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Menon RG, de Moura HL, Kijowski R, Regatte RR. Age and gender differences in lumbar intervertebral disk strain using mechanical loading magnetic resonance imaging. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4999. [PMID: 37409683 PMCID: PMC10876068 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate age- and gender-related differences in lumbar intervertebral disk (IVD) strain with the use of static mechanical loading and continuous three-dimensional (3D) golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) MRI. A continuous 3D-GRASP stack-of-stars trajectory of the lumbar spine was performed on a 3-T scanner with static mechanical loading. Compressed sensing reconstruction, motion deformation maps, and Lagrangian strain maps during loading and recovery in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions were calculated for segmented IVD segments from L1/L2 to L5/S1. Mean IVD height was measured at rest. Spearman coefficients were used to evaluate the associations between age and global IVD height and global IVD strain. Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare global IVD height and global IVD strain in males and females. The prospective study enrolled 20 healthy human volunteers (10 males, 10 females; age 34.6 ± 11.4 [mean ± SD], range 22-56 years). Significant increases in compressive strain were observed with age, as evidenced by negative correlations between age and global IVD strain during loading (ρ = -0.76, p = 0.0046) and recovery (ρ = -0.68, p = 0.0251) in the loading X-direction. There was no significant correlation between age and global IVD height, global IVD strain during loading and recovery in the Y-direction, and global IVD strain during loading and recovery in the Z-direction. There were no significant differences between males and females in global IVD height and global IVD strain during loading and recovery in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions. It was concluded that our study demonstrated the significant role aging plays in internal dynamic strains in the lumbar IVD during loading and recovery. Older healthy individuals have reduced IVD stiffness and greater IVD compression during static mechanical loading of the lumbar spine. The GRASP-MRI technique demonstrates the feasibility to identify changes in IVD mechanical properties with early IVD degeneration due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv G. Menon
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Hector L. de Moura
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Richard Kijowski
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Ravinder R. Regatte
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
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2
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Woodhams LG, Guo J, Schuftan D, Boyle JJ, Pryse KM, Elson EL, Huebsch N, Genin GM. Virtual blebbistatin: A robust and rapid software approach to motion artifact removal in optical mapping of cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212949120. [PMID: 37695908 PMCID: PMC10515162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212949120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent reporters of cardiac electrophysiology provide valuable information on heart cell and tissue function. However, motion artifacts caused by cardiac muscle contraction interfere with accurate measurement of fluorescence signals. Although drugs such as blebbistatin can be applied to stop cardiac tissue from contracting by uncoupling calcium-contraction, their usage prevents the study of excitation-contraction coupling and, as we show, impacts cellular structure. We therefore developed a robust method to remove motion computationally from images of contracting cardiac muscle and to map fluorescent reporters of cardiac electrophysiological activity onto images of undeformed tissue. When validated on cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in both monolayers and engineered tissues, the method enabled efficient and robust reduction of motion artifact. As with pharmacologic approaches using blebbistatin for motion removal, our algorithm improved the accuracy of optical mapping, as demonstrated by spatial maps of calcium transient decay. However, unlike pharmacologic motion removal, our computational approach allowed direct analysis of calcium-contraction coupling. Results revealed calcium-contraction coupling to be more uniform across cells within engineered tissues than across cells in monolayer culture. The algorithm shows promise as a robust and accurate tool for optical mapping studies of excitation-contraction coupling in heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis G Woodhams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Jingxuan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - David Schuftan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - John J Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kenneth M Pryse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elliot L Elson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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3
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Kryvyi S, Kret S, Domagala JZ, Wojnar P. Reconstruction of three-dimensional strain field in an asymmetrical curved core-shell hetero-nanowire. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:445705. [PMID: 37524071 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acebf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystal orientation and strain mapping of an individual curved and asymmetrical core-shell hetero-nanowire (NW) is performed based on transmission electron microscopy. It relies on a comprehensive analysis of scanning nanobeam electron diffraction data obtained for 1.3 nm electron probe size. The proposed approach also handles the problem of appearing twinning defects on diffraction patterns and allows for the investigation of materials with high defect densities. Based on the experimental maps and their comparison with finite element simulations, the entire core-shell geometry including full three-dimensional strain distribution within the curved core-shell NW are obtained. Our approach represents, therefore, a low-dose quasi-tomography of the strain field within a nanoobject using only a single zone axis diffraction experiment. Our approach is applicable also for electron beam-sensitive materials for which performing conventional tomography is a difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Kryvyi
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kret
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Z Domagala
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojnar
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Damen FW, Gramling DP, Ahlf Wheatcraft D, Wilpan RY, Costa MW, Goergen CJ. Application of 4-D ultrasound-derived regional strain and proteomics analysis in Nkx2-5-deficient male mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H293-H310. [PMID: 37326999 PMCID: PMC10393333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00733.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive characterization of cardiac structure and function is critical to better understanding various murine models of cardiac disease. We demonstrate here a multimodal analysis approach using high-frequency four-dimensional ultrasound (4DUS) imaging and proteomics to explore the relationship between regional function and tissue composition in a murine model of metabolic cardiomyopathy (Nkx2-5183P/+). The presented 4DUS analysis outlines a novel approach to mapping both circumferential and longitudinal strain profiles through a standardized framework. We then demonstrate how this approach allows for spatiotemporal comparisons of cardiac function and improved localization of regional left ventricular dysfunction. Guided by observed trends in regional dysfunction, our targeted Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) results highlight metabolic dysregulation in the Nkx2-5183P/+ model, including altered mitochondrial function and energy metabolism (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid/lipid handling). Finally, we present a combined 4DUS-proteomics z-score-based analysis that highlights IPA canonical pathways showing strong linear relationships with 4DUS biomarkers of regional cardiac dysfunction. The presented multimodal analysis methods aim to help future studies more comprehensively assess regional structure-function relationships in other preclinical models of cardiomyopathy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A multimodal approach using both four-dimensional ultrasound (4DUS) and regional proteomics can help enhance our investigations of murine cardiomyopathy models. We present unique 4DUS-derived strain maps that provide a framework for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of spatiotemporal cardiac function. We further detail and demonstrate an innovative 4DUS-proteomics z-score-based linear regression method, aimed at characterizing relationships between regional cardiac dysfunction and underlying mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Damen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Daniel P Gramling
