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Natural Sulfur-Containing Compounds: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy against Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111356. [PMID: 31671675 PMCID: PMC6929087 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiologic process involving the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins as collagen deposition. Advanced liver fibrosis can evolve in cirrhosis, portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. At the cellular level, hepatic fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells and their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Numerous pro-fibrogenic mediators including the transforming growth factor-β1, the platelet-derived growth factor, endothelin-1, toll-like receptor 4, and reactive oxygen species are key players in this process. Knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis development need to be extended to find novel therapeutic strategies. Antifibrotic therapies aim to inhibit the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or prevent the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Natural products from terrestrial and marine sources, including sulfur-containing compounds, exhibit promising activities for the treatment of fibrotic pathology. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans are largely unknown. This review aims to provide a reference collection on experimentally tested natural anti-fibrotic compounds, with particular attention on sulfur-containing molecules. Their chemical structure, sources, mode of action, molecular targets, and pharmacological activity in the treatment of liver disease will be discussed.
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Ye S, Boeter JWB, Penning LC, Spee B, Schneeberger K. Hydrogels for Liver Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E59. [PMID: 31284412 PMCID: PMC6784004 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered livers are promising in vitro models for drug testing, toxicological studies, and as disease models, and might in the future be an alternative for donor organs to treat end-stage liver diseases. Liver tissue engineering (LTE) aims to construct liver models that are physiologically relevant. To make bioengineered livers, the two most important ingredients are hepatic cells and supportive materials such as hydrogels. In the past decades, dozens of hydrogels have been developed to act as supportive materials, and some have been used for in vitro models and formed functional liver constructs. However, currently none of the used hydrogels are suitable for in vivo transplantation. Here, the histology of the human liver and its relationship with LTE is introduced. After that, significant characteristics of hydrogels are described focusing on LTE. Then, both natural and synthetic materials utilized in hydrogels for LTE are reviewed individually. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on a comparison of the different hydrogels and their characteristics and ideal hydrogels are proposed to promote LTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem W B Boeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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53
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Grant R, Hallett J, Forbes S, Hay D, Callanan A. Blended electrospinning with human liver extracellular matrix for engineering new hepatic microenvironments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6293. [PMID: 31000735 PMCID: PMC6472345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering of a transplantable liver could provide an alternative to donor livers for transplant, solving the problem of escalating donor shortages. One of the challenges for tissue engineers is the extracellular matrix (ECM); a finely controlled in vivo niche which supports hepatocytes. Polymers and decellularized tissue scaffolds each provide some of the necessary biological cues for hepatocytes, however, neither alone has proved sufficient. Enhancing microenvironments using bioactive molecules allows researchers to create more appropriate niches for hepatocytes. We combined decellularized human liver tissue with electrospun polymers to produce a niche for hepatocytes and compared the human liver ECM to its individual components; Collagen I, Laminin-521 and Fibronectin. The resulting scaffolds were validated using THLE-3 hepatocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed retention of proteins in the scaffolds. Mechanical testing demonstrated significant increases in the Young's Modulus of the decellularized ECM scaffold; providing significantly stiffer environments for hepatocytes. Each scaffold maintained hepatocyte growth, albumin production and influenced expression of key hepatic genes, with the decellularized ECM scaffolds exerting an influence which is not recapitulated by individual ECM components. Blended protein:polymer scaffolds provide a viable, translatable niche for hepatocytes and offers a solution to current obstacles in disease modelling and liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Grant
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John Hallett
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stuart Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David Hay
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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54
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Sánchez-Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pla-Palacín I, Dachary PR, Almeida H, Pastor C, Soto DR, Rodriguez MC, Arbizu EO, Martinez LB, Serrano-Aulló T, Baptista PM. The role of extracellular matrix on liver stem cell fate: A dynamic relationship in health and disease. Differentiation 2019; 106:49-56. [PMID: 30878881 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver stem cell niche is a specialized and dynamic microenvironment with biomechanical and biochemical characteristics that regulate stem cell behavior. This is feasible due to the coordination of a complex network of secreted factors, small molecules, neural, blood inputs and extracellular matrix (ECM) components involved in the regulation of stem cell fate (self-renewal, survival, and differentiation into more mature phenotypes like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes). In this review, we describe and summarize all the major components that play essential roles in the liver stem cell niche, in particular, growth factor signaling and the biomechanical properties of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Pastor
- Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Rubio Soto
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.
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55
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Blau BJ, Miki T. The role of cellular interactions in the induction of hepatocyte polarity and functional maturation in stem cell-derived hepatic cells. Differentiation 2019; 106:42-48. [PMID: 30878880 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique microenvironment found within the liver in vivo plays a key role in the induction of functional maturation in the developing hepatocyte. During organogenesis, hepatocytes acquire a polar phenotype that allows them to perform their functions of bile production and transport, protein synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification simultaneously, independently, and efficiently. It is thought that the induction of polarity and functional maturation in hepatocytes is dependent on the complex interplay of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. While this process is highly efficient in the human liver, it has been shown that hepatocytes rapidly lose their functions when placed in cell culture. This poses a challenge for the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) support system, which utilizes a live cellular source to perform hepatic functions in the event of acute liver failure or primary nonfunction. However, once the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of hepatocyte polarity are fully identified, it will be possible to develop highly functional hepatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). This new cell line would be an ideal cellular source for a BAL system, as it would have both the functionality and longevity to support a patient through the entire clinical course of treatment. In this review, we explore the literature that has examined the potential mechanisms that induce polarity in the developing hepatocyte and discuss the future implications of this knowledge in a clinical setting from a bioengineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Blau
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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56
