51
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Castro N, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM. Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30829330 PMCID: PMC7641194 DOI: 10.3791/58562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileyma Castro
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University
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52
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Li W, Pan R, Qi Z, Liu KJ. Current progress in searching for clinically useful biomarkers of blood-brain barrier damage following cerebral ischemia. Brain Circ 2018; 4:145-152. [PMID: 30693340 PMCID: PMC6329218 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_11_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Fear of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has been the primary reason for withholding tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and thrombectomy, the only two widely accepted treatments for ischemic stroke. Thrombolysis treatment is only allowed in a very narrow time window (within 4.5–6 h). However, so far, other than the time window guideline, there is no reliable indicator available in the clinic to predict ICH before thrombolysis treatment. Recently, extensive research efforts have been devoted to the development of reliable indicators to predict ICH and safely guide the thrombolysis treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that ischemic brain regions with a compromised blood–brain barrier (BBB) before tPA treatment develop ICH at the later time during thrombolytic reperfusion. Assessing BBB damage before thrombolysis could potentially help predict the risk of ICH after thrombolysis. This article reviews the literature reports on BBB damage biomarkers that have been developed in recent years, including biochemical markers such as BBB structural proteins, circulating brain microvascular endothelial cells, plasma albumin, and brain parenchyma proteins, as well as image markers such as magnetic resonance imaging assessment for BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Li
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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53
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van Caam A, Vonk M, van den Hoogen F, van Lent P, van der Kraan P. Unraveling SSc Pathophysiology; The Myofibroblast. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2452. [PMID: 30483246 PMCID: PMC6242950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe auto-immune disease, characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis of connective tissues. SSc has a high morbidity and mortality and unfortunately no disease modifying therapy is currently available. A key cell in the pathophysiology of SSc is the myofibroblast. Myofibroblasts are fibroblasts with contractile properties that produce a large amount of pro-fibrotic extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen type I. In this narrative review we will discuss the presence, formation, and role of myofibroblasts in SSc, and how these processes are stimulated and mediated by cells of the (innate) immune system such as mast cells and T helper 2 lymphocytes. Furthermore, current novel therapeutic approaches to target myofibroblasts will be highlighted for future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Madelon Vonk
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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54
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Norman KC, Moore BB, Arnold KB, O’Dwyer DN. Proteomics: Clinical and research applications in respiratory diseases. Respirology 2018; 23:993-1003. [PMID: 30105802 PMCID: PMC6234509 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The proteome is the study of the protein content of a definable component of an organism in biology. However, the tissue-specific expression of proteins and the varied post-translational modifications, splice variants and protein-protein complexes that may form, make the study of protein a challenging yet vital tool in answering many of the unanswered questions in medicine and biology to date. Indeed, the spatial, temporal and functional composition of proteins in the human body has proven difficult to elucidate for many years. Given the effect of microRNA and epigenetic regulation on silencing and enhancing gene transcription, the study of protein arguably provides more accurate information on homeostasis and perturbation in health and disease. There have been significant advances in the field of proteomics in recent years, with new technologies and platforms available to the research community. In this review, we briefly discuss some of these new technologies and developments in the context of respiratory disease. We also discuss the types of data science approaches to analyses and interpretation of the large volumes of data generated in proteomic studies. We discuss the application of these technologies with regard to respiratory disease and highlight the potential for proteomics in generating major advances in the understanding of respiratory pathophysiology into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy C. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - David N. O’Dwyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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55
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Nybo T, Cai H, Chuang CY, Gamon LF, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Davies MJ. Chlorination and oxidation of human plasma fibronectin by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants, and its consequences for smooth muscle cell function. Redox Biol 2018; 19:388-400. [PMID: 30237127 PMCID: PMC6142189 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) occurs as both a soluble form, in plasma and at sites of tissue injury, and a cellular form in tissue extracellular matrices (ECM). FN is critical to wound repair, ECM structure and assembly, cell adhesion and proliferation. FN is reported to play a critical role in the development, progression and stability of cardiovascular atherosclerotic lesions, with high FN levels associated with a thick fibrotic cap, stable disease and a low risk of rupture. Evidence has been presented for FN modification by inflammatory oxidants, and particularly myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The targets and consequences of FN modification are poorly understood. Here we show, using a newly-developed MS protocol, that HOCl and an enzymatic MPO system, generate site-specific dose-dependent Tyr chlorination and dichlorination (up to 16 of 100 residues modified), and oxidation of Trp (7 of 39 residues), Met (3 of 26) and His (1 of 55) within selected FN domains, and particularly the heparin- and cell-binding regions. These alterations increase FN binding to heparin-containing columns. Studies using primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) show that exposure to HOCl-modified FN, results in decreased adherence, increased proliferation and altered expression of genes involved in ECM synthesis and remodelling. These findings indicate that the presence of modified fibronectin may play a major role in the formation, development and stabilisation of fibrous caps in atherosclerotic lesions and may play a key role in the switching of quiescent contractile smooth muscle cells to a migratory, synthetic and proliferative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Nybo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huan Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke F Gamon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zent J, Guo LW. Signaling Mechanisms of Myofibroblastic Activation: Outside-in and Inside-Out. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:848-868. [PMID: 30184544 DOI: 10.1159/000493217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are central mediators of fibrosis. Typically derived from resident fibroblasts, myofibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells that are principally defined by acquired contractile function and high synthetic ability to produce extracellular matrix (ECM). Current literature sheds new light on the critical role of ECM signaling coupled with mechanotransduction in driving myofibroblastic activation. In particular, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and extra domain A containing fibronectin (EDA-FN) are thought to be the primary ECM signaling mediators that form and also induce positive feedback loops. The outside-in and inside-out signaling circuits are transmitted and integrated by TGF-β receptors and integrins at the cell membrane, ultimately perpetuating the abundance and activities of TGF-β1 and EDA-FN in the ECM. In this review, we highlight these conceptual advances in understanding myofibroblastic activation, in hope of revealing its therapeutic anti-fibrotic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Zent
- Medical Scientist Training Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is defined as the dissemination of malignant cells from the primary tumor site, leading to colonization of distant organs and the establishment of a secondary tumor. Metastasis is frequently associated with chemoresistance and is the major cause of cancer-related mortality. Metastatic cells need to acquire the ability to resist to stresses provided by different environments, such as reactive oxygen species, shear stress, hemodynamic forces, stromal composition, and immune responses, to colonize other tissues. Hence, only a small population of cells has a metastasis-initiating potential. Several studies have revealed the misregulation of transcriptional variants during cancer progression, and many splice events can be used to distinguish between normal and tumoral tissue. These variants, which are abnormally expressed in malignant cells, contribute to an adaptive response of tumor cells and the success of the metastatic cascade, promoting an anomalous cell cycle, cellular adhesion, resistance to death, cell survival, migration and invasion. Understanding the different aspects of splicing regulation and the influence of transcriptional variants that control metastatic cells is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe how transcriptional variants contribute to metastatic competence and discuss how targeting specific isoforms may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice De Faria Poloni
- a Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Diego Bonatto
- a Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
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58