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | | | | | - Mauro W Costa
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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5
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Fleck EE, Barone MR, Nair HP, Schreiber NJ, Dawley NM, Schlom DG, Goodge BH, Kourkoutis LF. Atomic-Scale Mapping and Quantification of Local Ruddlesden-Popper Phase Variations. Nano Lett 2022; 22:10095-10101. [PMID: 36473700 PMCID: PMC9801418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Ruddlesden-Popper (An+1BnO3n+1) compounds are highly tunable materials whose functional properties can be dramatically impacted by their structural phase n. The negligible differences in formation energies for different n can produce local structural variations arising from small stoichiometric deviations. Here, we present a Python analysis platform to detect, measure, and quantify the presence of different n-phases based on atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. We employ image phase analysis to identify horizontal Ruddlesden-Popper faults within the lattice images and quantify the local structure. Our semiautomated technique considers effects of finite projection thickness, limited fields of view, and lateral sampling rates. This method retains real-space distribution of layer variations allowing for spatial mapping of local n-phases to enable quantification of intergrowth occurrence and qualitative description of their distribution suitable for a wide range of layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Fleck
- School
of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew R. Barone
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hari P. Nair
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. Schreiber
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Natalie M. Dawley
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Darrell G. Schlom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli
Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Leibniz-Institut
für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berit H. Goodge
- School
of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F. Kourkoutis
- School
of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli
Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Sen HS, Daghbouj N, Callisti M, Vronka M, Karlík M, Duchoň J, Čech J, Lorinčík J, Havránek V, Bábor P, Polcar T. Interface-Driven Strain in Heavy Ion-Irradiated Zr/Nb Nanoscale Metallic Multilayers: Validation of Distortion Modeling via Local Strain Mapping. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12777-12796. [PMID: 35235286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanolayered metallic alloys are promising materials for nuclear applications thanks to their resistance to radiation damage. Here, we investigate the effect of ion (C, Si, and Cu) irradiation at room temperature with different fluences into sputtered Zr/Nb metallic multilayer films with periods 27 nm (thin) and 96 nm (thick). After irradiation, while a high strain in the entire thin nanoscale metallic multilayer (NMM) is observed, a quite small strain in the entire thick NMM is established. This difference is further analyzed by a semianalytical model, and the reasons behind it are revealed, which are also validated by local strain mapping. Both methods show that within a thick layer, two opposite distortions occur, making the overall strain small, whereas in a thin layer, all the atomic planes are affected by the interface and are subjected to only a single type of distortion (Nb─tension and Zr─compression). In both thin and thick NMMs, with increasing damage, the strain around the interface increases, resulting in a release of the elastic energy at the interface (decrease in the lattice mismatch), and the radiation-induced transition of the Zr/Nb interfaces from incoherent to partially coherent occurs. Density functional theory simulations decipher that the inequality of point defect diffusion flux from the inner to the interface-affected region is responsible for the presence of opposite distortions within a layer. Technologically, based on this work, we estimated that Zr/Nb55 with thicknesses around Zr = 24 nm and Nb = 31 nm is the most promising multilayer system with the high radiation damage resistance and minimum swelling for nuclear applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Sener Sen
- Department of Control Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Nabil Daghbouj
- Department of Control Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Mauro Callisti
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Vronka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Karlík
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trojanova 13, 120 00 Prague 2, Czechia
- Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Jan Duchoň
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Čech
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trojanova 13, 120 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Jan Lorinčík
- Research Centre Rez, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Havránek
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czechia
| | - Petr Bábor
- CEITEC─Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 616 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Polcar
- Department of Control Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czechia
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7
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Kryvyi S, Kret S, Wojnar P. Precise strain mapping of nano-twinned axial ZnTe/CdTe hetero-nanowires by scanning nanobeam electron diffraction. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:195704. [PMID: 34874318 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3fe3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of strain is inevitable for the growth of lattice mismatched heterostructures. It affects greatly the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of nano-objects. It is also the case for nanowires which are characterized by a high surface to volume ratio. Thus, the knowledge of the strain distribution in nano-objects is critically important for their implementation into devices. This paper presents an experimental data for II-VI semiconductor system. Scanning nanobeam electron diffraction strain mapping technique for hetero-nanowires characterized by a large lattice mismatch (>6% in the case of CdTe/ZnTe) and containing segments with nano-twins has been described. The spatial resolution of about 2 nm is 10 times better than obtained in synchrotron nanobeam systems. The proposed approach allows us to overcome the difficulties related to nanowire thickness variations during the acquisition of the nano-beam electron diffraction data. In addition, the choice of optimal parameters used for the acquisition of nano-beam diffraction data for strain mapping has been discussed. The knowledge of the strain distribution enables, in our particular case, the improvement of the growth model of extremely strained axial nanowires synthetized by vapor-liquid solid growth mechanism. However, our method can be applied for the strain mapping in nanowire heterostructures grown by any other method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Kryvyi
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kret
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojnar