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Turchinovich A, Baranova A, Drapkina O, Tonevitsky A. Cell-Free Circulating Nucleic Acids as Early Biomarkers for NAFLD and NAFLD-Associated Disorders. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1256. [PMID: 30294278 PMCID: PMC6158334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the worldwide most common cause of chronic liver pathology, which prevalence strongly correlates with the increasing incidence of diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome in the general population. Simple steatosis, the earliest NAFLD stage, usually remains asymptomatic, and appropriate changes in the lifestyle, as well as the diet, can reverse the affected liver into the healthy state. The potential of simple steatosis to progress into severe fibrotic stages and to facilitate carcinogenesis necessitates timely NAFLD detection and risk stratification in community-based healthcare settings. Since their initial discovery a decade ago, extracellular circulating miRNAs have been found in all human biological fluids including blood and shown to hold great promises as non-invasive biomarkers. Normally, intracellular miRNAs participate in the regulation of gene expression, but once released by dying/dead cells they remain highly stable in the extracellular environment for prolonged periods. Therefore, circulating miRNA profiles can reflect the ongoing pathogenic processes in body's tissues and organs, and enable highly sensitive non-invasive diagnosis of multiple disorders. A non-urgent character of the NAFLD-related decision-making justifies the use of chronic liver diseases as an excellent test case for examining the practical utility of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for longitudinal monitoring of human health. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art in the field of early diagnosis of NAFLD using circulating blood miRNAs, and stress the necessity of additional experimental validation of their diagnostic potential. We further emphasize on the potential diagnostics promises of other cell-free RNA species found in human biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Turchinovich
- SciBerg e.Kfm, Mannheim, Germany
- Molecular Epidemiology C080, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Atlas Biomed Group, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Drapkina
- Federal State Institution National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- art photonics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- SRC Bioclinicum, Moscow, Russia
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57
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Valtolina C, Robben JH, Favier RP, Rothuizen J, Grinwis GC, Schotanus BA, Penning LC. Immunohistochemical characterisation of the hepatic stem cell niche in feline hepatic lipidosis: a preliminary morphological study. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:165-172. [PMID: 29741464 PMCID: PMC6357173 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18765922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the cellular and stromal components of the hepatic progenitor cell niche in feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for the progenitor/bile duct marker (K19), activated Kupffer cells (MAC387), myofibroblasts (alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) and the extracellular matrix component laminin were used on seven liver biopsies of cats with FHL and three healthy cats. Double immunofluorescence stainings were performed to investigate co-localisation of different cell types in the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) niche. RESULTS HPCs, Kupffer cells, myofibroblasts and laminin deposition were observed in the liver samples of FHL, although with variability in the expression and positivity of the different immunostainings between different samples. When compared with the unaffected cats where K19 positivity and minimal α-SMA and laminin positivity were seen mainly in the portal area, in the majority of FHL samples K19 and α-SMA-positive cells and laminin positivity were seen also in the periportal and parenchymatous area. MAC387-positive cells were present throughout the parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is a preliminary morphological study to describe the activation and co-localisation of components of the HPC niche in FHL. Although the HPC niche in FHL resembles that described in hepatopathies in dogs and in feline lymphocytic cholangitis, the expression of K19, α-SMA, MAC387 and lamin is more variable in FHL, and a common pattern of activation could not be established. Nevertheless, when HPCs were activated, a spatial association between HPCs and their niche could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris H Robben
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Favier
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2 Evidensia Dierenziekenhuis Nunspeet, Nunspeet, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Cm Grinwis
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baukje A Schotanus
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,4 Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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58
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Saheli M, Sepantafar M, Pournasr B, Farzaneh Z, Vosough M, Piryaei A, Baharvand H. Three-dimensional liver-derived extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes liver organoids function. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4320-4333. [PMID: 29247536 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An important advantage of employing extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biomaterials in tissue engineering is the ability to tailor the biochemical and biophysical microenvironment of the cells. This study aims to assess whether three-dimensional (3D) liver-derived ECM hydrogel (LEMgel) promotes physiological function of liver organoids generated by self-organization of human hepatocarcinoma cells together with human mesenchymal and endothelial cells. We have optimized the decellularization method to fabricate liver ECM derived from sheep to preserve the greatest content of glycosaminoglycans, collagen, laminin, and fibronectin in produced LEMgel. During gelation, complex viscoelasticity modulus of the LEMgel (3 mg/mL) increased from 186.7 to 1570.5 Pa and Tan Delta decreased from 0.27 to 0.18. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) determined that the LEMgel had a pore size of 382 ± 71 µm. Hepatocarcinoma cells in the self-organized liver organoids in 3D LEMgel (LEMgel organoids) showed an epithelial phenotype and expressed ALB, CYP3A4, E-cadherin, and ASGPR. The LEMgel organoid had significant upregulation of transcripts of ALB, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, and TAT as well as downregulation of AFP compared to collagen type I- and hydrogel-free-organoids or organoids in solubilized LEM and 2D culture of hepatocarcinoma cells. Generated 3D LEMgel organoids had significantly more ALB and AAT secretion, urea production, CYP3A4 enzyme activity, and inducibility. In conclusion, 3D LEMgel enhanced the functional activity of self-organized liver organoids compared to traditional 2D, 3D, and collagen gel cultures. Our novel 3D LEMgel organoid could potentially be used in liver tissue engineering, drug discovery, toxicology studies, or bio-artificial liver fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saheli
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadmajid Sepantafar
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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59
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Jian H, Wang M, Wang S, Wang A, Bai S. 3D bioprinting for cell culture and tissue fabrication. Biodes Manuf 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-018-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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60
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Plumbagin protects liver against fulminant hepatic failure and chronic liver fibrosis via inhibiting inflammation and collagen production. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82864-82875. [PMID: 27756878 PMCID: PMC5347738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin is a quinonoid constituent extracted from Plumbago genus, and it exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. This study thoroughly investigated the effects of plumbagin on thioacetamide-induced acute and chronic liver injury. Results shown that plumbagin increased survival rate, reduced liver congestion and inflammation, and decreased macrophages and neutrophils in the fulminant hepatic failure model, and remarkably diminished liver fibrosis and inflammation in the chronic liver injury model. Furthermore, plumbagin significantly suppress the HSCs/myofibroblasts activation by reduced expression of markers α-SMA and COL-1/3, and reduced macrophage in liver. In the in vitro study, plumbagin induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of LX-2 cells (human HSCs). Plumbagin treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation and attenuated NF-κB, STAT3, and Akt/mTOR signals in LX-2 cells, while SMAD2 phosphorylation was not changed. Noticeably, plumbagin promoted AMPK binding to p300 which is a cofactor of SMAD complex, this may further competitively decreases the p300/SMAD complex initiated transcription of COL-1/3 and α-SMA. Additionally, plumbagin hampered inflammation related NF-κB signal in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that plumbagin may be a powerful drug candidate to protect the liver from acute and chronic damage by inhibiting inflammation and collagen production.
