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Horan AJ, Apsokardu MJ, Johnston MV. Droplet Assisted Inlet Ionization for Online Analysis of Airborne Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1059-1062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J. Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Chen Y, Cao J, Huang R, Yang F, Wang Q, Wang Y. Characterization, mixing state, and evolution of urban single particles in Xi'an (China) during wintertime haze days. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:937-945. [PMID: 27599057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed in the urban area of Xi'an to investigate size-resolved chemical composition and mixing state of single particles during the heavy haze episode occurred from January 13 to January 27 in 2013. Nine major single particle types were resolved with ART-2a algorithm including biomass burning (BB), Potassium-Secondary (KSec), elemental and organic Carbon (ECOC), sodium-potassium-rich ECOC (NaKECOC), sodium-potassium-rich-secondary (NaKSec), EC, OC, and Dust. Daily PM2.5 mass concentration was 213±122μgm-3. ~96% of the ambient particles were carbonaceous and internally mixed with secondary species such as sulfate and nitrate. The major particle types were from combustion sources, including coal burning, biomass burning, and vehicle exhaust. Mixing state analysis suggests gas-to-particle conversion was an important mechanism forming organic species during the winter haze episode. The relative abundances of the aged particle types, such as KSec and NaKSec increased with the elevated RH when RH<80%. The fraction of aged particles in terms of number concentration was prominent during high levels of PM2.5 under stagnant air conditions. This study gained new knowledge on atmospheric aerosol formation and evolution in urban environment heavy winter haze condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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53
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Ault AP, Axson JL. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Advances. Anal Chem 2016; 89:430-452. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Laskin A, Gilles MK, Knopf DA, Wang B, China S. Progress in the Analysis of Complex Atmospheric Particles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:117-43. [PMID: 27306308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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55
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Onat B. Fine Iron Aerosols Are Internally Mixed with Nitrate in the Urban European Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4212-4220. [PMID: 27002272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric iron aerosol is a bioavailable essential nutrient playing a role in oceanic productivity. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), the particle size (0.3-1.5 μm), chemical composition and mixing state of Fe-containing particles collected at two European urban sites (London and Barcelona) were characterized. Out of the six particle types accounting for the entire Fe-aerosol population, that arising from long-range transport (LRT) of fine Fe-containing particles (Fe-LRT, 54-82% across the two sites) was predominant. This particle type was found to be internally mixed with nitrate and not with sulfate, and likely mostly associated with urban traffic activities. This is in profound contrast with previous studies carried out in Asia, where the majority of iron-containing particles are mixed with sulfate and are of coal combustion origin. Other minor fine iron aerosol sources included mineral dust (8-11%), traffic brake wear material (1-17%), shipping/oil (1-6%), biomass combustion (4-13%) and vegetative debris (1-3%). Overall, relative to anthropogenic Asian Fe-sulfate dust, anthropogenic European dust internally mixed with additional key nutrients such as nitrate is likely to play a different role in ocean global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia Institut de Ciències del Mar , CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - D C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Onat
- Istanbul University Environmental Engineering Department Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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56
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Glasius M, Goldstein AH. Recent Discoveries and Future Challenges in Atmospheric Organic Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2754-64. [PMID: 26862779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere-biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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57
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Arndt J, Deboudt K, Anderson A, Blondel A, Eliet S, Flament P, Fourmentin M, Healy RM, Savary V, Setyan A, Wenger JC. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) single particle analysis of metallurgy plant emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:9-17. [PMID: 26708757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of single particles deposited on industrial filters located in three different chimneys of an iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) alloy manufacturing plant have been compared using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). Very similar types of particles were observed using both analytical techniques. Calcium-containing particles dominated in the firing area of the sintering unit, Mn and/or Al-bearing particles were observed at the cooling area of the sintering unit, while Mn-containing particles were dominant at the smelting unit. SEM-EDX analysis of particles collected downstream of the industrial filters showed that the composition of the particles emitted from the chimneys is very similar to those collected on the filters. ATOFMS analysis of ore samples was also performed to identify particulate emissions that could be generated by wind erosion and manual activities. Specific particle types have been identified for each emission source (chimneys and ore piles) and can be used as tracers for source apportionment of ambient PM measured in the vicinity of the industrial site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arndt
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, Dunkerque, France.