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Torma AJ, Li W, Zhang H, Tu Q, Klepov VV, Brennan MC, McCleese CL, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Katan C, Even J, Holt MV, Grusenmeyer TA, Jiang J, Pachter R, Kanatzidis MG, Blancon JC, Mohite AD. Interstitial Nature of Mn 2+ Doping in 2D Perovskites. ACS Nano 2021; 15:20550-20561. [PMID: 34882393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites doped with magnetic impurities (such as the transition metals Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+) are being explored for a wide range of applications beyond photovoltaics, such as spintronic devices, stable light-emitting diodes, single-photon emitters, and magneto-optical devices. However, despite several recent studies, there is no consensus on whether the doped magnetic ions will predominantly replace the octahedral B-site metal via substitution or reside at interstitial defect sites. Here, by performing correlated nanoscale X-ray microscopy, spatially and temporally resolved photoluminescence measurements, and magnetic force microscopy on the inorganic 2D perovskite Cs2PbI2Cl2, we show that doping Mn2+ into the structure results in a lattice expansion. The observed lattice expansion contrasts with the predicted contraction expected to arise from the B-site metal substitution, thus implying that Mn2+ does not replace the Pb2+ sites. Photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements confirm the presence of Mn2+ in the lattice, while correlated nano-XRD and X-ray fluorescence track the local strain and chemical composition. Density functional theory calculations predict that Mn2+ atoms reside at the interstitial sites between two octahedra in the triangle formed by one Cl- and two I- atoms, which results in a locally expanded structure. These measurements show the fate of the transition metal dopants, the local structure, and optical emission when they are doped at dilute concentrations into a wide band gap semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Torma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Vladislav V Klepov
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael C Brennan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher L McCleese
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- General Dynamics Information Technology, 5000 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claudine Katan
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Martin V Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Blancon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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9
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Villegas-Armenta LA, Wanjara P, Gholipour J, Nakatsugawa I, Chino Y, Pekguleryuz M. Linear Friction Welding of an AZ91 Magnesium Alloy and the Effect of Ca Additions on the Weld Characteristics. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3130. [PMID: 34200334 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state welding offers distinct advantages for joining reactive materials, such as magnesium (Mg) and its alloys. This study investigates the effect of linear friction welding (LFW) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast AZ91 (Mg–9Al–1Zn) and AZ91–2Ca alloys, which (to the best knowledge of the authors) has not been reported in the literature. Using the same set of LFW process parameters, similar alloy joints—namely, AZ91/AZ91 and AZ91–2Ca/AZ91–2Ca—were manufactured and found to exhibit integral bonding at the interface without defects, such as porosity, inclusions, and/or cracking. Microstructural examination of the AZ91/AZ91 joint revealed dissolution of the Al-rich second phase in the weld zone, while the Mn containing phases remained and were refined. In the AZ91–2Ca/AZ91–2Ca joint, the weld zone retained Ca- and Mn-rich phases, which were also refined due to the LFW process. In both joint types, extensive recrystallization occurred during LFW, as evidenced by the refinement of the grains from ~1000 µm in the base materials to roughly 2–6 µm in the weld zone. These microstructural changes in the AZ91/AZ91 and AZ91–2Ca/AZ91–2Ca joints increased the hardness in the weld zone by 32%. The use of digital image correlation for strain mapping along the sample gage length during tensile testing revealed that the local strains were about 50% lower in the weld zone relative to the AZ91 and AZ91–2Ca base materials. This points to the higher strength of the weld zone in the AZ91/AZ91 and AZ91–2Ca/AZ91–2Ca joints due to the fine grain size, second phase refinement, and strong basal texture. Final fracture during tensile loading of both joints occurred in the base materials.
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10
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Damen FW, Salvas JP, Pereyra AS, Ellis JM, Goergen CJ. Improving characterization of hypertrophy-induced murine cardiac dysfunction using four-dimensional ultrasound-derived strain mapping. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H197-H207. [PMID: 34085843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00133.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of cardiac disease have become essential tools in the study of pathological mechanisms, but the small size of rodents makes it challenging to quantify heart function with noninvasive imaging. Building off recent developments in high-frequency four-dimensional ultrasound (4DUS) imaging, we have applied this technology to study cardiac dysfunction progression in a murine model of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac knockout of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Cpt2M-/-) in mice hinders cardiomyocyte bioenergetic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, and leads to progressive cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The proposed analysis provides a standardized approach to measure localized wall kinematics and simultaneously extracts metrics of global cardiac function, LV morphometry, regional circumferential strain, and regional longitudinal strain from an interpolated 4-D mesh of the endo- and epicardial boundaries. Comparison of metric changes due to aging suggests that circumferential strain at the base and longitudinal strain along the posterior wall are most sensitive to disease progression. We further introduce a novel hybrid strain index (HSI) that incorporates information from these two regions and may have greater utility to characterize disease progression relative to other extracted metrics. Potential applications to additional disease models are discussed that could further demonstrate the utility of metrics derived from 4DUS imaging and strain mapping.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-frequency four-dimensional ultrasound can be used in conjunction with standardized analysis procedures to simultaneously extract left-ventricular global function, morphometry, and regional strain metrics. Furthermore, a novel hybrid strain index (HSI) formula demonstrates greater performance compared with all other metrics in characterizing disease progression in a model of metabolic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Damen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - John P Salvas
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Andrea S Pereyra
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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11
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Yang D, Phillips NW, Song K, Harder RJ, Cha W, Hofmann F. Annealing of focused ion beam damage in gold microcrystals: an in situ Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging study. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:550-565. [PMID: 33650568 PMCID: PMC7941296 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520016264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam (FIB) techniques are commonly used to machine, analyse and image materials at the micro- and nanoscale. However, FIB modifies the integrity of the sample by creating defects that cause lattice distortions. Methods have been developed to reduce FIB-induced strain; however, these protocols need to be evaluated for their effectiveness. Here, non-destructive Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging is used to study the in situ annealing of FIB-milled gold microcrystals. Two non-collinear reflections are simultaneously measured for two different crystals during a single annealing cycle, demonstrating the ability to reliably track the location of multiple Bragg peaks during thermal annealing. The thermal lattice expansion of each crystal is used to calculate the local temperature. This is compared with thermocouple readings, which are shown to be substantially affected by thermal resistance. To evaluate the annealing process, each reflection is analysed by considering facet area evolution, cross-correlation maps of the displacement field and binarized morphology, and average strain plots. The crystal's strain and morphology evolve with increasing temperature, which is likely to be caused by the diffusion of gallium in gold below ∼280°C and the self-diffusion of gold above ∼280°C. The majority of FIB-induced strains are removed by 380-410°C, depending on which reflection is being considered. These observations highlight the importance of measuring multiple reflections to unambiguously interpret material behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Song
