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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Sovetsky AA, Hepburn MS, Mowla A, Kennedy BF. Strain and elasticity imaging in compression optical coherence elastography: The two-decade perspective and recent advances. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000257. [PMID: 32749033 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of deformation and elasticity in optical coherence tomography has attracted much attention of researchers during the last two decades. However, despite intense effort it took ~15 years to demonstrate optical coherence elastography (OCE) as a practically useful technique. Similarly to medical ultrasound, where elastography was first realized using the quasi-static compression principle and later shear-wave-based systems were developed, in OCE these two approaches also developed in parallel. However, although the compression OCE (C-OCE) was proposed historically earlier in the seminal paper by J. Schmitt in 1998, breakthroughs in quantitative mapping of genuine local strains and the Young's modulus in C-OCE have been reported only recently and have not yet obtained sufficient attention in reviews. In this overview, we focus on underlying principles of C-OCE; discuss various practical challenges in its realization and present examples of biomedical applications of C-OCE. The figure demonstrates OCE-visualization of complex transient strains in a corneal sample heated by an infrared laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Matt S Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Mowla
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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52
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Zhang J, Scarcelli G. Mapping mechanical properties of biological materials via an add-on Brillouin module to confocal microscopes. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1251-1275. [PMID: 33452504 PMCID: PMC8218248 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several techniques have been developed over the past few decades to assess the mechanical properties of biological samples, which has fueled a rapid growth in the fields of biophysics, bioengineering, and mechanobiology. In this context, Brillouin optical spectroscopy has long been known as an intriguing modality for noncontact material characterization. However, limited by speed and sample damage, it had not translated into a viable imaging modality for biomedically relevant materials. Recently, based on a novel spectroscopy strategy that substantially improves the speed of Brillouin measurement, confocal Brillouin microscopy has emerged as a unique complementary tool to traditional methods as it allows noncontact, nonperturbative, label-free measurements of material mechanical properties. The feasibility and potential of this innovative technique at both the cell and tissue level have been extensively demonstrated over the past decade. As Brillouin technology is rapidly recognized, a standard approach for building and operating Brillouin microscopes is required to facilitate the widespread adoption of this technology. In this protocol, we aim to establish a robust approach for instrumentation, and data acquisition and analysis. By carefully following this protocol, we expect that a Brillouin instrument can be built in 5-9 days by a person with basic optics knowledge and alignment experience; the data acquisition as well as postprocessing can be accomplished within 2-8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Zhang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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53
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Liu HC, Abbasi M, Ding YH, Roy T, Capriotti M, Liu Y, Fitzgerald S, Doyle KM, Guddati M, Urban MW, Brinjikji W. Characterizing blood clots using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography and ultrasound shear wave elastography. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:035013. [PMID: 33202384 PMCID: PMC7880883 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abcb1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolism in a cerebral blood vessel is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is one of the emergenc proceduresperformed to remove emboli. However, the interventional approaches such as aspiration catheters or stent retriever are empirically selected. An inappropriate selection of surgical devices can influence the success rate during embolectomy, which can lead to an increase in brain damage. There has been growing interest in the study of clot composition and using a priori knowledge of clot composition to provide guidance for an appropriate treatment strategy for interventional physicians. Developing imaging tools which can allow interventionalists to understand clot composition could affect management and device strategy. In this study, we investigated how clots of different compositions can be characterized by using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) and compared with ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). Five different clots compositions using human blood were fabricated into cylindrical forms from fibrin-rich (21% red blood cells, RBCs) to RBC-rich (95% RBCs). Using the ARF-OCE and SWE, we characterized the wave velocities measured in the time-domain. In addition, the semi-analytical finite element model was used to explore the relationship between the phase velocities with various frequency ranges and diameters of the clots. The study demonstrated that the wave group velocities generally decrease as RBC content increases in ARF-OCE and SWE. The correlation of the group velocities from the OCE and SWE methods represented a good agreement as RBC composition is larger than 39%. Using the phase velocity dispersion analysis applied to ARF-OCE data, we estimated the shear wave velocities decoupling the effects of the geometry and material properties of the clots. The study demonstrated that the composition of the clots can be characterized by elastographic methods using ARF-OCE and SWE, and OCE demonstrated better ability to discriminate between clots of different RBC compositions, compared to the ultrasound-based approach, especially in clots with low RBC compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Yong Hong Ding
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Tuhin Roy
- Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Margherita Capriotti
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Seán Fitzgerald
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karen M Doyle
- Department of Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Murthy Guddati
- Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Urban
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
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54
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Shi G, Xue Q, Han X, Ai S, Shi J, Xie C, He X. Quantification of iris elasticity using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10739-10745. [PMID: 33361893 DOI: 10.1364/ao.406190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Careful quantification of the changes in biomechanical properties of the iris can offer insight into the pathophysiology of some ocular diseases. However, to date there has not been much information available regarding this subject because clinical detection for iris elasticity remains challenging. To overcome this limitation, we explore, for the first time to our knowledge, the potential of measuring iris elasticity using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE). The resulting images and shear wave propagation, as well as the corresponding shear modulus and Young's modulus from ex vivo and in vivo rabbit models confirmed the feasibility of this method. With features of noninvasive imaging, micrometer-scale resolution, high acquisition speed and real-time processing, ARF-OCE is a promising method for reconstruction of iris elasticity and may have great potential to be applied in clinical ophthalmology with further refinement.
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55
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Lopez AL, Wang S, Larina IV. Embryonic Mouse Cardiodynamic OCT Imaging. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E42. [PMID: 33020375 PMCID: PMC7712379 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic heart is an active and developing organ. Genetic studies in mouse models have generated great insight into normal heart development and congenital heart defects, and suggest mechanical forces such as heart contraction and blood flow to be implicated in cardiogenesis and disease. To explore this relationship and investigate the interplay between biomechanical forces and cardiac development, live dynamic cardiac imaging is essential. Cardiodynamic imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is proving to be a unique approach to functional analysis of the embryonic mouse heart. Its compatibility with live culture systems, reagent-free contrast, cellular level resolution, and millimeter scale imaging depth make it capable of imaging the heart volumetrically and providing spatially resolved information on heart wall dynamics and blood flow. Here, we review the progress made in mouse embryonic cardiodynamic imaging with OCT, highlighting leaps in technology to overcome limitations in resolution and acquisition speed. We describe state-of-the-art functional OCT methods such as Doppler OCT and OCT angiography for blood flow imaging and quantification in the beating heart. As OCT is a continuously developing technology, we provide insight into the future developments of this area, toward the investigation of normal cardiogenesis and congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA;
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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56
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Sanderson RW, Fang Q, Curatolo A, Adams W, Lakhiani DD, Ismail HM, Foo KY, Dessauvagie BF, Latham B, Yeomans C, Saunders CM, Kennedy BF. Camera-based optical palpation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15951. [PMID: 32994500 PMCID: PMC7524728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical elastography is undergoing extensive development as an imaging tool to map mechanical contrast in tissue. Here, we present a new platform for optical elastography by generating sub-millimetre-scale mechanical contrast from a simple digital camera. This cost-effective, compact and easy-to-implement approach opens the possibility to greatly expand applications of optical elastography both within and beyond the field of medical imaging. Camera-based optical palpation (CBOP) utilises a digital camera to acquire photographs that quantify the light intensity transmitted through a silicone layer comprising a dense distribution of micro-pores (diameter, 30-100 µm). As the transmission of light through the micro-pores increases with compression, we deduce strain in the layer directly from intensity in the digital photograph. By pre-characterising the relationship between stress and strain of the layer, the measured strain map can be converted to an optical palpogram, a map of stress that visualises mechanical contrast in the sample. We demonstrate a spatial resolution as high as 290 µm in CBOP, comparable to that achieved using an optical coherence tomography-based implementation of optical palpation. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of the micro-porous layer and present experimental results from structured phantoms containing stiff inclusions as small as 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 mm. In each case, we demonstrate high contrast between the inclusion and the base material and validate both the contrast and spatial resolution achieved using finite element modelling. By performing CBOP on freshly excised human breast tissue, we demonstrate the capability to delineate tumour from surrounding benign tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan W Sanderson
