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Li Q, Houdayer T, Liu S, Belegu V. Induced Neural Activity Promotes an Oligodendroglia Regenerative Response in the Injured Spinal Cord and Improves Motor Function after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3351-3361. [PMID: 28474539 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is a dynamic process that includes birth of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), their differentiation into oligodendrocytes, and ensheathment of axons. Regulation of myelination by neuronal activity has emerged as a new mechanism of CNS plasticity. Activity-dependent myelination has been shown to regulate sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. In this work, we aimed to employ this mechanism of CNS plasticity by utilizing induced neuronal activity to promote remyelination and functional recovery in a subchronic model of spinal cord injury (SCI). We used a mild contusive SCI at T10, which demyelinates surviving axons of the dorsal corticospinal tract (dCST), to investigate the effects of induced neuronal activity on oligodendrogenesis, remyelination, and motor function after SCI. Neuronal activity was induced through epidural electrodes that were implanted over the primary motor (M1) cortex. Induced neuronal activity increased the number of proliferating OPCs. Additionally, induced neuronal activity in the subchronic stages of SCI increased the number of oligodendrocytes, and enhanced myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and myelin sheath formation in dCST. The oligodendroglia regenerative response could have been mediated by axon-OPC synapses, the number of which increased after induced neuronal activity. Further, M1-induced neuronal activation promoted recovery of hindlimb motor function after SCI. Our work is a proof of principle demonstration that epidural electrical stimulation as a mode of inducing neuronal activity throughout white matter tracts of the CNS could be used to promote remyelination and functional recovery after CNS injuries and demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- 1 The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thierry Houdayer
- 1 The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Su Liu
- 1 The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Visar Belegu
- 1 The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a model to study early neural development, model pathological processes, and develop therapeutics. The generation of functionally specialized neural subtypes from hPSCs relies on fundamental developmental principles learned from animal studies. Manipulation of these principles enables production of highly enriched neural types with functional attributes that resemble those in the brain. Further development to promote faster maturation or aging as well as circuit integration will help realize the potential of hPSC-derived neural cells in disease modeling and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Tao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Lee JY, Xu K, Nguyen H, Guedes VA, Borlongan CV, Acosta SA. Stem Cell-Induced Biobridges as Possible Tools to Aid Neuroreconstruction after CNS Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:51. [PMID: 28540289 PMCID: PMC5424542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch-induced mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate a distinct mechanism of repair after brain injury by forming a biobridge that facilitates biodistribution of host cells from a neurogenic niche to the area of injury. We have observed the biobridge in an area between the subventricular zone and the injured cortex using immunohistochemistry and laser capture. Cells in the biobridge express high levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-9, which co-localized with a trail of MSCs graft. The transplanted stem cells then become almost undetectable, being replaced by newly recruited host cells. This stem cell-paved biobridge provides support for distal migration of host cells from the subventricular zone to the site of injury. Biobridge formation by transplanted stem cells seems to have a fundamental role in initiating endogenous repair processes. Two major stem cell-mediated repair mechanisms have been proposed thus far: direct cell replacement by transplanted grafts and bystander effects through the secretion of trophic factors including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), stem cell factor (SCF), erythropoietin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) among others. This groundbreaking observation of biobridge formation by transplanted stem cells represents a novel mechanism for stem cell mediated brain repair. Future studies on graft-host interaction will likely establish biobridge formation as a fundamental mechanism underlying therapeutic effects of stem cells and contribute to the scientific pursuit of developing safe and efficient therapies not only for traumatic brain injury but also for other neurological disorders. The aim of this review is to hypothetically extend concepts related to the formation of biobridges in other central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Kaya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
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54
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Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:637-647. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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55
