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Snykers S, De Kock J, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. In vitro differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells into hepatocytes: state of the art. Stem Cells 2009; 27:577-605. [PMID: 19056906 PMCID: PMC2729674 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a unique source of self-renewing cells within the human body. Before the end of the last millennium, adult stem cells, in contrast to their embryonic counterparts, were considered to be lineage-restricted cells or incapable of crossing lineage boundaries. However, the unique breakthrough of muscle and liver regeneration by adult bone marrow stem cells at the end of the 1990s ended this long-standing paradigm. Since then, the number of articles reporting the existence of multipotent stem cells in skin, neuronal tissue, adipose tissue, and bone marrow has escalated, giving rise, both in vivo and in vitro, to cell types other than their tissue of origin. The phenomenon of fate reprogrammation and phenotypic diversification remains, though, an enigmatic and rare process. Understanding how to control both proliferation and differentiation of stem cells and their progeny is a challenge in many fields, going from preclinical drug discovery and development to clinical therapy. In this review, we focus on current strategies to differentiate embryonic, mesenchymal(-like), and liver stem/progenitor cells into hepatocytes in vitro. Special attention is paid to intracellular and extracellular signaling, genetic modification, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In addition, some recommendations are proposed to standardize, optimize, and enrich the in vitro production of hepatocyte-like cells out of stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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52
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Previs SF, Brunengraber DZ, Brunengraber H. Is There Glucose Production Outside of the Liver and Kidney? Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:43-57. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Previs
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
| | | | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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Mithieux G, Andreelli F, Magnan C. Intestinal gluconeogenesis: key signal of central control of energy and glucose homeostasis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:419-23. [PMID: 19474723 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32832c4d6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been established that the gut is much more than a digestive tract. It has the capacity to participate in the control of energy homeostasis via the secretion of various hormones. It can also contribute to the control of glucose homeostasis via its high glycolytic capacity and a recently described function, gluconeogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to its quantitative role in endogenous glucose production, qualitative roles (i.e. central signaling) were recently described for intestinal gluconeogenesis. In relation to the control of energy homeostasis, intestinal gluconeogenesis, via its detection by a hepatoportal glucose sensor, is able to generate a central signal of control of food intake, resulting in enhanced satiety. This mechanism has been suggested to account for the well known satiety effect initiated by food protein. In relation to the control of glucose homeostasis, intestinal gluconeogenesis has been suggested to be a key factor of the central enhancement of insulin sensitivity for the whole body. It may especially account for the rapid amelioration of the parameters of insulin resistance occurring after gastric bypass, a specific type of surgery of obesity. SUMMARY These new findings on the role of intestinal gluconeogenesis in the central control of energy and glucose homeostasis should be of interest for nutritionists and diabetologists. They pave the way to envision new strategies of prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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54
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Troy S, Soty M, Ribeiro L, Laval L, Migrenne S, Fioramonti X, Pillot B, Fauveau V, Aubert R, Viollet B, Foretz M, Leclerc J, Duchampt A, Zitoun C, Thorens B, Magnan C, Mithieux G, Andreelli F. Intestinal gluconeogenesis is a key factor for early metabolic changes after gastric bypass but not after gastric lap-band in mice. Cell Metab 2008; 8:201-11. [PMID: 18762021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adjustable gastric banding procedure (AGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBP) in humans has an intriguing effect: a rapid and substantial control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We performed gastric lap-band (GLB) and entero-gastro anastomosis (EGA) procedures in C57Bl6 mice that were fed a high-fat diet. The EGA procedure specifically reduced food intake and increased insulin sensitivity as measured by endogenous glucose production. Intestinal gluconeogenesis increased after the EGA procedure, but not after gastric banding. All EGA effects were abolished in GLUT-2 knockout mice and in mice with portal vein denervation. We thus provide mechanistic evidence that the beneficial effects of the EGA procedure on food intake and glucose homeostasis involve intestinal gluconeogenesis and its detection via a GLUT-2 and hepatoportal sensor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Troy
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U695, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Universite Paris 7, Paris, F-75870, France
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55
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Bracken S, Byrne G, Kelly J, Jackson J, Feighery C. Altered gene expression in highly purified enterocytes from patients with active coeliac disease. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:377. [PMID: 18691394 PMCID: PMC2533024 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coeliac disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disorder of the intestine caused by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Genes within the HLA-DQ locus are considered to contribute some 40% of the genetic influence on this disease. However, information on other disease causing genes is sparse. Since enterocytes are considered to play a central role in coeliac pathology, the aim of this study was to examine gene expression in a highly purified isolate of these cells taken from patients with active disease. Epithelial cells were isolated from duodenal biopsies taken from five coeliac patients with active disease and five non-coeliac control subjects. Contaminating T cells were removed by magnetic sorting. The gene expression profile of the cells was examined using microarray analysis. Validation of significantly altered genes was performed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Enterocyte suspensions of high purity (98–99%) were isolated from intestinal biopsies. Of the 3,800 genes investigated, 102 genes were found to have significantly altered expression between coeliac disease patients and controls (p < 0.05). Analysis of these altered genes revealed a number of biological processes that are potentially modified in active coeliac disease. These processes include events likely to contibute to coeliac pathology, such as altered cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, structure and transport. Conclusion This study provides a profile of the molecular changes that occur in the intestinal epithelium of coeliac patients with active disease. Novel candidate genes were revealed which highlight the contribution of the epithelial cell to the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bracken