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61
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Mogroside IVE attenuates experimental liver fibrosis in mice and inhibits HSC activation through downregulating TLR4-mediated pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 55:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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62
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Wang Y, Nicolas CT, Chen HS, Ross JJ, De Lorenzo SB, Nyberg SL. Recent Advances in Decellularization and Recellularization for Tissue-Engineered Liver Grafts. Cells Tissues Organs 2017; 204:125-136. [PMID: 28972946 DOI: 10.1159/000479597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation from deceased or living human donors remains the only proven option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, the shortage of donor organs is a significant clinical concern that has led to the pursuit of tissue-engineered liver grafts generated from decellularized liver extracellular matrix and functional cells. Investigative efforts on optimizing both liver decellularization and recellularization protocols have been made in recent decades. In the current review, we briefly summarize these advances, including the generation of high-quality liver extracellular matrix scaffolds, evaluation criteria for quality control, modification of matrix for enhanced properties, and reseeding strategies. These efforts to optimize the methods of decellularization and recellularization lay the groundwork towards generating a transplantable, human-sized liver graft for the treatment of patients with severe liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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63
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is a fascinating and complex process with many medical implications. An important component of this regenerative process is the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC). These appealing cells are able to participate in the renewal of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes when the normal homeostatic regeneration is exhausted. Moreover, the HPC niche is of vital importance toward the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of the HPC. This niche provides a rich microenvironment for the regulation of the HPC, thanks to the intercellular secretion of molecules. New findings indicate that the regenerative possibilities in the liver could provide a diverse basis for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Haele
- Liver Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Liver Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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64
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Gabr SA, Alghadir AH, Sherif YE, Ghfar AA. Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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65
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Allen JN, Dey A, Nissly R, Fraser J, Yu S, Balandaram G, Peters JM, Hankey-Giblin PA. Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation. J Vis Exp 2017:55445. [PMID: 28447981 PMCID: PMC5564464 DOI: 10.3791/55445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn N Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University;
| | - Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Ruth Nissly
- Microscopy and Cytometry Facility, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | - James Fraser
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Gayathri Balandaram
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
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66
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Natarajan V, Harris EN, Kidambi S. SECs (Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells), Liver Microenvironment, and Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4097205. [PMID: 28293634 PMCID: PMC5331310 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4097205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury such as alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis with no FDA-approved treatments. Liver fibrosis results in a continual accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and paves the way for replacement of parenchyma with nonfunctional scar tissue. The fibrotic condition results in drastic changes in the local mechanical, chemical, and biological microenvironment of the tissue. Liver parenchyma is supported by an efficient network of vasculature lined by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These nonparenchymal cells are highly specialized resident endothelial cell type with characteristic morphological and functional features. Alterations in LSECs phenotype including lack of LSEC fenestration, capillarization, and formation of an organized basement membrane have been shown to precede fibrosis and promote hepatic stellate cell activation. Here, we review the interplay of LSECs with the dynamic changes in the fibrotic liver microenvironment such as matrix rigidity, altered ECM protein profile, and cell-cell interactions to provide insight into the pivotal changes in LSEC physiology and the extent to which it mediates the progression of liver fibrosis. Establishing the molecular aspects of LSECs in the light of fibrotic microenvironment is valuable towards development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishaali Natarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Edward N. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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67
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Hepatic cirrhosis and recovery as reflected by Raman spectroscopy: information revealed by statistical analysis might lead to a prognostic biomarker. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8053-8063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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68
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Comparative proteomic assessment of matrisome enrichment methodologies. Biochem J 2016; 473:3979-3995. [PMID: 27589945 PMCID: PMC5095915 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The matrisome is a complex and heterogeneous collection of extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated proteins that play important roles in tissue development and homeostasis. While several strategies for matrisome enrichment have been developed, it is currently unknown how the performance of these different methodologies compares in the proteomic identification of matrisome components across multiple tissue types. In the present study, we perform a comparative proteomic assessment of two widely used decellularisation protocols and two extraction methods to characterise the matrisome in four murine organs (heart, mammary gland, lung and liver). We undertook a systematic evaluation of the performance of the individual methods on protein yield, matrisome enrichment capability and the ability to isolate core matrisome and matrisome-associated components. Our data find that sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) decellularisation leads to the highest matrisome enrichment efficiency, while the extraction protocol that comprises chemical and trypsin digestion of the ECM fraction consistently identifies the highest number of matrisomal proteins across all types of tissue examined. Matrisome enrichment had a clear benefit over non-enriched tissue for the comprehensive identification of matrisomal components in murine liver and heart. Strikingly, we find that all four matrisome enrichment methods led to significant losses in the soluble matrisome-associated proteins across all organs. Our findings highlight the multiple factors (including tissue type, matrisome class of interest and desired enrichment purity) that influence the choice of enrichment methodology, and we anticipate that these data will serve as a useful guide for the design of future proteomic studies of the matrisome.
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69
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Vince AR, Hayes MA, Jefferson BJ, Stalker MJ. Sinusoidal endothelial cell and hepatic stellate cell phenotype correlates with stage of fibrosis in chronic liver disease in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:498-505. [PMID: 27423735 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716658499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the extent of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease of dogs using a modification of Ishak's staging criteria for human chronic liver disease, and examined the association of stage of fibrosis with immunophenotypic markers of transdifferentiation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver biopsy specimens from 45 case dogs with chronic liver disease and 55 healthy control dogs were scored for the presence and extent of fibrosis. This stage score for fibrosis strongly correlated with upregulated von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression in lobular sinusoidal endothelial cells (Spearman correlation coefficient [SCC] = 0.57, p < 0.05). Immunoreactivity for vWF factor was identified in 68.9% of case biopsies, varying in distribution from periportal to diffuse, whereas vWF immunoreactivity was identified in only 14.5% of control specimens, and was restricted to the immediate periportal sinusoids. The majority of both case and control biopsies exhibited similar prominent lobular perisinusoidal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). A minority of specimens (17.8% of case biopsies, 1.8% of control biopsies) exhibited low perisinoidal α-SMA expression, and there was a weak negative correlation between α-SMA expression and stage of fibrosis (SCC = -0.29, p = 0.0037). These results document a method for staging the severity of fibrosis in canine liver biopsies, and show a strong association between fibrosis and increased expression of vWF in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Vince
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division (Vince, Stalker), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College (Hayes, Jefferson), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Anthony Hayes
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division (Vince, Stalker), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College (Hayes, Jefferson), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara J Jefferson
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division (Vince, Stalker), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College (Hayes, Jefferson), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret J Stalker
