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Exercise-induced FNDC5/irisin protects nucleus pulposus cells against senescence and apoptosis by activating autophagy. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1038-1048. [PMID: 35882943 PMCID: PMC9355987 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a major cause of low back pain (LBP), and excessive senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are major pathological changes in IVDD. Physical exercise could effectively delay the process of intervertebral disc degeneration; however, its mechanism is still largely unknown. Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine released upon cleavage of the membrane-bound precursor protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), and its levels increase after physical exercise. Here, we show that after physical exercise, FNDC5/irisin levels increase in the circulation and NP, senescence and apoptosis are reduced, autophagy is activated in NP tissue, and the progression of IVDD is delayed. Conversely, after knocking out FNDC5, the benefits of physical exercise are compromised. Moreover, the overexpression of FNDC5 in NP tissue effectively alleviated the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) in rats. By showing that FNDC5/irisin is an important mediator of the beneficial effects of physical exercise in the IVDD model, the study proposes FNDC5/irisin as a novel agent capable of activating autophagy and protecting NP from senescence and apoptosis.
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Irisin, An Exercise-induced Bioactive Peptide Beneficial for Health Promotion During Aging Process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tu C, Lai S, Huang Z, Cai G, Zhao K, Gao J, Wu Z, Zhong Z. Accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products contributes to age-related impairment of gap junction intercellular communication in osteocytes of male mice. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:413-425. [PMID: 35775164 PMCID: PMC9350704 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.bjr-2021-0554.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in osteocytes is impaired by oxidative stress, which is associated with age-related bone loss. Ageing is accompanied by the accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). However, it is still unknown whether AOPP accumulation is involved in the impairment of osteocytes' GJIC. This study aims to investigate the effect of AOPP accumulation on osteocytes' GJIC in aged male mice and its mechanism. METHODS Changes in AOPP levels, expression of connexin43 (Cx43), osteocyte network, and bone mass were detected in 18-month-old and three-month-old male mice. Cx43 expression, GJIC function, mitochondria membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation were detected in murine osteocyte-like cells (MLOY4 cells) treated with AOPPs. The Cx43 expression, osteocyte network, bone mass, and mechanical properties were detected in three-month-old mice treated with AOPPs for 12 weeks. RESULTS The AOPP levels were increased in aged mice and correlated with degeneration of osteocyte network, loss of bone mass, and decreased Cx43 expression. AOPP intervention induced NADPH oxidase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, triggered ROS generation, reduced Cx43 expression, and ultimately impaired osteocytes' GJIC, which were ameliorated by NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic (mito-TEMPO), and ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Chronic AOPP loading accelerated the degradation of osteocyte networks and decreased Cx43 expression, resulting in deterioration of bone mass and mechanical properties in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that AOPP accumulation contributes to age-related impairment of GJIC in osteocytes of male mice, which may be part of the pathogenic mechanism responsible for bone loss during ageing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):413-425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Lai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guixing Cai
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Gao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Zhong
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Irisin from 2012-2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106153. [PMID: 35627690 PMCID: PMC9141152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like molecule mainly released by skeletal muscles in response to exercise, which is proposed to induce the ‘browning’ of white adipose tissue. Since its identification, irisin was reported to be closely associated with many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic bone diseases. In recent years, irisin has attracted increasing research interest, and numerous studies have been published in this field. Thus, it is essential to identify the current research status of irisin and measure research hotspots and possible future trends. In this study, by utilizing two visualization software named CiteSpace and VOSviewer, we analyzed 1510 Web of Science publications on irisin published from 2012 to 2021. Our results show that the number of irisin-related articles published annually has increased significantly. China participates in the most studies, followed by the United States and Turkey. Firat University, Harvard University, and Shandong University are three major institutions with larger numbers of publications. The analysis of keywords co-occurrence indicates that insulin resistance, inflammation, and circulating irisin levels in serum are the research hotspots. Apoptosis, BDNF, and osteoporosis will likely become the focus of future research related to irisin. Overall, this study may provide helpful insights for researchers to understand the current research situation and identify the potential frontiers of irisin.