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Qi Fang
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Visual Optics and Biophotonics Group, Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO, CSIC), C/Serrano, 121, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wayne Adams
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Devina D Lakhiani
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hina M Ismail
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ken Y Foo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin F Dessauvagie
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Chris Yeomans
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Christobel M Saunders
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Breast Centre, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Breast Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
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57
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Jin Z, Chen S, Dai Y, Bao C, Ye S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Huang S, Wang Y, Shen M, Zhu D, Lu F. In vivo noninvasive measurement of spatially resolved corneal elasticity in human eyes using Lamb wave optical coherence elastography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000104. [PMID: 32368840 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current elastography techniques are limited in application to accurately assess spatially resolved corneal elasticity in vivo for human eyes. The air-puff optical coherence elastography (OCE) with an eye motion artifacts correction algorithm is developed to distinguish the in vivo cornea vibration from the eye motion and visualize the Lamb wave propagation clearly in healthy subjects. Based on the Lamb wave model, the phase velocity dispersion curve in the high-frequency is calculated to obtain spatially resolved corneal elasticity accurately with high repeatability. It is found that the corneal elasticity has regional variations and is correlated with intraocular pressure, which suggests that the method has the potential to provide noninvasive measurement of spatially resolved corneal elasticity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Dai
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenhong Bao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuling Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghai Huang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dexi Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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58
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Liu HC, Kijanka P, Urban MW. Four-dimensional (4D) phase velocity optical coherence elastography in heterogeneous materials and biological tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3795-3817. [PMID: 33014567 PMCID: PMC7510894 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The variations of mechanical properties in soft tissues are biomarkers used for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Optical coherence elastography (OCE) has been extensively developed to investigate mechanical properties of various biological tissues. These methods are generally based on time-domain data and measure the time-of-flight of the localized shear wave propagations to estimate the group velocity. However, there is considerable information that can be obtained from examining the mechanical properties such as wave propagation velocities at different frequencies. Here we propose a method to evaluate phase velocity, wave velocity at various frequencies, in four-dimensional space (x, y, z, f), called 4D-OCE phase velocity. The method enables local estimates of the phase velocity of propagating mechanical waves in a medium. We acquired and analyzed data with this method from a homogeneous reference phantom, a heterogeneous phantom material with four different excitation cases, and ex vivo porcine kidney tissue. The 3D-OCE group velocity was also estimated to compare with 4D-OCE phase velocity. Moreover, we performed numerical simulation of wave propagations to illustrate the boundary behavior of the propagating waves. The proposed 4D-OCE phase velocity is capable of providing further information in OCE to better understand the spatial variation of mechanical properties of various biological tissues with respect to frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200
First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Piotr Kijanka
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200
First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics,
AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow
30-059, Poland
| | - Matthew W. Urban
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200
First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical
Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905,
USA
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59
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The significance of stromal collagen organization in cancer tissue: An in-depth discussion of literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 151:102907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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60
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Kang YG, Jang H, Park Y, Kim BM. Development of a 3-D Physical Dynamics Monitoring System Using OCM with DVC for Quantification of Sprouting Endothelial Cells Interacting with a Collagen Matrix. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122693. [PMID: 32545667 PMCID: PMC7345655 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role during cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation by providing adhesion sites and serving as a physical scaffold. Elucidating the interaction between the cell and ECM can reveal the underlying mechanisms of cellular behavior that are currently unclear. Analysis of the deformation of the ECM due to cell-matrix interactions requires microscopic, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging methods, such as confocal microscopy and second-harmonic generation microscopy, which are currently limited by phototoxicity and bleaching as a result of the point-scanning approach. In this study, we suggest the use of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) as a live-cell, volumetric, fast imaging tool for analyzing the deformation of fibrous ECM. We optimized such OCM parameters as the sampling rate to obtain images of the best quality that meet the requirements for robust digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis. Visualization and analysis of the mechanical interaction between collagen ECM and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) show that cellular adhesion during protrusion can be analyzed and quantified. The advantages of OCM, such as fine isotropic spatial resolution, fast time resolution, and low phototoxicity, make it the ideal optic tool for 3-D traction force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guk Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hwanseok Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (B.-M.K.); +82-2-2286-1460 (Y.P.); +82-2-940-2771 (B.-M.K.)
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (B.-M.K.); +82-2-2286-1460 (Y.P.); +82-2-940-2771 (B.-M.K.)
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61
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Liu HC, Kijanka P, Urban MW. Fluid surface tension evaluation using capillary wave measurement with optical coherence tomography. AIP ADVANCES 2020; 10:055121. [PMID: 32477829 PMCID: PMC7239663 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surface tension of biological fluids is an important parameter because the mechanical properties of fluids are closely linked with hematological diseases and other pathophysiologies. Capillary waves are associated with fluid mechanical properties. Here, we propose a method that utilizes the acoustic radiation force (ARF) to generate propagating waves and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the wave motion. This ARF-OCT method is capable of evaluating the surface tension of fluids, water and porcine whole blood in this study, based on the dispersion relation of capillary waves. Two-dimensional Fourier transforms were used to decompose frequency components of wave motion images to obtain a k-space representation and estimate the wave phase velocity. The phase velocity of capillary waves was obtained from the experimental results and compared to theoretical calculations. The surface tensions of water and porcine whole blood were determined from the experimental results. We first report that capillary waves measured with OCT can be a new promising modality for measuring the surface tension of fluids. The proposed method could be used to differentiate actual pathologic fluids or blood from those taken from healthy subjects and as a biomarker in future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Piotr Kijanka
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
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62
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Lan G, Gu B, Larin KV, Twa MD. Clinical Corneal Optical Coherence Elastography Measurement Precision: Effect of Heartbeat and Respiration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:3. [PMID: 32821475 PMCID: PMC7401940 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Normal physiological movements (e.g., respiration and heartbeat) induce eye motions during clinical measurements of human corneal biomechanical properties using optical coherence elastography (OCE). We quantified the effects of respiratory and cardiac-induced eye motions on clinical corneal OCE measurement precision and repeatability. Methods Corneal OCE was performed using low-force, micro-air-pulse tissue stimulation and high-resolution phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Axial surface displacements of the corneal apex were measured (M-mode) at a 70-kHz sampling rate and three different stimulation pressures (20-60 Pa). Simultaneously, the axial corneal position was tracked with structural OCT imaging, while the heartrate and respiration were monitored over a 90 second period. Results Respiratory- and cardiac-induced eye motions have distinctly lower frequency (0.1-1 Hz) and much greater amplitude (up to ± 50 µm movements) than air-pulse-induced corneal tissue deformations (∼250 Hz, <1 µm). The corneal displacements induced during OCE measurements in vivo were -0.41 ± 0.06 µm (n = 22 measurements, coefficient of variation [CV]: 14.6%) and -0.44 ± 0.07 µm (n = 50 measurements, CV: 15.9%), respectively, from two human subjects at 40 Pa stimulation pressure. Observed variation in corneal tissue displacements were not associated with tissue stimulation magnitude, or the amplitude of physiologically induced axial eye motion. Conclusions The microsecond timescale and submicron tissue displacements observed during corneal OCE measurements are separable from normal involuntary physiological movements, such as the oculocardiac pulse and respiratory movements. Translational Relevance This work advances innovations in biomedical imaging and engineering for clinical diagnostic applications for soft-tissue biomechanical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongpu Lan
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.,School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Boyu Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California -Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Twa