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division (Vince, Stalker), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College (Hayes, Jefferson), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Madeira IMVM, Pereira DMO, Sousa AA, Vilela CA, Amorim IFG, Caliari MV, Souza CC, Tafuri WL. Immunohistochemical study of hepatic fibropoiesis associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:139-49. [PMID: 27242326 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibropoiesis has been confirmed in canine visceral leishmaniasis. In fibrotic disease, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play an important role in fibropoiesis, undergoing activation by TGF-β to acquire characteristics of myofibroblasts. These cells show extensive capacity for proliferation, motility, contractility, collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix component synthesis. The aim of this work was to identify markers of HSC activation in 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Eight uninfected dogs were used as controls. Alpha-actin (α-SMA), vimentin and cytokeratin were investigated by immunohistochemistry as HSC markers. The cytokine TGF-β in tissue was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. All infected dogs showed higher numbers of reticular fibres than controls. Fibropoiesis found in infected dogs was always associated with the presence of parasites and chronic granulomatous hepatitis. Positive correlation was found among fibropoiesis, parasite tissue load and expression of α-SMA. There was no correlation between fibropoiesis, vimentin and cytokeratin markers. The expression of cytokine TGF-β was higher in infected dogs than in controls, but not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. These results confirm previous work describing the intense hepatic fibropoiesis in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum, but now associated them with overexpression of TGF-β, where α-SMA may be a superior marker for activated HSC cells in CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M V M Madeira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Debora M O Pereira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Aline A Sousa
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Cesar A Vilela
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Izabela F G Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Carolina C Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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71
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Beeman SC, Mandarino LJ, Georges JF, Bennett KM. Cationized ferritin as a magnetic resonance imaging probe to detect microstructural changes in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Magn Reson Med 2016; 70:1728-38. [PMID: 23390010 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this work was to detect disease-related microstructural changes to the liver using magnetic resonance imaging. Chronic liver disease can cause microstructural changes in the liver that reduce plasma access to the perisinusoidal space--the site of exchange between the blood plasma and the hepatic parenchyma. The reduced plasma access to the perisinusoidal space inhibits hepatic function and contributes to the ∼30,000 chronic liver disease-related deaths per year. METHODS The extracellular matrix-specific cationized ferritin magnetic resonance imaging probe was injected intravenously into healthy rats and a rat model of the chronic liver disease non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Rats were subsequently imaged with T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS This work demonstrates that the binding of cationized ferritin to the perisinusoidal extracellular matrix is reduced by 55% in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis compared to healthy controls. This reduced binding is detectable in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy indicated that the reduced binding is due to inhibited macromolecular access to the perisinusoidal space caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related microstructural changes. CONCLUSIONS The reduced accumulation of intravenously injected cationized ferritin may report on changes in macromolecular access to the liver parenchyma in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Beeman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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72
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Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Huang B, Cheng X, Wang D, la Gahu Z, Xue Z, Da Y, Li D, Yao Z, Gao F, Xu A, Zhang R. Adiponectin-derived active peptide ADP355 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in thioacetamide-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19445. [PMID: 26777428 PMCID: PMC4725969 DOI: 10.1038/srep19445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived circulating protein with beneficial effects on injured livers. Adiponectin-deficient (adipo(−/−)) mice develop enhanced liver fibrosis, suggesting that adiponectin could be a therapeutic target for liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of ADP355, an adiponectin-based active short peptide, in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute injury and chronic liver fibrosis in mice. ADP355 remarkably reduced TAA-induced necroinflammation and liver fibrosis. ADP355 treatment increased liver glycogen, decreased serum alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity, and promoted body weight gain, hyper-proliferation and hypo-apoptosis. In addition, ADP355 administration suppressed the TAA-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells and macrophages in the liver. These were associated with the inactivation of TGF-β1/SMAD2 signaling and the promotion of AMPK and STAT3 signaling. Sensitivity of adipo(−/−) mice to chronic liver injury was decreased with ADP355. In conclusion, ADP355 could mimic adiponectin’s action and may be suitable for the preclinical or clinical therapy of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zha la Gahu
- Department of Cell Biology, Logistic College of CAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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73
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Li Z, Sun J, Chen L, Huang N, Hu P, Hu X, Han G, Zhou Y, Bai W, Niu T, Yang X. Assessment of liver fibrosis using pharmacokinetic parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 44:98-104. [PMID: 26707910 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS DCE-MRI with gadodiamide (Gd-DTPA-BMA) was performed on a 3.0 Tesla, 60 cm bore MR scanner for rabbits with CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis, and an untreated control group. Fibrosis was staged according to the METAVIR system: control (F0; n = 13), nonadvanced fibrosis (F1-2; n = 15), and advanced fibrosis (F3-4; n = 12). The DCE-MRI parameters K(trans) , kep , Ve , and vp were measured with a dual-input extended Tofts model. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic performance of K(trans) , Ve , and vp in staging liver fibrosis. RESULTS Both K(trans) and Ve decreased with increasing fibrosis stage. K(trans) of the control group was significantly different from that of the overall fibrosis group, nonadvanced group, and advanced group (P < 0.001 for all). Significant differences were found between Ve of the control group and that of the overall fibrosis and advanced groups (P = 0.019 and P = 0.009, respectively). For K(trans) , the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) for discriminating the control group from the overall fibrosis and advanced fibrosis groups were 0.909 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.809-1.000), and 0.936 (95% CI,0.847-1.000), respectively. For discriminating between the control and nonadvanced fibrosis groups, the AUROC of K(trans) was 0.887 (95% CI, 0.762-1.000). The AUROCs of K(trans) were higher than those of Ve and vp for discriminating between the control and overall fibrosis groups, the control and nonadvanced fibrosis groups, and the control and advanced fibrosis groups. Pharmacokinetic parameters were negatively correlated with fibrosis stage (K(trans) , rho = -0.668, P < 0.001; Ve , rho = -0.438, P = 0.005; vp , rho = -0.360, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION Among pharmacokinetic parameters of DCE-MRI in our study, K(trans) was an excellent predictor for differentiating fibrotic livers from normal livers, and differentiating normal livers from nonadvanced or advanced fibrosis livers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:98-104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Li
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lumin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Life Science, GE Healthcare China, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guocan Han
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixian Bai
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianye Niu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Li J, Gao J, Jiang M, Chen J, Liu Z, Chen P, Liang S. Rat liver sinusoidal surface N-linked glycoproteomic analysis by affinity enrichment and mass spectrometric identification. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:260-75. [PMID: 25761681 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation in liver is one of the most biologically important protein modifications. It plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes by virtue of its unique location at the blood-tissue interface, including angiogenesis, liver cancer, cirrhosis, and fibrosis. To analyze glycosylation of plasma membrane proteins in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), N-glycopeptides of the LSEC surface were enriched using a filter-assisted sample preparation-based lectin affinity capture method and subsequently identified with mass spectrometry. In total, 225 unique N-glycosylation sites on 152 glycoproteins were identified, of which 119 (53%) sites had not previously been determined experimentally. Among the glycoproteins, 53% were classified as plasma membrane proteins and 47 (31%) as signaling proteins and receptors. Moreover, 23 cluster of differentiation antigens with 49 glycopeptides were detected within the membrane glycoproteins of the liver sinusoidal surface. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the majority of identified glycoproteins have an impact on processes of LSEC. Therefore, N-glycoproteomic analysis of the liver sinusoidal surface may provide useful information on liver regeneration and facilitate liver disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China.