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Abstract
Disuse osteoporosis describes a state of bone loss due to local skeletal unloading or systemic immobilization. This review will discuss advances in the field that have shed light on clinical observations, mechanistic insights and options for the treatment of disuse osteoporosis. Clinical settings of disuse osteoporosis include spinal cord injury, other neurological and neuromuscular disorders, immobilization after fractures and bed rest (real or modeled). Furthermore, spaceflight-induced bone loss represents a well-known adaptive process to microgravity. Clinical studies have outlined that immobilization leads to immediate bone loss in both the trabecular and cortical compartments accompanied by relatively increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. The fact that the low bone formation state has been linked to high levels of the osteocyte-secreted protein sclerostin is one of the many findings that has brought matrix-embedded, mechanosensitive osteocytes into focus in the search for mechanistic principles. Previous basic research has primarily involved rodent models based on tail suspension, spaceflight and other immobilization methods, which have underlined the importance of osteocytes in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis. Furthermore, molecular-based in vitro and in vivo approaches have revealed that osteocytes sense mechanical loading through mechanosensors that translate extracellular mechanical signals to intracellular biochemical signals and regulate gene expression. Osteocytic mechanosensors include the osteocyte cytoskeleton and dendritic processes within the lacuno-canalicular system (LCS), ion channels (e.g., Piezo1), extracellular matrix, primary cilia, focal adhesions (integrin-based) and hemichannels and gap junctions (connexin-based). Overall, disuse represents one of the major factors contributing to immediate bone loss and osteoporosis, and alterations in osteocytic pathways appear crucial to the bone loss associated with unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rolvien
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
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Shahabi S, Esfarjani F, Reisi J, Momenzadeh S, Jami MS, Zamani S. The Effects of 8-Week Resistance and Endurance Trainings on Bone Strength Compared to Irisin Injection Protocol in Mice. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 10:40. [PMID: 35071108 PMCID: PMC8744425 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_220_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a prevalent elderly complication that is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk because of dysregulation in bone mineralization and resorption. Physical activity can enhance bone strength by exerting mechanical forces and myokines. Irisin is a myokine that is increased following physical exercise and can affect bones. In this study, 8 weeks of resistance and endurance exercises are applied in mice compared to irisin injection to assess the contribution of the protocols and this myokine to bone strength. Materials and Methods Thirty-five male NMRI mice were separated into five groups; control, placebo, irisin injection, resistance exercise, and endurance exercise. 8-week of exercise protocols and irisin injection protocol (100 μg/kg/week) was applied. Plasma irisin concentration and bone strength were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay and 3-point bending assay, respectively. Statistical analyses were done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey test, and P < 0.05 was considered the significant difference. Results Serum irisin concentration and bone strength in resistance exercise and irisin-injected groups were significantly higher than control and placebo groups (P < 0.0001). Serum irisin concentration, but not bone strength, of the endurance exercise group was also significantly higher than control and placebo groups (P < 0.0001) but lower than resistance and irisin-injected groups. Conclusion Resistance exercise and irisin injection, but not endurance exercise, are likely to be effective in increasing bone strength. There may be a threshold for plasma irisin level to affect bones which the applied protocols of irisin injection and resistance exercise but not endurance exercise can reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Shahabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan University, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Esfarjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan University, Iran
| | - Jalil Reisi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan University, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Momenzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saeed Zamani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhang Y, Yan M, Kuang S, Lou Y, Wu S, Li Y, Wang Z, Mao H. Bisphenol A induces apoptosis and autophagy in murine osteocytes MLO-Y4: Involvement of ROS-mediated mTOR/ULK1 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113119. [PMID: 34954677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely environmental endocrine disruptor. The accumulated BPA in humans is toxic to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but few studies focused on the effects of BPA on osteocytes, the most abundant bone cell type, contributing to the development and metabolism of bone. Here, we reported that BPA (50, 100, 200 μmol/L) inhibited the cell viability of osteocytes MLO-Y4, promoted G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. BPA treatment significantly increased the levels of autophagy-regulated proteins including Beclin-1 and LC3-II along with the decrease of p62, accompanied by the elevation of autophagy flux and the accumulation of acidic vacuoles, which was blocked by the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). Furthermore, BPA significantly inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and activated Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) signaling, leading to the decreased p-mTOR/mTOR ratio and the increased p-ULK1/ULK1 ratio. The mTOR activator MHY1485 (MHY) or the ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965 (SBI) prevented autophagy and enhanced apoptosis caused by BPA, respectively. In addition, BPA increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased antioxidant enzymes nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels, resulting in oxidative stress. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuated BPA-induced the mTOR/ULK1 pathway activation, apoptosis and autophagy. Collectively, ROS-mediated mTOR/ULK1 signaling is involved in BPA-induced apoptosis and autophagy in osteocytes MLO-Y4. Our data first provide in vitro evidence that apoptosis and autophagy as cellular mechanisms for the toxic effect of BPA on osteocytes, thereby advancing our understanding of the potential role of osteocytes in the adverse effect of BPA on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China.
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Automation, HangZhou Dianzi University, 1158 2nd Avenue, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Shumeng Kuang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Lou
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Shouqian Wu
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Yurong Li
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Hongjiao Mao
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
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Irisin and Secondary Osteoporosis in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020690. [PMID: 35054874 PMCID: PMC8775753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a peptide secreted by skeletal muscle following exercise that plays an important role in bone metabolism. Numerous experiments in vitro and in mouse models have shown that the administration of recombinant irisin promotes osteogenesis, protects osteocytes from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, prevents disuse-induced loss of bone and muscle mass, and accelerates fracture healing. Although some aspects still need to be elucidated, such as the dose- and frequency-dependent effects of irisin in cell cultures and mouse models, ample clinical evidence is emerging to support its physiological relevance on bone in humans. A reduction in serum irisin levels, associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures, was observed in postmenopausal women and in both men and women during aging, Recently, cohort studies of subjects with secondary osteoporosis showed that these patients have lower circulating levels of irisin, suggesting that this myokine could be a novel marker to monitor bone quality in this disease. Although there are still few studies, this review discusses the emerging data that are highlighting the involvement of irisin in some diseases that cause secondary osteoporosis.
