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Perales-Clemente E, Cook AN, Evans JM, Roellinger S, Secreto F, Emmanuele V, Oglesbee D, Mootha VK, Hirano M, Schon EA, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Natural underlying mtDNA heteroplasmy as a potential source of intra-person hiPSC variability. EMBO J 2016; 35:1979-90. [PMID: 27436875 PMCID: PMC5282833 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional variability among human clones of induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remains a limitation in assembling high-quality biorepositories. Beyond inter-person variability, the root cause of intra-person variability remains unknown. Mitochondria guide the required transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism in nuclear reprogramming. Moreover, mitochondria have their own genome (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). Herein, we performed mtDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) on 84 hiPSC clones derived from a cohort of 19 individuals, including mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial patients. The analysis of mtDNA variants showed that low levels of potentially pathogenic mutations in the original fibroblasts are revealed through nuclear reprogramming, generating mutant hiPSCs with a detrimental effect in their differentiated progeny. Specifically, hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with expanded mtDNA mutations non-related with any described human disease, showed impaired mitochondrial respiration, being a potential cause of intra-person hiPSC variability. We propose mtDNA NGS as a new selection criterion to ensure hiPSC quality for drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Perales-Clemente
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra N Cook
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jared M Evans
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Roellinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Frank Secreto
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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52
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Schottmann G, Sarpong A, Lorenz C, Weinhold N, Gill E, Teschner L, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Prigione A, Schuelke M. A movement disorder with dystonia and ataxia caused by a mutation in the HIBCH
gene. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1733-1739. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schottmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Akosua Sarpong
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Neuropädiatrie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Carmen Lorenz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin-Buch Germany
| | - Natalie Weinhold
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Stoffwechsel; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin German
| | - Esther Gill
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Lisa Teschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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53
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Lax NZ, Gorman GS, Turnbull DM. Review: Central nervous system involvement in mitochondrial disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:102-118. [PMID: 27287935 PMCID: PMC5363248 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects are an important cause of inherited disorders affecting approximately 1 in 5000 people in the UK population. Collectively these disorders are termed ‘mitochondrial diseases’ and they result from either mitochondrial DNA mutations or defects in nuclear DNA. Although they are frequently multisystem disorders, neurological deficits are particularly common, wide‐ranging and disabling for patients. This review details the manifold neurological impairments associated with mitochondrial disease, and describes the efforts to understand how they arise and progressively worsen in patients with mitochondrial disease. We describe advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis through detailed neuropathological studies and how this has spurred the development of cellular and animal models of disease. We underscore the importance of continued clinical, molecular genetic, neuropathological and animal model studies to fully characterize mitochondrial diseases and understand mechanisms of neurodegeneration. These studies are instrumental for the next phase of mitochondrial research that has a particular emphasis on finding novel ways to treat mitochondrial disease to improve patient care and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Lax
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G S Gorman
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D M Turnbull
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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54
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Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Achilles' heel of pluripotent stem cells: genetic, genomic and epigenetic variations during prolonged culture. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2453-66. [PMID: 26961132 PMCID: PMC11108315 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into almost any specialized adult cell type of an organism. PSCs can be derived either from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst-giving rise to embryonic stem cells-or after reprogramming of somatic terminally differentiated cells to obtain ES-like cells, named induced pluripotent stem cells. The potential use of these cells in the clinic, for investigating in vitro early embryonic development or for screening the effects of new drugs or xenobiotics, depends on capability to maintain their genome integrity during prolonged culture and differentiation. Both human and mouse PSCs are prone to genomic and (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture, a feature that seriously limits their real potential use. Culture-induced variations of specific chromosomes or genes, are almost all unpredictable and, as a whole, differ among independent cell lines. They may arise at different culture passages, suggesting the absence of a safe passage number maintaining genome integrity and rendering the control of genomic stability mandatory since the very early culture passages. The present review highlights the urgency for further studies on the mechanisms involved in determining (epi)genetic and chromosome instability, exploiting the knowledge acquired earlier on other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zuccotti
- Unita' di Anatomia, Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali (S.BI.BI.T.), Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Redi
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Garagna
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
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55
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Hämäläinen RH. Mitochondria and mtDNA integrity in stem cell function and differentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:83-89. [PMID: 27219871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells require tight control of energy metabolism to maintain homeostasis. They possess few immature mitochondria, repress mitochondrial respiration and instead use glycolysis to produce energy, yet mitochondrial defects can lead to severe stem cell dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial mass, function and integrity are tightly controlled in stem cells and the integrity of the mitochondrial genome is equally important to nuclear genome integrity for proper stem cell homeostasis. Mitochondria are now considered central in regulating stem cell function and governing cellular fate choices. This review will summarize recent advances highlighting the importance of mitochondrial integrity in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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56
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Kang E, Wang X, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, Folmes CDL, Gutierrez NM, Lee Y, Van Dyken C, Ahmed R, Li Y, Koski A, Hayama T, Luo S, Harding CO, Amato P, Jensen J, Battaglia D, Lee D, Wu D, Terzic A, Wolf DP, Huang T, Mitalipov S. Age-Related Accumulation of Somatic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Adult-Derived Human iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:625-36. [PMID: 27151456 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic integrity of iPSCs is an important consideration for therapeutic application. In this study, we examine the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations in skin fibroblasts, blood, and iPSCs derived from young and elderly subjects (24-72 years). We found that pooled skin and blood mtDNA contained low heteroplasmic point mutations, but a panel of ten individual iPSC lines from each tissue or clonally expanded fibroblasts carried an elevated load of heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations, suggesting that somatic mutations randomly arise within individual cells but are not detectable in whole tissues. The frequency of mtDNA defects in iPSCs increased with age, and many mutations were non-synonymous or resided in RNA coding genes and thus can lead to respiratory defects. Our results highlight a need to monitor mtDNA mutations in iPSCs, especially those generated from older patients, and to examine the metabolic status of iPSCs destined for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kang
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Xinjian Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rebecca Tippner-Hedges
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Riffat Ahmed