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Kuonen F, Surbeck I, Sarin KY, Dontenwill M, Rüegg C, Gilliet M, Oro AE, Gaide O. TGFβ, Fibronectin and Integrin α5β1 Promote Invasion in Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2432-2442. [PMID: 29758283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent human cancer and is becoming an important health problem in an aging population. Based on their clinical and histological characteristics, thick BCC are typically divided into low-risk nodular and high-risk infiltrative subtypes, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We have identified molecular mechanisms that explain the aggressiveness of high-risk infiltrative BCC, with a potential direct clinical impact. In this study, we first show that fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-β, and fibronectin are found preferentially in infiltrative human BCC. This allowed us to develop in vivo models for the study of infiltrative BCC, which in turn let us confirm the role of transforming growth factor-β in inducing peritumoral fibronectin deposition and tumor infiltration. We then show that fibronectin promotes adhesion and migration of BCC cell lines through integrin α5β1-mediated phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Fittingly, both inhibition of integrin α5β1 and phospho-focal adhesion kinase prevent fibronectin-induced migration of BCC cells in vitro as well as BCC infiltration in vivo. Altogether, our results open important insights into the pathogenesis of aggressive infiltrative BCC and identify integrin α5β1 or focal adhesion kinase inhibition as promising strategies for the treatment of advanced BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Kuonen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Isabelle Surbeck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pharmacology, UMR7213 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Olivier Gaide
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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59
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Szlavicz E, Olah P, Szabo K, Pagani F, Bata-Csorgo Z, Kemeny L, Szell M. Analysis of psoriasis-relevant gene expression and exon usage alterations after silencing of SR-rich splicing regulators. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szlavicz
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Peter Olah
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Kornélia Szabo
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Franco Pagani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csorgo
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemeny
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Márta Szell
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Genetics; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
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60
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Lis-Kuberka J, Berghausen-Mazur M, Kątnik-Prastowska I, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M. Delivery-associated presence of supramolecular fibronectin-fibrin complexes in puerperal and cord plasma. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:3581-3588. [PMID: 29681191 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1468433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The variable fibronectin (FN) molecular forms are known to be engaged in coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways as well as tissue remodeling and repair processes. Some of them seem to be indispensable molecules within intensive biological processes associated with delivery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the FN molecular status in maternal and cord plasma after vaginal birth and cesarean section (C-section). Materials and methods: The study included nonpregnant women's plasma samples (n = 31) and puerperal and cord plasma samples collected from 49 mothers who delivered healthy newborns at term by vaginal birth (n = 25) and C-section (n = 24). The maternal and cord plasma FN concentrations and presence and relative ratios of different FN-fibrin complexes were determined by ELISA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) -agarose immunoblotting, respectively. Results: FN concentration in puerperal plasma after vaginal birth (232.08 ± 71.8 mg/L) and C-section (228.17 ± 71.2 mg/L) was significantly higher than in the plasma of nonpregnant women (190.00 ± 48.75 mg/L). In contrast, FN concentration in cord plasma of the C-section group (101.95 ± 30.3 mg/L) was significantly lower than that of the vaginal birth group (121.80 ± 22.2 mg/L). Immunoblotting of puerperal and cord plasma distinguished the most abundant dimeric plasma FN form, the 220-280-kDa FN degradation products and 750-1900-kDa FN-fibrin complexes, which occurred more frequently and in higher amounts in puerperal and cord plasma groups than the nonpregnant women group, although independently of the mode of delivery. Conclusions: Occurrence and relative amount of delivery-associated FN-fibrin complexes in both puerperal and cord plasmas might be bound with the physiological adaptive mechanisms reducing the risk of hemorrhage and intensive remodeling and repair processes after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lis-Kuberka
- a Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marta Berghausen-Mazur
- b 1st Department and Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Iwona Kątnik-Prastowska
- a Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
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Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Targeting renal fibrosis: Mechanisms and drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:295-307. [PMID: 29288033 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common outcome of many chronic kidney diseases (CKD) independent of the underlying etiology. Despite a host of promising experimental data, currently available strategies only ameliorate or delay the progression of CKD but do not reverse fibrosis. One of the major impediments of translating novel antifibrotic strategies from bench to bedside is due to the intricacies of the drug delivery process. In this review, we briefly describe mechanisms of renal fibrosis and methods of drug transfer into the kidney. Various tools used in gene therapy to administer nucleic acids in vivo are discussed. Furthermore, we review the modes of action of protein- or peptide-based drugs with target-specific antibodies and cytokines incorporated in hydrogels. Additionally, we assess an intriguing new method to deliver drugs specifically to tubular epithelial cells via conjugation with ligands binding to the megalin receptor. Finally, plant-derived compounds with antifibrotic properties are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 112 Vitan Avenue, 031299 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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62
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Pupek M, Krzyżanowska-Gołąb D, Kotschy D, Witkiewicz W, Kwiatkowska W, Kotschy M, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Time-dependent changes in extra-domain A-fibronectin concentration and relative amounts of fibronectin-fibrin complexes in plasma of patients with peripheral arterial disease after endovascular revascularisation. Int Wound J 2018. [PMID: 29536628 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) may be involved in time- and stage-dependent and inter-related controlled processes of inflammation, coagulation, and wound healing accompanying peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the present study, FN and FN-containing extra-domain A (EDA-FN), macromolecular FN-fibrin complexes, and FN monomer were analysed in the plasma of 142 PAD patients, including 37 patients with restenosis, for 37 months after revascularisation. FN concentration increased significantly in the plasma of PAD patients within 7 to 12 months after revascularisation, whereas the high concentration of EDA-FN was maintained up to 24 months, significantly higher in the group 7 to 12 months after revascularisation with recurrence of stenosis and lower in the PAD groups 1 to 3 months and 4 to 6 months after revascularisation with comorbid diabetes and ulceration, respectively. The relative amounts of FN-fibrin complexes up to 1600 kDa and FN monomer were significantly higher, within intervals of 4 to 24 months and 4 to 6 months after revascularisation, respectively. Moreover, the relative amounts of 750 to 1600 kDa FN-fibrin complexes within 13 to 24 months after revascularisation were higher in comparison with those in the group without restenosis. In conclusion, high levels of EDA-FN and FN-fibrin complexes could have potential diagnostic value in the management of PAD patients after revascularisation, predicting restenosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pupek
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Daniel Kotschy
- Department of Angiology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Regional Specialist Hospital, Research and Development Center in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Regional Specialist Hospital, Research and Development Center in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiesława Kwiatkowska
- Department of Angiology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Regional Specialist Hospital, Research and Development Center in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Kotschy
- Department of Angiology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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63
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Petrini I, Barachini S, Carnicelli V, Galimberti S, Modeo L, Boni R, Sollini M, Erba PA. ED-B fibronectin expression is a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in translational oncology. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4914-4921. [PMID: 27902486 PMCID: PMC5354880 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is a component of the extracellular matrix that links collagen fibers to integrins on the cell's surface. The splicing isoforms, containing the ED-B domain, are not expressed in adult tissues but only in tumor stroma or during embryonic development. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells express ED-B fibronectin during angiogenesis. Also cancer cells can synthetize ED-B fibronectin, but its function in tumor growth needs to be further elucidated. We evaluated the expression of ED-B fibronectin in prostate cancer cell lines: PC3 and DU145. Using TGF-β, we induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in culture and observed an increase of ED-B fibronectin expression. Thereafter, we evaluated the expression of ED-B fibronectin in multipotent mesangiogenic progenitor cells, and in mesenchymal stromal cells. The expression of ED-B fibronectin was much higher in mesenchymal than prostate cancer cells even after the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a key step for tumor progression contributing to the metastatic spread. Therefore, circulating cancer cells could seed into the metastatic niche taking advantage from the ED-B fibronectin that secrete their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Petrini
- General Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Barachini
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnicelli
- Biochemistry, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Modeo
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Boni
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Sollini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Anna Erba