| | - A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Blondel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, Dunkerque, France
| | - S Eliet
- Institut de Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Dunkerque, France
| | - P Flament
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, Dunkerque, France
| | - M Fourmentin
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, Dunkerque, France
| | - R M Healy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - V Savary
- Institut de Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Dunkerque, France
| | - A Setyan
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, Dunkerque, France
| | - J C Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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58
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Eom JW, Lee B. Analytical methods for atmospheric particulate aerosols: Focused on the physical properties and chemical composition of metals and water soluble ionic compounds. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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59
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Lai C, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Heterogeneous Kinetics of cis-Pinonic Acid with Hydroxyl Radical under Different Environmental Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6583-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Lai
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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60
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Brüggemann M, Karu E, Stelzer T, Hoffmann T. Real-Time Analysis of Ambient Organic Aerosols Using Aerosol Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (AeroFAPA-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5571-5578. [PMID: 25861027 DOI: 10.1021/es506186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds contribute to a major fraction of atmospheric aerosols and have significant impacts on climate and human health. However, because of their chemical complexity, their measurement remains a major challenge for analytical instrumentation. Here we present the development and characterization of a new soft ionization technique that allows mass spectrometric real-time detection of organic compounds in aerosols. The aerosol flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (AeroFAPA) ion source is based on a helium glow discharge plasma, which generates excited helium species and primary reagent ions. Ionization of the analytes occurs in the afterglow region after thermal desorption and produces mainly intact quasimolecular ions, facilitating the interpretation of the acquired mass spectra. We illustrate that changes in aerosol composition and concentration are detected on the time scale of seconds and in the ng m(-3) range. Additionally, the successful application of AeroFAPA-MS during a field study in a mixed forest region is presented. In general, the observed compounds are in agreement with previous offline studies; however, the acquisition of chemical information and compound identification is much faster. The results demonstrate that AeroFAPA-MS is a suitable tool for organic aerosol analysis and reveal the potential of this technique to enable new insights into aerosol formation, growth, and transformation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Einar Karu
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- ‡College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB243UE, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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61
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CAI J, ZHENG M, YAN CQ, FU HY, ZHANG YJ, LI M, ZHOU Z, ZHANG YH. Application and Progress of Single Particle Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Fine Particulate Matter Research. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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63
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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64
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Zelenyuk A, Imre D, Wilson J, Zhang Z, Wang J, Mueller K. Airborne single particle mass spectrometers (SPLAT II & miniSPLAT) and new software for data visualization and analysis in a geo-spatial context. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:257-270. [PMID: 25563475 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of aerosols on climate requires knowledge of the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles-two fundamental properties that determine an aerosol's optical properties and ability to serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Here we present our aircraft-compatible single particle mass spectrometers, SPLAT II and its new, miniaturized version, miniSPLAT that measure in-situ and in real-time the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles with extremely high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and sizing precision on the order of a monolayer. Although miniSPLAT's size, weight, and power consumption are significantly smaller, its performance is on par with SPLAT II. Both instruments operate in dual data acquisition mode to measure, in addition to single particle size and composition, particle number concentrations, size distributions, density, and asphericity with high temporal resolution. We also present ND-Scope, our newly developed interactive visual analytics software package. ND-Scope is designed to explore and visualize the vast amount of complex, multidimensional data acquired by our single particle mass spectrometers, along with other aerosol and cloud characterization instruments on-board aircraft. We demonstrate that ND-Scope makes it possible to visualize the relationships between different observables and to view the data in a geo-spatial context, using the interactive and fully coupled Google Earth and Parallel Coordinates displays. Here we illustrate the utility of ND-Scope to visualize the spatial distribution of atmospheric particles of different compositions, and explore the relationship between individual particle compositions and their activity as cloud condensation nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA,