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Jensen
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Battaglia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Lee
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Diana Wu
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Don P Wolf
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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57
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Mlody B, Lorenz C, Inak G, Prigione A. Energy metabolism in neuronal/glial induction and in iPSC models of brain disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cortese FAB, Santostasi G. Whole-Body Induced Cell Turnover: A Proposed Intervention for Age-Related Damage and Associated Pathology. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:322-36. [PMID: 26649945 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In both biomedicine in general and biomedical gerontology in particular, cell replacement therapy is traditionally proposed as an intervention for cell loss. This article presents a proposed intervention-whole-body induced cell turnover (WICT)-for use in biomedical gerontology that combines cell replacement therapy with a second therapeutic component (targeted cell ablation) so as to broaden the therapeutic utility of cell therapies and increase the categories of age-related damage that are amenable to cell-based interventions. In particular, WICT may allow cell therapies to serve as an intervention for accumulated cellular and intracellular damage, such as telomere depletion, genomic DNA and mitochondrial DNA damage and mutations, replicative senescence, functionally deleterious age-related changes in gene expression, accumulated cellular and intracellular aggregates, and functionally deleterious posttranslationally modified gene products. WICT consists of the gradual ablation and subsequent replacement of a patient's entire set of constituent cells gradually over the course of their adult life span through the quantitative and qualitative coordination of targeted cell ablation with exogenous cell administration. The aim is to remove age-associated cellular and intracellular damage present in the patient's endogenous cells. In this study, we outline the underlying techniques and technologies by which WICT can be mediated, describe the mechanisms by which it can serve to negate or prevent age-related cellular and intracellular damage, explicate the unique therapeutic components and utilities that distinguish it as a distinct type of cell-based intervention for use in biomedical gerontology, and address potential complications associated with the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Santostasi
- 2 Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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59
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Nishio M, Nakahara M, Yuo A, Saeki K. Human pluripotent stem cells: Towards therapeutic development for the treatment of lifestyle diseases. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:56-61. [PMID: 26981171 PMCID: PMC4766251 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two types of human pluripotent stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), both of which launched themselves on clinical trials after having taken measures to overcome problems: Blocking rejections by immunosuppressants regarding ESCs and minimizing the risk of tumorigenicity by depleting exogenous gene components regarding iPSCs. It is generally assumed that clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells should be limited to those cases where there are no alternative measures for treatments because of the risk in transplanting those cells to living bodies. Regarding lifestyle diseases, we have already several therapeutic options, and thus, development of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics tends to be avoided. Nevertheless, human pluripotent stem cells can contribute to the development of new therapeutics in this field. As we will show, there is a case where only a short-term presence of human pluripotent stem-derived cells can exert long-term therapeutic effects even after they are rejected. In those cases, immunologically rejections of ESC- or allogenic iPSC-derived cells may produce beneficial outcomes by nullifying the risk of tumorigenesis without deterioration of therapeutic effects. Another utility of human pluripotent stem cells is the provision of an innovative tool for drug discovery that are otherwise unavailable. For example, clinical specimens of human classical brown adipocytes (BAs), which has been attracting a great deal of attention as a new target of drug discovery for the treatment of metabolic disorders, are unobtainable from living individuals due to scarcity, fragility and ethical problems. However, BA can easily be produced from human pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will contemplate potential contribution of human pluripotent stem cells to therapeutic development for lifestyle diseases.
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60
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Energy Metabolism Plays a Critical Role in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:253. [PMID: 26901195 PMCID: PMC4783982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stem cells gradually turned to be critical players in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies. Current evidence has demonstrated that in addition to growth factors and the extracellular matrix, multiple metabolic pathways definitively provide important signals for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this review, we mainly focus on a detailed overview of stem cell metabolism in vitro. In stem cell metabolic biology, the dynamic balance of each type of stem cell can vary according to the properties of each cell type, and they share some common points. Clearly defining the metabolic flux alterations in stem cells may help to shed light on stemness features and differentiation pathways that control the fate of stem cells.
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61
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Hatakeyama H, Goto YI. Concise Review: Heteroplasmic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Mitochondrial Diseases: Toward iPSC-Based Disease Modeling, Drug Discovery, and Regenerative Therapeutics. Stem Cells 2016; 34:801-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yu-ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
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62
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Folmes CDL, Terzic A. Energy metabolism in the acquisition and maintenance of stemness. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:68-75. [PMID: 26868758 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is traditionally considered a reactive homeostatic system addressing stage-specific cellular energy needs. There is however growing appreciation of metabolic pathways in the active control of vital cell functions. Case in point, the stem cell lifecycle--from maintenance and acquisition of stemness to lineage commitment and specification--is increasingly recognized as a metabolism-dependent process. Indeed, metabolic reprogramming is an early contributor to the orchestrated departure from or reacquisition of stemness. Recent advances in metabolomics have helped decipher the identity and dynamics of metabolic fluxes implicated in fueling cell fate choices by regulating the epigenetic and transcriptional identity of a cell. Metabolic cues, internal and/or external to the stem cell niche, facilitate progenitor pool restitution, long-term tissue renewal or ensure adoption of cytoprotective behavior. Convergence of energy metabolism with stem cell fate regulation opens a new avenue in understanding primordial developmental biology principles with future applications in regenerative medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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63
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Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming in induced pluripotent stem cells and mitochondrial disease modeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:686-93. [PMID: 26779594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear reprogramming with pluripotency factors enables somatic cells to gain the properties of embryonic stem cells. Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming are suggested to be key early events in the induction of human skin fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). SCOPE OF REVIEW We review recent advances in the study of the molecular basis for mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of the formation of iPSCs. In particular, the recent progress in using iPSCs for mitochondrial disease modeling was discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS iPSCs rely on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation as a major supply of energy. Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming thus play crucial roles in the process of generation of iPSCs from somatic cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurons, myocytes, and cardiomyocytes are cells containing abundant mitochondria in the human body, which can be differentiated from iPSCs or trans-differentiated from fibroblasts. Generating these cells from iPSCs derived from skin fibroblasts of patients with mitochondrial diseases or by trans-differentiation with cell-specific transcription factors will provide valuable insights into the role of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in mitochondrial disease modeling and serves as a novel platform for screening of drugs to treat patients with mitochondrial diseases.