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59
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Pereira LJ, Andrade EF, Barroso LC, Lima RRD, Macari S, Paiva SM, Silva TA. Irisin effects on bone: systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies and prospects for oral health. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e055. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Yan M, Shan W, Zhang T, Shen Y, Zhu R, Fang J, Mao H. Bisphenol A induces pyroptotic cell death via ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway in osteocytes MLO-Y4. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112772. [PMID: 34929351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical, is commonly used as a plasticizer to manufacture various food packaging materials. Evidence has demonstrated that BPA disturbed bone health. However, few studies focused on the effect of BPA on osteocytes, making up over 95% of all the bone cells. Here, we reported that BPA inhibited the cell viability of MLO-Y4 cells, and increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, BPA up-regulated protein expressions of speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 (Casp-1 p20) and cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD-N), and increased the ratios of interleukin (IL)-1β/pro-IL-1β and IL-18/pro-IL-18 in MLO-Y4 cells. BPA enhanced levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IL-1β and IL-18 in culture supernatants. This pyroptotic death and the NLPR3 inflammasome activation were reversed by the caspase-1 inhibitor VX765 or the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. Furthermore, BPA stimulated the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) level and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which led to oxidative damage in MLO-Y4 cells. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or the mitochondrial antioxidant Mito-TEMPO inhibited the NLPR3 inflammasome activation and pyroptotic death induced by BPA. Collectively, our data suggest that BPA causes pyroptotic death of osteocytes via ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Automation, HangZhou Dianzi University, Baiyang Street 2 Avenue 1158, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Weiyan Shan
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yunchen Shen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Ruirong Zhu
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jian Fang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongjiao Mao
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are considered to be the cells responsible for mastering the remodeling process that follows the exposure to unloading conditions. Given the invasiveness of bone biopsies in humans, both rodents and in vitro culture systems are largely adopted as models for studies in space missions or in simulated microgravity conditions models on Earth. RECENT FINDINGS After a brief recall of the main changes in bone mass and osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in space-related models, this review focuses on the potential role of osteocytes in directing these changes. The role of the best-known signalling molecules is questioned, in particular in relation to osteocyte apoptosis. The mechanotransduction actors identified in spatial conditions and the problems related to fluid flow and shear stress changes, probably enhanced by the alteration in fluid flow and lack of convection during spaceflight, are recalled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Iandolo
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Maura Strigini
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Alain Guignandon
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While the function of osteocytes under physiologic conditions is well defined, their role and involvement in cancer disease remains relatively unexplored, especially in a context of non-bone metastatic cancer. This review will focus on describing the more advanced knowledge regarding the interactions between osteocytes and cancer. RECENT FINDINGS We will discuss the involvement of osteocytes in the onset and progression of osteosarcoma, with the common bone cancers, as well as the interaction that is established between osteocytes and multiple myeloma. Mechanisms responsible for cancer dissemination to bone, as frequently occur with advanced breast and prostate cancers, will be reviewed. While a role for osteocytes in the stimulation and proliferation of cancer cells has been reported, protective effects of osteocytes against bone colonization have been described as well, thus increasing ambiguity regarding the role of osteocytes in cancer progression and dissemination. Lastly, supporting the idea that skeletal defects can occur also in the absence of direct cancer dissemination or osteolytic lesions directly adjacent to the bone, our recent findings will be presented showing that in the absence of bone metastases, the bone microenvironment and, particularly, osteocytes, can manifest a clear and dramatic response to the distant, non-metastatic tumor. Our observations support new studies to clarify whether treatments designed to preserve the osteocytes can be combined with traditional anticancer therapies, even when bone is not directly affected by tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matt Prideaux
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W Walnut Street, R3-C522, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Kohan-Ghadr HR, Armistead B, Berg M, Drewlo S. Irisin Protects the Human Placenta from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Activation of the Akt Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11229. [PMID: 34681889 PMCID: PMC8540372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a newly discovered exercise-mediated polypeptide hormone. Irisin levels increase during pregnancy however, women with preeclampsia (PE) have significantly lower levels of Irisin compared to women of healthy pregnancies. Even though many studies suggest a role of Irisin in pregnancy, its function in the human placenta is unclear. In the current study, we aimed to understand key roles of Irisin through its ability to protect against apoptosis is the preeclamptic placenta and in ex vivo and in vitro models of hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) injury. Our studies show that Irisin prevents cell death by reducing pro-apoptotic signaling cascades, reducing cleavage of PARP to induce DNA repair pathways and reducing activity of Caspase 3. Irisin caused an increase in the levels of anti-apoptotic BCL2 to pro-apoptotic BAX and reduced ROS levels in an in vitro model of placental ischemia. Furthermore, we show that Irisin treatment acts through the Akt signaling pathway to prevent apoptosis and enhance cell survival. Our findings provide a novel understanding for the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival properties of Irisin in the human placenta under pathological conditions. This work yields new insights into placental development and disease and points towards intervention strategies for placental insufficiencies, such as PE, by protecting and maintaining placental function through inhibiting hypoxic ischemia-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sascha Drewlo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (H.-R.K.-G.); (B.A.); (M.B.)