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65
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Canagaratna MR, Massoli P, Browne EC, Franklin JP, Wilson KR, Onasch TB, Kirchstetter TW, Fortner EC, Kolb CE, Jayne JT, Kroll JH, Worsnop DR. Chemical compositions of black carbon particle cores and coatings via soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry with photoionization and electron ionization. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4589-99. [PMID: 25526741 DOI: 10.1021/jp510711u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon is an important constituent of atmospheric aerosol particle matter (PM) with significant effects on the global radiation budget and on human health. The soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) has been developed and deployed for real-time ambient measurements of refractory carbon particles. In the SP-AMS, black carbon or metallic particles are vaporized through absorption of 1064 nm light from a CW Nd:YAG laser. This scheme allows for continuous "soft" vaporization of both core and coating materials. The main focus of this work is to characterize the extent to which this vaporization scheme provides enhanced chemical composition information about aerosol particles. This information is difficult to extract from standard SP-AMS mass spectra because they are complicated by extensive fragmentation from the harsh 70 eV EI ionization scheme that is typically used in these instruments. Thus, in this work synchotron-generated vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light in the 8-14 eV range is used to measure VUV-SP-AMS spectra with minimal fragmentation. VUV-SP-AMS spectra of commercially available carbon black, fullerene black, and laboratory generated flame soots were obtained. Small carbon cluster cations (C(+)-C5(+)) were found to dominate the VUV-SP-AMS spectra of all the samples, indicating that the corresponding neutral clusters are key products of the SP vaporization process. Intercomparisons of carbon cluster ratios observed in VUV-SP-AMS and SP-AMS spectra are used to confirm spectral features that could be used to distinguish between different types of refractory carbon particles. VUV-SP-AMS spectra of oxidized organic species adsorbed on absorbing cores are also examined and found to display less thermally induced decomposition and fragmentation than spectra obtained with thermal vaporization at 200 °C (the minimum temperature needed to quantitatively vaporize ambient oxidized organic aerosol with a continuously heated surface). The particle cores tested in these studies include black carbon, silver, gold, and platinum nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that SP vaporization is capable of providing enhanced organic chemical composition information for a wide range of organic coating materials and IR absorbing particle cores. The potential of using this technique to study organic species of interest in seeded laboratory chamber or flow reactor studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula R Canagaratna
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Paola Massoli
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan P Franklin
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Thomas W Kirchstetter
- ⊥Environmental Energy and Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,#Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edward C Fortner
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Charles E Kolb
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - John T Jayne
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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66
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Methods for characterization of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:5877-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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67
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Tang Y, Huang Y, Li L, Chen H, Chen J, Yang X, Gao S, Gross DS. Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2412-2422. [PMID: 25499489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer (CRD-AES) and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived. Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction. Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Ångström exponent (SAE) were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon (ECOC) particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo (SSA) and elemental carbon (EC) signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation (r=-0.87) between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanlong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Song Gao
- Division of Math, Science and Technology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Deborah S Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
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68