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Nagoshi N, Okano H. Applications of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2017; 141:848-860. [PMID: 28199003 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous basic research studies have suggested the potential efficacy of neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, in most such studies, the origin of the cells used was mainly fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells, both of which carry potential ethical concerns with respect to clinical use. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opened a new path toward regenerative medicine for SCI. iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells by induction of transcription factors, and induced to differentiate into NPCs with characteristics of cells of the central nervous system. The beneficial effect of iPSC-derived NPC transplantation has been reported from our group and others working in rodent and non-human primate models. These promising results facilitate the application of iPSCs for clinical applications in SCI patients. However, iPSCs also have issues, such as genetic/epigenetic abnormalities and tumorigenesis because of the artificial induction method, that must be addressed prior to clinical use. The selection of somatic cells, generation of integration-free iPSCs, and characterization of differentiated NPCs with thorough quality management are all needed to address these potential risks. To enhance the efficacy of the transplanted iPSC-NPCs, especially at chronic phase of SCI, administration of a chondroitinase or semaphorin3A inhibitor represents a potentially important means of promoting axonal regeneration through the lesion site. The combined use of rehabilitation with such cell therapy approaches is also important, as repetitive training enhances neurite outgrowth of transplanted cells and strengthens neural circuits at central pattern generators. Our group has already evaluated clinical grade iPSC-derived NPCs, and we look forward to initiating clinical testing as the next step toward determining whether this approach is safe and effective for clinical use. This article is part of the mini review series "60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Iida T, Iwanami A, Sanosaka T, Kohyama J, Miyoshi H, Nagoshi N, Kashiwagi R, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Okano H. Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Analyses Revealed Epigenetic Instability in Tumorigenic Human iPS Cell-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1316-1327. [PMID: 28142229 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derivatives are considered promising cellular resources for regenerative medicine, their tumorigenicity potentially limits their clinical application in hiPSC technologies. We previously demonstrated that oncogenic hiPSC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PCs) produced tumor-like tissues that were distinct from teratomas. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumorigenicity in hiPSC-NS/PCs, we performed an integrated analysis using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array and the HumanHT-12 v4.0 Expression BeadChip array to compare the comprehensive DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of tumorigenic hiPSC-NS/PCs (253G1-NS/PCs) and non-tumorigenic cells (201B7-NS/PCs). Although the DNA methylation profiles of 253G1-hiPSCs and 201B7-hiPSCs were similar regardless of passage number, the methylation status of the global DNA methylation profiles of 253G1-NS/PCs and 201B7-NS/PCs differed; the genomic regions surrounding the transcriptional start site of the CAT and PSMD5 genes were hypermethylated in 253G1-NS/PCs but not in 201B7-NS/PCs. Interestingly, the aberrant DNA methylation profile was more pronounced in 253G1-NS/PCs that had been passaged more than 15 times. In addition, we identified aberrations in DNA methylation at the RBP1 gene locus; the DNA methylation frequency in RBP1 changed as 253G1-NS/PCs were sequentially passaged. These results indicate that different NS/PC clones have different DNA methylomes and that DNA methylation patterns are unstable as cells are passaged. Therefore, DNA methylation profiles should be included in the criteria used to evaluate the tumorigenicity of hiPSC-NS/PCs in the clinical setting. Stem Cells 2017;35:1316-1327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Iida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Kashiwagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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57
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Takano M, Kawabata S, Shibata S, Yasuda A, Nori S, Tsuji O, Nagoshi N, Iwanami A, Ebise H, Horiuchi K, Okano H, Nakamura M. Enhanced Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury in Aged Mice after Stem Cell Transplantation through HGF Induction. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:509-518. [PMID: 28216143 PMCID: PMC5355635 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of elderly patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) is increasing worldwide, representing a serious burden for both the affected patients and the community. Previous studies have demonstrated that neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is an effective treatment for SCI in young animals. Here we show that NSC transplantation is as effective in aged mice as it is in young mice, even though aged mice exhibit more severe neurological deficits after SCI. NSCs grafted into aged mice exhibited better survival than those grafted into young mice. Furthermore, we show that the neurotrophic factor HGF plays a key role in the enhanced functional recovery after NSC transplantation observed in aged mice with SCI. The unexpected results of the present study suggest that NSC transplantation is a potential therapeutic modality for SCI, even in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Takano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Soya Kawabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akimasa Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hayao Ebise
- Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 2-6-8 Doshoumachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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58
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Nori S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Plasticity and regeneration in the injured spinal cord after cell transplantation therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:33-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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59
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60
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Blair NF, Frith TJR, Barbaric I. Regenerative Medicine: Advances from Developmental to Degenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:225-239. [PMID: 28840560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tissue and organ failure caused by an injury, disease, ageing or congenital defects represents some of the most complex therapeutic challenges and poses a significant financial healthcare burden. Regenerative medicine strategies aim to fulfil the unmet clinical need by restoring the normal tissue function either through stimulating the endogenous tissue repair or by using transplantation strategies to replace the missing or defective cells. Stem cells represent an essential pillar of regenerative medicine efforts as they provide a source of progenitors or differentiated cells for use in cell replacement therapies. Whilst significant leaps have been made in controlling the stem cell fates and differentiating them to cell types of interest, transitioning bespoke cellular products from an academic environment to off-the-shelf clinical treatments brings about a whole new set of challenges which encompass manufacturing, regulatory and funding issues. Notwithstanding the need to resolve such issues before cell replacement therapies can benefit global healthcare, mounting progress in the field has highlighted regenerative medicine as a realistic prospect for treating some of the previously incurable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Blair
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas J R Frith
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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61
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Dell'Anno MT, Strittmatter SM. Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:25-34. [PMID: 28007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is currently incurable. Treatment is limited to minimizing secondary complications and maximizing residual function by rehabilitation. Neurologic recovery is prevented by the poor intrinsic regenerative capacity of neurons in the adult central nervous system and by the presence of growth inhibitors in the adult brain and spinal cord. Here we identify three approaches to rewire the spinal cord after injury: axonal regeneration (direct endogenous reconnection), axonal sprouting (indirect endogenous reconnection) and neural stem cell transplantation (indirect exogenous reconnection). Regeneration and sprouting of axonal fibers can be both enhanced through the neutralization of myelin- and extracellular matrix-associated inhibitors described in the first part of this review. Alternatively, in the second part we focus on the formation of a novel circuit through the grafting of neural stem cells in the lesion site. Transplanted neural stem cells differentiate in vivo into neurons and glial cells which form an intermediate station between the rostral and caudal segment of the recipient spinal cord. In particular, here we describe how neural stem cells-derived neurons are endowed with the ability to extend long-distance axons to regain the transmission of motor and sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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62
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Shinozaki M, Iwanami A, Fujiyoshi K, Tashiro S, Kitamura K, Shibata S, Fujita H, Nakamura M, Okano H. Combined treatment with chondroitinase ABC and treadmill rehabilitation for chronic severe spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurosci Res 2016; 113:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Okubo T, Iwanami A, Kohyama J, Itakura G, Kawabata S, Nishiyama Y, Sugai K, Ozaki M, Iida T, Matsubayashi K, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Okano H. Pretreatment with a γ-Secretase Inhibitor Prevents Tumor-like Overgrowth in Human iPSC-Derived Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:649-663. [PMID: 27666789 PMCID: PMC5063571 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered to be a promising cell source for cell-based interventions that target CNS disorders. We previously reported that transplanting certain hiPSC-NS/PCs in the spinal cord results in tumor-like overgrowth of hiPSC-NS/PCs and subsequent deterioration of motor function. Remnant immature cells should be removed or induced into more mature cell types to avoid adverse effects of hiPSC-NS/PC transplantation. Because Notch signaling plays a role in maintaining NS/PCs, we evaluated the effects of γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) and found that pretreating hiPSC-NS/PCs with GSI promoted neuronal differentiation and maturation in vitro, and GSI pretreatment also reduced the overgrowth of transplanted hiPSC-NS/PCs and inhibited the deterioration of motor function in vivo. These results indicate that pretreatment with hiPSC-NS/PCs decreases the proliferative capacity of transplanted hiPSC-NS/PCs, triggers neuronal commitment, and improves the safety of hiPSC-based approaches in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Go Itakura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Soya Kawabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsubayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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64