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Wang S, Larina IV, Larin KV. Label-free optical imaging in developmental biology [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2017-2040. [PMID: 32341864 PMCID: PMC7173889 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Application of optical imaging in developmental biology marks an exciting frontier in biomedical optics. Optical resolution and imaging depth allow for investigation of growing embryos at subcellular, cellular, and whole organism levels, while the complexity and variety of embryonic processes set multiple challenges stimulating the development of various live dynamic embryonic imaging approaches. Among other optical methods, label-free optical techniques attract an increasing interest as they allow investigation of developmental mechanisms without application of exogenous markers or fluorescent reporters. There has been a boost in development of label-free optical imaging techniques for studying embryonic development in animal models over the last decade, which revealed new information about early development and created new areas for investigation. Here, we review the recent progress in label-free optical embryonic imaging, discuss specific applications, and comment on future developments at the interface of photonics, engineering, and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Sirotkina MA, Gubarkova EV, Plekhanov AA, Sovetsky AA, Elagin VV, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Kuznetsov SS, Zagaynova EV, Gladkova ND, Zaitsev VY. In vivo assessment of functional and morphological alterations in tumors under treatment using OCT-angiography combined with OCT-elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1365-1382. [PMID: 32206416 PMCID: PMC7075625 DOI: 10.1364/boe.386419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging methods of anti-tumor therapies require new approaches to tumor response evaluation, especially enabling label-free diagnostics and in vivo utilization. Here, to assess the tumor early reaction and predict its long-term response, for the first time we apply in combination the recently developed OCT extensions - optical coherence angiography (OCA) and compressional optical coherence elastography (OCE), thus enabling complementary functional/microstructural tumor characterization. We study two vascular-targeted therapies of different types, (1) anti-angiogenic chemotherapy (ChT) and (2) photodynamic therapy (PDT), aimed to indirectly kill tumor cells through blood supply injury. Despite different mechanisms of anti-angiogenic action for ChT and PDT, in both cases OCA demonstrated high sensitivity to blood perfusion cessation. The new method of OCE-based morphological segmentation revealed very similar histological structure alterations. The OCE results showed high correlation with conventional histology in evaluating percentages of necrotic and viable tumor zones. Such possibilities make OCE an attractive tool enabling previously inaccessible in vivo monitoring of individual tumor response to therapies without taking multiple biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vadim V. Elagin
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Lev A. Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Kuznetsov
- N.A. Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Liu HC, Kijanka P, Urban MW. Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography for evaluating mechanical properties of soft condensed matters and its biological applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960134. [PMID: 31872545 PMCID: PMC7243171 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating mechanical properties of biological soft tissues and viscous mucus is challenging because of complicated dynamic behaviors. Soft condensed matter models have been successfully used to explain a number of dynamical behaviors. Here, we reported that optical coherence elastography (OCE) is capable of quantifying mechanical properties of soft condensed matters, micellar fluids. A 7.5 MHz focused transducer was utilized to generate acoustic radiation force exerted on the surface of soft condensed matters in order to produce Rayleigh waves. The waves were recorded by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The Kelvin-Voigt model was adopted to evaluate shear modulus and loss modulus of soft condensed matters. The results reported that various concentrations of micellar fluids can provide reasonable ranges of elasticity from 65.71 to 428.78 Pa and viscosity from 0.035 to 0.283 Pa·s, which are close to ranges for actual biological samples, like mucus. OCE might be a promising tool to differentiate pathologic mucus samples from healthy cases as advanced applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Kijanka
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Matthew W Urban
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Biswas D, Chen GCK, Baac HW, Vasudevan S. Photoacoustic Spectral Sensing Technique for Diagnosis of Biological Tissue Coagulation: In-Vitro Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10030133. [PMID: 32121418 PMCID: PMC7151006 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal coagulation of abnormal tissues has evolved as a therapeutic technique for different diseases including cancer. Tissue heating beyond 55 °C causes coagulation that leads to cell death. Noninvasive diagnosis of thermally coagulated tissues is pragmatic for performing efficient therapy as well as reducing damage of surrounding healthy tissues. We propose a noninvasive, elasticity-based photoacoustic spectral sensing technique for differentiating normal and coagulated tissues. Photoacoustic diagnosis is performed for quantitative differentiation of normal and coagulated excised chicken liver and muscle tissues in vitro by characterizing a dominant frequency of photoacoustic frequency spectrum. Pronounced distinction in the spectral parameter (i.e., dominant frequency) was observed due to change in tissue elastic property. We confirmed nearly two-fold increase in dominant frequencies for the coagulated muscle and liver tissues as compared to the normal ones. A density increase caused by tissue coagulation is clearly reflected in the dominant frequency composition. Experimental results were consistent over five different sample sets, delineating the potential of proposed technique to diagnose biological tissue coagulation and thus monitor thermal coagulation therapy in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Biswas
- Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Srivathsan Vasudevan
- Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India;
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
- Correspondence: (H.W.B.); (S.V.)
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General cellular durotaxis induced with cell-scale heterogeneity of matrix-elasticity. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liu HC, Kijanka P, Urban MW. Optical coherence tomography for evaluating capillary waves in blood and plasma. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1092-1106. [PMID: 32206401 PMCID: PMC7041467 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Capillary waves are associated with fluid mechanical properties. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has previously been used to determine the viscoelasticity of soft tissues or cornea. Here we report that OCT was able to evaluate phase velocities of capillary waves in fluids. The capillary waves of water, porcine whole blood and plasma on the interfacial surface, air-fluid in this case, are discussed in theory, and phase velocities of capillary waves were estimated by both our OCT experiments and theoretical calculations. Our experiments revealed highly comparable results with theoretical calculations. We concluded that OCT would be a promising tool to evaluate phase velocities of capillary waves in fluids. The methods described in this study could be applied to determine surface tensions and viscosities of fluids for differentiating hematological diseases in the future potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Piotr Kijanka
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Matthew W. Urban
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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69
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Yao X, Li D, Park HC, Chen D, Guan H, Mahendroo M, Li X. Ultra-sensitive optical coherence elastography using a high-dynamic-range force loading scheme for cervical rigidity assessment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:688-698. [PMID: 32133219 PMCID: PMC7041475 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive, wide-range force loading scheme is proposed for compression optical coherence elastography (OCE) that allows for the quantitative analysis of cervical tissue elasticity ex vivo. We designed a force loading apparatus featuring a water sink for minuscule incremental loading through a volume-controlled water droplet, from which the Young's modulus can be calculated by fitting the stress-strain curve. We validated the performance of the proposed OCE system on homogenous agar phantoms, showing the Young's modulus can be accurately estimated using this scheme. We then measured the Young's modulus of rodent cervical tissues acquired at different gestational ages, showing that the cervical rigidity of rodents was significantly dropped when entering the third trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), 50 Nanyang Drive #04-13, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- These authors contribute equally to this work
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- These authors contribute equally to this work
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Defu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Honghua Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mala Mahendroo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Vincent P, Wang H, Nieskoski M, Gunn JR, Marra K, Hoopes PJ, Samkoe KS, Doyley MM, Hasan T, Pogue BW. High-Resolution Ex Vivo Elastography to Characterize Tumor Stromal Heterogeneity In Situ in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:2490-2496. [PMID: 31902753 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2963562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor stiffening in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been linked to cancer progression and lack of therapy response, yet current elastography tools cannot map stiffness in a whole tumor field-of-view with biologically relevant spatial resolution. Therefore, this study was developed to assess stiffness heterogeneity and geometrical patterns across whole PDAC xenograft ex vivo tumors. METHODS The ex vivo elastography (EVE) mapping system was capable of creating stiffness map at 300-micron spatial resolution under a 5-20 mm field of view relevant to whole tumor assessment. The stiffness value at each location was determined by compression testing and an absolute tumor Young's modulus map was calculated based on the calibration between the system and ultrasound elastography (R2 = 0.95). RESULTS Two PDAC tumor lines AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 implanted in xenograft models were assessed to show tumor stiffness and its linear relationship to collagen content (R2 = 0.59). EVE was able to capture stiffness heterogeneity ranging between 5 and 100 kPa in pancreatic tumors with collagen content up to 25%. More importantly, data shows the inverse relationship of local stiffness to local drug distribution (R2 = 0.66) and vessel patency (R2 = 0.61) in both PDAC tumor lines. CONCLUSION The results suggested that elastography could be utilized to predict drug penetration in PDAC tumors or assess response to biological modifying adjunct therapies. SIGNIFICANCE This study presents the first attempt to map out stiffness on a biologically relevant spatial scale across whole PDAC tumor slices with spatial resolution in the hundreds of microns.
