa and BPH, highlighting the distinct metabolic profiles of both conditions. A logistic regression model was then developed, which demonstrated good performance in distinguishing between the two conditions. The results showed significant variance in multiple metabolites between PCa and BPH, such as isovaleric acid, ethylmalonic acid, formate, and glutamic acid. This research underlines the potential of 1H-NMR-based serum metabolomics as a promising tool for improved prostate cancer screening, offering an alternative to the limitations of current screening methods.

Versatile and Tunable Performance of PVA/PAM Tridimensional Hydrogel Models for Tissues and Organs: Augmenting Realism in Advanced Surgical Training

The increasing complexity and difficulty of surgical procedures have led to a rise in medical errors within clinical settings in recent years. Gastrointestinal diseases, in particular, present significant medical challenges and impose substantial economic burdens, underscoring the urgent need for experiential, high-fidelity gastrointestinal surgical training tools. This study leverages patient-specific computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, combined with 3D printed manufacturing, to develop hydrogel organ models with tunable performance and tissue-mimicking softness. These properties are achieved by regulating the freeze-thaw cycles, cross-linking agents, and the concentration of incorporated antibacterial nanoparticles in DN hydrogels. Through the application of indirect 3D printing and the "sacrificial material method", we successfully fabricate organ tissues such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels with high precision. In ex vivo surgical training demonstrations, these tissue-like soft hydrogels provide an effective platform for preoperative simulation and surgical training in digestive surgery, accommodating various surgical procedures and accurately simulating intraoperative bleeding. The development of advanced bionic organ models with specific and tunable characteristics based on DN hydrogels is poised to significantly advance surgical training, medical device testing, and the reform of medical education.

Synthesis, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Hydrophilic Gold(I) and Silver(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Potential Anticancer Agents

A series of new gold(I) and silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbenes bearing a 1-thio-β-d-glucose tetraacetate moiety was synthesized and chemically characterized. The compounds' stability and solubility in physiological conditions were investigated employing a multitechnique approach. Interaction studies with biologically relevant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and human serum albumin (HSA), were conducted via UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and high-resolution ESI mass spectrometry. The biological activity of the compounds was evaluated in the A2780 and A2780R (cisplatin-resistant) ovarian cancer cell lines and the HSkMC (human skeletal muscle) healthy cell line. Inhibition studies of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) were also carried out. The results highlighted that the gold complexes are more stable in aqueous environment and capable of interaction with SOD and HSA. Moreover, these carbenes strongly inhibited the TrxR activity. In contrast, the silver ones underwent structural alterations in the aqueous medium and showed greater antiproliferative activity.

Onco-Ontogeny of Squamous Cell Cancer of the First Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (H&NSCC) is an anatomic, biological, and genetic complex disease. It involves more than 1000 genes implied in its oncogenesis; for this review, we limit our search and description to the genes implied in the onco-ontogeny of the derivates from the first pharyngeal arch during embryo development. They can be grouped as transcription factors and signaling molecules (that act as growth factors that bind to receptors). Finally, we propose the term embryo-oncogenesis to refer to the activation, reactivation, and use of the genes involved in the embryo's development during the oncogenesis or malignant tumor invasion and metastasis events as part of an onco-ontogenic inverse process.

A review of the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in Asian patients with hematological malignancies (2011-2021)

The incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) is increasing, especially among patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies due to their immunocompromised nature. Other risk factors include advanced age, exposure to immunosuppressants, neutropenia, and catheter use. Some of the most common IFI organisms reported are Candida and Aspergillus species, and other fungal species, including Scedosporium, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus, and Fusarium have also increasingly been reported in the past years. However, the epidemiologic data on IFI among patients with hematological malignancies in Asian countries are lacking. Therefore, we investigated published epidemiologic data on such cases from the past 10 years (2011-2021) and discuss the challenges faced in the diagnosis and management of IFIs in Asia.

Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019 and projection to 2050: Worsening or improving?

Particulate matter pollution (PMP) has been identified as a substantial contributor to cancer. However, accurately delineating the evolving trends in cancer burden attributable to PMP remains an ongoing challenge. The 1990-2019 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used for cancers attributable to PMP from the Global Burden and Disease Study (GBD) 2019, including ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) and household air pollution from solid fuels (HAP). The joinpoint regression and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model were employed to assess the corresponding trends over the periods 1990-2019 and 2020-2050, respectively. Additionally, statistical models such as frontier analysis and health inequality analysis were also utilized. During the 30-year period, cancer DALYs attributable to APMP increased globally, while those attributable to HAP and PMP decreased. Cancer DALYs attributable to APMP were positively correlated with socio-demographic index (SDI), while those attributable to PMP and HAP were negatively correlated with SDI. Frontier analysis identified the countries and regions requiring urgent action to mitigate PMP-attributable cancer. Finally, it was anticipated that the cancer burden attributable to APMP would increase during 2020 to 2050, while the burden attributable to HAP and PMP would decrease. This study conducted an epidemiological investigation of the burden of cancer attributable to APMP, HAP and PMP in various regions and populations worldwide, providing epidemiological insights into the global burden of cancer attributable to PMP and guiding policy and research directions.

Computational assessment of the use of graphene-based nanosheets as PtII chemotherapeutics delivery systems

Graphene is the newest form of elemental carbon and it is becoming rapidly a potential candidate in the framework of nano-bio research. Many reports confirm the successful use of graphene-based materials as carriers of anticancer drugs having relatively high loading capacities compared with other nanocarriers. Here, the outcomes of a systematic study of the adsorption behavior of FDA approved PtII drugs cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin on surface models of pristine, holey, and nitrogen-doped holey graphene are reported. DFT investigations in water solvent have been carried out considering several initial orientations of the drugs with respect to the surfaces. Adsorption free energies, calculated including basis set superposition error (BSSE) corrections, result to be significantly negative for many of the drug@carrier adducts indicating that tested layers could be used as potential carriers for the delivery of anticancer PtII drugs. The reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis allows to show that many kinds of non-covalent interactions, including canonical H-bond, are responsible for the stabilization of the formed adducts.

The Precision of Colour Doppler Ultrasonography Combined with Dynamic Infrared Thermography in Perforator Mapping for Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction

Background: Perforator mapping is a mandatory tool for the preoperative planning of a microsurgical free flap, especially in breast reconstruction. Numerous methods for mapping have been described. In this study, we investigate the combined use of Dynamic Infrared Thermography (DIRT) and Colour Doppler Ultrasonography (CDUS) only to see whether it can eliminate the need for Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 33 patients with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps for breast reconstruction. DIRT, followed by CDUS and CTA, was performed preoperatively and perforators were confirmed intraoperatively. Results: From 135 hot spots found on DIRT, 123 perforators were confirmed by CDUS (91.11%). A total of 86.66% of the perforator vessels detected on CTA have their correspondent on DIRT, while 95.12% have their correspondent on CDUS. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found comparing DIRT vs. CTA and CDU vs. CTA. The average DIRT time was 121.54 s and CDUS 232.09 s. The mean sensitivity for DIRT was 95.72% and 93.16% for CDUS. Conclusion: DIRT combined with CDUS can precisely and efficiently identify suitable perforators without the need for CTA in DIEP breast reconstruction.

Global burden of thyroid cancer in 2022: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN

BACKGROUND

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. This study aimed to assess the global distribution of TC incidence and mortality in 2022, as well as to predict the burden for the year 2050.

METHODS

Data from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database were used to analyze the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of TC by sex, age group (<55 years and ≥55 years), country, world region, and level of Human Development Index (HDI) for 185 countries. The predicted incidence and mortality burden for 2050 was calculated based on demographic projections.