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64
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Marie SKN. Challenges to understand the mitochondrial respiratory diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 73:897-8. [PMID: 26517209 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x2015016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang XM, Yik WY, Zhang P, Lu W, Huang N, Kim BR, Shibata D, Zitting M, Chow RH, Moser AB, Steinberg SJ, Hacia JG. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of Zellweger spectrum disorder show impaired peroxisome assembly and cell type-specific lipid abnormalities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26319495 PMCID: PMC4553005 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zellweger spectrum disorder (PBD-ZSD) is a disease continuum caused by mutations in a subset of PEX genes required for normal peroxisome assembly and function. They highlight the importance of peroxisomes in the development and functions of the central nervous system, liver, and other organs. To date, the underlying bases for the cell-type specificity of disease are not fully elucidated. Methods Primary skin fibroblasts from seven PBD-ZSD patients with biallelic PEX1, PEX10, PEX12, or PEX26 mutations and three healthy donors were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing Yamanaka reprogramming factors. Candidate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were subject to global gene expression, DNA methylation, copy number variation, genotyping, in vitro differentiation and teratoma formation assays. Confirmed iPSCs were differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and hepatocyte-like cell cultures with peroxisome assembly evaluated by microscopy. Saturated very long chain fatty acid (sVLCFA) and plasmalogen levels were determined in primary fibroblasts and their derivatives. Results iPSCs were derived from seven PBD-ZSD patient-derived fibroblasts with mild to severe peroxisome assembly defects. Although patient and control skin fibroblasts had similar gene expression profiles, genes related to mitochondrial functions and organelle cross-talk were differentially expressed among corresponding iPSCs. Mitochondrial DNA levels were consistent among patient and control fibroblasts, but varied among all iPSCs. Relative to matching controls, sVLCFA levels were elevated in patient-derived fibroblasts, reduced in patient-derived iPSCs, and not significantly different in patient-derived NPCs. All cell types derived from donors with biallelic null mutations in a PEX gene showed plasmalogen deficiencies. Reporter gene assays compatible with high content screening (HCS) indicated patient-derived OPC and hepatocyte-like cell cultures had impaired peroxisome assembly. Conclusions Normal peroxisome activity levels are not required for cellular reprogramming of skin fibroblasts. Patient iPSC gene expression profiles were consistent with hypotheses highlighting the role of altered mitochondrial activities and organelle cross-talk in PBD-ZSD pathogenesis. sVLCFA abnormalities dramatically differed among patient cell types, similar to observations made in iPSC models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We propose that iPSCs could assist investigations into the cell type-specificity of peroxisomal activities, toxicology studies, and in HCS for targeted therapies for peroxisome-related disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wing Yan Yik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Madison Zitting
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Robert H Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Steven J Steinberg
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Mahato B, Home P, Rajendran G, Paul A, Saha B, Ganguly A, Ray S, Roy N, Swerdlow RH, Paul S. Regulation of mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism by protein kinase C-λ/ι: a novel mode of balancing pluripotency. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2880-92. [PMID: 25142417 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) contain functionally immature mitochondria and rely upon high rates of glycolysis for their energy requirements. Thus, altered mitochondrial function and promotion of aerobic glycolysis are key to maintain and induce pluripotency. However, signaling mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial function and reprogram metabolic preferences in self-renewing versus differentiated PSC populations are poorly understood. Here, using murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as a model system, we demonstrate that atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKC lambda/iota (PKCλ/ι), is a key regulator of mitochondrial function in ESCs. Depletion of PKCλ/ι in ESCs maintains their pluripotent state as evident from germline offsprings. Interestingly, loss of PKCλ/ι in ESCs leads to impairment in mitochondrial maturation, organization, and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis under differentiating condition. Our mechanistic analyses indicate that a PKCλ/ι-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-PGC1α axis regulates mitochondrial respiration and balances pluripotency in ESCs. We propose that PKCλ/ι could be a crucial regulator of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in stem cells and other cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biraj Mahato
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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67
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Wanet A, Arnould T, Najimi M, Renard P. Connecting Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1957-71. [PMID: 26134242 PMCID: PMC4543487 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As sites of cellular respiration and energy production, mitochondria play a central role in cell metabolism. Cell differentiation is associated with an increase in mitochondrial content and activity and with a metabolic shift toward increased oxidative phosphorylation activity. The opposite occurs during reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Studies have provided evidence of mitochondrial and metabolic changes during the differentiation of both embryonic and somatic (or adult) stem cells (SSCs), such as hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and tissue-specific progenitor cells. We thus propose to consider those mitochondrial and metabolic changes as hallmarks of differentiation processes. We review how mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and function are directly involved in embryonic and SSC differentiation and how metabolic and sensing pathways connect mitochondria and metabolism with cell fate and pluripotency. Understanding the basis of the crosstalk between mitochondria and cell fate is of critical importance, given the promising application of stem cells in regenerative medicine. In addition to the development of novel strategies to improve the in vitro lineage-directed differentiation of stem cells, understanding the molecular basis of this interplay could lead to the identification of novel targets to improve the treatment of degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Wanet
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur) , Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur) , Namur, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- 2 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur) , Namur, Belgium
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mtDNA Mutagenesis Disrupts Pluripotent Stem Cell Function by Altering Redox Signaling. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1614-24. [PMID: 26027936 PMCID: PMC4509707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
mtDNA mutagenesis in somatic stem cells leads to their dysfunction and to progeria in mouse. The mechanism was proposed to involve modification of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox signaling. We studied the effect of mtDNA mutagenesis on reprogramming and stemness of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and show that PSCs select against specific mtDNA mutations, mimicking germline and promoting mtDNA integrity despite their glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, mtDNA mutagenesis is associated with an increase in mitochondrial H2O2, reduced PSC reprogramming efficiency, and self-renewal. Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone, MitoQ, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine efficiently rescued these defects, indicating that both reprogramming efficiency and stemness are modified by mitochondrial ROS. The redox sensitivity, however, rendered PSCs and especially neural stem cells sensitive to MitoQ toxicity. Our results imply that stem cell compartment warrants special attention when the safety of new antioxidants is assessed and point to an essential role for mitochondrial redox signaling in maintaining normal stem cell function. mtDNA mutagenesis affects reprogramming and stemness through redox signaling Altered redox signaling can be pharmacologically rescued by NAC or MitoQ Stem cells are sensitive to mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone toxicity Pluripotent stem cells show active selection against mtDNA mutations
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Prigione A, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Bukowiecki R, Adjaye J. Metabolic restructuring and cell fate conversion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1759-77. [PMID: 25586562 PMCID: PMC11113500 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates mitochondrial and metabolic pathways in the establishment of pluripotency, as well as in the control of proliferation and differentiation programs. From classic studies in mouse embryos to the latest findings in adult stem cells, human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, an increasing number of evidence suggests that mitochondrial and metabolic-related processes might intertwine with signaling networks and epigenetic rewiring, thereby modulating cell fate decisions. This review summarizes the progresses in this exciting field of research. Dissecting these complex mitochondrial and metabolic mechanisms may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of stemness biology and to potential improvements in stem cell applications for biomedicine, cell therapy, and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany,
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70