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Pei S, Zhang B, Cong S, Liu J, Wu S, Dong Y, Zhang L, Zhang S. Ultrasound Real-Time Tissue Elastography Improves the Diagnostic Performance of the ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in Differentiating Malignant from Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Summary of 1525 Thyroid Nodules. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1749351. [PMID: 32351557 PMCID: PMC7178472 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1749351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the correlation between the ultrasound elasticity score (ES) of real-time tissue elastography (RTE) and the malignant risk stratification of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and to evaluate the added value of RTE to TI-RADS in differentiating malignant nodules from benign ones. METHODS A total of 1,498 patients (885 women and 613 men; mean age of 43.5 ± 12.4 years) with 1,525 confirmed thyroid nodules (D = maximum diameter, D ≤ 2.5 cm) confirmed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and/or surgery were included. The nodules were divided into four groups based on their sizes (D ≤ 0.5 cm, 0.5 < D ≤ 1.0 cm, 1.0 < D ≤ 2.0 cm, and 2.0 < D ≤ 2.5 cm). We assigned an ES of RTE and malignant risk stratification of the TI-RADS category to each nodule. The correlation between the ES of RTE and the malignant risk stratification of TI-RADS category was analyzed by the Spearman's rank correlation. The diagnostic performances of RTE, TI-RADS, and their combination were compared by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The ES of RTE and the malignant risk stratification of TI-RADS showed a strong correlation in the size intervals of 0.5 < D ≤ 1.0 cm, 1.0 < D ≤ 2.0 cm, and 2.0 < D ≤ 2.5 cm (r = 0.768, 0.711, and 0.743, respectively). The diagnostic performance of their combination for each size interval was always better than RTE or TI-RADS alone (for all, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, The ES of RTE was strongly correlated with the malignant risk stratification of TI-RADS. The diagnostic performance of the combination of RTE and TI-RADS outperformed RTE or TI-RADS alone. Therefore, RTE may be an adjunctive tool to the current TI-RADS system for differentiating malignant from benign thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Pei
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuzhen Cong
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suqing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuixing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Jin Z, Zhou Y, Shen M, Wang Y, Lu F, Zhu D. Assessment of corneal viscoelasticity using elastic wave optical coherence elastography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960074. [PMID: 31626371 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The corneal viscoelasticity have great clinical significance, such as the early diagnosis of keratoconus. In this work, an analysis method which utilized the elastic wave velocity, frequency and energy attenuation to assess the corneal viscoelasticity is presented. Using phase-resolved optical coherence tomography, the spatial-temporal displacement map is derived. The phase velocity dispersion curve and center frequency are obtained by transforming the displacement map into the wavenumber-frequency domain through the 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT). The shear modulus is calculated through Rayleigh wave equation using the phase velocity in the high frequency. The normalized energy distribution is plotted by transforming the displacement map into the spatial-frequency domain through the 1D FFT. The energy attenuation coefficient is derived by exponential fitting to calculate the viscous modulus. Different concentrations of tissue-mimicking phantoms and porcine corneas are imaged to validate this method, which demonstrates that the method has the capability to assess the corneal viscoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dexi Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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73
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Kling S. Optical coherence elastography by ambient pressure modulation for high-resolution strain mapping applied to patterned cross-linking. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190786. [PMID: 31964268 PMCID: PMC7014812 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel non-contact optical coherence elastography (OCE) approach to measure laterally and axially highly resolved corneal strain distribution at different stages of patterned corneal cross-linking (CXL). Freshly enucleated rat eyes were obtained and prepared for accelerated patterned CXL treatment with distinct ultraviolet (UV) patterns (central, peripheral, bow-tie irradiation). Each cornea was measured repeatedly, in three different conditions: (i) virgin, (ii) after epithelial debridement and 0.5% hypo-osmolar riboflavin instillation for 30 min, and (iii) after patterned CXL at 9 mW cm-2 for 10 min. For biomechanical assessment, the corneal deformation response to an ambient pressure variation of -2 mmHg was recorded by OCE. Strain maps were obtained from phase and magnitude changes in the complex optical coherence tomography signal. Virgin corneas presented negative strain (-2.7 ± 1.1‰) in the anterior cornea and positive strain (1.9 ± 1.3‰) in the posterior cornea. A pronounced shift towards positive strains in the anterior cornea (particularly in UV-irradiated regions) was observed after CXL. Patterned UV irradiation induced localized strain alterations closely matching the geometry of the irradiation pattern. This study demonstrates the possibility of non-contact OCE by ambient pressure modulation, which could substantially improve the early diagnosis of corneal degeneration, advance research in small-animal eyes and refine in vitro mechanical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kling
- O.P.T.I.C. Team, Computer-Assisted Applications in Medicine Group, Computer Vision Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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74
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Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Digital Holographic Microscopy Reliably Assesses Morphology and Reflects Elastic Properties of Fibrotic Intestinal Tissue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19388. [PMID: 31852983 PMCID: PMC6920451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal strictures are a frequent complication in patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) and the presence of fibrosis within strictures impacts the therapeutic treatment approach. Here, we evaluate quantitative phase imaging (QPI) using digital holographic microscopy (DHM) for the evaluation of fibrosis within CD strictures. 30 full thickness resection specimens were obtained from non-stenotic and stenotic tissue areas of 15 CD patients. Cryostat sections were analyzed by DHM to measure the spatial distribution of the refractive index (RI) to quantify tissue density. Complementary, histopathological evaluation of H&E staining and immunofluorescence (IF) targeting fibrosis markers served as the gold standard. Moreover, tissue stiffness was evaluated by elastography. RI values assessed by DHM were significantly higher in stenotic compared to non-stenotic tissue areas (p < 0.001). Histopathological analysis using H&E staining and IF confirmed the elevated expression of fibrosis markers in stenotic compared to non-stenotic tissue (all p < 0.001). The RI retrieved by DHM strongly correlated with the amount of fibrosis as determined by IF (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.48). Furthermore, elastography detected a significantly higher tissue stiffness in stenotic as compared to non-stenotic tissue sections (p < 0.001). In conclusion, QPI using DHM accurately assesses fibrotic properties of CD-associated strictures and may improve the characterization of CD strictures.