RESULTS

In 2022, an estimated 821,214 new TC cases and 47,507 TC-related deaths occurred worldwide. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were higher in women (ASIR: 13.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.53 per 100,000) than in men (ASIR: 4.60 per 100,000; ASMR: 0.35 per 100,000). The ASIR in high HDI countries was approximately ten times higher than that in low HDI countries for both sexes, with relatively similar ASMR across regions. Among 185 countries, China had the largest number of TC cases (accounting for 56.77% of total cases) and TC-related deaths (accounting for 24.35% of global TC-related deaths), with the highest ASIR in men (13.30 per 100,000). Worldwide, approximately 64.63% of TC cases occurred in populations under 55 years old, while nearly 82.99% of TC-related deaths occurred in populations aged 55 years and above. If the rates stay the same as in 2022, it is projected that approximately 1,100,000 new TC cases and 91,000 TC-related deaths will occur in 2050, indicating a 34.15% and 89.58% increase, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

TC is a highly frequent cancer worldwide with disparities across regions, genders, and age groups. Our results provide light on the worldwide TC disease burden and facilitate regionally customized prevention measures.

Mutational spectrum of breast cancer by shallow whole-genome sequencing of cfDNA and tumor gene panel analysis

Breast cancer (BC) has different molecular subgroups related to different risks and treatments. Tumor biopsies for BC detection are invasive and may not reflect tumor heterogeneity. Liquid biopsies have become relevant because they might overcome these limitations. We rationalize that liquid cfDNA biopsies through shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) could improve the detection of tumor alterations, complementing the genomic profiling. We evaluated the feasibility to detect somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) in BC using shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) in cfDNA from archived samples from National Cancer Institute of Colombia patients. We sequenced tumor tissues from 38 BC patients with different molecular subtypes using a gene panel of 176 genes significantly mutated in cancer, and by liquid biopsies using sWGS on 20 paired samples to detect SCNAs and compare with the tumor samples. We identified an extensive intertumoral heterogeneity between the molecular subtypes of BC, with a mean tumor load of 602 mutations in the gene panel of tumor tissues. There was a 12.3% of concordance in deletions in the cfDNA-tumor pairs considering only the genes covered by the panel encompassing seven genes: BRCA1, CDK12, NF1, MAP2K4, NCOR1, TP53, and KEAP1 in three patients. This study shows the feasibility to complement the genomic analysis of tumor tissue biopsies to detect SCNA in BC using sWGS in cfDNA, providing a wider identification of potential therapeutic targets.

Treg Cell Therapeutic Strategies for Breast Cancer: Holistic to Local Aspects

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity through their immunosuppressive function. There have been numerous reports confirming that high levels of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are associated with a poor prognosis, highlighting their role in promoting an immunosuppressive environment. In breast cancer (BC), Tregs interact with cancer cells, ultimately leading to the suppression of immune surveillance and promoting tumor progression. This review discusses the dual role of Tregs in breast cancer, and explores the controversies and therapeutic potential associated with targeting these cells. Researchers are investigating various strategies to deplete or inhibit Tregs, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine antagonists, and metabolic inhibition. However, the heterogeneity of Tregs and the variable precision of treatments pose significant challenges. Understanding the functional diversity of Tregs and the latest advances in targeted therapies is critical for the development of effective therapies. This review highlights the latest approaches to Tregs for BC treatment that both attenuate Treg-mediated immunosuppression in tumors and maintain immune tolerance, and advocates precise combination therapy strategies to optimize breast cancer outcomes.