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Colucci SC, Buccoliero C, Sanesi L, Errede M, Colaianni G, Annese T, Khan MP, Zerlotin R, Dicarlo M, Schipani E, Kozloff KM, Grano M. Systemic Administration of Recombinant Irisin Accelerates Fracture Healing in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910863. [PMID: 34639200 PMCID: PMC8509717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, pharmacological strategies designed to accelerate bone fracture healing are lacking. We subjected 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice to closed, transverse, mid-diaphyseal tibial fractures and treated them with intraperitoneal injection of a vehicle or r-irisin (100 µg/kg/weekly) immediately following fracture for 10 days or 28 days. Histological analysis of the cartilaginous callus at 10 days showed a threefold increase in Collagen Type X (p = 0.0012) and a reduced content of proteoglycans (40%; p = 0.0018). Osteoclast count within the callus showed a 2.4-fold increase compared with untreated mice (p = 0.026), indicating a more advanced stage of endochondral ossification of the callus during the early stage of fracture repair. Further evidence that irisin induced the transition of cartilage callus into bony callus was provided by a twofold reduction in the expression of SOX9 (p = 0.0058) and a 2.2-fold increase in RUNX2 (p = 0.0137). Twenty-eight days post-fracture, microCT analyses showed that total callus volume and bone volume were increased by 68% (p = 0.0003) and 67% (p = 0.0093), respectively, and bone mineral content was 74% higher (p = 0.0012) in irisin-treated mice than in controls. Our findings suggest that irisin promotes bone formation in the bony callus and accelerates the fracture repair process, suggesting a possible use as a novel pharmacologic modulator of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Concetta Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.C.); (L.S.); (M.E.); (T.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Cinzia Buccoliero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (G.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Sanesi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.C.); (L.S.); (M.E.); (T.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.C.); (L.S.); (M.E.); (T.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (G.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.C.); (L.S.); (M.E.); (T.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohd Parvez Khan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.P.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (G.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Manuela Dicarlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.C.C.); (L.S.); (M.E.); (T.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.P.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (G.C.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5478361
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Liu K, Jing P, Liu Z, Wang Y, Han Z, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Wu Y, Wang T, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang L. Serum levels of irisin in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic hip fractures. Cytokine 2021; 148:155708. [PMID: 34560610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of circulating serum levels of irisin in predicting hip fracture occurrence in a cohort of Chinese postmenopausal women. METHODS This was a cross-section and case-control study. Four hundred and thirty postmenopausal women aged 50-90 years were included (215 with hip fractures and 215 age-matched cases without fracture). Clinical features, bone mineral density (BMD) and serum biomarkers levels including irisin were measured at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between irisin and fracture risk. RESULTS The mean age of those participants was 68.7 (S.D. 11.7) and 53.0% were order than 65. The irisin serum levels were positively related to total body BMD and total hip BMD. Women with hip fractures showed lower mean serum levels of irisin compared normal control women (457.6 ± 172.6 ng/ml vs. 602.2 ng/ml; P < 0.001). The irisin levels in third and fourth quartiles were associated with the risk of hip fracture (the lowest quartile of irisin levels as the reference), and risk of fracture reduced by 67% (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.33; 95 %CI: 0.18-0.54; P < 0.001) and 84% (HR = 0.16; 95 %CI: 0.09-0.29; P < 0.001). The irisin levels in third and fourth quartiles were also associated with the risk of osteoporosis, and risk of fracture reduced by 55% (HR = 0.45; 95 %CI: 0.21-0.63; P = 0.003) and 73% (HR = 0.27; 95 %CI: 0.15-0.47; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Decreased serum levels of circulating irisin are associated with high risk of osteoporosis-related hip fractures and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengwei Jing
- Articulation Surgery and Sport Medicine Ward, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yan Tai, China
| | - Zehan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yan Tai, China
| | - Zhu Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Youqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhirui Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Articulation Surgery and Sport Medicine Ward, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yan Tai, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Articulation Surgery and Sport Medicine Ward, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yan Tai, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Forestry General Hospital, Harbin, China.
| | - Lichun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Wu RW, Lian WS, Chen YS, Ko JY, Wang SY, Jahr H, Wang FS. Piezoelectric Microvibration Mitigates Estrogen Loss-Induced Osteoporosis and Promotes Piezo1, MicroRNA-29a, and Wnt3a Signaling in Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179476. [PMID: 34502380 PMCID: PMC8431199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical stimulation alters bone-forming cell activity, bone formation and remodeling. The effect of piezoelectric microvibration stimulation (PMVS) intervention on osteoporosis development remains uncertain. We investigated whether 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 180 Hz PMVS (0.05 g, 20 min/stimulation, 3 stimulations/week for 4 consecutive weeks) intervention affected bone integrity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice or osteoblastic activity. PMVS (120 Hz)-treated OVX mice developed fewer osteoporosis conditions, including bone mineral density loss and trabecular microstructure deterioration together with decreased serum resorption marker CTX-1 levels, as compared to control OVX animals. The biomechanical strength of skeletal tissue was improved upon 120 Hz PMVS intervention. This intervention compromised OVX-induced sparse trabecular bone morphology, osteoblast loss, osteoclast overburden, and osteoclast-promoting cytokine RANKL immunostaining and reversed osteoclast inhibitor OPG immunoreactivity. Osteoblasts in OVX mice upon PMVS intervention showed strong Wnt3a immunoreaction and weak Wnt inhibitor Dkk1 immunostaining. In vitro, PMVS reversed OVX-induced loss in von Kossa-stained mineralized nodule formation, Runx2, and osteocalcin expression in primary bone-marrow stromal cells. PMVS also promoted mechanoreceptor Piezo1 expression together with increased microRNA-29a and Wnt3a expression, whereas Dkk1 rather than SOST expression was repressed in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Taken together, PMVS intervention promoted Piezo1, miR-29a, and Wnt signaling to upregulate osteogenic activity and repressed osteoclastic bone resorption, delaying estrogen deficiency-induced loss in bone mass and microstructure. This study highlights a new biophysical remedy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Re-Wen Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (R.-W.W.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | - Jih-Yang Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (R.-W.W.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.)