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J. Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Felix Hofmann
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Sovetsky AA, Hepburn MS, Mowla A, Kennedy BF. Strain and elasticity imaging in compression optical coherence elastography: The two-decade perspective and recent advances. J Biophotonics 2021; 14:e202000257. [PMID: 32749033 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of deformation and elasticity in optical coherence tomography has attracted much attention of researchers during the last two decades. However, despite intense effort it took ~15 years to demonstrate optical coherence elastography (OCE) as a practically useful technique. Similarly to medical ultrasound, where elastography was first realized using the quasi-static compression principle and later shear-wave-based systems were developed, in OCE these two approaches also developed in parallel. However, although the compression OCE (C-OCE) was proposed historically earlier in the seminal paper by J. Schmitt in 1998, breakthroughs in quantitative mapping of genuine local strains and the Young's modulus in C-OCE have been reported only recently and have not yet obtained sufficient attention in reviews. In this overview, we focus on underlying principles of C-OCE; discuss various practical challenges in its realization and present examples of biomedical applications of C-OCE. The figure demonstrates OCE-visualization of complex transient strains in a corneal sample heated by an infrared laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Matt S Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Mowla
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Cao Y, Assefa T, Banerjee S, Wieteska A, Zi-Ren Wang D, Pasupathy A, Tong X, Liu Y, Lu W, Sun YP, He Y, Huang X, Yan H, Chu YS, Billinge SJL, Robinson IK. Complete Strain Mapping of Nanosheets of Tantalum Disulfide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:43173-43179. [PMID: 32833418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) materials hold promise for future electronics because of their unique band structures that result in electronic and mechanical properties sensitive to crystal strains in all three dimensions. Quantifying crystal strain is a prerequisite to correlating it with the performance of the device and calls for high resolution but spatially resolved rapid characterization methods. Here, we show that using fly-scan nano X-ray diffraction, we can accomplish a tensile strain sensitivity below 0.001% with a spatial resolution of better than 80 nm over a spatial extent of 100 μm on quasi-2D flakes of 1T-TaS2. Coherent diffraction patterns were collected from a ∼100 nm thick sheet of 1T-TaS2 by scanning a 12 keV focused X-ray beam across and rotating the sample. We demonstrate that the strain distribution around micron- and submicron-sized "bubbles" that are present in the sample may be reconstructed from these images. The experiments use state-of-the-art synchrotron instrumentation and will allow rapid and nonintrusive strain mapping of thin-film samples and electronic devices based on quasi-2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tadesse Assefa
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Soham Banerjee
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew Wieteska
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dennis Zi-Ren Wang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abhay Pasupathy
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- High Magnetic Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hanfei Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yong S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Simon J L Billinge
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ian K Robinson
- Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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14
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Lee CH, Khan A, Luo D, Santos TP, Shi C, Janicek BE, Kang S, Zhu W, Sobh NA, Schleife A, Clark BK, Huang PY. Deep Learning Enabled Strain Mapping of Single-Atom Defects in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Sub-Picometer Precision. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3369-3377. [PMID: 32243178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer an ideal platform to study the strain fields induced by individual atomic defects, yet challenges associated with radiation damage have so far limited electron microscopy methods to probe these atomic-scale strain fields. Here, we demonstrate an approach to probe single-atom defects with sub-picometer precision in a monolayer 2D transition metal dichalcogenide, WSe2-2xTe2x. We utilize deep learning to mine large data sets of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy images to locate and classify point defects. By combining hundreds of images of nominally identical defects, we generate high signal-to-noise class averages which allow us to measure 2D atomic spacings with up to 0.2 pm precision. Our methods reveal that Se vacancies introduce complex, oscillating strain fields in the WSe2-2xTe2x lattice that correspond to alternating rings of lattice expansion and contraction. These results indicate the potential impact of computer vision for the development of high-precision electron microscopy methods for beam-sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Di Luo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tatiane P Santos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Blanka E Janicek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sangmin Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nahil A Sobh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - André Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bryan K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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15
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Baum OI, Zaitsev VY, Yuzhakov AV, Sviridov AP, Novikova ML, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Sovetsky AA, Sobol EN. Interplay of temperature, thermal-stresses and strains in laser-assisted modification of collagenous tissues: Speckle-contrast and OCT-based studies. J Biophotonics 2020; 13:e201900199. [PMID: 31568651 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Moderate heating of collagenous tissues such as cartilage and cornea by infrared laser irradiation can produce biologically nondestructive structural rearrangements and relaxation of internal stresses resulting in the tissue reshaping. The reshaping results and eventual changes in optical and biological properties of the tissue strongly depend on the laser-irradiation regime. Here, a speckle-contrast technique based on monochromatic illumination of the tissue in combination with strain mapping by means of optical coherence elastography (OCE) is applied to reveal the interplay between the temperature and thermal stress fields producing tissue modifications. The speckle-based technique ensured en face visualization of cross correlation and contrast of speckle images, with evolving proportions between contributions of temperature increase and thermal-stresses determined by temperature gradients. The speckle-technique findings are corroborated by quantitative OCE-based depth-resolved imaging of irradiation-induced strain-evolution. The revealed relationships can be used for real-time control of the reshaping procedures (e.g., for laser shaping of cartilaginous implants in otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery) and optimization of the laser-irradiation regimes to ensure the desired reshaping using lower and biologically safer temperatures. The figure of waterfall OCE-image demonstrates how the strain-rate maximum arising in the heating-beam center gradually splits and drifts towards the zones of maximal thermal stresses located at the temperature-profile slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Baum
- Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Photon Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V Yuzhakov
- Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Photon Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander P Sviridov
- Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Photon Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria L Novikova
- Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Photon Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Emil N Sobol
- IPG Medical Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts