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kunnas T, Solakivi T, Nikkari ST. Gene polymorphisms of fibronectin rs2289202 and fibrillin 2 rs331069 associate with vascular disease, the TAMRISK study. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:65-68. [PMID: 29399340 PMCID: PMC5772491 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans interact with other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and HS-binding regions are present in ECM proteins such as fibronectin and fibrillin. Because of their previously established role in susceptibility to intracranial aneurysms, the authors sought to determine whether polymorphisms of fibronectin (FN1, rs2289202) and fibrillin 2 (FBN2, rs331069) associate with selected cardiovascular risk factors and events in the TAMRISK study. A 50-year-old Finnish cohort of 810 subjects of whom 340 had diagnosed hypertension was analyzed. Samples were genotyped for FN1 rs2289202 and FBN2 rs331069 polymorphisms. Incidence of myocardial infarction (I21-I22), transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIA, G45) and cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) were followed up until the subjects were on the average 60 years old. Subjects with FN1 rs2289202 (G>A) minor genotype AA had significantly more cerebrovascular disease than those with the G allele [P<0.001, odds ratio (OR), 8.73; confidence index (CI), 2.79-27.31], although those with the A allele had lower body mass index (P=0.008). Subjects with fibrillin rs331069 (T>C) minor genotype CC had more atherothrombotic disease (P=0.012, OR, 3.16; CI, 1.29-7.71), as measured by combined myocardial infarction and TIA, than those with the T allele. The gene polymorphisms for fibronectin and fibrillin 2 appear to associate with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Kunnas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere Medical School, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Solakivi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere Medical School, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo T. Nikkari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere Medical School, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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66
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McGaraughty S, Davis-Taber RA, Zhu CZ, Cole TB, Nikkel AL, Chhaya M, Doyle KJ, Olson LM, Preston GM, Grinnell CM, Salte KM, Giamis AM, Luo Y, Sun V, Goodearl AD, Gopalakrishnan M, Lacy SE. Targeting Anti-TGF- β Therapy to Fibrotic Kidneys with a Dual Specificity Antibody Approach. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3616-3626. [PMID: 28827403 PMCID: PMC5698069 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of a therapeutic agent to a site of pathology to ameliorate disease while limiting exposure at undesired tissues is an aspirational treatment scenario. Targeting diseased kidneys for pharmacologic treatment has had limited success. We designed an approach to target an extracellular matrix protein, the fibronectin extra domain A isoform (FnEDA), which is relatively restricted in distribution to sites of tissue injury. In a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of renal fibrosis, injury induced significant upregulation of FnEDA in the obstructed kidney. Using dual variable domain Ig (DVD-Ig) technology, we constructed a molecule with a moiety to target FnEDA and a second moiety to neutralize TGF-β After systemic injection of the bispecific TGF-β + FnEDA DVD-Ig or an FnEDA mAb, chemiluminescent detection and imaging with whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed significantly higher levels of each molecule in the obstructed kidney than in the nonobstructed kidney, the ipsilateral kidney of sham animals, and other tissues. In comparison, a systemically administered TGF-β mAb accumulated at lower concentrations in the obstructed kidney and exhibited a more diffuse whole-body distribution. Systemic administration of the bispecific DVD-Ig or the TGF-β mAb (1-10 mg/kg) but not the FnEDA mAb attenuated the injury-induced collagen deposition detected by immunohistochemistry and elevation in Col1a1, FnEDA, and TIMP1 mRNA expression in the obstructed kidney. Overall, systemic delivery of a bispecific molecule targeting an extracellular matrix protein and delivering a TGF-β mAb resulted in a relatively focal uptake in the fibrotic kidney and reduced renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang Z Zhu
- AbbVie Discovery Lake County, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Todd B Cole
- AbbVie Discovery Lake County, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Meha Chhaya
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly J Doyle
- AbbVie Discovery Lake County, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Lauren M Olson
- AbbVie Discovery Lake County, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanping Luo
- AbbVie Discovery Lake County, North Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Victor Sun
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Susan E Lacy
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
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67
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Bhattacharyya S, Midwood KS, Yin H, Varga J. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling Drives Persistent Fibroblast Activation and Prevents Fibrosis Resolution in Scleroderma. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:356-369. [PMID: 29062592 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: This review provides current overview of the emerging role of innate immunity in driving fibrosis, and preventing its resolution, in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Understanding the mechanisms of dysregulated innate immunity in fibrosis and SSc will provide opportunities for therapeutic interventions using novel agents and repurposed existing drugs. Recent Advances: New insights from genomic and genetic studies implicate components of innate immune signaling such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), downstream signaling intermediates, and endogenous inhibitors, in fibrosis in SSc. Recent studies distinguish innate immune signaling in tissue-resident myofibroblasts and bone marrow-derived immune cells and define their roles in the development and persistence of tissue fibrosis. Critical Issues: Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other PRR mechanisms occurs in resident nonimmune cells within injured tissue microenvironments. These cells respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as tenascin-C that are recognized as danger signals, and elicit matrix production, cytokine secretion, and myofibroblast transformation and survival. When these responses persist due to constitutive TLR activation or impaired termination by endogenous inhibitors, they interfere with fibrosis resolution. The genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of these phenomena in the context of fibrosis are under current investigation. Future Directions: Precise delineation of the pathogenic DAMPs, their interaction with TLRs and other PRRs, the downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional events, and the fibroblast-specific regulation and function of endogenous inhibitors of innate immunity, will form the foundation for innovative targeted therapies to block fibrosis by reestablishing balanced innate immune signaling in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Bio Frontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Bhattacharyya S, Varga J. Endogenous ligands of TLR4 promote unresolving tissue fibrosis: Implications for systemic sclerosis and its targeted therapy. Immunol Lett 2017; 195:9-17. [PMID: 28964818 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, the hallmark of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc), is a complex, dynamic and generally irreversible pathophysiological process that leads to tissue disruption, and lacks effective therapy. While early-stage fibrosis resembles normal wound healing, in SSc fibrosis fails to resolve. Innate immune signaling via toll-like receptors (TLRs) has recently emerged as a key driver of persistent fibrotic response in SSc. Recurrent injury in genetically predisposed individual causes generation of "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) such as fibronectin-EDA and tenascin-C. Sensing of these danger signals by TLR4 on resident cells elicits potent stimulatory effects on fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation, and appears to sensitize fibroblasts to the profibrotic stimulatory effect of TGF-β. Thus, DAMPs induce TLR4-mediated innate immune signaling on resident mesenchymal cells which drives the emergence and persistence of fibrotic cells in tissues, and underlies the switch from a self-limited repair response to non-resolving pathological fibrosis characteristic of SSc. In this review, we present current views of the DAMP-TLR4 axis in driving sustained fibroblasts activation and its pathogenic roles in fibrosis progression in SSc, and potential anti-fibrotic approaches for selective therapeutic targeting of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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69
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. Bioconjugation Approaches to Producing Subunit Vaccines Composed of Protein or Peptide Antigens and Covalently Attached Toll-Like Receptor Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:572-586. [PMID: 28891637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines derived from attenuated or inactivated pathogens are effective at inducing antibody-based protective immune responses but tend to be highly reactogenic, causing notable adverse effects. Vaccines with superior safety profiles can be produced by subunit approaches, utilizing molecularly defined antigens (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). These antigens, however, often elicit poor immunological responses, necessitating the use of adjuvants. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have the capacity to activate antigen presenting cells directly through specific receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLRs)), resulting in enhanced presentation of antigens as well as the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, innate immune responses are amplified and adaptive immunity is generated. Recently, site-specific conjugation of such immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g., TLR ligands) onto defined antigens has shown superior efficacy over unconjugated mixtures, suggesting that the development of chemically characterized immunostimulatory adjuvants and optimized approaches for their conjugation with antigens may provide a better opportunity for the development of potent, novel vaccines. This review briefly summarizes various TLR agonists utilized as immunostimulatory adjuvants and focuses on the development of techniques (e.g., recombinant, synthetic, and semisynthetic) for generating adjuvant-antigen fusion vaccines incorporating peptide or protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