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-731-7123
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Biophysical Modulation of the Mitochondrial Metabolism and Redox in Bone Homeostasis and Osteoporosis: How Biophysics Converts into Bioenergetics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091394. [PMID: 34573026 PMCID: PMC8466850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-forming cells build mineralized microstructure and couple with bone-resorbing cells, harmonizing bone mineral acquisition, and remodeling to maintain bone mass homeostasis. Mitochondrial glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways together with ROS generation meet the energy requirement for bone-forming cell growth and differentiation, respectively. Moderate mechanical stimulations, such as weight loading, physical activity, ultrasound, vibration, and electromagnetic field stimulation, etc., are advantageous to bone-forming cell activity, promoting bone anabolism to compromise osteoporosis development. A plethora of molecules, including ion channels, integrins, focal adhesion kinases, and myokines, are mechanosensitive and transduce mechanical stimuli into intercellular signaling, regulating growth, mineralized extracellular matrix biosynthesis, and resorption. Mechanical stimulation changes mitochondrial respiration, biogenesis, dynamics, calcium influx, and redox, whereas mechanical disuse induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which aggravates bone-forming cell apoptosis, senescence, and dysfunction. The control of the mitochondrial biogenesis activator PGC-1α by NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins or myokine FNDC/irisin or repression of oxidative stress by mitochondrial antioxidant Nrf2 modulates the biophysical stimulation for the promotion of bone integrity. This review sheds light onto the roles of mechanosensitive signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidants in mediating the anabolic effects of biophysical stimulation to bone tissue and highlights the remedial potential of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators for osteoporosis.
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Kornel A, Den Hartogh DJ, Klentrou P, Tsiani E. Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9136. [PMID: 34502045 PMCID: PMC8430535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kornel
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
| | - Danja J. Den Hartogh
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
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Hu S, Xue Y, He J, Chen C, Sun J, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Shi Q, Rui Y. Irisin recouples osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis to protect wear-particle-induced osteolysis by suppressing oxidative stress and RANKL production. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5791-5801. [PMID: 34323888 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00563d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of bone homeostasis with the decrease in osteoblastic bone formation and facilitated osteoclastic bone resorption is the leading cause of periprosthetic osteolysis. Accumulative studies have indicated that irisin has the function of maintaining and rebalancing bone homeostasis. In this study, we explored the protective effect of irisin on wear-particle-induced osteolysis in mice. The results showed that irisin effectively inhibited titanium (Ti) particle-induced calvarial osteolysis, supported by a lower bone loss and existence of more collagen, compared with the ones stressed by Ti particles. Further analysis demonstrated that irisin not only rescued Ti-particle-impaired osteogenesis derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) but also alleviated the increase in wear-particle-induced nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) secreted by BMSCs-derived osteoblasts, which consequently restrained the activation of osteoclasts. Meanwhile, irisin inhibited osteoclastogenesis by the direct inactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. These results revealed that irisin functions to fight against osteolysis caused by wear particles through rebalancing the periprosthetic bone homeostasis microenvironment, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of osteolysis and induced prosthetic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedics Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China.
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Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and Challenges in the Biology of FNDC5 and Irisin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:436-456. [PMID: 33493316 PMCID: PMC8284618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved, traveled to white adipose tissue, and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions have been questioned for using flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin in bone remodeling and in the brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We discuss some discrepancies between research groups and the mechanisms that are yet to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin, such as the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5 and the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage, remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed-mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pant A, Paul E, Niebur GL, Vahdati A. Integration of mechanics and biology in computer simulation of bone remodeling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 164:33-45. [PMID: 33965425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex physiological process that spans across multiple spatial and temporal scales and is regulated by both mechanical and hormonal cues. An imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in the process of bone remodeling may lead to various bone pathologies. One powerful and non-invasive approach to gain new insights into mechano-adaptive bone remodeling is computer modeling and simulation. Recent findings in bone physiology and advances in computer modeling have provided a unique opportunity to study the integration of mechanics and biology in bone remodeling. Our objective in this review is to critically appraise recent advances and developments and discuss future research opportunities in computational bone remodeling approaches that enable integration of mechanics and cellular and molecular pathways. Based on the critical appraisal of the relevant recent published literature, we conclude that multiscale in silico integration of personalized bone mechanics and mechanobiology combined with data science and analytics techniques offer the potential to deepen our knowledge of bone remodeling and provide ample opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Pant
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elliot Paul
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Liu L, Guo J, Chen X, Tong X, Xu J, Zou J. The Role of Irisin in Exercise-Mediated Bone Health. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668759. [PMID: 34017836 PMCID: PMC8129548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training promotes physical and bone health, and is the first choice of non-drug strategies that help to improve the prognosis and complications of many chronic diseases. Irisin is a newly discovered peptide hormone that modulates energy metabolism and skeletal muscle mass. Here, we discuss the role of irisin in bone metabolism via exercise-induced mechanical forces regulation. In addition, the role of irisin in pathological bone loss and other chronic diseases is also reviewed. Notably, irisin appears to be a key determinant of bone mineral status and thus may serve as a novel biomarker for bone metabolism. Interestingly, the secretion of irisin appears to be mediated by different forms of exercise and pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and inflammation. Understanding the mechanism by which irisin is regulated and how it regulates skeletal metabolism via osteoclast and osteoblast activities will be an important step toward applying new knowledge of irisin to the treatment and prevention of bone diseases such as osteolysis and other chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianmin Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Tong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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The production, detection, and origin of irisin and its effect on bone cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:316-324. [PMID: 33652046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a muscle factor discovered in 2012 that plays an important role in many tissues, including bone. Eight years since its discovery, there are still many controversies regarding its molecular biology, detection, and effects on bone. This article summarizes the points raised to date, and discusses the mechanisms by which irisin regulates bone cells. The information reviewed here provides a useful foundation for future research.