- Department of Immunology, St, James's Hospital, Dublin and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
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56
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Hines JK, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB. Structures of activated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Escherichia coli. Coordinate regulation of bacterial metabolism and the conservation of the R-state. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11696-704. [PMID: 17314096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric bacterium Escherichia coli requires fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) for growth on gluconeogenic carbon sources. Constitutive expression of FBPase and fructose-6-phosphate-1-kinase coupled with the absence of futile cycling implies an undetermined mechanism of coordinate regulation involving both enzymes. Tricarboxylic acids and phosphorylated three-carbon carboxylic acids, all intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, are shown here to activate E. coli FBPase. The two most potent activators, phosphoenolpyruvate and citrate, bind to the sulfate anion site, revealed previously in the first crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme. Tetramers ligated with either phosphoenolpyruvate or citrate, in contrast to the sulfate-bound structure, are in the canonical R-state of porcine FBPase but nevertheless retain sterically blocked AMP pockets. At physiologically relevant concentrations, phosphoenolpyruvate and citrate stabilize an active tetramer over a less active enzyme form of mass comparable with that of a dimer. The above implies the conservation of the R-state through evolution. FBPases of heterotrophic organisms of distantly related phylogenetic groups retain residues of the allosteric activator site and in those instances where data are available exhibit activation by phosphoenolpyruvate. Findings here unify disparate observations regarding bacterial FBPases, implicating a mechanism of feed-forward activation in bacterial central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Hines
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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57
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Rajas F, Jourdan-Pineau H, Stefanutti A, Mrad EA, Iynedjian PB, Mithieux G. Immunocytochemical localization of glucose 6-phosphatase and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in gluconeogenic tissues reveals unsuspected metabolic zonation. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 127:555-65. [PMID: 17211624 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analysis was used to define the precise cell-specific localization of Glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc6Pase) and cytosolic form of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) in the digestive system (liver, small intestine and pancreas) and the kidney. Co-expression of Glc6Pase and PEPCK-C was shown to take place in hepatocytes, in proximal tubules of the cortex kidney and at the top of the villi of the small intestine suggesting that these tissues are all able to perform complete gluconeogenesis. On the other hand, intrahepatic bile ducts, collecting tubes of the nephron and the urinary epithelium in the calices of the kidney, as well as the crypts of the small intestine, express Glc6Pase without significant levels of PEPCK-C. In such cases, the function of Glc6Pase could be related to the transepithelial transport of glucose characteristic of these tissues, rather than to the neoformation of glucose. Lastly, PEPCK-C expression in the absence of Glc6Pase was noted in both the exocrine pancreas and the endocrine islets of Langerhans. Possible roles of PEPCK-C in exocrine pancreas might be the provision of gluconeogenic intermediates for further conversion into glucose in the liver, whereas PEPCK-C would be instrumental in pyruvate cycling, which has been suggested to play a regulatory role in insulin secretion by the beta-cells of the islets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/chemistry
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/enzymology
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/metabolism
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/chemistry
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/enzymology
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytosol/enzymology
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Digestive System/chemistry
- Digestive System/enzymology
- Digestive System/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/chemistry
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/enzymology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/immunology
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/chemistry
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intestine, Small/chemistry
- Intestine, Small/enzymology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/chemistry
- Islets of Langerhans/enzymology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Kidney/chemistry
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Male
- Pancreas, Exocrine/chemistry
- Pancreas, Exocrine/enzymology
- Pancreas, Exocrine/metabolism
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/genetics
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/immunology
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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58
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Yáñez AJ, Bustamante X, Bertinat R, Werner E, Rauch MC, Concha II, Reyes JG, Slebe JC. Expression of key substrate cycle enzymes in rat spermatogenic cells: Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase and 6 phosphofructose 1-kinase. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:807-16. [PMID: 17492776 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A substrate cycle composed of phosphofructo 1-kinase I (PFK) and fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase I (FBPase) has been proposed in rat spermatids. This substrate cycle can explain the ability of glucose to induce a decrease in intracellular ATP, a phenomenon that was related to regulation of [Ca(2+)]i in these cells. In spite of the importance of this metabolic cycle, the expression and activities of the enzymes that compose such cycle have not been systematically studied in spermatogenic cells. Here, we show that PFK and FBPase activities were present in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids extracts. Expression of PFK at the mRNA and protein levels showed a relatively similar expression in spermatogenic cells, but a stronger expression in Sertoli cells. Instead, expression of FBPase at the mRNA and protein levels was stronger in round and elongating spermatids as compared to other spermatogenic cells. A similar pattern was observed when evidencing FBPase activity by a NADPH-nitroblue tetrazolium-linked cytochemical assay in isolated pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. Rat spermatids also showed the ability to convert lactate to fructose- and glucose-6-P, indicating that both glycolytic and gluconeogenic fluxes are present in these cells. Our results indicate that a coordinated expression of key substrate cycle enzymes, at the level of PFK/FBPase, appear in the last stages of spermatogenic cell differentiation, suggesting that the co-regulation of these enzymes are required for the ability of these cells to respond to glucose and induce metabolic and Ca(2+) signals that can be important for sperm development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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59