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70
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Zhao X, Chen R, Liu M, Feng J, Chen J, Hu K. Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:541-553. [PMID: 28924548 PMCID: PMC5595291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor incidence shows an upward trend in recent years; brain tumors account for 5% of adult tumors, while in children, this figure has increased to 70%. Moreover, 20%-30% of malignant tumors will eventually metastasize into the brain. Both benign and malignant tumors can cause an increase in intracranial pressure and brain tissue compression, leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage which endangers the patients' lives. Despite the many approaches to treating brain tumors and the progress that has been made, only modest gains in survival time of brain tumor patients have been achieved. At present, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for many cancers, but the special structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits most chemotherapeutic agents from passing through the BBB and penetrating into tumors in the brain. The BBB microenvironment contains numerous cell types, including endothelial cells, astrocytes, peripheral cells and microglia, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Many chemical components of natural products are reported to regulate the BBB microenvironment near brain tumors and assist in their treatment. This review focuses on the composition and function of the BBB microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions, and the current research progress in regulating the BBB microenvironment by natural products to promote the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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71
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Gillespie SR, Tedesco LJ, Wang L, Bernstein AM. The deubiquitylase USP10 regulates integrin β1 and β5 and fibrotic wound healing. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3481-3495. [PMID: 28851806 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarring and fibrotic disease result from the persistence of myofibroblasts characterized by high surface expression of αv integrins and subsequent activation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) proteins; however, the mechanism controlling their surface abundance is unknown. Genetic screening revealed that human primary stromal corneal myofibroblasts overexpress a subset of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from proteins, preventing degradation. Silencing of the DUB USP10 induces a buildup of ubiquitin on integrins β1 and β5 in cell lysates, whereas recombinant USP10 removes ubiquitin from these integrin subunits. Correspondingly, the loss and gain of USP10 decreases and increases, respectively, αv/β1/β5 protein levels, without altering gene expression. Consequently, endogenous TGFβ is activated and the fibrotic markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cellular fibronectin (FN-EDA) are induced. Blocking either TGFβ signaling or cell-surface αv integrins after USP10 overexpression prevents or reduces fibrotic marker expression. Finally, silencing of USP10 in an ex vivo cornea organ culture model prevents the induction of fibrotic markers and promotes regenerative healing. This novel mechanism puts DUB expression at the head of a cascade regulating integrin abundance and suggests USP10 as a novel antifibrotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Gillespie
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Liana J Tedesco
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Audrey M Bernstein
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029, USA
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72
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Kelsh-Lasher RM, Ambesi A, Bertram C, McKeown-Longo PJ. Integrin α4β1 and TLR4 Cooperate to Induce Fibrotic Gene Expression in Response to Fibronectin's EDA Domain. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2505-2512. [PMID: 28842322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of fibronectin increases expression of the EDA+ isoform of fibronectin (EDA+Fn), a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, which promotes fibro-inflammatory disease through the activation of toll-like receptors. Our studies indicate that the fibronectin EDA domain drives two waves of gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts. The first wave, seen at 2 hours, consisted of inflammatory genes, VCAM1, and tumor necrosis factor. The second wave, evaluated at 24 hours, was composed of the fibrosis-associated cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 and extracellular matrix genes fibronectin and osteopontin. Gene expression was coordinately regulated by the α4β1 integrin and the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4. Additionally, we found a significant toll-like receptor 4/α4β1-dependent enrichment in the ratio of EDA+Fn to total fibronectin in response to EDA, consistent with EDA+Fn initiating further production of EDA+Fn. Our data also suggest that the EDA/α4β1 integrin interaction primes the cell for an enhanced response to toll-like receptor 4 ligands. Our studies provide evidence that remodeling of the fibronectin matrix in injured or diseased tissue elicits an EDA-dependent fibro-inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. The data suggest a paradigm of damage-associated molecular pattern-based signaling whereby damage-associated molecular pattern binding integrins cooperate with innate immune receptors to stimulate inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M Kelsh-Lasher
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Ambesi
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ceyda Bertram
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Paula J McKeown-Longo
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
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73
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Tsubouchi K, Araya J, Minagawa S, Hara H, Ichikawa A, Saito N, Kadota T, Sato N, Yoshida M, Kurita Y, Kobayashi K, Ito S, Fujita Y, Utsumi H, Yanagisawa H, Hashimoto M, Wakui H, Yoshii Y, Ishikawa T, Numata T, Kaneko Y, Asano H, Yamashita M, Odaka M, Morikawa T, Nakayama K, Nakanishi Y, Kuwano K. Azithromycin attenuates myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis development through proteasomal degradation of NOX4. Autophagy 2017; 13:1420-1434. [PMID: 28613983 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1328348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of profibrotic myofibroblasts is involved in the process of fibrosis development during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis. TGFB (transforming growth factor β) is one of the major profibrotic cytokines for myofibroblast differentiation and NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) has an essential role in TGFB-mediated cell signaling. Azithromycin (AZM), a second-generation antibacterial macrolide, has a pleiotropic effect on cellular processes including proteostasis. Hence, we hypothesized that AZM may regulate NOX4 levels by modulating proteostasis machineries, resulting in inhibition of TGFB-associated lung fibrosis development. Human lung fibroblasts (LF) were used to evaluate TGFB-induced myofibroblast differentiation. With respect to NOX4 regulation via proteostasis, assays for macroautophagy/autophagy, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and proteasome activity were performed. The potential anti-fibrotic property of AZM was examined by using bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis mouse models. TGFB-induced NOX4 and myofibroblast differentiation were clearly inhibited by AZM treatment in LF. AZM-mediated NOX4 reduction was restored by treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. AZM inhibited autophagy and enhanced the UPR. Autophagy inhibition by AZM was linked to ubiquitination of NOX4 via increased protein levels of STUB1 (STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. An increased UPR by AZM was associated with enhanced proteasome activity. AZM suppressed lung fibrosis development induced by BLM with concomitantly reduced NOX4 protein levels and enhanced proteasome activation. These results suggest that AZM suppresses NOX4 by promoting proteasomal degradation, resulting in inhibition of TGFB-induced myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis development. AZM may be a candidate for the treatment of the fibrotic lung disease IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsubouchi
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,b Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Jun Araya
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Minagawa
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hara
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akihiro Ichikawa
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nayuta Saito
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kadota
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nahoko Sato
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,c Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Science , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurita
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Saburo Ito
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yu Fujita
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Utsumi
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yanagisawa
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hashimoto
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakui
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshii
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeo Ishikawa
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takanori Numata
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yumi Kaneko
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Asano
- d Division of Chest Diseases, Department of Surgery , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- d Division of Chest Diseases, Department of Surgery , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Odaka
- d Division of Chest Diseases, Department of Surgery , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Morikawa
- d Division of Chest Diseases, Department of Surgery , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nakayama
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- b Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- a Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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74