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Pignataro P, Dicarlo M, Zerlotin R, Zecca C, Dell’Abate MT, Buccoliero C, Logroscino G, Colucci S, Grano M. FNDC5/Irisin System in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Update and Novel Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041605. [PMID: 33562601 PMCID: PMC7915567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, the circulating peptide originating from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is mainly expressed by muscle fibers under peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) control during exercise. In addition to several beneficial effects on health, physical activity positively affects nervous system functioning, particularly the hippocampus, resulting in amelioration of cognition impairments. Recently, FNDC5/irisin detection in hippocampal neurons and the presence of irisin in the cerebrospinal fluid opened a new intriguing chapter in irisin history. Interestingly, in the hippocampus of mice, exercise increases FNDC5 levels and upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. BDNF, displaying neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects, is mainly produced by microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we discuss how these glial cells can morphologically and functionally switch during neuroinflammation by modulating the expression of a plethora of neuroprotective or neurotoxic factors. We also focus on studies investigating the irisin role in neurodegenerative diseases (ND). The emerging involvement of irisin as a mediator of the multiple positive effects of exercise on the brain needs further studies to better deepen this issue and the potential use in therapeutic approaches for neuroinflammation and ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pignataro
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.P.); (M.D.); (G.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Manuela Dicarlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.P.); (M.D.); (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari, “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, 73039 Lecce, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.T.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa Dell’Abate
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari, “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, 73039 Lecce, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.T.D.)
| | - Cinzia Buccoliero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.P.); (M.D.); (G.L.); (S.C.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari, “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, 73039 Lecce, Italy; (C.Z.); (M.T.D.)
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (P.P.); (M.D.); (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.Z.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5478-361
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Tu T, Yin S, Pang J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Guo K, Chen L, Peng J, Jiang Y. Irisin Contributes to Neuroprotection by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:640215. [PMID: 33613273 PMCID: PMC7886674 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.640215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating form of stroke, which poses a series of intractable challenges to clinical practice. Imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis has been thought to be the crucial pathomechanism in early brain injury (EBI) cascade after SAH. Irisin, a protein related to metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis, has been reported to play pivotal roles in post-stroke neuroprotection. However, whether this myokine can exert neuroprotection effects after SAH remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the protective effects of irisin and the underlying mechanisms related to mitochondrial biogenesis in a SAH animal model. Endovascular perforation was used to induce SAH, and recombinant irisin was administered intracerebroventricularly. Neurobehavioral assessments, TdT-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, immunofluorescence, western blot, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed for post-SAH assessments. We demonstrated that irisin treatment improved neurobehavioral scores, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and alleviated oxidative stress in EBI after SAH. More importantly, the administration of exogenous irisin conserved the mitochondrial morphology and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. The protective effects of irisin were partially reversed by the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) inhibitor. Taken together, irisin may have neuroprotective effects against SAH via improving the mitochondrial biogenesis, at least in part, through UCP-2 related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuke Xie
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Guo
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Colaianni G, Errede M, Sanesi L, Notarnicola A, Celi M, Zerlotin R, Storlino G, Pignataro P, Oranger A, Pesce V, Tarantino U, Moretti B, Grano M. Irisin Correlates Positively With BMD in a Cohort of Older Adult Patients and Downregulates the Senescent Marker p21 in Osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:305-314. [PMID: 33053231 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine produced by skeletal muscle during exercise in both mice and humans. We previously showed that irisin treatment ameliorates immobility-induced osteoporosis and muscular atrophy in mice. Data in humans showed a positive association between irisin and bone mineral density (BMD) in athletes and a population of healthy children. However, the role of this myokine regarding the state of muscle and bone in the same population remained to be determined. For this purpose, 62 patients (age 68.71 ± 12.31 years) undergoing total hip or knee replacement were recruited. Our results showed that irisin serum levels negatively correlated with age (R = -0.515; p = .000018) and positively correlated with femoral BMD (R = 0.619; p = .001) and vertebral BMD (R = 0.201; p = .0001). Irisin was also positively associated with Fndc5 mRNA in muscle biopsies (R = 0.248; p = .016), as well as with Osteocalcin (Ocn) mRNA in bone biopsies (R = 0.708; p = .006). In skeletal muscle, FNDC5 positive fibers positively correlate with BMD of total femur (R = 0.765; p = .0014) and BMD of femoral neck (R = 0.575; p = .031), Interestingly, by analyzing patients divided by their T-score, we found lower irisin levels (p = .0011) in patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis (OP) compared to healthy controls matched for age and sex. By analyzing the senescence marker p21, we found a significant increase of its mRNA expression in the bone biopsies of OP patients compared to control ones. Therefore, we investigated in vitro whether rec-irisin had a direct effect on this senescence marker, showing that p21 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in osteoblasts by the treatment with irisin. Overall, these results indicate that higher irisin levels are associated with a lower rate of age-related osteoporosis and that irisin could be effective in delaying the osteoblast aging process, suggesting a potential senolytic action of this myokine. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sanesi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Notarnicola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Storlino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pignataro