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16
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Gelikonov GV, Baum OI, Omelchenko AI, Shabanov DV, Sovetsky AA, Yuzhakov AV, Fedorov AA, Siplivy VI, Bolshunov AV, Sobol EN. Revealing structural modifications in thermomechanical reshaping of collagenous tissues using optical coherence elastography. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800250. [PMID: 30417604 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Moderate heating of such collagenous tissues as cornea and cartilages by infra-red laser (IR laser) irradiation is an emerging technology for nondestructive modification of the tissue shape and microstructure for a variety of applications in ophthalmology, otolaryngology and so on. Postirradiation high-resolution microscopic examination indicates the appearance of microscopic either spheroidal or crack-like narrow pores depending on the tissue type and irradiation regime. Such examinations usually require special tissue preparation (eg, staining, drying that affect microstructure themselves) and are mostly suitable for studying individual pores, whereas evaluation of their averaged parameters, especially in situ, is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to visualize areas of pore initiation and evaluate their averaged properties by combining visualization of residual irradiation-induced tissue dilatation and evaluation of the accompanying Young-modulus reduction by OCT-based compressional elastography. We show that the averaged OCT-based data obtained in situ fairly well agree with the microscopic examination results. The results obtained develop the basis for effective and safe applications of novel nondestructive laser technologies of tissue modification in clinical practice. PICTURE: Elastographic OCT-based images of an excised rabbit eye cornea subjected to thermomechanical laser-assisted reshaping. Central panel shows resultant cumulative dilatation in cornea after moderate (~45-50°C) pulse-periodic heating by an IR laser together with distribution of the inverse Young modulus 1/E before (left) and after (right) IR irradiation. Significant modulus decrease in the center of irradiated region is caused by initiated micropores. Their parameters can be extracted by analyzing the elastographic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Grigory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga I Baum
- Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I Omelchenko
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Shabanov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V Yuzhakov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Emil N Sobol
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- IPG Medical Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts
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17
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Zeng L, Gammer C, Ozdol B, Nordqvist T, Nygård J, Krogstrup P, Minor AM, Jäger W, Olsson E. Correlation between Electrical Transport and Nanoscale Strain in InAs/In 0.6Ga 0.4As Core-Shell Nanowires. Nano Lett 2018; 18:4949-4956. [PMID: 30044917 PMCID: PMC6166997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing semiconductor nanowires constitute an ideal material system for the direct manipulation of electrical and optical properties by strain engineering. In this study, we present a direct quantitative correlation between electrical conductivity and nanoscale lattice strain of individual InAs nanowires passivated with a thin epitaxial In0.6Ga0.4As shell. With an in situ electron microscopy electromechanical testing technique, we show that the piezoresistive response of the nanowires is greatly enhanced compared to bulk InAs, and that uniaxial elastic strain leads to increased conductivity, which can be explained by a strain-induced reduction in the band gap. In addition, we observe inhomogeneity in strain distribution, which could have a reverse effect on the conductivity by increasing the scattering of charge carriers. These results provide a direct correlation of nanoscale mechanical strain and electrical transport properties in free-standing nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Zeng
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Gammer
- Erich
Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian
Academy of Sciences, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Burak Ozdol
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas Nordqvist
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-University
Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Mukherjee S, Givan U, Senz S, de la Mata M, Arbiol J, Moutanabbir O. Reduction of Thermal Conductivity in Nanowires by Combined Engineering of Crystal Phase and Isotope Disorder. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3066-3075. [PMID: 29694788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires are a versatile platform to investigate and harness phonon and thermal transport phenomena in nanoscale systems. With this perspective, we demonstrate herein the use of crystal phase and mass disorder as effective degrees of freedom to manipulate the behavior of phonons and control the flow of local heat in silicon nanowires. The investigated nanowires consist of isotopically pure and isotopically mixed nanowires bearing either a pure diamond cubic or a cubic-rhombohedral polytypic crystal phase. The nanowires with tailor-made isotopic compositions were grown using isotopically enriched silane precursors 28SiH4, 29SiH4, and 30SiH4 with purities better than 99.9%. The analysis of polytypic nanowires revealed ordered and modulated inclusions of lamellar rhombohedral silicon phases toward the center in otherwise diamond-cubic lattice with negligible interphase biaxial strain. Raman nanothermometry was employed to investigate the rate at which the local temperature of single suspended nanowires evolves in response to locally generated heat. Our analysis shows that the lattice thermal conductivity in nanowires can be tuned over a broad range by combining the effects of isotope disorder and the nature and degree of polytypism on phonon scattering. We found that the thermal conductivity can be reduced by up to ∼40% relative to that of isotopically pure nanowires, with the lowest value being recorded for the rhombohedral phase in isotopically mixed 28Si x30Si1- x nanowires with composition close to the highest mass disorder ( x ∼ 0.5). These results shed new light on the fundamentals of nanoscale thermal transport and lay the groundwork to design innovative phononic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Engineering Physics , École Polytechnique de Montréal , C. P. 6079, Succursale Centre-Ville , Montreal , Québec H3C 3A7 , Canada
| | - U Givan
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , D 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - S Senz
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , D 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - M de la Mata
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB, Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Catalonia Spain
| | - J Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB, Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Catalonia Spain
- ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Catalonia Spain
| | - O Moutanabbir
- Department of Engineering Physics , École Polytechnique de Montréal , C. P. 6079, Succursale Centre-Ville , Montreal , Québec H3C 3A7 , Canada
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19
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Gelikonov GV, Omelchenko AI, Baum OI, Avetisov SE, Bolshunov AV, Siplivy VI, Shabanov DV, Vitkin A, Sobol EN. Optical coherence elastography for strain dynamics measurements in laser correction of cornea shape. J Biophotonics 2017; 10:1450-1463. [PMID: 28493426 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of elastographic processing in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) for visualizing dynamics of strain and tissue-shape changes during laser-induced photothermal corneal reshaping, for applications in the emerging field of non-destructive and non-ablative (non-LASIK) laser vision correction. The proposed phase-processing approach based on fairly sparse data acquisition enabled rapid data processing and near-real-time visualization of dynamic strains. The approach avoids conventional phase unwrapping, yet allows for mapping strains even for significantly supra-wavelength inter-frame displacements of scatterers accompanied by multiple phase-wrapping. These developments bode well for real-time feedback systems for controlling the dynamics of corneal deformation with 10-100 ms temporal resolution, and for suitably long-term monitoring of resultant reshaping of the cornea. In ex-vivo experiments with excised rabbit eyes, we demonstrate temporal plastification of cornea that allows shape changes relevant for vision-correction applications without affecting its transparency. We demonstrate OCT's ability to detect achieving of threshold temperatures required for tissue plastification and simultaneously characterize transient and cumulative strain distributions, surface displacements, and scattering tissue properties. Comparison with previously used methods for studying laser-induced reshaping of cartilaginous tissues and numerical simulations is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Grigory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander I Omelchenko