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Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Mohr C, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Thornton JA. An iodide-adduct high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer: application to atmospheric inorganic and organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6309-17. [PMID: 24800638 DOI: 10.1021/es500362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) using Iodide-adducts has been characterized and deployed in several laboratory and field studies to measure a suite of organic and inorganic atmospheric species. The large negative mass defect of Iodide, combined with soft ionization and the high mass-accuracy (<20 ppm) and mass-resolving power (R>5500) of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, provides an additional degree of separation and allows for the determination of elemental compositions for the vast majority of detected ions. Laboratory characterization reveals Iodide-adduct ionization generally exhibits increasing sensitivity toward more polar or acidic volatile organic compounds. Simultaneous retrieval of a wide range of mass-to-charge ratios (m/Q from 25 to 625 Th) at a high frequency (>1 Hz) provides a comprehensive view of atmospheric oxidative chemistry, particularly when sampling rapidly evolving plumes from fast moving platforms like an aircraft. We present the sampling protocol, detection limits and observations from the first aircraft deployment for an instrument of this type, which took place aboard the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) 2013 field campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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69
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Guasco TL, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Pedler BE, Ault AP, Collins DB, Zhao D, Kim MJ, Ruppel MJ, Wilson SC, Pomeroy RS, Grassian VH, Azam F, Bertram TH, Prather KA. Transition metal associations with primary biological particles in sea spray aerosol generated in a wave channel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1324-1333. [PMID: 24328130 DOI: 10.1021/es403203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the ocean, breaking waves generate air bubbles which burst at the surface and eject sea spray aerosol (SSA), consisting of sea salt, biogenic organic species, and primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). Our overall understanding of atmospheric biological particles of marine origin remains poor. Here, we perform a control experiment, using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer to measure the mass spectral signatures of individual particles generated by bubbling a salt solution before and after addition of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Upon addition of bacteria, an immediate increase occurs in the fraction of individual particle mass spectra containing magnesium, organic nitrogen, and phosphate marker ions. These biological signatures are consistent with 21% of the supermicrometer SSA particles generated in a previous study using breaking waves in an ocean-atmosphere wave channel. Interestingly, the wave flume mass spectral signatures also contain metal ions including silver, iron, and chromium. The nascent SSA bioparticles produced in the wave channel are hypothesized to be as follows: (1) whole or fragmented bacterial cells which bioaccumulated metals and/or (2) bacteria-derived colloids or biofilms which adhered to the metals. This study highlights the potential for transition metals, in combination with specific biomarkers, to serve as unique indicators for the presence of marine PBAP, especially in metal-impacted coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Guasco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
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70
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Brüggemann M, Vogel AL, Hoffmann T. Analysis of organic aerosols using a micro-orifice volatilization impactor coupled to an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:31-41. [PMID: 24881453 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and characterization of a combination of a micro-orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI) and an ion trap mass spectrometer (IT/MS) with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The MOVI is a multi-jet impactor with 100 nozzles, allowing the collection of aerosol particles by inertial impaction on a deposition plate. The pressure drop behind the nozzles is approximately 5%, resulting in a pressure of 96kPa on the collection surface for ambient pressures of 101.3 kPa. The cut-point diameter (diameter of 50% collection efficiency) is at 0.13 microm for a sampling flow rate of 10 L min(-1). After the collection step, aerosol particles are evaporated by heating the impaction surface and transferred into the APCI-IT/MS for detection of the analytes. APCI was used in the negative ion mode to detect predominantly mono- and dicarboxylic acids, which are major oxidation products of biogenic terpenes. The MOVI-APCI-IT/MS instrument was used for the analysis of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which was generated by ozonolysis of alpha-pinene in a 100 L continuous-flow reactor under dark and dry conditions. The combination of the MOVI with an APCI-IT/MS improved the detection Limits for small dicarboxylic acids, such as pinic acid, compared to online measurements by APCI-IT/MS. The Limits of detection and quantification for pinic acid were determined by external calibration to 4.4 ng and 13.2 ng, respectively. During a field campaign in the southern Rocky Mountains (USA) in summer 2011 (BEACHON-RoMBAS), the MOVI-APCI-IT/MS was applied for the analysis of ambient organic aerosols and the quantification of individual biogenic SOA marker compounds. Based on a measurement frequency of approximately 5 h, a diurnal cycle for pinic acid in the sampled aerosol particles was found with maximum concentrations at night (median: 10.1 ngm(-3)) and minimum concentrations during the day (median: 8.2 ng m(-3)), which is likely due to the partitioning behavior of pinic acid and the changing phase state of the organic aerosol particles with changing relative humidity.