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Oranger
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Moretti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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77
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The effect of Irisin on bone cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:477-484. [PMID: 33449117 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The myokine Irisin, produced during physical exercise, has an anabolic effect on bone, both in vitro and in vivo. Very recently, using a controlled in vitro 3D cell model to mimic the bone microenvironment aboard the International Space Station, it has been shown that Irisin treatment in microgravity prevents the down-regulation of the transcription factors Atf4, Runx2 and Osterix, as well as Collagen I and Osteoprotegerin proteins, crucial for osteoblast differentiation in physiologic conditions. Irisin action has also been investigated in human subjects, in which it correlates with bone health status, supporting its physiological importance also in human bone, both in healthy subjects and in patients suffering from diseases related to bone metabolism, such as hyperparathyroidism and type 1 diabetes. Low levels of circulating Irisin have been found in post-menopausal women affected by hyperparathyroidism. Furthermore, Irisin is positively correlated with bone strength in athletes and bone mineral density in football players. Moreover, in healthy children, Irisin is positively associated with bone mineral status and in children with type 1 diabetes, Irisin is positively correlated with improved glycemic control and skeletal health. In this review, we will focus on recent findings about Irisin action on microgravity induced bone loss and on osteocyte activity and survival through its αV/β5 integrin receptor.
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78
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He C, He W, Hou J, Chen K, Huang M, Yang M, Luo X, Li C. Bone and Muscle Crosstalk in Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585644. [PMID: 33363144 PMCID: PMC7758235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. Initially, they were thought to be two independent diseases; however, recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. The term "osteosarcopenia" is used to define a condition of synergy of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can also be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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79
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Osteocyte apoptosis: the roles and key molecular mechanisms in resorption-related bone diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 33046704 PMCID: PMC7552426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some key pathological factors, such as sex steroid deficiency and excess glucocorticoids, and so on, are implicated in inducing a bulk of apoptotic osteocytes, subsequently resulting in resorption-related bone loss. As much, osteocyte apoptosis, under homeostatic conditions, is in an optimal state of balance tightly controlled by pro- and anti-apoptotic mechanism pathways. Importantly, there exist many essential signaling proteins in the process of osteocyte apoptosis, which has a crucial role in maintaining a homeostatic environment. While increasing in vitro and in vivo studies have established, in part, key signaling pathways and cross-talk mechanism on osteocyte apoptosis, intrinsic and complex mechanism underlying osteocyte apoptosis occurs in various states of pathologies remains ill-defined. In this review, we discuss not only essential pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and key biomarkers involved in these key mechanisms under different pathological agents, but also the pivotal role of apoptotic osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis-triggered bone loss, hopefully shedding new light on the attractive and proper actions of pharmacotherapeutics of targeting apoptosis and ensuing resorption-related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and fragility fractures.
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80
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Wang FS, Kuo CW, Ko JY, Chen YS, Wang SY, Ke HJ, Kuo PC, Lee CH, Wu JC, Lu WB, Tai MH, Jahr H, Lian WS. Irisin Mitigates Oxidative Stress, Chondrocyte Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Development through Regulating Mitochondrial Integrity and Autophagy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090810. [PMID: 32882839 PMCID: PMC7555738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction downregulate chondrocytic activity, accelerating the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Irisin, a cleaved form of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), regulates bone turnover and muscle homeostasis. Little is known about the effect of Irisin on chondrocytes and the development of osteoarthritis. This study revealed that human osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes express decreased level of FNDC5 and autophagosome marker LC3-II but upregulated levels of oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and apoptosis. Intra-articular administration of Irisin further alleviated symptoms of medial meniscus destabilization, like cartilage erosion and synovitis, while improved the gait profiles of the injured legs. Irisin treatment upregulated autophagy, 8-OHdG and apoptosis in chondrocytes of the injured cartilage. In vitro, Irisin improved IL-1β-mediated growth inhibition, loss of specific cartilage markers and glycosaminoglycan production by chondrocytes. Irisin also reversed Sirt3 and UCP-1 pathways, thereby improving mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, and catalase to attenuated IL-1β-mediated reactive oxygen radical production, mitochondrial fusion, mitophagy, and autophagosome formation. Taken together, FNDC5 loss in chondrocytes is correlated with human knee OA. Irisin repressed inflammation-mediated oxidative stress and extracellular matrix underproduction through retaining mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagic program. Our analyses shed new light on the chondroprotective actions of this myokine, and highlight the remedial effects of Irisin on OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Sheng Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wen Kuo
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Yang Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jing Ke
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Kuo
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Huei Lee
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ching Wu
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Bin Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sun University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (W.-B.L.); (M.-H.T.)