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Baum
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Dmitry V Shabanov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alex Vitkin
- University Health Network and University of Toronto, 101 College street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1 L7, Canada
| | - Emil N Sobol
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Car D, Conesa-Boj S, Zhang H, Op Het Veld RLM, de Moor MWA, Fadaly EMT, Gül Ö, Kölling S, Plissard SR, Toresen V, Wimmer MT, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kouwenhoven LP, Bakkers EPAM. InSb Nanowires with Built-In Ga xIn 1-xSb Tunnel Barriers for Majorana Devices. Nano Lett 2017; 17:721-727. [PMID: 28173706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Majorana zero modes (MZMs), prime candidates for topological quantum bits, are detected as zero bias conductance peaks (ZBPs) in tunneling spectroscopy measurements. Implementation of a narrow and high tunnel barrier in the next generation of Majorana devices can help to achieve the theoretically predicted quantized height of the ZBP. We propose a material-oriented approach to engineer a sharp and narrow tunnel barrier by synthesizing a thin axial segment of GaxIn1-xSb within an InSb nanowire. By varying the precursor molar fraction and the growth time, we accurately control the composition and the length of the barriers. The height and the width of the GaxIn1-xSb tunnel barrier are extracted from the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) fits to the experimental I-V traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Car
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Conesa-Boj
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roy L M Op Het Veld
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W A de Moor
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elham M T Fadaly
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Önder Gül
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Kölling
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vigdis Toresen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T Wimmer
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Leo P Kouwenhoven
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Lancaster TS, Kar J, Cupps BP, Henn MC, Kulshrestha K, Koerner DJ, Pasque MK. Topographic mapping of left ventricular regional contractile injury in ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:149-158.e1. [PMID: 28109612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restrictive leaflet tethering resulting from regional left ventricular (LV) contractile injury causes ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR). We hypothesized that 3-dimensional LV topographic mapping by MRI-based multiparametric strain analysis could characterize the regional contractile injury patterns that differentiate ischemic coronary artery disease patients who have ischemic MR from those who do not. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging-based multiparametric strain data were calculated for 15,300 LV grid points in 100 normal volunteers. Strain parameters from ischemic MR (n = 10) and ischemic no-MR (n = 36) patients were then normalized to this normal human strain database with z score quantification of standard deviation from the normal mean. Mean multiparametric strain z scores were calculated for 18 LV subregions (basilar/mid/apical levels; 6 LV regions). Mean strain z scores for papillary muscle-related (basilar/mid levels of anterolateral, posterolateral, and posterior) and nonpapillary muscle-related (all other) subregions were compared between ischemic MR and ischemic no-MR groups. RESULTS Across all patients, contractile injury was greater in the papillary muscle-related regions compared with the nonpapillary regions (P = .007). In the papillary regions, contractile injury was greater in the ischemic MR group compared with the no-MR group (z scores, 1.91 ± 1.13 vs 1.20 ± 1.01, respectively; P < .001). Strain values in the nonpapillary muscle-related subregions were not different between the 2 groups (1.31 ± 1.04 vs 1.20 ± 1.03; P = .301). CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric strain analysis demonstrated severe normalized contractile injury in the papillary muscle-related LV subregions in patients with ischemic MR. The mean degree of normalized injury approached 2 standard deviations and was significantly worse than the levels seen in ischemic no-MR patients.
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22
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Hoang VV, Cho Y, Yoo JH, Hong SK, Choi YH, Choi S, Jung W, Jeong CK, Yang JM. Strain mapping in a nanoscale-triangular SiGe pattern by dark-field electron holography with medium magnification mode. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:499-507. [PMID: 27609112 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a great deal of progress in the development of transmission electron microscopy-based techniques for strain measurement. Dark-field electron holography (DFEH) is a new technique offering configuration of the off-axis principle. Using this technique with medium magnification (Holo-M), we carried out strain measurements in nanoscale-triangular SiGe/(001) Si with (004), (2-20) and (-111) diffraction spots. The reconstruction of holograms and interpretation of strain maps in term of strain precision were discussed and the strain distributions in the SiGe/(001) Si patterns were visualized. Based on linear anisotropic elastic theory for strain simulation, the simulated results obtained by the finite element method compared with the experimental results acquired by DFEH. The strain values were found to be 0.9-1.0%, 1.1-1.2% and 1.0-1.1%, for the (004), (2-20) and (-111) diffracted beams, respectively, and the strain precisions were determined to be ~2.1 × 10-3, 3.2 × 10-3 and 9.1 × 10-3 for the corresponding diffraction spots. As a result, DFEH is highlighted as a powerful technique for strain measurement, offering high-strain precision, high-spatial resolution and a large field of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vuong Hoang
- Department of Measurement and Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134
| | - Youngji Cho
- Department of Measurement and Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141
| | - Jung Ho Yoo
- Department of Measurement and Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141
| | - Soon-Ku Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134
| | - Yong Ho Choi
- Department of Aero-Materials Engineering, Jungwon University, Chungbuk, Goesan 28024
| | - Sungha Choi
- FC R&D Team, Eugene Technology, Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi, Yongin 17156
| | - Wooduck Jung
- FC R&D Team, Eugene Technology, Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi, Yongin 17156
| | - Chang Kyu Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141.,KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury (KINC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Yang
- Department of Measurement and Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141
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23
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Abstract