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has become clear during the past few years that the intestine is more than a digestive tract. In addition to its role as a subtle endocrine organ, its participation in endogenous glucose production, a property so far believed to be restricted to the liver and kidney, has been emphasized. RECENT FINDINGS The role of the gut in the regulation of glucose homeostasis has received further experimental accreditation from both animal and human studies. In relation to the molecular mechanisms of control of glucose production the potential regulatory role of glutaminase and glycerokinase has been suggested from studies of fasting, and the transcription of the glucose-6 phosphatase gene has been specified in an intestinal context. Furthermore, two newly described metabolic pathways accounting for the transepithelial transport of glucose have received further support: from the intestinal lumen to inside the enterocyte, involving a translocation of the glucose transporter Glut2 to the apical membrane, and from inside the enterocyte into the blood, involving glucose 6-phosphatase and independent of Glut2. SUMMARY The new knowledge regarding the control of glucose, glutamine, and glycerol metabolisms in the small intestine should be of interest to those who care for diabetic or septic patients, or are involved in nutrition research in humans. They should also be of importance in the knowledge of inherited genetic deficiencies, such as glycogen storage disease type 1 (Von Gierke disease) and the Fanconi-Bickel and glucose-galactose malabsorption syndromes.
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60
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Yañez AJ, Ludwig HC, Bertinat R, Spichiger C, Gatica R, Berlien G, Leon O, Brito M, Concha II, Slebe JC. Different involvement for aldolase isoenzymes in kidney glucose metabolism: aldolase B but not aldolase A colocalizes and forms a complex with FBPase. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:743-53. [PMID: 15389646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of aldolase A and B isoenzyme transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR in rat kidney and their cell distribution was compared with characteristic enzymes of the gluconeogenic and glycolytic metabolic pathway: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and pyruvate kinase (PK). We detected aldolase A isoenzyme in the thin limb and collecting ducts of the medulla and in the distal tubules and glomerula of the cortex. The same pattern of distribution was found for PK, but not for aldolase B, PEPCK, and FBPase. In addition, co-localization studies confirmed that aldolase B, FBPase, and PEPCK are expressed in the same proximal cells. This segregated cell distribution of aldolase A and B with key glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes, respectively, suggests that these aldolase isoenzymes participate in different metabolic pathways. In order to test if FBPase interacts with aldolase B, FBPase was immobilized on agarose and subjected to binding experiments. The results show that only aldolase B is specifically bound to FBPase and that this interaction was specifically disrupted by 60 microM Fru-1,6-P2. These data indicate the presence of a modulated enzyme-enzyme interaction between FBPase and isoenzyme B. They affirm that in kidney, aldolase B specifically participates, along the gluconeogenic pathway and aldolase A in glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Yañez
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla, Valdivia, Chile
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61
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Yáñez AJ, Bertinat R, Spichiger C, Carcamo JG, de Los Angeles García M, Concha II, Nualart F, Slebe JC. Novel expression of liver FBPase in Langerhans islets of human and rat pancreas. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:19-24. [PMID: 15965961 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have indicated the absence of gluconeogenic enzymes in pancreatic islet cells. In contrast, here we demonstrate that liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is highly expressed both in human and rat pancreas. Interestingly, pancreatic FBPase is active and functional, and is inhibited by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). These results suggest that FBPase may participate as a component of a metabolic sensing mechanism present in the pancreas. Immunolocalization analysis showed that FBPase is expressed both in human and rat Langerhans islets, specifically in beta cells. In humans, FBPase was also located in the canaliculus and acinar cells. These results indicate that FBPase coupled with phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a crucial role in the metabolism of pancreatic islet cells. The demonstration of gluconeogenic recycling of trioses as a new metabolic signaling pathway may contribute to our understanding of the differences between the insulin secretagogues trioses, fructose, and glucose in pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Yáñez AJ, Garcia-Rocha M, Bertinat R, Droppelmann C, Concha II, Guinovart JJ, Slebe JC. Subcellular localization of liver FBPase is modulated by metabolic conditions. FEBS Lett 2004; 577:154-8. [PMID: 15527777 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In primary cultured hepatocytes, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) localization is modulated by glucose, dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and insulin. In the absence of these substrates, FBPase was present in the cytoplasm, but the addition of glucose or DHA induced its translocation to the nucleus. As expected, we observed the opposite effect of glucose on glucokinase localization. The addition of insulin in the absence of glucose largely increased the amount of nuclear FBPase. Moreover, at high concentrations of glucose or DHA, FBPase shifted from the cytosol to the cell periphery and co-localized with GS. Interestingly, the synthesis of Glu-6-P and glycogen induced by DHA was not inhibited by insulin. These results indicate that FBPase is involved in glycogen synthesis from gluconeogenic precursors. Overall, these findings show that translocation may be a new integrative mechanism for gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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