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Szlavicz E, Szabo K, Groma G, Bata-Csorgo Z, Pagani F, Kemeny L, Szell M. Splicing factors differentially expressed in psoriasis alter mRNA maturation of disease-associated EDA+ fibronectin. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 436:189-199. [PMID: 28589370 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The EDA+ fibronectin splicing variant is overexpressed in psoriatic non-lesional epidermis and sensitizes keratinocytes to mitogenic signals. However, regulation of its abundance is only partially understood. In our recent cDNA microarray experiment, we identified three SR-rich splicing factors-splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 18 (SFRS18), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G (PPIG), and luc-7 like protein 3 (LUC7L3)-which might be implicated in the preactivated states of keratinocytes in psoriatic non-involved skin and could also contribute to the regulation of fibronectin mRNA maturation. In this study, we investigated the role of LUC7L3, PPIG, and SFRS18 in psoriasis and in the mRNA maturation process of fibronectin. Regarding tissue staining experiments, we were able to demonstrate a characteristic distribution of the splicing factors in healthy, psoriatic non-involved and involved epidermis. Moreover, the expression profiles of these SR-rich proteins were found to be very similar in synchronized keratinocytes. Contribution of splicing facwwtors to the EDA+ fibronectin formation was also confirmed: their siRNA silencing leads to altered fibronectin mRNA and protein expression patterns, suggesting the participation in the EDA domain inclusion. Our results indicate that LUC7L3, PPIG, and SFRS18 are not only implicated in EDA+ fibronectin formation, but also that they could possess multiple roles in psoriasis-associated molecular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szlavicz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Korányi fasor, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - K Szabo
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Groma
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Bata-Csorgo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Korányi fasor, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - F Pagani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Korányi fasor, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Szell
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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75
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Gulati K, Meher MK, Poluri KM. Glycosaminoglycan-based resorbable polymer composites in tissue refurbishment. Regen Med 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of tissue structure with the aid of bioactive polymer matrices/composites and scaffolds for respective applications is one of the emerging areas of biomedical engineering. Recent advances in conjugated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hybrids using natural and synthetic polymers have opened new avenues for producing a wide variety of resorbable polymer matrices. These hybrid scaffolds are low-immunogenic, highly biocompatible and biodegradable with incredible mechanical and tensile properties. GAG-based resorbable polymeric matrices are being exploited in migration of stem cells, cartilage and bone replacement/regeneration and production of scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications. In the current review, we will discuss the role of GAG-based resorbable polymer matrices in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meher
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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76
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EV-Associated MMP9 in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Is Preferentially Localized to Annexin V-Binding EVs. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:9653194. [PMID: 28607529 PMCID: PMC5451862 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9653194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most aggressive type of ovarian cancer and is responsible for most deaths caused by gynecological cancers. Numerous candidate biomarkers were identified for this disease in the last decades, but most were not sensitive or specific enough for clinical applications. Hence, new biomarkers for HGSOC are urgently required. This study aimed to identify new markers by isolating different extracellular vesicle (EV) types from the ascites of ovarian cancer patients according to their affinities for lipid-binding proteins and analyzing their protein cargo. This approach circumvents the low signal-to-noise ratio when using biological fluids for biomarker discovery and the issue of contamination by large non-EV complexes. We isolated and analyzed three distinct EV populations from the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer or cirrhosis and observed that Annexin V-binding EVs have higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in malignant compared to portal-hypertensive ascites. As this protein was not detected in other EV populations, this study validates our approach of using different EV types for optimal biomarker discovery. Furthermore, MMP9 in Annexin V-binding EVs could be a HGSOC biomarker with enhanced specificity, because its identification requires detection of two distinct components, that is, lipid and protein.
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Peinado H, Zhang H, Matei IR, Costa-Silva B, Hoshino A, Rodrigues G, Psaila B, Kaplan RN, Bromberg JF, Kang Y, Bissell MJ, Cox TR, Giaccia AJ, Erler JT, Hiratsuka S, Ghajar CM, Lyden D. Pre-metastatic niches: organ-specific homes for metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:302-317. [PMID: 28303905 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that organs of future metastasis are not passive receivers of circulating tumour cells, but are instead selectively and actively modified by the primary tumour before metastatic spread has even occurred. Sowing the 'seeds' of metastasis requires the action of tumour-secreted factors and tumour-shed extracellular vesicles that enable the 'soil' at distant metastatic sites to encourage the outgrowth of incoming cancer cells. In this Review, we summarize the main processes and new mechanisms involved in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Irina R Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Doca de Pedrouços, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ayuko Hoshino
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Goncalo Rodrigues
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bethan Psaila
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Center for Cancer Research, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-Hatfield CRC, Room 1-3940, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sachie Hiratsuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Legan SK, Lee DD, Schwarz MA. α5β1 integrin mediates pulmonary epithelial cyst formation. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:475-484. [PMID: 28370666 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of the epithelial cyst involves the establishment of apical-basolateral polarity through a series of cellular interactions that are in part mediated by the extracellular matrix (ECM). We report that in a three-dimensional multi-cellular self-assembly model of lung development, α5 integrin regulates epithelial cyst formation through organization of soluble fibronectin matrix into insoluble fibrils through a process called fibrillogenesis. RESULTS Dissociated murine embryonic lung cells self-assemble into three-dimensional pulmonary bodies that are dependent on α5β1 integrin mediated fibrillogenesis for cell-cell mediated self-assembly: compaction and epithelial cyst formation. Knockdown of α5 integrin resulted in a significant increase in another mediator of fibrillogenesis, αV integrin. Compensatory increased expression of another mediator of fibrillogenesis, αV integrin, was not sufficient to normalize epithelial cyst formation. Loss of α5 integrin-mediated fibrillogenesis perturbed the ability of clustered epithelial cells to establish clear polarity, loss of epithelial cell pyramidal shape, and disrupted apical F-actin-rich deposition. Lack of rich central epithelial localization of F-actin cytoskeleton and Podocalyxin suggests that loss of α5 integrin-mediated fibrillogenesis interferes with the normal cytoskeleton organization that facilitates epithelial cysts polarization. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that lung epithelial cyst formation in development is mediated in part by α5β1 integrin dependent fibrillogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 246:475-484, 2016. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Legan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Daniel D Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, South Bend, Indiana
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Biotechnology approaches to produce potent, self-adjuvanting antigen-adjuvant fusion protein subunit vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:375-389. [PMID: 28288861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination approaches (e.g. live attenuated or killed microorganisms) are among the most effective means to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These approaches, nevertheless, have failed to yield successful vaccines against many important pathogens. To overcome this problem, methods have been developed to identify microbial components, against which protective immune responses can be elicited. Subunit antigens identified by these approaches enable the production of defined vaccines, with improved safety profiles. However, they are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating their administration with potent immunostimulatory adjuvants. Since few safe and effective adjuvants are currently used in vaccines approved for human use, with those available displaying poor potency, or an inability to stimulate the types of immune responses required for vaccines against specific diseases (e.g. cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) to treat cancers), the development of new vaccines will be aided by the availability of characterized platforms of new adjuvants, improving our capacity to rationally select adjuvants for different applications. One such approach, involves the addition of microbial components (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs), that can stimulate strong immune responses, into subunit vaccine formulations. The conjugation of PAMPs to subunit antigens provides a means to greatly increase vaccine potency, by targeting immunostimulation and antigen to the same antigen presenting cell. Thus, methods that enable the efficient, and inexpensive production of antigen-adjuvant fusions represent an exciting mean to improve immunity towards subunit antigens. Herein we review four protein-based adjuvants (flagellin, bacterial lipoproteins, the extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), and heat shock proteins (Hsps)), which can be genetically fused to antigens to enable recombinant production of antigen-adjuvant fusion proteins, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, structural or sequence requirements for activity, sequence modifications to enhance their activity or simplify production, adverse effects, and examples of vaccines in preclinical or human clinical trials.