The elastic properties of tissues are expected to provide novel information for use in diagnosing pathologic changes in tissues and discriminating between malignant and benign tumors. Because it is hard to directly estimate the elastic modulus distribution from echo signals, methods for imaging the distribution of tissue strain under static compression are being widely investigated. Imaging the distribution of strain has proven to be useful for detecting disease tissues on the basis of their differences in elastic properties, although it is more qualitative than elastic modulus distribution. Many approaches to obtaining strain images from echo signals have been proposed. Most of these approaches use the spatial correlation technique, a method of detecting tissue displacement that provides maximum correlation between the echo signal obtained before and the one obtained after compression. Those methods are not suited for real-time processing, however, because of the amount of computation time they require. An alternative approach is a phase-tracking method, which is analogous to Doppler blood flowmetry. Although it can realize the rapid detection of displacement, the aliasing effect prevents its application to the large displacements that are necessary to improve the S/N ratio of the strain image. We therefore developed a more useful technique for imaging tissue elasticity. This approach, which we call the combined autocorrelation (CA) method, has the advantages of producing strain images of high quality with real-time processing and being applicable to large displacements.Numeric simulation and phantom experimentation have demonstrated that this method's capability to reconstruct images of tissue strain distribution under practical conditions is superior to that of the conventional spatial correlation method. In simulation and phantom experimentation, moreover, the image of elastic modulus distribution was also obtained by estimating stress distribution using a three-dimensional tissue model. When the proposed CA method was used to measure breast tumor specimens, the obtained strain images clearly revealed harder tumor lesions that were only vaguely resolved in B-mode images. Moreover, the results indicated the possibility of extracting the pathological characteristics of a tumor, making it useful for determining tumor type. These advantages justify the clinical use of the CA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shiina
- Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naotaka Nitta
- Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ei Ueno
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Bamber
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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24
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Gelikonov GV, Gubarkova EV, Gladkova ND, Vitkin A. Hybrid method of strain estimation in optical coherence elastography using combined sub-wavelength phase measurements and supra-pixel displacement tracking. J Biophotonics 2016; 9:499-509. [PMID: 27159850 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid method which combines sub-wavelength-scale phase measurements and pixel-scale displacement tracking for robust strain mapping in compressional optical coherence elastography is proposed. Unlike majority of OCE methods it does not rely on initial reconstruction of displacements and does not suffer from the phase-wrapping problem for super-wavelength displacements. Its robustness is enabled by direct fitting of local phase gradients obviating the necessity of phase unwrapping and error-prone numerical differentiation. Furthermore, axial displacements significantly exceeding not only the optical wavelength, but pixel scales (i.e., multiple wavelengths) can be efficiently tracked and compensated. This feature strongly reduces errors in phase-gradient estimation and ensures high robustness with respect to both additive and decorrelation noises. Illustration of exceptionally high tolerance of the proposed method to noises: contrast of only 25% in the stiffness of the layers is clearly seen in the strain map even for equal intensities of the OCT signal and additive noise (SNR = 0 dB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
- State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarina avenue, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia.
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Grigory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Alex Vitkin
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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25
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Gelikonov GV, Gubarkova EV, Gladkova ND, Vitkin A. Hybrid method of strain estimation in optical coherence elastography using combined sub-wavelength phase measurements and supra-pixel displacement tracking. J Biophotonics 2016; 9:499-509. [PMID: 27159850 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v9.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid method which combines sub-wavelength-scale phase measurements and pixel-scale displacement tracking for robust strain mapping in compressional optical coherence elastography is proposed. Unlike majority of OCE methods it does not rely on initial reconstruction of displacements and does not suffer from the phase-wrapping problem for super-wavelength displacements. Its robustness is enabled by direct fitting of local phase gradients obviating the necessity of phase unwrapping and error-prone numerical differentiation. Furthermore, axial displacements significantly exceeding not only the optical wavelength, but pixel scales (i.e., multiple wavelengths) can be efficiently tracked and compensated. This feature strongly reduces errors in phase-gradient estimation and ensures high robustness with respect to both additive and decorrelation noises. Illustration of exceptionally high tolerance of the proposed method to noises: contrast of only 25% in the stiffness of the layers is clearly seen in the strain map even for equal intensities of the OCT signal and additive noise (SNR = 0 dB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
- State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarina avenue, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia.
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Grigory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - Alex Vitkin
- State Medical Academy of Nizhny Novgorod, 1 Minina Square, 10/1 Minina Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Asayesh-Ardakani H, Nie A, Marley PM, Zhu Y, Phillips PJ, Singh S, Mashayek F, Sambandamurthy G, Low KB, Klie RF, Banerjee S, Odegard GM, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Atomic Origins of Monoclinic-Tetragonal (Rutile) Phase Transition in Doped VO2 Nanowires. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7179-7188. [PMID: 26457771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been long-standing interest in tuning the metal-insulator phase transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2) via the addition of chemical dopants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which doping elements regulate the phase transition in VO2 are poorly understood. Taking advantage of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we reveal the atomistic origins by which tungsten (W) dopants influence the phase transition in single crystalline WxV1-xO2 nanowires. Our atomically resolved strain maps clearly show the localized strain normal to the (122̅) lattice planes of the low W-doped monoclinic structure (insulator). These strain maps demonstrate how anisotropic localized stress created by dopants in the monoclinic structure accelerates the phase transition and lead to relaxation of structure in tetragonal form. In contrast, the strain distribution in the high W-doped VO2 structure is relatively uniform as a result of transition to tetragonal (metallic) phase. The directional strain gradients are furthermore corroborated by density functional theory calculations that show the energetic consequences of distortions to the local structure. These findings pave the roadmap for lattice-stress engineering of the MIT behavior in strongly correlated materials for specific applications such as ultrafast electronic switches and electro-optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Asayesh-Ardakani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49933-1295, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Anmin Nie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49933-1295, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Peter M Marley
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrick J Phillips
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Sujay Singh
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Farzad Mashayek
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Ganapathy Sambandamurthy
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Ke-Bin Low
- Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | | | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49933-1295, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, United States
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27