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Qi S, Fang Z, Wang D, Menendez P, Yao K, Ji J. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotency by Defined Factors: Prey of Oxidative Stress. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1371-6. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Qi
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang University; Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Danli Wang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang University; Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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71
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Hossini AM, Megges M, Prigione A, Lichtner B, Toliat MR, Wruck W, Schröter F, Nuernberg P, Kroll H, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC, Zoubouliss CC, Adjaye J. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells from a sporadic Alzheimer's disease donor as a model for investigating AD-associated gene regulatory networks. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:84. [PMID: 25765079 PMCID: PMC4344782 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex, irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. At present there are neither reliable markers to diagnose AD at an early stage nor therapy. To investigate underlying disease mechanisms, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allow the generation of patient-derived neuronal cells in a dish. Results In this study, employing iPS technology, we derived and characterized iPSCs from dermal fibroblasts of an 82-year-old female patient affected by sporadic AD. The AD-iPSCs were differentiated into neuronal cells, in order to generate disease-specific protein association networks modeling the molecular pathology on the transcriptome level of AD, to analyse the reflection of the disease phenotype in gene expression in AD-iPS neuronal cells, in particular in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and to address expression of typical AD proteins. We detected the expression of p-tau and GSK3B, a physiological kinase of tau, in neuronal cells derived from AD-iPSCs. Treatment of neuronal cells differentiated from AD-iPSCs with an inhibitor of γ-secretase resulted in the down-regulation of p-tau. Transcriptome analysis of AD-iPS derived neuronal cells revealed significant changes in the expression of genes associated with AD and with the constitutive as well as the inducible subunits of the proteasome complex. The neuronal cells expressed numerous genes associated with sub-regions within the brain thus suggesting the usefulness of our in-vitro model. Moreover, an AD-related protein interaction network composed of APP and GSK3B among others could be generated using neuronal cells differentiated from two AD-iPS cell lines. Conclusions Our study demonstrates how an iPSC-based model system could represent (i) a tool to study the underlying molecular basis of sporadic AD, (ii) a platform for drug screening and toxicology studies which might unveil novel therapeutic avenues for this debilitating neuronal disorder. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1262-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Hossini
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Matthias Megges
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,Current address: Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert Roessle Str. 10, D-13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bjoern Lichtner
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Friederike Schröter
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Nuernberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Kroll
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dessau, Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service NSTOB, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Eugenia Makrantonaki
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, 06847, Dessau, Germany. .,Geriatrics Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13447, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Christos C Zoubouliss
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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72
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Simonson OE, Domogatskaya A, Volchkov P, Rodin S. The safety of human pluripotent stem cells in clinical treatment. Ann Med 2015; 47:370-80. [PMID: 26140342 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1051579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have practically unlimited proliferation potential and a capability to differentiate into any cell type in the human body. Since the first derivation in 1998, they have been an attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Numerous ethical, technological, and regulatory complications have been hampering hPSC use in clinical applications. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), parthenogenetic human ESCs, human nuclear transfer ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells are four types of hPSCs that are different in many clinically relevant features such as propensity to epigenetic abnormalities, generation methods, and ability for development of autologous cell lines. Propensity to genetic mutations and tumorigenicity are common features of all pluripotent cells that complicate hPSC-based therapies. Several recent advances in methods of derivation, culturing, and monitoring of hPSCs have addressed many ethical concerns and technological challenges in development of clinical-grade hPSC lines. Generation of banks of such lines may be useful to minimize immune rejection of hPSC-derived allografts. In this review, we discuss different sources of hPSCs available at the moment, various safety risks associated with them, and possible solutions for successful use of hPSCs in the clinic. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials of hPSC-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Simonson
- a Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
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Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a frequent cause of genetic disease, with a minimum prevalence of 1 in 5,000 individuals. These disorders often present with neurological features, exhibit high clinical variability, and lack effective treatments. Viable disease models would be critical to elucidate the genotype/phenotype relationship and improve disease management. However, the peculiarities of mitochondrial genetics have hampered the generation of animal models, and current cellular models do not carry the nuclear background of the patients and do not exhibit the features of differentiated cells such as postmitotic neurons. Hence, the development of innovative modeling systems is highly needed in order to correctly address the interplay between the nuclear and mitochondrial genome within the appropriate human target cell types. The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients affected by mtDNA disorders thus appears as a promising approach. Patient-derived iPSCs would contain both the original nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the patients and would be capable of differentiating into any cell type of the body, including postmitotic neurons. Here we discuss the potential advantages and critical challenges for the application of the iPSC technology for modeling debilitating mtDNA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin-Buch, Germany,
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74
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Liu Y, Ma T. Metabolic regulation of mesenchymal stem cell in expansion and therapeutic application. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:468-81. [PMID: 25504836 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal or stromal cells (hMSCs) isolated from various adult tissues are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue regeneration. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, robust therapeutic responses to MSC treatment have not been reproducibly demonstrated in clinical trials. In the translation of MSC-based therapy to clinical application, studies of MSC metabolism have significant implication in optimizing bioprocessing conditions to obtain therapeutically competent hMSC population for clinical application. In addition, understanding the contribution of metabolic cues in directing hMSC fate also provides avenues to potentiate their therapeutic effects by modulating their metabolic properties. This review focuses on MSC metabolism and discusses their unique metabolic features in the context of common metabolic properties shared by stem cells. Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of MSC metabolic characteristics in relation to their in vivo origin and metabolic regulation during proliferation, lineage-specific differentiation, and exposure to in vivo ischemic conditions are summarized. Metabolic strategies in directing MSC fate to enhance their therapeutic potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310
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Menendez JA, Joven J. Energy metabolism and metabolic sensors in stem cells: the metabostem crossroads of aging and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:117-40. [PMID: 25038997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are as old as our adult stem cells are; therefore, stem cell exhaustion is considered a hallmark of aging. Our tumors are as aggressive as the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) they bear because CSCs can survive treatments with hormones, radiation, chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted drugs, thus increasing the difficulty of curing cancer. Not surprisingly, interest in stem cell research has never been greater among members of the public, politicians, and scientists. But how can we slow the rate at which our adult stem cells decline over our lifetime, reducing the regenerative potential of tissues, while efficiently eliminating the aberrant, life-threatening activity of "selfish", immortal, and migrating CSCs? Frustrated by the gene-centric limitations of conventional approaches to aging diseases, our group and other groups have begun to appreciate that bioenergetic metabolism, i.e., the production of fuel & building blocks for growth and division, and autophagy/mitophagy, i.e., the quality-control, self-cannibalistic system responsible for "cleaning house" and "recycling the trash", can govern the genetic and epigenetic networks that facilitate stem cell behaviors. Indeed, it is reasonable to suggest the existence of a "metabostem" infrastructure that operates as a shared hallmark of aging and cancer, thus making it physiologically plausible to maintain or even increase the functionality of adult stem cells while reducing the incidence of cancer and extending the lifespan. This "metabostemness" property could lead to the discovery of new drugs that reprogram cell metabotypes to increase the structural and functional integrity of adult stem cells and positively influence their lineage determination, while preventing the development and aberrant function of stem cells in cancer tissues. While it is obvious that the antifungal antibiotic rapamycin, the polyphenol resveratrol, and the biguanide metformin already belong to this new family of metabostemness-targeting drugs, we can expect a rapid identification of new drug candidates (e.g., polyphenolic xenohormetins) that reverse or postpone "geroncogenesis", i.e., aging-induced metabolic decline as a driver of tumorigenesis, at the stem cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain,