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Analysis of Soluble Molecular Fibronectin-Fibrin Complexes and EDA-Fibronectin Concentration in Plasma of Patients with Atherosclerosis. Inflammation 2017; 39:1059-68. [PMID: 27022744 PMCID: PMC4883272 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular disease, leads to molecular events bound with interplaying processes of inflammation and coagulation. In the present study, fibronectin (FN), FN containing extra domain A (EDA-FN), frequency of occurrence, and relative amounts of soluble plasma FN-fibrin complexes were analyzed in 80 plasma samples of patients suspected of coronary artery disease based on clinical evaluation and changes in arteries found by computed tomographic coronary angiography. The study showed that in the plasma of the patients’ group with high risk of coronary artery disease EDA-FN concentration was significantly higher (3.5 ± 2.5 mg/L; P < 0.025) and the molecular FN-fibrin complexes of 1000 kDa and higher occurred more often than in the groups of patients with mild risk of coronary artery disease and the normal age-matched. The increased level of EDA-FN and occurrence of FN-fibrin complexes could have a potential diagnostic value in the diagnosis and management of patients with coronary artery disease.
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81
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Pegolo S, Cecchinato A, Mach N, Babbucci M, Pauletto M, Bargelloni L, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Transcriptomic Changes in Liver of Young Bulls Caused by Diets Low in Mineral and Protein Contents and Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167747. [PMID: 27930681 PMCID: PMC5145186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional modifications and regulatory networks accounting for physiological and metabolic responses to specific nutrients in the liver of young Belgian Blue × Holstein bulls using RNA-sequencing. A larger trial has been carried out in which animals were fed with different diets: 1] a conventional diet; 2] a low-protein/low-mineral diet (low-impact diet) and 3] a diet enriched in n-3 fatty acids (FAs), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E (nutraceutical diet). The initial hypothesis was that the administration of low-impact and nutraceutical diets might influence the transcriptional profiles in bovine liver and the resultant nutrient fluxes, which are essential for optimal liver function and nutrient interconversion. Results showed that the nutraceutical diet significantly reduced subcutaneous fat covering in vivo and liver pH. Dietary treatments did not affect overall liver fat content, but significantly modified the liver profile of 33 FA traits (out of the total 89 identified by gas-chromatography). In bulls fed nutraceutical diet, the percentage of n-3 and CLA FAs increased around 2.5-fold compared with the other diets, whereas the ratio of n6/n3 decreased 2.5-fold. Liver transcriptomic analyses revealed a total of 198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when comparing low-impact, nutraceutical and conventional diets, with the nutraceutical diet showing the greatest effects on liver transcriptome. Functional analyses using ClueGo and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis evidenced that DEGs in bovine liver were variously involved in energy reserve metabolic process, glutathione metabolism, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Modifications in feeding strategies affected key transcription factors regulating the expression of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, e.g. insulin-induced gene 1, insulin receptor substrate 2, and RAR-related orphan receptor C. This study provides noteworthy insights into the molecular changes occurring as a result of nutrient variation in diets (aimed at reducing the environmental impact and improving human health) and broadens our understanding of the relationship between nutrients variation and phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Núria Mach
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Gortan Cappellari G, Barazzoni R, Cattin L, Muro AF, Zanetti M. Lack of Fibronectin Extra Domain A Alternative Splicing Exacerbates Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37965. [PMID: 27897258 PMCID: PMC5126581 DOI: 10.1038/srep37965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced changes of artery anatomy and function account for diabetic vascular complications, which heavily impact disease morbidity and mortality. Since fibronectin containing extra domain A (EDA + FN) is increased in diabetic vessels and participates to vascular remodeling, we wanted to elucidate whether and how EDA + FN is implicated in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction using isometric-tension recording in a murine model of diabetes. In thoracic aortas of EDA−/−, EDA+/+ (constitutively lacking and expressing EDA + FN respectively), and of wild-type mice (EDAwt/wt), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes impaired endothelial vasodilation to acetylcholine, irrespective of genotype. However STZ + EDA−/− mice exhibited increased endothelial dysfunction compared with STZ + EDA+/+ and with STZ + EDAwt/wt. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that STZ + EDA−/− mice show increased oxidative stress as demonstrated by enhanced aortic superoxide anion, nitrotyrosine levels and expression of NADPH oxidase NOX4 and TGF-β1, the last two being reverted by treatment with the antioxidant n-acetylcysteine. In contrast, NOX1 expression and antioxidant potential were similar in aortas from the three genotypes. Interestingly, reduced eNOS expression in STZ + EDA+/+ vessels is counteracted by increased eNOS coupling and function. Although EDA + FN participates to vascular remodelling, these findings show that it plays a crucial role in limiting diabetic endothelial dysfunction by preventing vascular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrés F Muro
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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83
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Wang Y, Ni H. Fibronectin maintains the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3265-77. [PMID: 27098513 PMCID: PMC11108312 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin is a dimeric protein widely distributed in solid tissues and blood. This major extracellular matrix protein is indispensable for embryogenesis and plays crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Fibronectin pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing to generate over 20 splicing variants, which are categorized as either plasma fibronectin (pFn) or cellular fibronectin (cFn). All fibronectin variants contain integrin binding motifs, as well as N-terminus collagen and fibrin binding motifs. With motifs that can be recognized by platelet integrins and coagulation factors, fibronectin, especially pFn, has long been suspected to be involved in hemostasis and thrombosis, but the exact function of fibronectin in these processes is controversial. The advances made using intravital microscopy models and fibronectin deficient and mutant mice have greatly facilitated the direct investigation of fibronectin function in vivo. Recent studies revealed that pFn is a vital hemostatic factor that is especially crucial for hemostasis in both genetic and anticoagulant-induced deficiencies of fibrin formation. pFn may also be an important self-limiting regulator to prevent hemorrhage as well as excessive thrombus formation and vessel occlusion. In addition to pFn, cFn is found to be prothrombotic and may contribute to thrombotic complications in various diseases. Further investigations of the role of pFn and cFn in thrombotic and hemorrhagic diseases may provide insights into development of novel therapeutic strategies (e.g., pFn transfusion) for the maintenance of the fine balance between hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Room 420, LKSKI-Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Room 420, LKSKI-Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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84
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Kim YG, Kim M, Kang JH, Kim HJ, Park JW, Lee JM, Suh JY, Kim JY, Lee JH, Lee Y. Transcriptome sequencing of gingival biopsies from chronic periodontitis patients reveals novel gene expression and splicing patterns. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:28. [PMID: 27531006 PMCID: PMC4988046 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease caused by complex interaction between the microbial biofilm and host immune responses. In the present study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was utilized to systemically and precisely identify gene expression profiles and alternative splicing. METHODS The pooled RNAs of 10 gingival tissues from both healthy and periodontitis patients were analyzed by deep sequencing followed by computational annotation and quantification of mRNA structures. RESULTS The differential expression analysis designated 400 up-regulated genes in periodontitis tissues especially in the pathways of defense/immunity protein, receptor, protease, and signaling molecules. The top 10 most up-regulated genes were CSF3, MAFA, CR2, GLDC, SAA1, LBP, MME, MMP3, MME-AS1, and SAA4. The 62 down-regulated genes in periodontitis were mainly cytoskeletal and structural proteins. The top 10 most down-regulated genes were SERPINA12, MT4, H19, KRT2, DSC1, PSORS1C2, KRT27, LCE3C, AQ5, and LCE6A. The differential alternative splicing analysis revealed unique transcription variants in periodontitis tissues. The EDB exon was predominantly included in FN1, while exon 2 was mostly skipped in BCL2A1. CONCLUSIONS These findings using RNA sequencing provide novel insights into the pathogenesis mechanism of periodontitis in terms of gene expression and alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gun Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea.,Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jae-Mok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea. .,Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
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85
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Pritchard MT, McCracken JM. Identifying Novel Targets for Treatment of Liver Fibrosis: What Can We Learn from Injured Tissues which Heal Without a Scar? Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:1332-46. [PMID: 26302807 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150825111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is unique in that it is able to regenerate. This regeneration occurs without formation of a scar in the case of non-iterative hepatic injury. However, when the liver is exposed to chronic liver injury, the purely regenerative process fails and excessive extracellular matrix proteins are deposited in place of normal liver parenchyma. While much has been discovered in the past three decades, insights into fibrotic mechanisms have not yet lead to effective therapies; liver transplant remains the only cure for advanced liver disease. In an effort to broaden the collection of possible therapeutic targets, this review will compare and contrast the liver wound healing response to that found in two types of wound healing: scarless wound healing of fetal skin and oral mucosa and scar-forming wound healing found in adult skin. This review will examine wound healing in the liver and the skin in relation to the role of humoral and cellular factors, as well as the extracellular matrix, in this process. While several therapeutic targets are similar between fibrotic liver and adult skin wound healing, others are unique and represent novel areas for hepatic anti-fibrotic research. In particular, investigations into the role of hyaluronan in liver fibrosis and fibrosis resolution are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66161, USA.