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Jin Z, Khazaeinezhad R, Zhu J, Yu J, Qu Y, He Y, Li Y, Gomez Alvarez-Arenas TE, Lu F, Chen Z. In-vivo 3D corneal elasticity using air-coupled ultrasound optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6272-6285. [PMID: 31853399 PMCID: PMC6913398 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal elasticity can resist elastic deformations under intraocular pressure to maintain normal corneal shape, which has a great influence on corneal refractive function. Elastography can measure tissue elasticity and provide a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis. Air-coupled ultrasound optical coherence elastography (OCE) has been used in the quantification of ex-vivo corneal elasticity. However, in-vivo imaging of the cornea remains a challenge. The 3D air-coupled ultrasound OCE with an axial motion artifacts correction algorithm was developed to distinguish the in-vivo cornea vibration from the axial eye motion in anesthetized rabbits and visualize the elastic wave propagation clearly. The elastic wave group velocity of in-vivo rabbit cornea was measured to be 5.96 ± 0.55 m/s, which agrees with other studies. The results show the potential of 3D air-coupled ultrasound OCE with an axial motion artifacts correction algorithm for quantitative in-vivo assessment of corneal elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jin
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, Zhejiang, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Reza Khazaeinezhad
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Junxiao Yu
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Yueqiao Qu
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Youmin He
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Tomas E Gomez Alvarez-Arenas
- Institute of Physical and Information Technologies, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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Baumann B, Merkle CW, Leitgeb RA, Augustin M, Wartak A, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK. Signal averaging improves signal-to-noise in OCT images: But which approach works best, and when? BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5755-5775. [PMID: 31799045 PMCID: PMC6865101 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The high acquisition speed of state-of-the-art optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables massive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvements by signal averaging. Here, we investigate the performance of two commonly used approaches for OCT signal averaging. We present the theoretical SNR performance of (a) computing the average of OCT magnitude data and (b) averaging the complex phasors, and substantiate our findings with simulations and experimentally acquired OCT data. We show that the achieved SNR performance strongly depends on both the SNR of the input signals and the number of averaged signals when the signal bias caused by the noise floor is not accounted for. Therefore we also explore the SNR for the two averaging approaches after correcting for the noise bias and, provided that the phases of the phasors are accurately aligned prior to averaging, then find that complex phasor averaging always leads to higher SNR than magnitude averaging.
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Larin KV, Scarcelli G, Yakovlev VV. Optical elastography and tissue biomechanics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31758675 PMCID: PMC6873628 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.11.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in the behavior and development of biological systems and disease at all spatial scales, from cells and their constituents to tissues and organs. Such forces have a profound influence on the health, structural integrity, and normal function of cells and organs. Accurate knowledge of cell and tissue biomechanical properties is essential to map the distribution of forces and mechanical cues in biological systems. Cell and tissue biomechanical properties are also known to be important on their own as indicators of health or diseases state. Hence, optical elastography and biomechanics methods can aid in the understanding and clinical diagnosis of a wide variety of diseases. We provide a brief overview and highlight of the Optical Elastography and Tissue Biomechanics VI conference, which took place in San Francisco, February 2 and 3, 2019, as a part of Photonics West symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Larin
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- University of Maryland, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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78
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Li Y, Zhu J, Chen JJ, Yu J, Jin Z, Miao Y, Browne AW, Zhou Q, Chen Z. Simultaneously imaging and quantifying in vivo mechanical properties of crystalline lens and cornea using optical coherence elastography with acoustic radiation force excitation. APL PHOTONICS 2019; 4:106104. [PMID: 32309636 PMCID: PMC7164808 DOI: 10.1063/1.5118258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lens and cornea comprise the eye's optical system for focusing light in human vision. The changes in biomechanical properties of the lens and cornea are closely associated with common diseases, including presbyopia and cataract. Currently, most in vivo elasticity studies of the anterior eye focus on the measurement of the cornea, while lens measurement remains challenging. To better understand the anterior segment of the eye, we developed an optical coherence elastography system utilizing acoustic radiation force excitation to simultaneously assess the elasticities of the crystalline lens and the cornea in vivo. A swept light source was integrated into the system to provide an enhanced imaging range that covers both the lens and the cornea. Additionally, the oblique imaging approach combined with orthogonal excitation also improved the image quality. The system was tested through first ex vivo and then in vivo experiments using a rabbit model. The elasticities of corneal and lens tissue in an excised normal whole-globe and a cold cataract model were measured to reveal that cataractous lenses have a higher Young's modulus. Simultaneous in vivo elasticity measurements of the lens and cornea were performed in a rabbit model to demonstrate the correlations between elasticity and intraocular pressure and between elasticity and age. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrated the first in vivo elasticity of imaging of both the lens and cornea using acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography, thereby providing a potential powerful clinical tool to advance ophthalmic research in disorders affecting the lens and the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Jason J. Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Junxiao Yu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Zi Jin
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Yusi Miao
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Andrew W. Browne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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79
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Effects of Thickness on Corneal Biomechanical Properties Using Optical Coherence Elastography. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 95:299-308. [PMID: 29561496 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Measured corneal biomechanical properties are driven by intraocular pressure, tissue thickness, and inherent material properties. We demonstrate tissue thickness as an important factor in the measurement of corneal biomechanics that can confound short-term effects due to UV riboflavin cross-linking (CXL) treatment. PURPOSE We isolate the effects of tissue thickness on the measured corneal biomechanical properties using optical coherence elastography by experimentally altering the tissue hydration state and stiffness. METHODS Dynamic optical coherence elastography was performed using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography imaging to quantify the tissue deformation dynamics resulting from a spatially discrete, low-force air pulse (150-μm spot size; 0.8-millisecond duration; <10 Pa [<0.08 mmHg]). The time-dependent surface deformation is characterized by a viscoelastic tissue recovery response, quantified by an exponential decay constant-relaxation rate. Ex vivo rabbit globes (n = 10) with fixed intraocular pressure (15 mmHg) were topically instilled every 5 minutes with 0.9% saline for 60 minutes and 20% dextran for another 60 minutes. Measurements were made after every 20 minutes to determine the central corneal thickness (CCT) and the relaxation rates. Cross-linking treatment was performed on another 13 eyes, applying isotonic riboflavin (n = 6) and hypertonic riboflavin (n = 7) every 5 minutes for 30 minutes, followed by UV irradiation (365 nm, 3 mW/cm) for 30 minutes while instilling riboflavin. Central corneal thickness and relaxation rates were obtained before and after CXL treatment. RESULTS Corneal thickness was positively correlated (R = 0.9) with relaxation rates. In the CXL-treated eyes, isotonic riboflavin did not affect CCT and showed a significant increase in relaxation rates (+10%; P = .01) from 2.29 ms to 2.53 ms. Hypertonic riboflavin showed a significant CCT decrease (-31%; P = .01) from 618 μm to 429 μm but showed little change in relaxation rates after CXL treatment. CONCLUSIONS Corneal thickness and stiffness are correlated positively. A higher relaxation rate implied stiffer material properties after isotonic CXL treatment. Hypertonic CXL treatment results in a stiffness decrease that offsets the stiffness increase with CXL treatment.