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Oliveira PH, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. Concise Review: Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2824-32. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Oliveira
- Institut Pasteur; Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3525 Paris France
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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Ishii T. Human iPS Cell-Derived Germ Cells: Current Status and Clinical Potential. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1064-83. [PMID: 26237592 PMCID: PMC4470171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, fertile spermatozoa and oocytes were generated from mouse induced pluripotent (iPS) cells using a combined in vitro and in vivo induction system. With regard to germ cell induction from human iPS cells, progress has been made particularly in the male germline, demonstrating in vitro generation of haploid, round spermatids. Although iPS-derived germ cells are expected to be developed to yield a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that can address unmet reproductive needs, genetic and/or epigenetic instabilities abound in iPS cell generation and germ cell induction. In addition, there is still room to improve the induction protocol in the female germline. However, rapid advances in stem cell research are likely to make such obstacles surmountable, potentially translating induced germ cells into the clinical setting in the immediate future. This review examines the current status of the induction of germ cells from human iPS cells and discusses the clinical potential, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
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Stincone A, Prigione A, Cramer T, Wamelink MMC, Campbell K, Cheung E, Olin-Sandoval V, Grüning NM, Krüger A, Tauqeer Alam M, Keller MA, Breitenbach M, Brindle KM, Rabinowitz JD, Ralser M. The return of metabolism: biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:927-63. [PMID: 25243985 PMCID: PMC4470864 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a fundamental component of cellular metabolism. The PPP is important to maintain carbon homoeostasis, to provide precursors for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, to provide reducing molecules for anabolism, and to defeat oxidative stress. The PPP shares reactions with the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and Calvin cycle and divides into an oxidative and non-oxidative branch. The oxidative branch is highly active in most eukaryotes and converts glucose 6-phosphate into carbon dioxide, ribulose 5-phosphate and NADPH. The latter function is critical to maintain redox balance under stress situations, when cells proliferate rapidly, in ageing, and for the ‘Warburg effect’ of cancer cells. The non-oxidative branch instead is virtually ubiquitous, and metabolizes the glycolytic intermediates fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as well as sedoheptulose sugars, yielding ribose 5-phosphate for the synthesis of nucleic acids and sugar phosphate precursors for the synthesis of amino acids. Whereas the oxidative PPP is considered unidirectional, the non-oxidative branch can supply glycolysis with intermediates derived from ribose 5-phosphate and vice versa, depending on the biochemical demand. These functions require dynamic regulation of the PPP pathway that is achieved through hierarchical interactions between transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Consequently, the biochemistry and regulation of this pathway, while still unresolved in many cases, are archetypal for the dynamics of the metabolic network of the cell. In this comprehensive article we review seminal work that led to the discovery and description of the pathway that date back now for 80 years, and address recent results about genetic and metabolic mechanisms that regulate its activity. These biochemical principles are discussed in the context of PPP deficiencies causing metabolic disease and the role of this pathway in biotechnology, bacterial and parasite infections, neurons, stem cell potency and cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stincone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Cramer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum (MKFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam M C Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, De Boelelaaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Eric Cheung
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Viridiana Olin-Sandoval
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Nana-Maria Grüning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Antje Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Markus A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Michael Breitenbach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute (CRI), Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544 NJ, U.S.A
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K.,Division of Physiology and Metabolism, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7, U.K
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79
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Metformin against cancer stem cells through the modulation of energy metabolism: special considerations on ovarian cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:132702. [PMID: 25050322 PMCID: PMC4094711 DOI: 10.1155/2014/132702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy among women worldwide and is presumed to result from the presence of ovarian cancer stem cells. To overcome the limitation of current anticancer agents, another anticancer strategy is necessary to effectively target cancer stem cells in ovarian cancer. In many types of malignancies, including ovarian cancer, metformin, one of the most popular antidiabetic drugs, has been demonstrated to exhibit chemopreventive and anticancer efficacy with respect to incidence and overall survival rates. Thus, the metabolic reprogramming of cancer and cancer stem cells driven by genetic alterations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression could be therapeutically targeted. In this review, the potential efficacy and anticancer mechanisms of metformin against ovarian cancer stem cells will be discussed.
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80
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Folmes CDL, Martinez-Fernandez A, Perales-Clemente E, Li X, McDonald A, Oglesbee D, Hrstka SC, Perez-Terzic C, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Disease-causing mitochondrial heteroplasmy segregated within induced pluripotent stem cell clones derived from a patient with MELAS. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1298-308. [PMID: 23553816 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases display pathological phenotypes according to the mixture of mutant versus wild-type mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), known as heteroplasmy. We herein examined the impact of nuclear reprogramming and clonal isolation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) on mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Patient-derived dermal fibroblasts with a prototypical mitochondrial deficiency diagnosed as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction with reduced oxidative reserve due to heteroplasmy at position G13513A in the ND5 subunit of complex I. Bioengineered iPSC clones acquired pluripotency with multilineage differentiation capacity and demonstrated reduction in mitochondrial density and oxygen consumption distinguishing them from the somatic source. Consistent with the cellular mosaicism of the original patient-derived fibroblasts, the MELAS-iPSC clones contained a similar range of mtDNA heteroplasmy of the disease-causing mutation with identical profiles in the remaining mtDNA. High-heteroplasmy iPSC clones were used to demonstrate that extended stem cell passaging was sufficient to purge mutant mtDNA, resulting in isogenic iPSC subclones with various degrees of disease-causing genotypes. On comparative differentiation of iPSC clones, improved cardiogenic yield was associated with iPSC clones containing lower heteroplasmy compared with isogenic clones with high heteroplasmy. Thus, mtDNA heteroplasmic segregation within patient-derived stem cell lines enables direct comparison of genotype/phenotype relationships in progenitor cells and lineage-restricted progeny, and indicates that cell fate decisions are regulated as a function of mtDNA mutation load. The novel nuclear reprogramming-based model system introduces a disease-in-a-dish tool to examine the impact of mutant genotypes for MELAS patients in bioengineered tissues and a cellular probe for molecular features of individual mitochondrial diseases.
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81
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Prigione A, Adjaye J. A mitochondrial strategy for safeguarding the reprogrammed genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:5. [PMID: 25408884 PMCID: PMC4230514 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic aberrations induced by somatic cell reprogramming are a major drawback for future applications of this technology in regenerative medicine. A new study by Ji et al. published in Stem Cell Reports suggests a counteracting strategy based on balancing the mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathway through antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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82