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Stankevič T, Hilner E, Seiboth F, Ciechonski R, Vescovi G, Kryliouk O, Johansson U, Samuelson L, Wellenreuther G, Falkenberg G, Feidenhans'l R, Mikkelsen A. Fast Strain Mapping of Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes Using Nanofocused X-ray Beams. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6978-6984. [PMID: 26090689 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray nanobeams are unique nondestructive probes that allow direct measurements of the nanoscale strain distribution and composition inside the micrometer thick layered structures that are found in most electronic device architectures. However, the method is usually extremely time-consuming, and as a result, data sets are often constrained to a few or even single objects. Here we demonstrate that by special design of a nanofocused X-ray beam diffraction experiment we can (in a single 2D scan with no sample rotation) measure the individual strain and composition profiles of many structures in an array of upright standing nanowires. We make use of the observation that in the generic nanowire device configuration, which is found in high-speed transistors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes, each wire exhibits very small degrees of random tilts and twists toward the substrate. Although the tilt and twist are very small, they give a new contrast mechanism between different wires. In the present case, we image complex nanowires for nanoLED fabrication and compare to theoretical simulations, demonstrating that this fast method is suitable for real nanostructured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaš Stankevič
- †Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emelie Hilner
- †Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Seiboth
- ‡Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Olga Kryliouk
- ⊥Glo-USA, Inc., 1225 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | | | | | - Gerd Wellenreuther
- ¶Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- ¶Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Feidenhans'l
- †Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Li N, Misra A, Shao S, Wang J. Experimental Quantification of Resolved Shear Stresses for Dislocation Motion in TiN. Nano Lett 2015; 15:4434-4439. [PMID: 26065576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental quantification of the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) at the level of unit dislocation glide is still a challenge. By using in situ nanoindentation in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope and strain analysis of the acquired structural images, the CRSS for the motion of individual dislocations on {110}⟨011⟩ slip system and glide dislocation re-emission from a tilt grain boundary in TiN are quantified. This work offers an approach to measure the local stresses associated with dislocation motion in high-strength materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Misra
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Nesbitt S, Scott W, Macione J, Kotha S. Collagen Fibrils in Skin Orient in the Direction of Applied Uniaxial Load in Proportion to Stress while Exhibiting Differential Strains around Hair Follicles. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:1841-57. [PMID: 28788035 DOI: 10.3390/ma8041841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We determined inhomogeneity of strains around discontinuities as well as changes in orientation of collagen fibrils under applied load in skin. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) images of collagen fibrils were obtained at different strain magnitudes. Changes in collagen orientation were analyzed using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) while strain inhomogeneity was determined at different distances from hair follicles using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). A parameter, defined as the Collagen Orientation Index (COI), is introduced that accounts for the increasingly ellipsoidal nature of the FFT amplitude images upon loading. We show that the COI demonstrates two distinct mechanical regimes, one at low strains (0%, 2.5%, 5% strain) in which randomly oriented collagen fibrils align in the direction of applied deformation. In the second regime, beginning at 5% strain, collagen fibrils elongate in response to applied deformation. Furthermore, the COI is also found to be linearly correlated with the applied stress indicating that collagen fibrils orient to take the applied load. DIC results indicated that major principal strains were found to increase with increased load at all locations. In contrast, minimum principal strain was dependent on distance from hair follicles. These findings are significant because global and local changes in collagen deformations are expected to be changed by disease, and could affect stem cell populations surrounding hair follicles, including mesenchymal stem cells within the outer root sheath.
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30
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Lai JH, Levenston ME. Meniscus and cartilage exhibit distinct intra-tissue strain distributions under unconfined compression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1291-9. [PMID: 20633686 PMCID: PMC3268046 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the functional behavior of the surface layer of the meniscus by investigating depth-varying compressive strains during unconfined compression. DESIGN Pairs of meniscus and articular cartilage explants (n=12) site-matched at the tibial surfaces were subjected to equilibrium unconfined compression at 5, 10, 15, and 20% compression under fluorescence imaging. Two-dimensional (2D) deformations were tracked using digital image correlation (DIC). For each specimen, local compressive engineering strains were determined in 200 μm layers through the depth of the tissue. In samples with sharp strain transitions, bilinear regressions were used to characterize the surface and interior tissue compressive responses. RESULTS Meniscus and cartilage exhibited distinct depth-dependent strain profiles during unconfined compression. All cartilage explants had elevated compressive engineering strains near the surface, consistent with previous reports. In contrast, half of the meniscus explants tested had substantially stiffer surface layers, as indicated by surface engineering strains that were ∼20% of the applied compression. In the remaining samples, surface and interior engineering strains were comparable. 2D Green's strain maps revealed highly heterogeneous compressive and shear strains throughout the meniscus explants. In cartilage, the maximum shear strain appeared to be localized at 100-250 μm beneath the articular surface. CONCLUSIONS Meniscus was characterized by highly heterogeneous strains during compression. In contrast to cartilage, which consistently had a compliant surface region, meniscal explants were either substantially stiffer near the surface or had comparable compressive stiffness through the depth. The relatively compliant interior may allow the meniscus to maintain a consistent surface contour while deforming during physiologic loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc E. Levenston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4038,Correspondence to: Marc E. Levenston, Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, 233 Durand Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4038, 650.723.9464 (P), 650.725.1587 (F),
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Lozano JG, Sánchez AM, García R, Ruffenach S, Briot O, González D. Strain Relief Analysis of InN Quantum Dots Grown on GaN. Nanoscale Res Lett 2007; 2:442-446. [PMID: 21794190 PMCID: PMC3246598 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-007-9080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a study by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the strain state of individual InN quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaN substrates. Moiré fringe and high resolution TEM analyses showed that the QDs are almost fully relaxed due to the generation of a 60° misfit dislocation network at the InN/GaN interface. By applying the Geometric Phase Algorithm to plan-view high-resolution micrographs, we show that this network consists of three essentially non-interacting sets of misfit dislocations lying along the directions. Close to the edge of the QD, the dislocations curve to meet the surface and form a network of threading dislocations surrounding the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Lozano
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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