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80
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Osapoetra LO, Watson DM, McAleavey SA. Intraocular Pressure-dependent Corneal Elasticity Measurement Using High-frequency Ultrasound. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2019; 41:251-270. [PMID: 31271117 DOI: 10.1177/0161734619858386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of corneal biomechanical properties can aid in predicting corneal responses to diseases and surgeries. For delineation of spatially resolved distribution of corneal elasticity, high-resolution elastography system is required. In this study, we demonstrate a high-resolution elastography system using high-frequency ultrasound for ex-vivo measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent corneal wave speed. Tone bursts of 500 Hz vibrations were generated on the corneal surface using an electromagnetic shaker. A 35-MHz single-element transducer was used to track the resulting anti-symmetrical Lamb wave in the cornea. We acquired spatially resolved wave speed images of the cornea at IOPs of 7, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 29 mmHg. The IOP dependence of corneal wave speed is apparent from these images. Statistical analysis of measured wave speed as a function of IOP revealed a linear relation between wave speed and IOP cs = 0.37 + 0.22 × IOP, with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.86. We also observed depth-dependent variations of wave speed in the cornea, decreasing from anterior toward posterior. This depth dependence is more pronounced at higher IOP values. This study demonstrates the potential of high-frequency ultrasound elastography in the characterization of spatially resolved corneal biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan M Watson
- 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen A McAleavey
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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81
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Meng F, Chen C, Hui S, Wang J, Feng Y, Sun C. Three-dimensional static optical coherence elastography based on inverse compositional Gauss-Newton digital volume correlation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800422. [PMID: 31008547 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) mechanical properties characterization of tissue is essential for physiological and pathological studies, as biological tissue is mostly heterogeneous and anisotropic. A digital volume correlation (DVC)-based 3D optical coherence elastography (OCE) method is developed to measure the 3D displacement and strain tensors. The DVC algorithm includes a zero-mean normalized cross-correlation criterion-based coarse search regime, an inverse compositional Gauss-Newton fine search algorithm and a local ternary quadratic polynomial fitting strain calculation method. A 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning protocol is proposed through theoretical analysis and experimental verification. Measurement errors of the DVC-based 3D OCE method are evaluated to be less than 2.0 μm for displacements and 0.30% for strains by rigid body motion experiments. The 3D displacements and strains of a phantom and a specimen of chicken breast tissue under compression are measured. Results of the phantom show a good agreement with theoretical analysis and tensile testing. The strains of the chicken breast tissue indicate anisotropic biomechanical properties. This study provides an effective method for 3D biomechanical property studies of soft tissue and improves the development of 3D OCE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchao Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shun Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yvlong Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiru Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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82
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Pitre JJ, Kirby MA, Gao L, Li DS, Shen T, Wang RK, O'Donnell M, Pelivanov I. Super-shear evanescent waves for non-contact elastography of soft tissues. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2019; 115:083701. [PMID: 32127722 PMCID: PMC7043857 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe surface wave propagation in soft elastic media at speeds exceeding the bulk shear wave speed. By linking these waves to the elastodynamic Green's function, we derive a simple relationship to quantify the elasticity of a soft medium from the speed of this supershear evanescent wave (SEW). We experimentally probe SEW propagation in tissue-mimicking phantoms, human cornea ex vivo, and skin in vivo using a high-speed optical coherence elastography system. Measurements confirm the predicted relationship between SEW and bulk shear wave speeds, agreeing well with both theoretical and numerical models. These results suggest that SEW measurements may be a robust method to quantify elasticity in soft media, particularly in complex, bounded materials where dispersive Rayleigh-Lamb modes complicate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Pitre
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kirby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Tueng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | | | - Matthew O'Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ivan Pelivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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83
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Nair A, Liu CH, Singh M, Das S, Le T, Du Y, Soomro S, Aglyamov S, Mohan C, Larin KV. Assessing colitis ex vivo using optical coherence elastography in a murine model. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1429-1440. [PMID: 31559172 PMCID: PMC6732062 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes regions of ulceration within the interior of the colon. UC is estimated to afflict hundreds of thousands of people in the United States alone. In addition to traditional colonoscopy, ultrasonic techniques can detect colitis, but have limited spatial resolution, which frequently results in underdiagnoses. Nevertheless, clinical diagnosis of colitis is still generally performed via colonoscopy. Optical techniques such as confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been proposed to detect UC with higher resolution. However, UC can potentially alter tissue biomechanical properties, providing additional contrast for earlier and potentially more accurate detection. Although clinically available elastography techniques have been immensely useful, they do not have the resolution for imaging small tissues, such as in small mammalian disease models. However, OCT-based elastography, optical coherence elastography (OCE), is well-suited for imaging the biomechanical properties of small mammal colon tissue. METHODS In this work, we induced elastic waves in ex vivo mouse colon tissue using a focused air-pulse. The elastic waves were detected using a phase-stabilized swept source OCE system, and the wave velocity was translated into stiffness. Measurements were taken at six positions for each sample to assess regional sample elasticity. Additional contrast between the control and diseased tissue was detected by analyzing the dispersion of the elastic wave and tissue optical properties obtained from the OCT structural image. RESULTS The results show distinct differences (P<0.05) in the stiffness between control and colitis disease samples, with a Young's modulus of 11.8±8.0 and 5.1±1.5 kPa, respectively. The OCT signal standard deviations for control and diseased samples were 5.8±0.3 and 5.5±0.2 dB, respectively. The slope of the OCT signal spatial frequency decay in the control samples was 92.7±10.0 and 87.3±4.7 dB∙µm in the colitis samples. The slope of the linearly fitted dispersion curve in the control samples was 1.5 mm, and 0.8 mm in the colitis samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that OCE can be utilized to distinguish tissue based on stiffness and optical properties. Our estimates of tissue stiffness suggest that the healthy colon tissue was stiffer than diseased tissue. Furthermore, structural analysis of the tissue indicates a distinct difference in tissue optical properties between the healthy and UC-like diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuth Nair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih Hao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Triet Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanam Soomro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salavat Aglyamov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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84
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Liou HC, Sabba F, Packman AI, Rosenthal A, Wells G, Balogun O. Towards mechanical characterization of granular biofilms by optical coherence elastography measurements of circumferential elastic waves. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5562-5573. [PMID: 31282532 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial granular biofilms are spherical, multi-layered aggregates composed of communities of bacterial cells encased in a complex matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While granular aggregates are increasingly used for applications in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, their underlying mechanical properties are poorly understood. The challenges of viscoelastic characterization for these structures are due to their spherical geometry, spatially heterogeneous properties, and their delicate nature. In this study, we report a model-based approach for nondestructive characterization of viscoelastic properties (shear modulus and shear viscosity) of alginate spheres with different concentrations, which was motivated by our measurements in granular biofilms. The characterization technique relies on experimental measurements of circumferential elastic wave speeds as a function of frequency in the samples using the Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) technique. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the viscoelastic properties of the samples from OCE data through inverse analysis. This work represents the first attempt to explore elastic waves for mechanical characterization of granular biofilms. The combination of the OCE technique and the theoretical model presented in this paper provides a framework that can facilitate quantitative viscoelastic characterization of samples with curved geometries and the study of the relationships between morphology and mechanical properties in granular biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Cin Liou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Sabba
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Aaron I Packman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alex Rosenthal
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - George Wells
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Oluwaseyi Balogun
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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85
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Zvietcovich F, Ge GR, Mestre H, Giannetto M, Nedergaard M, Rolland JP, Parker KJ. Longitudinal shear waves for elastic characterization of tissues in optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3699-3718. [PMID: 31360610 PMCID: PMC6640829 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE), surface acoustic waves are the predominant perturbations. They constrain the quantification of elastic modulus to the direction of wave propagation only along the surface of tissues, and disregard elasticity gradients along depth. Longitudinal shear waves (LSW), on the other hand, can be generated at the surface of the tissue and propagate through depth with desirable properties for OCE: (1) LSW travel at the shear wave speed and can discriminate elasticity gradients along depth, and (2) the displacement of LSW is longitudinally polarized along the direction of propagation; therefore, it can be measured by a phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography system. In this study, we explore the capabilities of LSW generated by a circular glass plate in contact with a sample using numerical simulations and tissue-mimicking phantom experiments. Results demonstrate the potential of LSW in detecting an elasticity gradient along axial and lateral directions simultaneously. Finally, LSW are used for the elastography of ex vivo mouse brain and demonstrate important implications in in vivo and in situ measurements of local elasticity changes in brain and how they might correlate with the onset and progression of degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Zvietcovich
- Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Gary R. Ge
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Michael Giannetto
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Jannick P. Rolland
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Kevin J. Parker
- Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
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86
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Wang K, Pierscionek BK. Biomechanics of the human lens and accommodative system: Functional relevance to physiological states. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 71:114-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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87
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Abstract
Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy (GDOCM) is a high-definition imaging technique leveraging principles of low-coherence interferometry, liquid lens technology, high-speed imaging, and precision scanning. GDOCM achieves isotropic 2 μm resolution in 3D, effectively breaking the cellular resolution limit of optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the ten years since its introduction, GDOCM has been used for cellular imaging in 3D in a number of clinical applications, including dermatology, oncology and ophthalmology, as well as to characterize materials in industrial applications. Future developments will enhance the structural imaging capability of GDOCM by adding functional modalities, such as fluorescence and elastography, by estimating thicknesses on the nano-scale, and by incorporating machine learning techniques.