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Prigione A, Lichtner B, Kuhl H, Struys EA, Wamelink M, Lehrach H, Ralser M, Timmermann B, Adjaye J. HIF1α modulates cell fate reprogramming through early glycolytic shift and upregulation of PDK1-3 and PKM2. Stem Cells 2014; 32:364-76. [PMID: 24123565 PMCID: PMC5730046 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state drastically reconfigures the cellular anabolic requirements, thus potentially inducing cancer-like metabolic transformation. Accordingly, we and others previously showed that somatic mitochondria and bioenergetics are extensively remodeled upon derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as the cells transit from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism. In the attempt to identify possible regulatory mechanisms underlying this metabolic restructuring, we investigated the contributing role of hypoxia-inducible factor one alpha (HIF1α), a master regulator of energy metabolism, in the induction and maintenance of pluripotency. We discovered that the ablation of HIF1α function in dermal fibroblasts dramatically hampers reprogramming efficiency, while small molecule-based activation of HIF1α significantly improves cell fate conversion. Transcriptional and bioenergetic analysis during reprogramming initiation indicated that the transduction of the four factors is sufficient to upregulate the HIF1α target pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) one and set in motion the glycolytic shift. However, additional HIF1α activation appears critical in the early upregulation of other HIF1α-associated metabolic regulators, including PDK3 and pyruvate kinase (PK) isoform M2 (PKM2), resulting in increased glycolysis and enhanced reprogramming. Accordingly, elevated levels of PDK1, PDK3, and PKM2 and reduced PK activity could be observed in iPSCs and human embryonic stem cells in the undifferentiated state. Overall, the findings suggest that the early induction of HIF1α targets may be instrumental in iPSC derivation via the activation of a glycolytic program. These findings implicate the HIF1α pathway as an enabling regulator of cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Lichtner
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Next Generation Sequencing Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Wamelink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Next Generation Sequencing Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- The Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
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83
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Bukowiecki R, Adjaye J, Prigione A. Mitochondrial function in pluripotent stem cells and cellular reprogramming. Gerontology 2013; 60:174-82. [PMID: 24281332 DOI: 10.1159/000355050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles playing pivotal roles in a range of diverse cellular functions, from energy generation to redox homeostasis and apoptosis regulation. Their loss of functionality may indeed contribute to the development of aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, mitochondria have been shown to exhibit peculiar features in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Moreover, an extensive restructuring of mitochondria has been observed during the process of cellular reprogramming, i.e. the conversion of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These transformation events impact mitochondrial number, morphology, activity, cellular metabolism, and mtDNA integrity. PSCs retain the capability to self-renew indefinitely and to give rise to virtually any cell type of the body and thus hold great promise in medical research. Understanding the mitochondrial properties of PSCs, and how to modulate them, may thus help to shed light on the features of stemness and possibly increase our knowledge on cellular identity and differentiation pathways. Here, we review these recent findings and discuss their implications in the context of stem cell biology, aging research, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bukowiecki
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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84
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Tissue- and cell-type-specific manifestations of heteroplasmic mtDNA 3243A>G mutation in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived disease model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3622-30. [PMID: 24003133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311660110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations manifest with vast clinical heterogeneity. The molecular basis of this variability is mostly unknown because the lack of model systems has hampered mechanistic studies. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from patients carrying the most common human disease mutation in mtDNA, m.3243A>G, underlying mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. During reprogramming, heteroplasmic mtDNA showed bimodal segregation toward homoplasmy, with concomitant changes in mtDNA organization, mimicking mtDNA bottleneck during epiblast specification. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and various tissues derived from teratomas manifested cell-type specific respiratory chain (RC) deficiency patterns. Similar to MELAS patient tissues, complex I defect predominated. Upon neuronal differentiation, complex I specifically was sequestered in perinuclear PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin-positive autophagosomes, suggesting active degradation through mitophagy. Other RC enzymes showed normal mitochondrial network distribution. Our data show that cellular context actively modifies RC deficiency manifestation in MELAS and that autophagy is a significant component of neuronal MELAS pathogenesis.
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85
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Xu X, Duan S, Yi F, Ocampo A, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Mitochondrial regulation in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metab 2013; 18:325-32. [PMID: 23850316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their fundamental role in energy production, mitochondria have been traditionally known as the powerhouse of the cell. Recent discoveries have suggested crucial roles of mitochondria in the maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation, and reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While glycolytic energy production is observed at pluripotent states, an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for cell differentiation. Consequently, a transition from somatic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to glycolysis seems to be required for successful reprogramming. Future research aiming to dissect the roles of mitochondria in the establishment and homeostasis of pluripotency, as well as combining cell reprogramming with gene editing technologies, may unearth novel insights into our understanding of mitochondrial diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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86
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Zhang A, Sun H, Xu H, Qiu S, Wang X. Cell metabolomics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23988149 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Metabolomics technologies enable the examination and identification of endogenous biochemical reaction products, revealing information on the precise metabolic pathways and processes within a living cell. Metabolism is either directly or indirectly involved with every aspect of cell function, and metabolomics is thus believed to be a reflection of the phenotype of any cell. Metabolomics analysis of cells has many potential applications and advantages compared to currently used methods in the postgenomics era. Cell metabolomics is an emerging field that addresses fundamental biological questions and allows one to observe metabolic phenomena in cells. Cell metabolomics consists of four sequential steps: (a) sample preparation and extraction, (b) metabolic profiles of low-weight metabolites based on MS or NMR spectroscopy techniques, (c) pattern recognition approaches and bioinformatics data analysis, (d) metabolites identification resulting in putative biomarkers and molecular targets. The biomarkers are eventually placed in metabolic networks to provide insight on the cellular biochemical phenomena. This article analyzes the recent developments in use of metabolomics to characterize and interpret the cellular metabolome in a wide range of pathophysiological and clinical contexts, and the putative roles of the endogenous small molecule metabolites in this new frontier of postgenomics biology and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Chinmedomics, Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines, and Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin, China
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87
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Phanthong P, Raveh-Amit H, Li T, Kitiyanant Y, Dinnyes A. Is aging a barrier to reprogramming? Lessons from induced pluripotent stem cells. Biogerontology 2013; 14:591-602. [PMID: 23963527 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has the potential to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine. In the past few years, iPSCs have been the subject of intensive research towards their application in disease modeling and drug screening. In the future, these cells may be applied in cell therapy to replace or regenerate tissues by autologous transplantation. However, two major hurdles need to be resolved in order to reach the later goal: the low reprogramming efficiency and the safety risks, such as the integration of foreign DNA into the genome of the cells and the tumor formation potential arising from transplantation of residual undifferentiated cells. Recently, aging emerged as one of the barriers that accounts, at least in part, for the low reprogramming efficiency of bona fide iPSCs. Here, we review the molecular pathways linking aging and reprogramming along with the unanswered questions in the field. We discuss whether reprogramming rejuvenates the molecular and cellular features associated with age, and present the recent advances with iPSC-based models, contributing to our understanding of physiological and premature aging.