Computational Exploration of the Mechanism of Action of a Sorafenib-Containing Ruthenium Complex as an Anticancer Agent for Photoactivated Chemotherapy

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are being tested as potential anticancer agents in different therapies, which include conventional chemotherapy and light-activated approaches. A mechanistic study on a recently synthesized dual-action Ru(II) complex [Ru(bpy)2(sora)Cl]+ is described here. It is characterized by two mono-dentate leaving ligands, namely, chloride and sorafenib ligands, which make it possible to form a di-aquo complex able to bind DNA. At the same time, while the released sorafenib can induce ferroptosis, the complex is also able to act as a photosensitizer according to type II photodynamic therapy processes, thus generating one of the most harmful cytotoxic species, 1O2. In order to clarify the mechanism of action of the drug, computational strategies based on density functional theory are exploited. The photophysical properties of the complex, which include the absorption spectrum, the kinetics of ISC, and the character of all the excited states potentially involved in 1O2 generation, as well as the pathway providing the di-aquo complex, are fully explored. Interestingly, the outcomes show that light is needed to form the mono-aquo complex, after releasing both chloride and sorafenib ligands, while the second solvent molecule enters the coordination sphere of the metal once the system has come back to the ground-state potential energy surface. In order to simulate the interaction with canonical DNA, the di-aquo complex interaction with a guanine nucleobase as a model has also been studied. The whole study aims to elucidate the intricate details of the photodissociation process, which could help with designing tailored metal complexes as potential anticancer agents.

Advancing cancer treatments: The role of oligonucleotide-based therapies in driving progress

Although recent advancements in cancer immunology have resulted in the approval of numerous immunotherapies, minimal progress has been observed in addressing hard-to-treat cancers. In this context, therapeutic oligonucleotides, including interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, and DNAzymes, have gained a central role in cancer therapeutic approaches due to their capacity to regulate gene expression and protein function with reduced toxicity compared with conventional chemotherapeutics. Nevertheless, systemic administration of naked oligonucleotides faces many extra- and intracellular challenges that can be overcome by using effective delivery systems. Thus, viral and non-viral carriers can improve oligonucleotide stability and intracellular uptake, enhance tumor accumulation, and increase the probability of endosomal escape while minimizing other adverse effects. Therefore, gaining more insight into fundamental mechanisms of actions of various oligonucleotides and the challenges posed by naked oligonucleotide administration, this article provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress on oligonucleotide delivery systems and an overview of completed and ongoing cancer clinical trials that can shape future oncological treatments.

Green One-Pot Synthesis of Thiazole Scaffolds Catalyzed by Reusable NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles: In Silico Binding Affinity and In Vitro Anticancer Activity Studies

A facile, green, one-pot multicomponent synthesis strategy was employed to fabricate novel thiazole scaffolds incorporating phthalazine, pyridazine, and pyrido-pyridazine derivatives (4a-4o). This synthetic route entailed the reaction of an α-halo carbonyl compound (1) with thiosemicarbazide (2) and various anhydrides (3a-3o), utilizing NiFe2O4 nanoparticles as a reusable catalyst in an ethanol:water (1:1) solvent system. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was meticulously assessed against three cancer cell lines, A375, HeLa, and MCF-7, employing IC50 values (μM) as the benchmark, and compared to the reference drug erlotinib. Compound 4n displayed remarkable efficacy against A375 (0.87 ± 0.31 μM), HeLa (1.38 ± 1.24 μM), and MCF-7 (1.13 ± 0.96 μM) cell lines, significantly surpassing erlotinib's IC50 values. Additionally, compounds 4k, 4l, 4m, and 4o demonstrated notable cytotoxicity across all tested cell lines, indicating their potential as effective anticancer agents. In silico docking studies against Hsp82 and Hsp90 proteins indicated that ligands 4k, 4m, 4c, 4j, 4o, and 4l had superior binding affinities compared to erlotinib. ADME analysis showed that compounds 4n, 4j, 4l, 4m, and 4o had favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, including nontoxicity, high human intestinal absorption, and low CYP inhibitory promiscuity. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that cyano and benzylidene substitutions significantly enhanced anticancer activity. Overall, the synthesized compounds, particularly 4n, demonstrated high efficacy, favorable binding interactions, and promising pharmacokinetic profiles, making them strong candidates for further development as anticancer agents.