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75
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Wijesundera KK, Izawa T, Tennakoon AH, Golbar HM, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. M1-/M2-macrophages contribute to the development of GST-P-positive preneoplastic lesions in chemically-induced rat cirrhosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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76
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Stone LC, Thorne LS, Weston CJ, Graham M, Hodges NJ. Cytoglobin expression in the hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 is regulated by extracellular matrix proteins dependent on FAK-signalling. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 26300973 PMCID: PMC4546255 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a physiological response to cellular injury in the liver and is mediated by the activation of hepatic stellate cells resulting in the replacement of hepatocytes with extracellular matrix comprised principally of collagen 1 to form a hepatic scar. Although the novel hexaco-ordinated globin cytoglobin was identified in activated hepatic stellate cells more than 10 years ago, its role in stellate cell biology and liver fibrosis remains enigmatic. RESULTS In the current study, we investigated the role of different extracellular matrix proteins in stellate cell proliferation, activation (alpha smooth muscle actin expression and retinoic acid uptake) and cytoglobin expression. Our results demonstrate that cytoglobin expression is correlated with a more quiescent phenotype of stellate cells in culture and that cytoglobin is regulated by the extracellular matrix through integrin signalling dependent on activation of focal adhesion kinase. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies are required, we provide evidence that cytoglobin is a negative regulator of stellate cell activation and therefore may represent a novel target for anti-fibrotic treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Catherine Stone
- />School of Biosciences and School of Medicine, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Lorna Susan Thorne
- />School of Biosciences and School of Medicine, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Christopher John Weston
- />School of Biosciences and School of Medicine, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Mark Graham
- />School of Biosciences and MG Toxicology Consulting Ltd, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nikolas John Hodges
- />School of Biosciences and School of Medicine, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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77
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Grzincic EM, Murphy CJ. Gold Nanorods Indirectly Promote Migration of Metastatic Human Breast Cancer Cells in Three-Dimensional Cultures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6801-6816. [PMID: 26118624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials are intensively studied for applications in disease detection, diagnosis and therapeutics, and this has motivated considerable research to determine their interaction with biomolecules, cells and cell behaviors. However, few studies look at how nanomaterials alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-ECM interactions. Nanomaterials in the body would interact with the entire cellular environment, and it is imperative to account for this when studying the impact of nanomaterials on living systems. Furthermore, recent evidence finds that migration rates of cells in 2D can be affected by nanomaterials, and uptake of the nanomaterials is not necessary to exert an effect. In this study, three-dimensional nested type I collagen matrices were utilized as a model ECM to study how gold nanorods affect the migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Spontaneous cell migration through collagen containing gold nanorods was found to increase with increasing concentrations of gold nanorods, independent of intracellular uptake of the nanorods. Gold nanorods in the collagen matrix were found to alter collagen mechanical properties and structure, molecular diffusion, cellular adhesion, cell morphology, mode of migration and protease expression. Correlation between decreased cellular adhesion and rounded cell morphology and locomotion in nanorod-containing collagen suggests the induction of an amoeboid-like migratory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Grzincic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C. Ellagic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in liver protection. Pharmacol Res 2015; 97:84-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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79
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Perez Aguilar RC, Honoré SM, Genta SB, Sánchez SS. Hepatic fibrogenesis and transforming growth factor/Smad signaling activation in rats chronically exposed to low doses of lead. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 34:1320-31. [PMID: 25493318 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead is an important heavy metal pollutant in the environment. The nervous system, kidney and liver are the most susceptible organs to lead deposition, showing that this pollutant has no single target system. To examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in their pathobiology of chronic lead at low-dose exposure in the liver, male Wistar rats were exposed to 0.06% lead acetate in drinking water every day for 4 months. At the end of the study, hepatic metal accumulation, morphology and function were examined. Immunochemical staining and Western blot analysis were performed to detect extracellular matrix proteins, α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor (TGF)β1/Smad pathway expression. Results showed increased laminin, collagen IV and fibronectin, located at the perisinusoidal space. Phenotypic transformation of hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast-like cells was evidenced at the ultrastructural level and a significant expression of α-smooth muscle actin in Disse’s space was observed. These findings were associated with a marked increase in TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling. Our data suggest that, chronically, exposure to low levels of lead could trigger the onset of a hepatic fibrogenic process through upregulated TGFβ1/Smad signaling.
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80
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Ye L, Yu H, Li C, Hirsch ML, Zhang L, Samulski RJ, Li W, Liu Z. Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Mediated Delivery of the HBV Genome Induces Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Fibrosis in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130052. [PMID: 26075890 PMCID: PMC4468063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas are major health problems of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To date, rare model has reproduced liver fibrosis associated with long-term HBV infection which in turn has hindered both the understanding of HBV biology and the development of new treatment options. Here, using adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) mediated delivery of a 1.2-kb HBV genome, we successfully generated a chronic HBV infectious mouse model that presents the associated liver fibrosis observed following human infection. After AAV8/HBV1.2 vector administration, mice demonstrated effective HBV replication and transcription which resulted in HBV antigen expression and viremia over 6 months. Although no obvious acute inflammatory response was noted, these mice still developed chronic liver disease and hepatic fibrogenesis as demonstrated by increased ground glass-like hepatocytes, an increasing trend of collagen deposition and upregulated fibrosis markers, including type I collagen, type III collagen, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1). Taken together, AAV-mediated HBV gene delivery to the mouse liver, induced HBV persistent infection accompanied by liver fibrosis which can serve as a model for investigating the precise mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis following chronic HBV infection as well as for the potential development of novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genome, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viremia/genetics
- Viremia/virology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwen Li
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wuping Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
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81
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Kodai S, Takemura S, Kubo S, Azuma H, Minamiyama Y. Therapeutic administration of an ingredient of aged-garlic extracts, S-allyl cysteine resolves liver fibrosis established by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 56:179-85. [PMID: 26060347 PMCID: PMC4454081 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is the most abundant compound in aged garlic extracts (AGEs). AGE has been reported to ameliorate the oxidative damage implicated in a variety of diseases. However, the effects of SAC have not been established in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of therapeutic administration of SAC in liver cirrhosis by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration in rats. SAC or other cysteine compounds were administered from 4 weeks when liver fibrosis was confirmed to be in process. CCl4 administration elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase, plasma lipid peroxidation, liver hydroxyproline, and liver transforming growth factor (TGF)-β at 12 weeks. SAC prevented these changes induced by CCl4. Furthermore, SAC improved survival in a dose-dependent manner following consecutive CCl4 administration. The inhibitory mechanisms may be associated with a decrease in the profibrogenic cytokine, TGF-β as well as the antioxidative properties of SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kodai
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Takemura
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Kubo
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Azuma
- Department of Applied and Bioapplied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yukiko Minamiyama
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan ; Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8522, Japan
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82
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Recent advances in molecular magnetic resonance imaging of liver fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:595467. [PMID: 25874221 PMCID: PMC4385649 DOI: 10.1155/2015/595467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality owing to its diverse causes. Liver biopsy, as the current gold standard for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis, has a number of limitations, including sample variability, relatively high cost, an invasive nature, and the potential of complications. Most importantly, in clinical practice, patients often reject additional liver biopsies after initiating treatment despite their being necessary for long-term follow-up. To resolve these problems, a number of different noninvasive imaging-based methods have been developed for accurate diagnosis of liver fibrosis. However, these techniques only reflect morphological or perfusion-related alterations in the liver, and thus they are generally only useful for the diagnosis of late-stage liver fibrosis (liver cirrhosis), which is already characterized by "irreversible" anatomic and hemodynamic changes. Thus, it is essential that new approaches are developed for accurately diagnosing early-stage liver fibrosis as at this stage the disease may be "reversed" by active treatment. The development of molecular MR imaging technology has potential in this regard, as it facilitates noninvasive, target-specific imaging of liver fibrosis. We provide an overview of recent advances in molecular MR imaging for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis and we compare novel technologies with conventional MR imaging techniques.