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71
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Photo ionisation in mass spectrometry: light, selectivity and molecular ions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6901-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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72
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Ariya PA, Kos G, Mortazavi R, Hudson ED, Kanthasamy V, Eltouny N, Sun J, Wilde C. Bio-organic materials in the atmosphere and snow: measurement and characterization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 339:145-99. [PMID: 23832685 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organic chemicals are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and at air-snow interfaces, as well as in aerosols and in clouds. It has been known for centuries that airborne biological matter plays various roles in the transmission of disease in humans and in ecosystems. The implication of chemical compounds of biological origins in cloud condensation and in ice nucleation processes has also been studied during the last few decades, and implications have been suggested in the reduction of visibility, in the influence on oxidative potential of the atmosphere and transformation of compounds in the atmosphere, in the formation of haze, change of snow-ice albedo, in agricultural processes, and bio-hazards and bio-terrorism. In this review we critically examine existing observation data on bio-organic compounds in the atmosphere and in snow. We also review both conventional and cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods for measurement and characterisation of bio-organic compounds and specifically for microbial communities, in the atmosphere and snow. We also explore the link between biological compounds and nucleation processes. Due to increased interest in decreasing emissions of carbon-containing compounds, we also briefly review (in an Appendix) methods and techniques that are currently deployed for bio-organic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ariya
- Departments of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada,
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73
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Perring AE, Pusede SE, Cohen RC. An Observational Perspective on the Atmospheric Impacts of Alkyl and Multifunctional Nitrates on Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5848-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Perring
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - S. E. Pusede
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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74
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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75
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Nah T, Chan M, Leone SR, Wilson KR. Real Time in Situ Chemical Characterization of Submicrometer Organic Particles Using Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2087-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Nah
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - ManNin Chan
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720,
United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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77
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Chan MN, Nah T, Wilson KR. Real time in situ chemical characterization of sub-micron organic aerosols using Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS): the effect of aerosol size and volatility. Analyst 2013; 138:3749-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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78
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Horan AJ, Gao Y, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Online Characterization of Particles and Gases with an Ambient Electrospray Ionization Source. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9253-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302024y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Wiley A. Hall
- Agricultural
Research Service,
San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California 93648, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
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79
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Worton DR, Gentner DR, Isaacman G, Goldstein AH. Embracing complexity: deciphering origins and transformations of atmospheric organics through speciated measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5265-5266. [PMID: 22533648 DOI: 10.1021/es301199y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
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80
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Nguyen TB, Lee PB, Updyke KM, Bones DL, Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. Formation of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing light-absorbing compounds accelerated by evaporation of water from secondary organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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82
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Zhang Q, Jimenez JL, Canagaratna MR, Ulbrich IM, Ng NL, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3045-67. [PMID: 21972005 PMCID: PMC3217143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic species are an important but poorly characterized constituent of airborne particulate matter. A quantitative understanding of the organic fraction of particles (organic aerosol, OA) is necessary to reduce some of the largest uncertainties that confound the assessment of the radiative forcing of climate and air quality management policies. In recent years, aerosol mass spectrometry has been increasingly relied upon for highly time-resolved characterization of OA chemistry and for elucidation of aerosol sources and lifecycle processes. Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) are particularly widely used, because of their ability to quantitatively characterize the size-resolved composition of submicron particles (PM1). AMS report the bulk composition and temporal variations of OA in the form of ensemble mass spectra (MS) acquired over short time intervals. Because each MS represents the linear superposition of the spectra of individual components weighed by their concentrations, multivariate factor analysis of the MS matrix has proved effective at retrieving OA factors that offer a quantitative and simplified description of the thousands of individual organic species. The sum of the factors accounts for nearly 100% of the OA mass and each individual factor typically corresponds to a large group of OA constituents with similar chemical composition and temporal behavior that are characteristic of different sources and/or atmospheric processes. The application of this technique in aerosol mass spectrometry has grown rapidly in the last six years. Here we review multivariate factor analysis techniques applied to AMS and other aerosol mass spectrometers, and summarize key findings from field observations. Results that provide valuable information about aerosol sources and, in particular, secondary OA evolution on regional and global scales are highlighted. Advanced methods, for example a-priori constraints on factor mass spectra and the application of factor analysis to combined aerosol and gas phase data are discussed. Integrated analysis of worldwide OA factors is used to present a holistic regional and global description of OA. Finally, different ways in which OA factors can constrain global and regional models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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