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88
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Corominas-Faja B, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, López-Bonet E, Lupu R, Alarcón T, Vellon L, Iglesias JM, Leis O, Martín ÁG, Vazquez-Martin A, Menendez JA. Nuclear reprogramming of luminal-like breast cancer cells generates Sox2-overexpressing cancer stem-like cellular states harboring transcriptional activation of the mTOR pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3109-24. [PMID: 23974095 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism plasticity enables stemness programs during the reprogramming of somatic cells to an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. This relationship may introduce a new era in the understanding of Warburg's theory on the metabolic origin of cancer at the level of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we used Yamanaka's stem cell technology in an attempt to create stable CSC research lines in which to dissect the transcriptional control of mTOR--the master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism--in CSC-like states. The rare colonies with iPSC-like morphology, obtained following the viral transduction of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) stemness factors into MCF-7 luminal-like breast cancer cells (MCF-7/Rep), demonstrated an intermediate state between cancer cells and bona fide iPSCs. MCF-7/Rep cells notably overexpressed SOX2 and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 proteins; however, other stemness-related markers (OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-1, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) were found at low to moderate levels. The transcriptional analyses of OSKM factors confirmed the strong but unique reactivation of the endogenous Sox2 stemness gene accompanied by the silencing of the exogenous Sox2 transgene in MCF-7/Rep cells. Some but not all MCF-7/Rep cells acquired strong alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity compared with MCF-7 parental cells. SOX2-overexpressing MCF-7/Rep cells contained drastically higher percentages of CD44(+) and ALDEFLUOR-stained ALDH(bright) cells than MCF-7 parental cells. The overlap between differentially expressed mTOR signaling-related genes in 3 different SOX2-overexpressing CSC-like cell lines revealed a notable downregulation of 3 genes, PRKAA1 (which codes for the catalytic α 1 subunit of AMPK), DDIT4/REDD1 (a stress response gene that operates as a negative regulator of mTOR), and DEPTOR (a naturally occurring endogenous inhibitor of mTOR activity). The insulin-receptor gene (INSR) was differentially upregulated in MCF-7/Rep cells. Consistent with the downregulation of AMPK expression, immunoblotting procedures confirmed upregulation of p70S6K and increased phosphorylation of mTOR in Sox2-overexpressing CSC-like cell populations. Using an in vitro model of the de novo generation of CSC-like states through the nuclear reprogramming of an established breast cancer cell line, we reveal that the transcriptional suppression of mTOR repressors is an intrinsic process occurring during the acquisition of CSC-like properties by differentiated populations of luminal-like breast cancer cells. This approach may provide a new path for obtaining information about preventing the appearance of CSCs through the modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
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89
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Folmes CD, Arrell DK, Zlatkovic-Lindor J, Martinez-Fernandez A, Perez-Terzic C, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Metabolome and metaboproteome remodeling in nuclear reprogramming. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2355-65. [PMID: 23839047 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming resets differentiated tissue to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. While genomic attributes underlying reacquisition of the embryonic-like state have been delineated, less is known regarding the metabolic dynamics underscoring induction of pluripotency. Metabolomic profiling of fibroblasts vs. iPS cells demonstrated nuclear reprogramming-associated induction of glycolysis, realized through augmented utilization of glucose and accumulation of lactate. Real-time assessment unmasked downregulated mitochondrial reserve capacity and ATP turnover correlating with pluripotent induction. Reduction in oxygen consumption and acceleration of extracellular acidification rates represent high-throughput markers of the transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, characterizing stemness acquisition. The bioenergetic transition was supported by proteome remodeling, whereby 441 proteins were altered between fibroblasts and derived iPS cells. Systems analysis revealed overrepresented canonical pathways and interactome-associated biological processes predicting differential metabolic behavior in response to reprogramming stimuli, including upregulation of glycolysis, purine, arginine, proline, ribonucleoside and ribonucleotide metabolism, and biopolymer and macromolecular catabolism, with concomitant downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, phosphate metabolism regulation, and precursor biosynthesis processes, prioritizing the impact of energy metabolism within the hierarchy of nuclear reprogramming. Thus, metabolome and metaboproteome remodeling is integral for induction of pluripotency, expanding on the genetic and epigenetic requirements for cell fate manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Dl Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN USA
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90
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Folmes CDL, Dzeja PP, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Metabolic plasticity in stem cell homeostasis and differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:596-606. [PMID: 23122287 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in energy metabolism allows stem cells to match the divergent demands of self-renewal and lineage specification. Beyond a role in energetic support, new evidence implicates nutrient-responsive metabolites as mediators of crosstalk between metabolic flux, cellular signaling, and epigenetic regulation of cell fate. Stem cell metabolism also offers a potential target for controlling tissue homeostasis and regeneration in aging and disease. In this Perspective, we cover recent progress establishing an emerging relationship between stem cell metabolism and cell fate control.
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91
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Van Haute L, Spits C, Geens M, Seneca S, Sermon K. Human embryonic stem cells commonly display large mitochondrial DNA deletions. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:20-3. [PMID: 23302926 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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92
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Tavernier G, Mlody B, Demeester J, Adjaye J, De Smedt SC. Current methods for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2765-2771. [PMID: 23529911 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The groundbreaking discovery of reprogramming fibroblasts towards pluripotency merely by introducing four transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC) by means of retroviral transduction has created a promising revolution in the field of regenerative medicine. These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can provide a cell source for disease-modelling, drug-screening platforms, and transplantation strategies to treat incurable degenerative diseases, while circumventing the ethical issues and immune rejections associated with the use of non-autologous embryonic stem cells. The risk of insertional mutagenesis, caused both by the viral and transgene nature of the technique has proven to be the major limitation for iPSCs to be used in a clinical setting. In view of this, a variety of alternative techniques have been developed to induce pluripotency in somatic cells. This review provides an overview on current reprogramming protocols, discusses their pros and cons and future challenges to provide safe and transgene-free iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertrui Tavernier
- Ghent University, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent, Belgium
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Menendez JA, Joven J, Cufí S, Corominas-Faja B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, Martin-Castillo B, López-Bonet E, Alarcón T, Vazquez-Martin A. The Warburg effect version 2.0: metabolic reprogramming of cancer stem cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1166-79. [PMID: 23549172 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When fighting cancer, knowledge on metabolism has always been important. Today, it matters more than ever. The restricted cataloging of cancer genomes is quite unlikely to achieve the task of curing cancer, unless it is integrated into metabolic networks that respond to and influence the constantly evolving cancer stem cell (CSC) cellular states. Once the genomic era of carcinogenesis had pushed the 1920s Otto Warburg's metabolic cancer hypothesis into obscurity for decades, the most recent studies begin to support a new developing paradigm, in which the molecular logic behind the conversion of non-CSCs into CSCs can be better understood in terms of the "metabolic facilitators" and "metabolic impediments" that operate as proximate openings and roadblocks, respectively, for the transcriptional events and signal transduction programs that ultimately orchestrate the intrinsic and/or microenvironmental paths to CSC cellular states. Here we propose that a profound understanding of how human carcinomas install a proper "Warburg effect version 2.0" allowing them to "run" the CSCs' "software" programs should guide a new era of metabolo-genomic-personalized cancer medicine. By viewing metabolic reprogramming of CSCs as an essential characteristic that allows dynamic, multidimensional and evolving cancer populations to compete successfully for their expansion on the organism, we now argue that CSCs bioenergetics might be another cancer hallmark. A definitive understanding of metabolic reprogramming in CSCs may complement or to some extent replace, the 30-y-old paradigm of targeting oncogenes to treat human carcinomas, because it can be possible to metabolically create non-permissive or "hostile" metabotypes to prevent the occurrence of CSC cellular states with tumor- and metastasis-initiating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona), Girona, Spain.