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83
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Duarte S, Baber J, Fujii T, Coito AJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in liver injury, repair and fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:147-56. [PMID: 25599939 PMCID: PMC4495728 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a large highly vascularized organ with a central function in metabolic homeostasis, detoxification, and immunity. Due to its roles, the liver is frequently exposed to various insults which can cause cell death and hepatic dysfunction. Alternatively, the liver has a remarkable ability to self-repair and regenerate after injury. Liver injury and regeneration have both been linked to complex extracellular matrix (ECM) related pathways. While normal degradation of ECM components is an important feature of tissue repair and remodeling, irregular ECM turnover contributes to a variety of liver diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main enzymes implicated in ECM degradation. MMPs not only remodel the ECM, but also regulate immune responses. In this review, we highlight some of the MMP-attributed roles in acute and chronic liver injury and emphasize the need for further experimentation to better understand their functions during hepatic physiological conditions and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Duarte
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John Baber
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Takehiro Fujii
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ana J Coito
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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84
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Hassanin A, Malek HA, Saleh D. Heparin modulation on hepatic nitric oxide synthase in experimental steatohepatitis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1551-1558. [PMID: 25289058 PMCID: PMC4186392 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and has been etiologically associated with insulin resistance (IR). The histopathology of NAFLD ranges between simple steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with or without fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of heparin on steatohepatitis and hepatic-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mice. Male mice were divided into four groups, which included the normal basal diet (control), high fat (HF) diet, HF diet + heparin (treatment group) and heparin control groups. After eight weeks from the initiation of the experiment, blood was collected and livers were harvested for biochemical analysis and histological studies. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, hepatic triglyceride (TG) and hydroxyproline, as well as the IR, superoxide anion generation and mRNA expression of the hepatic iNOS enzyme were evaluated. Liver specimens were processed for histopathological and immunohistopathological evaluation. Heparin administration decreased the levels of the liver enzymes, IR, superoxide generation, hepatic TG, hydroxyproline and iNOS expression when compared with the HF diet group. These changes were associated with an improvement in inflammation and fibrosis observed via histopathological examination. Therefore, heparin treatment attenuates hepatic injury in steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hassanin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hala Abdel Malek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia Saleh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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85
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Cequera A, García de León Méndez M. Biomarkers for liver fibrosis: Advances, advantages and disadvantages. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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86
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[Biomarkers for liver fibrosis: advances, advantages and disadvantages]. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014; 79:187-99. [PMID: 24954541 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis in Mexico is one of the most important causes of death in persons between the ages of 25 and 50 years. One of the reasons for therapeutic failure is the lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that cause liver disorder and make it irreversible. One of its prevalent anatomical characteristics is an excessive deposition of fibrous tissue that takes different forms depending on etiology and disease stage. Liver biopsy, traditionally regarded as the gold standard of fibrosis staging, has been brought into question over the past decade, resulting in the proposal for developing non-invasive technologies based on different, but complementary, approaches: a biological one that takes the serum levels of products arising from the fibrosis into account, and a more physical one that evaluates scarring of the liver by methods such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance elastography; some of the methods were originally studied and validated in patients with hepatitis C. There is great interest in determining non-invasive markers for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis, since at present there is no panel or parameter efficient and reliable enough for diagnostic use. In this paper, we describe the biomarkers that are currently being used for studying liver fibrosis in humans, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the implementation of new-generation technologies and the evaluation of their possible use in the diagnosis of fibrosis.
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87
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Kruitwagen HS, Spee B, Schotanus BA. Hepatic progenitor cells in canine and feline medicine: potential for regenerative strategies. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:137. [PMID: 24946932 PMCID: PMC4089933 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New curative therapies for severe liver disease are urgently needed in both the human and veterinary clinic. It is important to find new treatment modalities which aim to compensate for the loss of parenchymal tissue and to repopulate the liver with healthy hepatocytes. A prime focus in regenerative medicine of the liver is the use of adult liver stem cells, or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), for functional recovery of liver disease. This review describes recent developments in HPC research in dog and cat and compares these findings to experimental rodent studies and human pathology. Specifically, the role of HPCs in liver regeneration, key components of the HPC niche, and HPC activation in specific types of canine and feline liver disease will be reviewed. Finally, the potential applications of HPCs in regenerative medicine of the liver are discussed and a potential role is suggested for dogs as first target species for HPC-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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88
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Romero-Valdovinos M, Bobadilla-Sandoval N, Flisser A, Vadillo-Ortega F. The epithelial mesenchymal transition process may contribute to the pathogenesis of amniotic band syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:306-11. [PMID: 24998668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of the amniotic band syndrome is unknown, and has been subject of debate since the time of Hippocrates. The most accepted theories fail to cover all the abnomalities found in affected children. During organogenesis the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process (EMTP) participates in adequate formation of different organs from three embryo layers. Altered activation of EMTP occurs when the epithelial homeostasis is disturbed, the resulting myofibroblasts are able to secrete extracellular matrix proteins and deposit them on the tissues contributing to a fibrotic phenotype. If injury occurs during organogenesis, wound healing could be exaggerated and fibrotic response could be triggered. The molecule that regulates both of these processes (EMTP and fibrosis) is the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ); indeed null animals for TGFβ isoforms show similar defects than those seen in the amniotic band syndrome. Based on documented evidence this review intends to explain how the epithelial mesenchymal transition process may contribute to the pathogenesis of amniotic band syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - N Bobadilla-Sandoval
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - A Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - F Vadillo-Ortega
- Unidad de Vinculación de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico.