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Stempien-Otero A, Kim DH, Davis J. Molecular networks underlying myofibroblast fate and fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:153-61. [PMID: 27167848 PMCID: PMC5482716 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling is a hallmark of most forms of cardiovascular disease and a strong prognostic indicator of the advancement towards heart failure. Myofibroblasts, which are a heterogeneous cell-type specialized for extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and tissue contraction, are the primary effectors of the heart's fibrotic response. This review is focused on defining myofibroblast physiology, its progenitor cell populations, and the core signaling network that orchestrates myofibroblast differentiation as a way of understanding the basic determinants of fibrotic disease in the heart and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Stempien-Otero
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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87
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The role of integrins in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:124-136. [PMID: 27185161 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are a family of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that mediate adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to their role as adhesion receptors, integrins can act as ''bidirectional signal transducers'' that coordinate a large number of cellular activities in response to the extracellular environment and intracellular signaling events. This bidirectional signaling helps maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated bidirectional signaling, however, could trigger the propagation of feedback loops that can lead to the establishment of a disease state such as glaucoma. Here we discuss the role of integrins and bidirectional signaling as they relate to the glaucomatous phenotype with special emphasis on the αvβ3 integrin. We present evidence that this particular integrin may have a significant impact on the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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88
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Pupek M, Pawłowicz R, Lindner K, Krzyżanowska-Gołąb D, Lemańska-Perek A, Panaszek B, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Occurrence of fibronectin–fibrin complexes in plasma of patients with multimorbidity due to the inflamm-aging phenomenon. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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89
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Yuan L, Xu H, Yuan J, Deng X, Xiong W, Yang Z, Huang Y, Deng H. A novel FN1 variant associated with familial hematuria: TBMN? Clin Biochem 2016; 49:816-20. [PMID: 26968105 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN), an autosomal dominant inherited condition in general, is characterized clinically by persistent hematuria and pathologically by thinning of glomerular basement membrane. TBMN is occasionally accompanied with proteinuria, hypertension and renal impairment in some cases. The aim of this study is to explore the genetic defect in a Chinese pedigree with familial hematuria. DESIGN AND METHODS A four-generation Chinese Han pedigree with familial hematuria was recruited. Exome sequencing was conducted in the proband diagnosed as TBMN, followed by verification in the proband and other family members with Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A novel missense variant, c.4616C>G (p.S1539C), in the fibronectin 1 gene (FN1), was identified, and it co-segregated with the disease condition in the family. It was not observed in 100 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS A missense variant in the FN1 gene is possibly responsible for familial hematuria or TBMN in this family, which may broaden the phenotype and mutation spectrums of the FN1 gene. A male patient in this family progressed to end-stage renal disease requiring kidney transplantation, supporting that familial hematuria or TBMN may not always be as benign as generally thought. The findings may have new implications for clinical monitoring and genetic counseling of the family, and may also help understand the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinzhong Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuzhou Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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90
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Fibronectin-targeted drug delivery in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:101-10. [PMID: 26639577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix protein with pivotal physiological and pathological functions in development and adulthood. Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA, produced from the single copy fibronectin gene, occurs at three sites coding for the EDA, EDB and IIICS domains. Fibronectin isoforms comprising the EDA or EDB domains are known as oncofetal forms due to their developmental importance and their re-expression in tumors, contrasting with restricted presence in normal adult tissues. These isoforms are also recognized as important markers of angiogenesis, a crucial physiological process in development and required by tumor cells in cancer progression. Attributed to this feature, EDA and EDB domains have been extensively used for the targeted delivery of cytokines, cytotoxic agents, chemotherapy drugs and radioisotopes to fibronectin-expressing tumors to exert therapeutic effects on primary cancers and metastatic lesions. In addition to drug delivery, the EDA and EDB domains of fibronectin have also been utilized to develop imaging strategies for tumor tissues. Furthermore, EDA and EDB based vaccines seem to be promising for the treatment and prevention of certain cancer types. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in fibronectin EDA and EDB-based therapeutic strategies developed to treat cancer.
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91
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Tissue stiffness regulates serine/arginine-rich protein-mediated splicing of the extra domain B-fibronectin isoform in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8314-9. [PMID: 26106154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505421112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of proteins gives rise to different isoforms that play a crucial role in regulating several cellular processes. Notably, splicing profiles are altered in several cancer types, and these profiles are believed to be involved in driving the oncogenic process. Although the importance of alternative splicing alterations occurring during cancer is increasingly appreciated, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we use both biochemical and physical tools coupled with engineered models, patient samples, and a murine model to investigate the role of the mechanical properties of the tumor microenvironment in regulating the production of the extra domain-B (EDB) splice variant of fibronectin (FN), a hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Specifically, we show that the amount of EDB-FN produced by endothelial cells increases with matrix stiffness both in vitro and within mouse mammary tumors. Matrix stiffness regulates splicing through the activation of serine/arginine rich (SR) proteins, the splicing factors involved in the production of FN isoforms. Activation of the SR proteins by matrix stiffness and the subsequent production of EDB-FN are dependent on intracellular contractility and PI3K-AKT signaling. Notably, matrix stiffness-mediated splicing is not limited to EDB-FN, but also affects splicing in the production of PKC βII and the VEGF 165b splice variant. Together, these results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the microenvironment regulate alternative splicing and establish a previously unidentified mechanism by which cells can adapt to their microenvironment.
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92
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Kou Y, Zhang S, Chen X, Hu S. Gene expression profile analysis of colorectal cancer to investigate potential mechanisms using bioinformatics. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:745-52. [PMID: 25914544 PMCID: PMC4399548 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) using bioinformatics analysis. Using GSE4107 datasets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparing the RNA expression from the colonic mucosa between 12 CRC patients and ten healthy controls using a paired t-test. The Gene Ontology (GO) functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software followed by the construction of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. In addition, hub gene identification and GO functional and pathway enrichment analyses of the modules were performed. A total of 612 up- and 639 downregulated genes were identified. The upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in the regulation of cell growth, migration, and the MAPK signaling pathway. The downregulated DEGs were significantly associated with oxidative phosphorylation, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, FOS, FN1, PPP1CC, and CYP2B6 were selected as hub genes in the PPI networks. Two modules (up-A and up-B) in the upregulated PPI network and three modules (d-A, d-B, and d-C) in the downregulated PPI were identified with the threshold of Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) score ≥4 and nodes ≥6. The genes in module up-A were significantly enriched in neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions and the calcium signaling pathway. The genes in module d-A were enriched in four pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and Parkinson’s disease. DEGs, such as FOS, FN1, PPP1CC, and CYP2B6, may be used as potential targets for CRC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kou
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Suya Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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93
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Krzyżanowska-Gołąb D, Lemańska-Perek A, Pupek M, Lindner K, Polańska B, Porębska I, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Identification of soluble supramolecular FN-fibrin complexes in human plasma. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 35:412-27. [PMID: 24547768 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.885448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SDS-agarose FN immunoblotting of 257 normal and pathological human plasma samples revealed the ladder pattern of multiple plasma FN bands which corresponded to FN monomer and dimer, and 5 FN-fibrin bands with increasing molecular masses. The FN-fibrin bands of about 750 kDa, 1000 kDa, 1300 kDa, 1600 kDa, and 1900 kDa appeared more frequently and in significantly higher relative amounts in the pathological samples (P < 0.000) than in relatively healthy individuals. The revealing of high-molecular FN-fibrin complexes by SDS-agarose FN immunobloting might have the potential to become a laboratory biomarker of some diseases in which the coagulation system is triggered.