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sun University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (W.-B.L.); (M.-H.T.)
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (W.-S.L.); Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (W.-S.L.)
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (F.-S.W.); (C.-W.K.); (Y.-S.C.); (S.-Y.W.); (H.-J.K.); (P.-C.K.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (W.-S.L.); Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (W.-S.L.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the current state of our thinking regarding bone-muscle interactions beyond the mechanical perspective. RECENT FINDINGS Recent and prior evidence has begun to dissect many of the molecular mechanisms that bone and muscle use to communicate with each other and to modify each other's function. Several signaling factors produced by muscle and bone have emerged as potential mediators of these biochemical/molecular interactions. These include muscle factors such as myostatin, Irisin, BAIBA, IL-6, and the IGF family and the bone factors FGF-23, Wnt1 and Wnt3a, PGE2, FGF9, RANKL, osteocalcin, and sclerostin. The identification of these signaling molecules and their underlying mechanisms offers the very real and exciting possibility that new pharmaceutical approaches can be developed that will permit the simultaneous treatments of diseases that often occur in combination, such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lara-Castillo
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Colaianni G, Storlino G, Sanesi L, Colucci S, Grano M. Myokines and Osteokines in the Pathogenesis of Muscle and Bone Diseases. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:401-407. [PMID: 32514668 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we aim to summarize the latest findings on the network of molecules produced by muscle and bone under physiological and pathological conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The concomitant onset of osteoporosis and sarcopenia is currently one of the main threats that can increase the risk of falling fractures during aging, generating high health care costs due to hospitalization for bone fracture surgery. With the growing emergence of developing innovative therapies to treat these two age-related conditions that often have common onset, a broader understanding of molecular messengers regulating the communication between muscle and bone tissue became imperative. Recently it has been highlighted that two muscle-derived signals, such as the myokines Irisin and L-BAIBA, positively affect bone tissue. In parallel, there are signals derived from bone that affect either positively the skeletal muscle, such as osteocalcin, or negatively, such as RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - G Storlino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - L Sanesi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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83
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Colucci S, Colaianni G, Brunetti G, Ferranti F, Mascetti G, Mori G, Grano M. Irisin prevents microgravity-induced impairment of osteoblast differentiation in vitro during the space flight CRS-14 mission. FASEB J 2020; 34:10096-10106. [PMID: 32539174 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000216r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms responsible for bone cells unbalance in microgravity would allow the development of better countermeasures for astronauts, and eventually advancing terrestrial osteoporosis treatments. We conduct a unique investigation by using a controlled 3D in vitro cell model to mimic the bone microenvironment in microgravity aboard the SpaceX Dragon cargo ferry to the ISS. Osteoblasts (OBs), osteoclasts (OCs), and endothelial cells (ECs), seeded on Skelite discs, were cultured w/ or w/o rec-Irisin and exposed to 14 days of microgravity in the eOSTEO hardware. Gene expression analysis was assessed, and results were compared to ground controls treated within identical payloads. Our results show that the microgravity-induced downregulation of mRNA levels of genes encoding for OB key transcription factors (Atf4 -75%, P < .01; RunX2 -87%, P < .001, Osterix -95%, P < .05 vs ground) and proteins (Collagen I -84%, P < .05; Osteoprotegerin -94%, P < .05) were prevented by irisin. Despite it was not effective in preventing Trap and Cathepsin K mRNA increase, irisin induced a 2.8-fold increase of Osteoprotegerin (P < .05) that might act for reducing osteoclastogenesis in microgravity. Our results provide evidence that irisin supports OB differentiation and activity in microgravity and it might represent a countermeasure to prevent bone loss in astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgio Mori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Recombinant Irisin Prevents the Reduction of Osteoblast Differentiation Induced by Stimulated Microgravity through Increasing β-Catenin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041259. [PMID: 32070052 PMCID: PMC7072919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, was shown to mediate beneficial effects of exercise in osteoporosis. Microgravity is a major threat to bone homeostasis of astronauts during long-term spaceflight, which results in decreased bone formation. Methods: The hind-limb unloading mice model and a random position machine are respectively used to simulate microgravity in vivo and in vitro. Results: We demonstrate that not only are bone formation and osteoblast differentiation decreased, but the expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (Fdnc5; irisin precursor) is also downregulated under simulated microgravity. Moreover, a lower dose of recombinant irisin (r-irisin) (1 nM) promotes osteogenic marker gene (alkaline phosphatase (Alp), collagen type 1 alpha-1(ColIα1)) expressions, ALP activity, and calcium deposition in primary osteoblasts, with no significant effect on osteoblast proliferation. Furthermore, r-irisin could recover the decrease in osteoblast differentiation induced by simulated microgravity. We also find that r-irisin increases β-catenin expression and partly neutralizes the decrease in β-catenin expression induced by simulated microgravity. In addition, β-catenin overexpression could also in part attenuate osteoblast differentiation reduction induced by simulated microgravity. Conclusions: The present study is the first to show that r-irisin positively regulates osteoblast differentiation under simulated microgravity through increasing β-catenin expression, which may reveal a novel mechanism, and it provides a prevention strategy for bone loss and muscle atrophy induced by microgravity.
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