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88
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Shao P, Eltony AM, Seiler TG, Tavakol B, Pineda R, Koller T, Seiler T, Yun SH. Spatially-resolved Brillouin spectroscopy reveals biomechanical abnormalities in mild to advanced keratoconus in vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7467. [PMID: 31097778 PMCID: PMC6522517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence connects the biomechanical properties of tissues to the development of eye diseases such as keratoconus, a disease in which the cornea thins and bulges into a conical shape. However, measuring biomechanical changes in vivo with sufficient sensitivity for disease detection has proven challenging. Here, we demonstrate the diagnostic potential of Brillouin light-scattering microscopy, a modality that measures longitudinal mechanical modulus in tissues with high measurement sensitivity and spatial resolution. We have performed a study of 85 human subjects (93 eyes), consisting of 47 healthy volunteers and 38 keratoconus patients at differing stages of disease, ranging from stage I to stage IV. The Brillouin data in vivo reveal increasing biomechanical inhomogeneity in the cornea with keratoconus progression and biomechanical asymmetry between the left and right eyes at the onset of keratoconus. The receiver operating characteristic analysis of the stage-I patient data indicates that mean Brillouin shift of the cone performs better than corneal thickness and maximum curvature respectively. In conjunction with morphological patterns, Brillouin microscopy may add value for diagnosis of keratoconus and potentially for screening subjects at risk of complications prior to laser eye surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shao
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amira M Eltony
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Theo G Seiler
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Institute for Refractive and Ophthalmic Surgery (IROC), Zürich, 8002, Switzerland.,Universitätsklinik für Augenheilkunde, Inselspital, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Behrouz Tavakol
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Roberto Pineda
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tobias Koller
- Institute for Refractive and Ophthalmic Surgery (IROC), Zürich, 8002, Switzerland
| | - Theo Seiler
- Institute for Refractive and Ophthalmic Surgery (IROC), Zürich, 8002, Switzerland.
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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89
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Kazaili A, Lawman S, Geraghty B, Eliasy A, Zheng Y, Shen Y, Akhtar R. Line-Field Optical Coherence Tomography as a tool for In vitro characterization of corneal biomechanics under physiological pressures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6321. [PMID: 31004101 PMCID: PMC6474860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a lot of interest in accurately characterising corneal biomechanical properties under intraocular pressure (IOP) to help better understand ocular pathologies that are associated with elevated IOP. This study investigates the novel use of Line-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (LF-OCT) as an elastographic tool for accurately measuring mechanical properties of porcine corneas based on volumetric deformation following varying IOPs. A custom-built LF-OCT was used to measure geometrical and corneal surface displacement changes in porcine corneas under a range of IOPs, from 0-60 mmHg. Corneal thickness, elastic properties and hysteresis were calculated as a function of pressure. In addition, the effects of hydration were explored. We found that the elastic modulus increased in a linear fashion with IOP. Corneal thickness was found to reduce with IOP, decreasing 14% from 0 to 60 mmHg. Prolonged hydration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was found to significantly increase the elastic modulus and corneal hysteresis. Our study demonstrates that LF-OCT can be used to accurately measure the elastic properties based on volumetric deformation following physiological pressures. Furthermore, we show that prolonged hydration in PBS has a significant effect on the measured corneal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kazaili
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Samuel Lawman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Brendan Geraghty
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ashkan Eliasy
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - Yalin Zheng
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Yaochun Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
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90
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Sanderson RW, Curatolo A, Wijesinghe P, Chin L, Kennedy BF. Finger-mounted quantitative micro-elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1760-1773. [PMID: 31086702 PMCID: PMC6484987 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a finger-mounted quantitative micro-elastography (QME) probe, capable of measuring the elasticity of biological tissue in a format that avails of the dexterity of the human finger. Finger-mounted QME represents the first demonstration of a wearable elastography probe. The approach realizes optical coherence tomography-based elastography by focusing the optical beam into the sample via a single-mode fiber that is fused to a length of graded-index fiber. The fiber is rigidly affixed to a 3D-printed thimble that is mounted on the finger. Analogous to manual palpation, the probe compresses the tissue through the force exerted by the finger. The resulting deformation is measured using optical coherence tomography. Elasticity is estimated as the ratio of local stress at the sample surface, measured using a compliant layer, to the local strain in the sample. We describe the probe fabrication method and the signal processing developed to achieve accurate elasticity measurements in the presence of motion artifact. We demonstrate the probe's performance in motion-mode scans performed on homogeneous, bi-layer and inclusion phantoms and its ability to measure a thermally-induced increase in elasticity in ex vivo muscle tissue. In addition, we demonstrate the ability to acquire 2D images with the finger-mounted probe where lateral scanning is achieved by swiping the probe across the sample surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan W. Sanderson
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Current address: Visual Optics and Biophotonics Group, Instituto de Óptica “Daza de Valdés”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IO, CSIC), C/Serrano, 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Current address: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Lixin Chin
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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91
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3D Strain and Elasticity Measurement of Layered Biomaterials by Optical Coherence Elastography based on Digital Volume Correlation and Virtual Fields Method. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) mechanical property characterization of biological tissues is essential for physiological and pathological studies. A digital volume correlation (DVC) and virtual fields method (VFM) based 3D optical coherence elastography (OCE) method is developed to quantitatively measure the 3D full-field displacements, strains and elastic parameters of layered biomaterials assuming the isotropy and homogeneity of each layer. The integrated noise-insensitive DVC method can obtain the 3D strain tensor with an accuracy of 10%. Automatic segmentation of the layered materials is realized based on the full field strain and strain gradient. With the strain tensor as input, and in combination with the segmented geometry, the Young’s modulus and Poison’s ratio of each layer of a double-layered material and a pork specimen are obtained by the VFM. This study provides a powerful experimental method for the differentiation of various components of heterogeneous biomaterials, and for the measurement of biomechanics.
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92
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Spahr H, Pfäffle C, Hüttmann G, Hillmann D. Artifacts in speckle tracking and multi-aperture Doppler OCT imaging of lateral motion. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1315-1318. [PMID: 30874639 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In optical coherence tomography (OCT), lateral motion is determined either by speckle tracking or by multi-aperture Doppler OCT. Here we show that both methods may provide incorrect results because, outside the focal plane, non-uniform axial motion is misinterpreted as lateral motion. First, we demonstrate the existence of this artifact by means of a simulation for speckle tracking. Then the physical origin of the artifact and its mathematical relation to defocus and axial motion are explained. It is shown that speckle tracking and multi-aperture Doppler OCT are equally affected by the artifact, which has a considerable effect, even for a defocus of less than one Rayleigh length.