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89
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Shaaban AA, Shaker ME, Zalata KR, El-kashef HA, Ibrahim TM. Modulation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative stress, injury and fibrosis by olmesartan and omega-3. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 207:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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90
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Bonekamp D, Bonekamp S, Ou HY, Torbenson MS, Corona-Villalobos CP, Mezey E, Kamel IR. Assessing liver fibrosis: Comparison of arterial enhancement fraction and diffusion-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Bonekamp
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Susanne Bonekamp
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Hsin-You Ou
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College; Niao-Sung Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Michael S. Torbenson
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins University; School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University, Sheikh Zayed Tower, School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Ihab R. Kamel
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
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91
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Vahle AK, Domikowsky B, Schwöppe C, Krähling H, Mally S, Schäfers M, Hermann S, Shahin V, Haier J, Schwab A, Stock C. Extracellular matrix composition and interstitial pH modulate NHE1-mediated melanoma cell motility. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:78-90. [PMID: 24173371 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 is required for human melanoma cell adhesion and migration. The goal of the present study was to suppress mouse melanoma (B16V) cell invasion in vivo by inhibiting NHE1. Intravital observations in mobilized left liver lobes of laparotomized male Sprague-Dawley rats disclosed that five minutes after intra-arterial administration of the B16V cell suspension, cells adhered to the endothelia of liver sinusoidal capillaries and started to migrate into the surrounding liver tissue. In the presence of the NHE1-specific inhibitor cariporide, migration/invasion was reduced by about 50% while adhesion was not lowered. Time-lapse video microscopy and adhesion/invasion assays revealed that in vitro, blockade of NHE1 by cariporide i) significantly decreased the migratory speed of the cells and ii) completely inhibited the invasive behavior of both an artificial, basement membrane-like and a dermis-like matrix. Cells were more motile on the basement membrane and more invasive on the dermis-like matrix. Small-animal PET (positron-emission tomography) analyses of B16V metastasis in female C57BL/6 mice showed that, although NHE1 inhibition hardly affected the percentage of animals developing metastases or relapses, metastases seem to get directed to the lungs in cariporide-treated animals while animals feeding on the standard diet show metastases spread all over the body. We conclude that i) B16V cells prefer to invade a dermis-like rather than a basement membrane-like matrix; ii) the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition strongly impacts on NHE1-dependent in vitro cell motility and invasion; and iii) the lungs are metastasis‑prone and impair the efficiency of cariporide due to their ECM composition and the pulmonary interstitial (extravascular) pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Vahle
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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92
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Roche E, Ramírez-Tortosa CL, Arribas MI, Ochoa JJ, Sirvent-Belando JE, Battino M, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, González-Alonso A, Pérez-López MP, Quiles JL. Comparative analysis of pancreatic changes in aged rats fed life long with sunflower, fish, or olive oils. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:934-44. [PMID: 24136874 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate pancreatic structure is necessary for optimal organ function. Structural changes are critical in the development of age-related pancreatic disorders. We aimed to study the effect of oil consumption on pancreas histology in order to find aging-related signs. To this end, three groups of rats were fed an isocaloric diet for 2 years, where virgin olive, sunflower, or fish oil was included. Pancreatic samples for microscopy and blood samples were collected at the moment of sacrifice. As a result, the sunflower oil-fed rats presented higher β-cell numbers and twice the insulin content than virgin olive oil-fed animals. In addition, rats fed with fish oil developed acinar fibrosis and macrophage infiltrates in peri-insular regions, compared with counterparts fed with virgin olive oil. Inflammation signs were less prominent in the sunflower group. The obtained data emphasize the importance of dietary fatty acids in determining pancreatic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Roche
- Bioengineering Institute, University Miguel Hernandez, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | | | - María I Arribas
- Bioengineering Institute, University Miguel Hernandez, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Julio J Ochoa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú" and Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - José E Sirvent-Belando
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Alicante, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Carmen Ramírez-Tortosa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú" and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Alonso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú" and Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - M Patricia Pérez-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú" and Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú" and Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain.
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93
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Leung TM, Wang X, Kitamura N, Fiel MI, Nieto N. Osteopontin delays resolution of liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1082-9. [PMID: 23999249 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, considerable progress has been made both in the mechanisms driving liver fibrosis and in the prevention of disease progression. Resolution of liver fibrosis is an emerging field in hepatology; yet, the mediators involved remain elusive. Earlier work from our laboratory demonstrated that the matricellular cytokine osteopontin (OPN) is pro-fibrogenic by promoting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in vitro and in vivo and specifically by governing fibrillar collagen-I expression, the key pro-fibrogenic protein. Here we hypothesized that OPN could also delay the resolution of liver fibrosis by sustaining collagen-I synthesis or by preventing its degradation. To demonstrate this, wild-type (WT) and OPN-knockout (Opn(-/-)) mice were administered thioacetamide (TAA) in the drinking water for 4 months. Half of the mice were killed at 4 months to assess the extent of fibrosis at the peak of injury, and the rest of the mice were killed 2 months after TAA withdrawal to determine the rate of fibrosis resolution. Following TAA cessation, livers from Opn(-/-) mice showed no centrilobular and parenchymal necrosis along with faster ECM remodeling than WT mice. The latter was quantified by less fibrillar collagen-I immunostaining. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in fibrillar collagen-I and in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in Opn(-/-) mice undergoing fibrosis resolution compared with WT mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that OPN delays liver fibrosis resolution due to sustained fibrillar collagen-I deposition; hence, inhibiting OPN could be an effective therapeutic strategy for resolving liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ming Leung
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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94
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Duncan MB. Extracellular matrix transcriptome dynamics in hepatocellular carcinoma. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:393-8. [PMID: 23727079 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix undergoes extensive remodeling during hepatocellular carcinoma and functions as a critical component of the tumor microenvironment by providing a substratum for cell adhesion and serving as a reservoir for a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Despite the clinical correlation between ECM deposition and hepatocellular carcinoma progression, it remains unclear how global extracellular matrix gene expression is altered in hepatocellular carcinoma and the molecular pathways that govern this change. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the extracellular matrix transcriptome using an RNA-sequencing dataset provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium was conducted and indicates substantial differential gene expression of key extracellular matrix collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans in hepatocellular carcinoma. This analysis also reveals alternative expression of extracellular matrix gene transcript variants that could impact biological activity and serves as a framework for exploring the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix transcriptome in cancer and identifying candidate genes for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Duncan
- Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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95
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Abstract
The end point of liver fibrosis in almost all chronic liver diseases is cirrhosis. Progression to cirrhosis is accompanied by vascular remodeling and regeneration with important functional and hemodynamic consequences that include development of portal hypertension and eventually decompensation and death. Fibrosis can regress following successful treatment of the underlying disease. However, most common fibrosis scoring systems are not equipped for assessing this aspect. Nodule size, septal width and fibrosis area seem to correlate with disease severity and progression in cirrhosis. Classification systems based on nodule size, septal width, and fibrosis area need to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bedossa
- Department of Pathology, Beaujon Hospital and Clichy, University Denis Diderot, Clichy, Paris 7, France.