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94
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Kramer AS, Harvey AR, Plant GW, Hodgetts SI. Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:571-617. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Kramer
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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95
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Feldman DE, Chen C, Punj V, Machida K. The TBC1D15 oncoprotein controls stem cell self-renewal through destabilization of the Numb-p53 complex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57312. [PMID: 23468968 PMCID: PMC3584131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell populations are maintained through self-renewing divisions in which one daughter cell commits to a specific fate while the other retains the multipotent characteristics of its parent. The p53 tumor suppressor, in conjunction with its interacting partner protein Numb, preserves this asymmetry and functions as a vital barrier against the unchecked expansion of tumor stem cell pools; however, little is known about the biological control of the Numb-p53 interaction. We show here that Numb and p53 are the constituents of a high molecular mass complex, which is disintegrated upon activation of aPKCζ, a Numb kinase. Using large-scale affinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry, we identify TBC1D15 as a Numb-associated protein and demonstrate that its amino-terminal domain disengages p53 from Numb, triggering p53 proteolysis and promoting self-renewal and pluripotency. Cellular levels of TBC1D15 are diminished upon acute nutrient deprivation through autophagy-mediated degradation, indicating that TBC1D15 serves as a conduit through which cellular metabolic status is linked to self-renewal. The profound deregulation of TBC1D15 expression exhibited in a diverse array of patient tumors underscores its proposed function as an oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chialin Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vasu Punj
- Bioinformatics Core, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Southern California and Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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96
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Vazquez-Martin A, Corominas-Faja B, Cufi S, Vellon L, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Menendez OJ, Joven J, Lupu R, Menendez JA. The mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase and the lipogenic switch: new core components of metabolic reprogramming in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:207-18. [PMID: 23287468 PMCID: PMC3575450 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells share some basic properties, such as self-renewal and pluripotency, with cancer cells, and they also appear to share several metabolic alterations that are commonly observed in human tumors. The cancer cells' glycolytic phenotype, first reported by Otto Warburg, is necessary for the optimal routing of somatic cells to pluripotency. However, how iPS cells establish a Warburg-like metabolic phenotype and whether the metabolic pathways that support the bioenergetics of iPS cells are produced by the same mechanisms that are selected during the tumorigenic process remain largely unexplored. We recently investigated whether the reprogramming-competent metabotype of iPS cells involves changes in the activation/expression status of the H(+)-ATPase, which is a core component of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that is repressed at both the activity and protein levels in human carcinomas, and of the lipogenic switch, which refers to a marked overexpression and hyperactivity of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) lipogenic enzymes that has been observed in nearly all examined cancer types. A comparison of a starting population of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and their iPS cell progeny revealed that somatic cell reprogramming involves a significant increase in the expression of ATPase inhibitor factor 1 (IF1), accompanied by extremely low expression levels of the catalytic β-F1-ATPase subunit. The pharmacological inhibition of ACACA and FASN activities markedly decreases reprogramming efficiency, and ACACA and FASN expression are notably upregulated in iPS cells. Importantly, iPS cells exhibited a significant intracellular accumulation of neutral lipid bodies; however, these bodies may be a reflection of intense lysosomal/autophagocytic activity rather than bona fide lipid droplet formation in iPS cells, as they were largely unresponsive to pharmacological modulation of PPARgamma and FASN activities. The AMPK agonist metformin, which endows somatic cells with a bioenergetic infrastructure that is protected against reprogramming, was found to drastically elongate fibroblast mitochondria, fully reverse the high IF1/β-F1-ATPase ratio and downregulate the ACACA/FASN lipogenic enzymes in iPS cells. The mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase and the ACACA/FASN-driven lipogenic switch are newly characterized as instrumental metabolic events that, by coupling the Warburg effect to anabolic metabolism, enable de-differentiation during the reprogramming of somatic cells to iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vazquez-Martin
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Cufi
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Luciano Vellon
- Reprogramming Unit; Fundación INBIOMED; San Sebastián; Gipuzkua, Spain
| | - Cristina Oliveras-Ferraros
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Octavio J. Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Department of Medicine and Pathology; Division of Experimental Pathology; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN USA
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute; Girona, Spain
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97
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Folmes CDL, Martinez-Fernandez A, Faustino RS, Yamada S, Perez-Terzic C, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Nuclear reprogramming with c-Myc potentiates glycolytic capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:10-21. [PMID: 23247633 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming strategies influence the differentiation capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Removal of the reprogramming factor c-Myc reduces tumorigenic incidence and increases cardiogenic potential of iPS cells. c-Myc is a regulator of energy metabolism, yet the impact on metabolic reprogramming underlying pluripotent induction is unknown. Here, mitochondrial and metabolic interrogation of iPS cells derived with (4F) and without (3F) c-Myc demonstrated that nuclear reprogramming consistently reverted mitochondria to embryonic-like immature structures. Metabolomic profiling segregated derived iPS cells from the parental somatic source based on the attained pluripotency-associated glycolytic phenotype and discriminated between 3F versus 4F clones based upon glycolytic intermediates. Real-time flux analysis demonstrated a greater glycolytic capacity in 4F iPS cells, in the setting of equivalent oxidative capacity to 3F iPS cells. Thus, inclusion of c-Myc potentiates the pluripotent glycolytic behavior of derived iPS cells, supporting c-Myc-free reprogramming as a strategy to facilitate oxidative metabolism-dependent lineage engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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98
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Metformin limits the tumourigenicity of iPS cells without affecting their pluripotency. Sci Rep 2012; 2:964. [PMID: 23236586 PMCID: PMC3520055 DOI: 10.1038/srep00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin efficiently circumvents the dilemma that in reducing the tumourigenicity of stem cells, their essence, specifically their pluripotency, must also be sacrificed. Metformin prevents the occurrence or drastically reduces the size and weight of teratoma-like masses after the transplantation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into immunodeficient mice. Yet, iPS cells implanted into metformin-treated mice retain full pluripotency, as they produce the same number of distinct tissue types derived from the three embryonic germ layers that is observed in untreated mice. Mechanistically, metformin appears to suppress the Oct4-driven compartment of malignant stem cells responsible for teratocarcinoma growth while safeguarding an intact, Oct4-independent competency to generate terminally differentiated tissues. Metformin's ability to efficiently and specifically control the tumourigenic fate of teratoma-initiating iPS cells without interfering with their pluripotency not only has implications for the clinical use of iPS cells but also in stem cell biology, cancer and ageing.
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99
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Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C. Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 19:187-205. [PMID: 23223511 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing body of evidence that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are prone to (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture. This review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on culture-induced (epi)genetic alterations in hPSCs and their phenotypic consequences. METHODS Combinations of the following key words were applied as search criteria: human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells in combination with malignancy, tumorigenicity, X inactivation, mitochondrial mutations, genomic integrity, chromosomal abnormalities, culture adaptation, aneuploidy and CD30. Only studies in English, on hPSCs and focused on (epi)genomic integrity were included. Further manuscripts were added from cross-references. RESULTS Numerous (epi)genetic aberrations have been detected in hPSCs. Recurrent genetic alterations give a selective advantage in culture to the altered cells leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells. The functional effects of these alterations are not yet fully understood, but suggest a (pre)malignant transformation of abnormal cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Given the high degree of (epi)genetic alterations reported in the literature and altered phenotypic characteristics of the abnormal cells, controlling for the (epi)genetic integrity of hPSCs before any clinical application is an absolute necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Nguyen
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium
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100
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Ronen D, Benvenisty N. Genomic stability in reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:444-9. [PMID: 23040504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic stability of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has a significant impact on their potential use in regenerative medicine and basic research. Analysis of the genomic integrity of iPS cells suggests a tendency to develop aberrations ranging from whole chromosome trisomies to single nucleotide mutations. Furthermore, fluctuations in telomere elongation and changes in mitochondrial DNA are also observed. Some mutations may already exist in the founder cells or result from prolonged culturing, however, many of the mutations occur during the reprogramming event. Thus, great care should be given to the initial characterization and subsequent culturing of new iPS cell lines in order to avoid the use of potentially aberrant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ronen
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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