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93
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Ling Y, Meiniel W, Singh-Moon R, Angelini E, Olivo-Marin JC, Hendon CP. Compressed sensing-enabled phase-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:855-871. [PMID: 30696165 PMCID: PMC6410915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a novel phase-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography (PhS-SS-OCT) system. The simultaneously recorded calibration signal, which is commonly used in SS-OCT to stabilize the phase, is randomly sub-sampled during the acquisition, and it is later reconstructed based on the Compressed Sensing (CS) theory. We first mathematically investigated the method, and verified it through computer simulations. We then conducted a vibrational frequency test and a flow velocity measurement in phantoms to demonstrate the system's capability of handling phase-sensitive tasks. The proposed scheme shows excellent phase stability with greatly discounted data bandwidth compared with conventional procedures. We further showcased the usefulness of the system in biological samples by detecting the blood flow in ex vivo swine left marginal artery. The proposed system is compatible with most of the existing SS-OCT systems and could be a preferred solution for future high-speed phase-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | - William Meiniel
- Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom-ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, Paris,
France
- Institut Pasteur, BioImage Analysis unit, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris,
France
| | - Rajinder Singh-Moon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | - Elsa Angelini
- Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom-ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, Paris,
France
- NIHR Imperial BRC, ITMAT Data Science Group, Imperial College, London,
United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | | | - Christine P. Hendon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
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94
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Zhu J, He X, Chen Z. Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography for elasticity assessment of soft tissues. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2019; 54:457-481. [PMID: 31749516 PMCID: PMC6867804 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2018.1467436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of soft tissues are important indicators of tissue functions which can be used for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Elastography, incorporating the principles of elasticity measurements into imaging modalities, provides quantitative assessment of elastic properties of biological tissues. Benefiting from high-resolution, noninvasive and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence elastography (OCE) is an emerging optical imaging modality to characterize and map biomechanical properties of soft tissues. Recently, acoustic radiation force (ARF) OCE has been developed for elasticity measurements of ocular tissues, detection of vascular lesions and monitoring of blood coagulation based on remote and noninvasive ARF excitation to both internal and superficial tissues. Here, we describe the advantages of the ARF-OCE technique, the measurement methods in ARF-OCE, the applications in biomedical detection, current challenges and advances. ARF-OCE technology has the potential to become a powerful tool for in vivo elasticity assessment of biological samples in a non-contact, non-invasive and high-resolution nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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95
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Wu C, Aglyamov SR, Han Z, Singh M, Liu CH, Larin KV. Assessing the biomechanical properties of the porcine crystalline lens as a function of intraocular pressure with optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6455-6466. [PMID: 31065442 PMCID: PMC6491010 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between the biomechanical properties of the crystalline lens and intraocular pressure (IOP) using a confocal acoustic radiation force (ARF) and phase-sensitive optical coherence elastography (OCE) system. ARF induced a small displacement at the apex of porcine lenses in situ at various artificially controlled IOPs. Maximum displacement, relaxation rate, and Young's modulus were utilized to assess the stiffness of the crystalline lens. The results showed that the stiffness of the crystalline increased as IOP increased, but the lens stiffening was not as significant as the stiffening of other ocular tissues such as the cornea and the sclera. A mechanical hysteresis in the lens was also observed while cycling IOP, indicating that the viscoelastic response of the lens is crucial to fully understanding its biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Salavat R Aglyamov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhaolong Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, TX 77584, USA
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96
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Nair A, Liu CH, Das S, Ho T, Du Y, Soomro S, Mohan C, Larin KV. Detecting murine Inflammatory Bowel Disease using Optical Coherence Elastography. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:830-833. [PMID: 30440520 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes regions of ulceration within the interior of the colon. UC is estimated to afflict hundreds of thousands of people in the United States alone. Ultrasonic techniques can detect colitis, but have limited spatial resolution, which frequently results in underdiagnoses. Nevertheless, clinical diagnosis of colitis is still generally performed via colonoscopy. Optical techniques such as confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been proposed as higher resolution alternative imaging modalities to detect colitis. Additionally, IBD can potentially alter tissue biomechanical properties, which cannot be quantified from structural imaging alone. Elastography is a potential method to assess colon biomechanical properties to provide additional contrast for distinguishing healthy and diseased colon tissue. In this work, we induced elastic waves in ex vivo mouse colon tissue using a focused air-pulse. The elastic waves were detected using a phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography system, and the wave velocity was translated into stiffness. Measurements were taken at six random positions for each sample in order to assess regional sample elasticity. The results show distinct differences ($p \lt 0.05$) in the stiffness between healthy and IBD-diseased samples, with a Young's Modulus of $10.2 \pm 3.7$ kPa and $4.9 \pm 0.3$ kPa, respectively. Dispersion analysis presents another parameter to distinguish tissue health. The high frequency components of the phase velocity dispersion curve indicate a variation between healthy and IBD colonic tissue. Our results show that OCE may be useful for detecting IBD noninvasively.
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97
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High myopia induced by form deprivation is associated with altered corneal biomechanical properties in chicks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207189. [PMID: 30419001 PMCID: PMC6231665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a soft, transparent, composite organic tissue, which forms the anterior outer coat of the eyeball. Although high myopia is increasing in prevalence worldwide and is known to alter the structure and biomechanical properties of the sclera, remarkably little is known about its impact on the biomechanics of the cornea. We developed and validated a novel optical-coherence-tomography-indentation probe–to measure corneal biomechanical properties in situ, in chicks having experimentally-induced high myopia, while maintaining intraocular pressure at levels covering the physiological range. We found that the cornea of highly myopic chicks was more steeply curved and softer, at all tested intraocular pressures, than that in contralateral, non-myopic eyes, or in age-matched normal, untreated eyes. These results indicate that the biomechanical properties of the cornea are altered in chicks developing experimentally-induced myopia.
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98
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Spahr H, Pfäffle C, Koch P, Sudkamp H, Hüttmann G, Hillmann D. Interferometric detection of 3D motion using computational subapertures in optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18803-18816. [PMID: 30114142 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) quantifies axial motion with high precision, whereas lateral motion cannot be detected by a mere evaluation of phase changes. This problem was solved by the introduction of three-beam Doppler OCT, which, however, entails a high experimental effort. Here, we present the numerical analogue to this experimental approach. Phase-stable complex-valued OCT datasets, recorded with full-field swept-source OCT, are filtered in the Fourier domain to limit imaging to different computational subapertures. These are used to calculate all three components of the motion vector with interferometric precision. As known from conventional Doppler OCT for axial motion only, the achievable accuracy exceeds the actual imaging resolution by orders of magnitude in all three dimensions. The feasibility of this method is first demonstrated by quantifying micro-rotation of a scattering sample. Subsequently, a potential application is explored by recording the 3D motion vector field of tissue during laser photocoagulation in ex-vivo porcine retina.
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99
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Kolenderska SM, Bräuer B, Vanholsbeeck F. Dispersion mapping as a simple postprocessing step for Fourier domain Optical Coherence Tomography data. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9244. [PMID: 29915367 PMCID: PMC6006180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was originally conceived as a volumetric imaging method. Quickly, OCT images went beyond structural data and started to provide functional information about an object enabling for example visualization of blood flow or tissue elasticity. Minimal or no need for system alterations make functional OCT techniques useful in performing multimodal imaging, where differently contrasted images are produced in a single examination. We propose a method that further extends the current capabilities of OCT and requires no modifications to the system. Our algorithm provides information about the sample's Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) and can be easily applied to any OCT dataset acquired with a Fourier domain system. GVD is calculated from the difference in material's optical thickness measured from two images obtained for different spectral ranges. Instead of using two separate light sources, we propose to apply a filter-based, numerical procedure that synthesizes two spectra from one broadband spectrum. We discuss the limitations of the method and present GVD values for BK7 and sapphire and ocular media: cornea and aqueous humour of a rat eye. Results corroborate previous measurements using two different light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia M Kolenderska
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Bastian Bräuer
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frédérique Vanholsbeeck
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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100
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Wang S, Singh M, Tran TT, Leach J, Aglyamov SR, Larina IV, Martin JF, Larin KV. Biomechanical assessment of myocardial infarction using optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:728-742. [PMID: 29552408 PMCID: PMC5854074 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to cardiomyocyte loss, impaired cardiac function, and heart failure. Molecular genetic analyses of myocardium in mouse models of ischemic heart disease have provided great insight into the mechanisms of heart regeneration, which is promising for novel therapies after MI. Although biomechanical factors are considered an important aspect in cardiomyocyte proliferation, there are limited methods for mechanical assessment of the heart in the mouse MI model. This prevents further understanding the role of tissue biomechanics in cardiac regeneration. Here we report optical coherence elastography (OCE) of the mouse heart after MI. Surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed to induce an infarction in the heart. Two OCE methods with assessment of the direction-dependent elastic wave propagation and the spatially resolved displacement damping provide complementary analyses of the left ventricle. In comparison with sham, the infarcted heart features a fibrotic scar region with reduced elastic wave velocity, decreased natural frequency, and less mechanical anisotropy at the tissue level at the sixth week post-MI, suggesting lower and more isotropic stiffness. Our results indicate that OCE can be utilized for nondestructive biomechanical characterization of MI in the mouse model, which could serve as a useful tool in the study of heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Thuy Tien Tran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John Leach
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Salavat R. Aglyamov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia
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