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94
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Stoppel WL, Ghezzi CE, McNamara SL, Black LD, Kaplan DL. Clinical applications of naturally derived biopolymer-based scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:657-80. [PMID: 25537688 PMCID: PMC8196399 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived polymeric biomaterials, such as collagens, silks, elastins, alginates, and fibrins are utilized in tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and tunable mechanical and degradation kinetics. The use of these natural biopolymers in biomedical applications is advantageous because they do not release cytotoxic degradation products, are often processed using environmentally-friendly aqueous-based methods, and their degradation rates within biological systems can be manipulated by modifying the starting formulation or processing conditions. For these reasons, many recent in vivo investigations and FDA-approval of new biomaterials for clinical use have utilized natural biopolymers as matrices for cell delivery and as scaffolds for cell-free support of native tissues. This review highlights biopolymer-based scaffolds used in clinical applications for the regeneration and repair of native tissues, with a focus on bone, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve, cardiac muscle, and cornea substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Stoppel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chiara E. Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Stephanie L. McNamara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- The Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren D. Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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95
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Marchiani S, Vignozzi L, Filippi S, Gurrieri B, Comeglio P, Morelli A, Danza G, Bartolucci G, Maggi M, Baldi E. Metabolic syndrome-associated sperm alterations in an experimental rabbit model: relation with metabolic profile, testis and epididymis gene expression and effect of tamoxifen treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:12-24. [PMID: 25451982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on sperm quality and function is debated. Using a well-established high fat diet (HFD) rabbit model resembling human MetS, including development of hypogonadism, we demonstrate that HFD decreased sperm motility, morphology and acrosome reaction in response to progesterone and increased sperm cholesterol content. All the above parameters were associated with most MetS features, its severity and plasma testosterone (T) at univariate analysis. After T adjustment, sperm morphology and motility retained a significant association, respectively, with mean arterial pressure and circulating cholesterol levels. MetS modified the expression of inflammatory and tissue remodelling genes in the testis and of aquaporins in the epididymis. In a multivariate analysis, sperm morphology resulted associated with testis expression of fibronectin and collagen type 1 genes, whereas motility with epididymis aquaporin 1 gene. Administration of tamoxifen, used in the treatment of idiopathic male infertility, to HFD rabbits partially restored motility, but further decreased morphology and increased spontaneous acrosome reaction, without restoring responsiveness to progesterone. Overall our results indicate that development of MetS produces detrimental effects on sperm quality and functionality by inducing metabolic disorders leading to alterations in testis and epididymis functions and evidence a role of hypertension as a new determinant of abnormal sperm morphology, in line with a previous human study from our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marchiani
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Departments of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruna Gurrieri
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Danza
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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96
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Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Hirnle L, Berghausen-Mazur M, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Terminal glycotope expression on milk fibronectin differs from plasma fibronectin and changes over lactation. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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97
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Yoneda A. Fibronectin Matrix Assembly and Its Significant Role in Cancer Progression and Treatment. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1421.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yoneda
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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98
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Ball SG, Worthington JJ, Canfield AE, Merry CLR, Kielty CM. Mesenchymal stromal cells: inhibiting PDGF receptors or depleting fibronectin induces mesodermal progenitors with endothelial potential. Stem Cells 2014; 32:694-705. [PMID: 24022915 PMCID: PMC4377076 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the full therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) awaits improved understanding of mechanisms controlling their fate. Using MSCs cultured as spheroids to recapitulate a three-dimensional cellular environment, we show that perturbing the mesenchymal regulators, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors or fibronectin, reverts MSCs toward mesodermal progenitors with endothelial potential that can potently induce neovascularization in vivo. MSCs within untreated spheroids retain their mesenchymal spindle shape with abundant smooth muscle α-actin filaments and fibronectin-rich matrix. Inhibiting PDGF receptors or depleting fibronectin induces rounding and depletes smooth muscle α-actin expression; these cells have characteristics of mesenchymoangioblasts, with enhanced expression of mesendoderm and endoderm transcription factors, prominent upregulation of E-cadherin, and Janus kinase signaling-dependent expression of Oct4A and Nanog. PDGF receptor-inhibited spheroids also upregulate endothelial markers platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin and secrete many angiogenic factors, and in vivo they potently stimulate neovascularization, and their MSCs integrate within functional blood vessels that are perfused by the circulation. Thus, MSC potency and vascular induction are regulated by perturbing mesenchymal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Ball
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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99
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Le TTT, Karmouty-Quintana H, Melicoff E, Le TTT, Weng T, Chen NY, Pedroza M, Zhou Y, Davies J, Philip K, Molina J, Luo F, George AT, Garcia-Morales LJ, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Seethamraju H, Agarwal SK, Blackburn MR. Blockade of IL-6 Trans signaling attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3755-68. [PMID: 25172494 PMCID: PMC4169999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease with progressive fibrosis and death within 2-3 y of diagnosis. IPF incidence and prevalence rates are increasing annually with few effective treatments available. Inhibition of IL-6 results in the attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It is unclear whether this is due to blockade of classical signaling, mediated by membrane-bound IL-6Rα, or trans signaling, mediated by soluble IL-6Rα (sIL-6Rα). Our study assessed the role of sIL-6Rα in IPF. We demonstrated elevations of sIL-6Rα in IPF patients and in mice during the onset and progression of fibrosis. We demonstrated that protease-mediated cleavage from lung macrophages was important in production of sIL-6Rα. In vivo neutralization of sIL-6Rα attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in mice as seen by reductions in myofibroblasts, fibronectin, and collagen in the lung. In vitro activation of IL-6 trans signaling enhanced fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production, effects relevant in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the production of sIL-6Rα from macrophages in the diseased lung contributes to IL-6 trans signaling that in turn influences events crucial in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thuy T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Thanh-Truc T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mesias Pedroza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jose Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anuh T George
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Luis J Garcia-Morales
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthias Loebe
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Harish Seethamraju
- Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;
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100
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Szlavicz E, Szabo K, Bata-Csorgo Z, Kemeny L, Szell M. What have we learned about non-involved psoriatic skin from large-scale gene expression studies? World J Dermatol 2014; 3:50-57. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v3.i3.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder; its genetic background has been widely studied in recent decades. Recognition of novel factors contributing to the pathogenesis of this disorder was facilitated by potent molecular biology tools developed during the 1990s. Large-scale gene expression studies, including differential display and microarray, have been used in experimental dermatology to a great extent; moreover, skin was one of the first organs analyzed using these methods. We performed our first comprehensive gene expression analysis in 2000. With the help of differential display and microarray, we have discovered several novel factors contributing to the inherited susceptibility for psoriasis, including the EDA+ fibronectin splice variant and PRINS. The long non-coding PRINS RNA is expressed at higher levels in non-involved skin compared to healthy and involved psoriatic epidermis and might be a factor contributing cellular stress responses and, specifically, to the development of psoriatic symptoms. This review summarizes the most important results of our large-scale gene expression studies.
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