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
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96
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Interleukin-1β induces hyaluronan and CD44-dependent cell protrusions that facilitate fibroblast-monocyte binding. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2223-40. [PMID: 23583650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is a well-known determinant of progressive tissue fibrosis; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. There is growing evidence indicating a role of the cytokine IL-1β in profibrotic responses. We previously demonstrated that fibroblasts stimulated with IL-1β increased their generation of the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) and increased their expression of the HA synthase enzyme (HAS-2). The aim of this study was to determine the significance of IL-1β-induced changes in HA and HAS-2 generation. In this study, we found that stimulation of fibroblasts with IL-1β results in the relocalization of HA associated with the cell to the outer cell membrane, where it forms HAS2- and CD44-dependent cell membrane protrusions. CD44 is concentrated within the membrane protrusions, where it co-localizes with the intracellular adhesion molecule 1. Furthermore, we have identified that these cell protrusions enhance IL-1β-dependent fibroblast-monocyte binding through MAPK/ERK signaling. Although previous data have indicated the importance of the HA-binding protein TSG-6 in maintaining the transforming growth factor β1-dependent HA coat, TSG-6 was not essential for the formation of the IL-1β-dependent HA protrusions, thus identifying it as a key difference between IL-1β- and transforming growth factor β1-dependent HA matrices. In summary, these data suggest that IL-1β-dependent HA generation plays a role in fibroblast immune activation, leading to sequestration of monocytes within inflamed tissue and providing a possible mechanism for perpetual inflammation.
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97
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Marinković D, Kukolj V, Aleksić-Kovačević S, Jovanović M, Knežević M. The role of hepatic myofibroblasts in liver cirrhosis in fallow deer (Dama dama) naturally infected with giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna). BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:45. [PMID: 23497565 PMCID: PMC3614467 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper describes liver cirrhosis in 35 fallow deer infected with the giant liver fluke, as well as the distribution, origin, and role of myofibroblasts in its development. Results In liver of infected deer, stripes of connective tissue are wound around groups of degenerated and regenerated liver lobuli. In the connective tissue, lymphocytes and macrophages which often contain parasite hematin are also present. The walls of the bile ducts are thickened, the epithelium multiplied with mucous metaplasia, and desquamated cells, parasite eggs and brown pigment are present in their lumen. In the livers with cirrhosis, immunopositivity to α-SMA and desmin was observed in cells in portal and septal spaces, at the edge between fibrotic septa and the surrounding parenchyma and in perisinusoidal spaces. These cells vary in size, they are round, oval, spindle-shaped or irregular in shape, similar to vascular smooth muscle cells. The derangement of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions detected in chronic cholangiopathies is most probably the pro-fibrogenic mechanism in liver cirrhosis of fallow deer (Dama dama) infected with the giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna). Conclusion Myofibroblasts, especially hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), play an important role in the synthesis of extracellular matrix components in the development of parasitic fibrosis and cirrhosis in the liver of fallow deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Marinković
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, Serbia.
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98
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Arzumanyan A, Reis HMGPV, Feitelson MA. Pathogenic mechanisms in HBV- and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:123-35. [PMID: 23344543 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal cancer, with increasing worldwide incidence, that is mainly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. There are few effective treatments partly because the cell- and molecular-based mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of this tumour type are poorly understood. This Review outlines pathogenic mechanisms that seem to be common to both viruses and which suggest innovative approaches to the prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology and Sbarro Health Research Organization, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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99
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Furtado KS, Prado MG, Aguiar E Silva MA, Dias MC, Rivelli DP, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Coffee and caffeine protect against liver injury induced by thioacetamide in male Wistar rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111:339-47. [PMID: 22646289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coffee intake has been inversely related to the incidence of liver diseases, although there are controversies on whether these beneficial effects on human health are because of caffeine or other specific components in this popular beverage. Thus, this study evaluated the protective effects of coffee or caffeine intake on liver injury induced by repeated thioacetamide (TAA) administration in male Wistar rats. Rats were randomized into five groups: one untreated group (G1) and four groups (G2-G5) treated with the hepatotoxicant TAA (200 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) twice a week for 8 weeks. Concomitantly, rats received tap water (G1 and G2), conventional coffee (G3), decaffeinated coffee (G4) or 0.1% caffeine (G5). After 8 weeks of treatment, rats were killed and blood and liver samples were collected. Conventional and decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.001) and oxidized glutathione (p < 0.05), fibrosis/inflammation scores (p < 0.001), collagen volume fraction (p < 0.01) and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) protein expression (p ≤ 0.001) in the liver from TAA-treated groups. In addition, conventional coffee and caffeine intake significantly reduced proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) S-phase indexes (p < 0.001), but only conventional coffee reduced cleaved caspase-3 indexes (p < 0.001), active metalloproteinase 2 (p ≤ 0.004) and the number of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic lesions (p < 0.05) in the liver from TAA-treated groups. In conclusion, conventional coffee and 0.1% caffeine intake presented better beneficial effects than decaffeinated coffee against liver injury induced by TAA in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Furtado
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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100
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Favier RP, Spee B, Schotanus BA, van den Ingh TSGAM, Fieten H, Brinkhof B, Viebahn CS, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. COMMD1-deficient dogs accumulate copper in hepatocytes and provide a good model for chronic hepatitis and fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42158. [PMID: 22879914 PMCID: PMC3412840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic concepts developed in rodent models should ideally be evaluated in large animal models prior to human clinical application. COMMD1-deficiency in dogs leads to hepatic copper accumulation and chronic hepatitis representing a Wilson’s disease like phenotype. Detailed understanding of the pathogenesis and time course of this animal model is required to test its feasibility as a large animal model for chronic hepatitis. In addition to mouse models, true longitudinal studies are possible due to the size of these dogs permitting detailed analysis of the sequence of events from initial insult to final cirrhosis. Therefore, liver biopsies were taken each half year from five new born COMMD1-deficient dogs over a period of 42 months. Biopsies were used for H&E, reticulin, and rubeanic acid (copper) staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation marker (alpha-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA), proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (caspase-3), and bile duct and liver progenitor cell (LPC) markers keratin (K) 19 and 7. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western Blots were performed on gene products involved in the regenerative and fibrotic pathways. Maximum copper accumulation was reached at 12 months of age, which coincided with the first signs of hepatitis. HSCs were activated (α-SMA) from 18 months onwards, with increasing reticulin deposition and hepatocytic proliferation in later stages. Hepatitis and caspase-3 activity (first noticed at 18 months) increased over time. Both HGF and TGF-β1 gene expression peaked at 24 months, and thereafter decreased gradually. Both STAT3 and c-MET showed an increased time-dependent activation. Smad2/3 phosphorylation, indicative for fibrogenesis, was present at all time-points. COMMD1-deficient dogs develop chronic liver disease and cirrhosis comparable to human chronic hepatitis, although at much higher pace. Therefore they represent a genetically-defined large animal model to test clinical applicability of new therapeutics developed in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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