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Functional Recovery from Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30898. [PMID: 27485458 PMCID: PMC4971501 DOI: 10.1038/srep30898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies targeting chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have concluded that neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) transplantation exerts only a subclinical recovery; this in contrast to its remarkable effect on acute and subacute SCI. To determine whether the addition of rehabilitative intervention enhances the effect of NS/PC transplantation for chronic SCI, we used thoracic SCI mouse models to compare manifestations secondary to both transplantation and treadmill training, and the two therapies combined, with a control group. Significant locomotor recovery in comparison with the control group was only achieved in the combined therapy group. Further investigation revealed that NS/PC transplantation improved spinal conductivity and central pattern generator activity, and that treadmill training promoted the appropriate inhibitory motor control. The combined therapy enhanced these independent effects of each single therapy, and facilitated neuronal differentiation of transplanted cells and maturation of central pattern generator activity synergistically. Our data suggest that rehabilitative treatment represents a therapeutic option for locomotor recovery after NS/PC transplantation, even in chronic SCI.
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65
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Myers SA, Bankston AN, Burke DA, Ohri SS, Whittemore SR. Does the preclinical evidence for functional remyelination following myelinating cell engraftment into the injured spinal cord support progression to clinical trials? Exp Neurol 2016; 283:560-72. [PMID: 27085393 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews all historical literature in which rodent-derived myelinating cells have been engrafted into the contused adult rodent spinal cord. From 2500 initial PubMed citations identified, human cells grafts, bone mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, non-myelinating cell grafts, and rodent grafts into hemisection or transection models were excluded, resulting in the 67 studies encompassed in this review. Forty five of those involved central nervous system (CNS)-derived cells, including neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), neural restricted precursor cells (NRPs) or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and 22 studies involved Schwann cells (SC). Of the NSPC/NPC/OPC grafts, there was no consistency with respect to the types of cells grafted and/or the additional growth factors or cells co-grafted. Enhanced functional recovery was reported in 31/45 studies, but only 20 of those had appropriate controls making conclusive interpretation of the remaining studies impossible. Of those 20, 19 were properly powered and utilized appropriate statistical analyses. Ten of those 19 studies reported the presence of graft-derived myelin, 3 reported evidence of endogenous remyelination or myelin sparing, and 2 reported both. For the SC grafts, 16/21 reported functional improvement, with 11 having appropriate cellular controls and 9/11 using proper statistical analyses. Of those 9, increased myelin was reported in 6 studies. The lack of consistency and replication among these preclinical studies are discussed with respect to the progression of myelinating cell transplantation therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Myers
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Andrew N Bankston
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Darlene A Burke
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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66
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Yousefifard M, Nasirinezhad F, Shardi Manaheji H, Janzadeh A, Hosseini M, Keshavarz M. Human bone marrow-derived and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alleviating neuropathic pain in a spinal cord injury model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:36. [PMID: 26957122 PMCID: PMC4784350 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapy can be used for alleviating the neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injuries (SCIs). However, survival and differentiation of stem cells following their transplantation vary depending on the host and intrinsic factors of the cell. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSC) and umbilical cord (UC-MSC) on neuropathic pain relief. METHODS A compression model was used to induce SCI in a rat model. A week after SCI, about 1 million cells were transplanted into the spinal cord. Behavioral tests, including motor function recovery, mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia, were carried out every week for 8 weeks after SCI induction. A single unit recording and histological evaluation were then performed. RESULTS We show that BM-MSC and UC-MSC transplantations led to improving functional recovery, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. No difference was seen between the two cell groups regarding motor recovery and alleviating the allodynia and hyperalgesia. These cells survived in the tissue at least 8 weeks and prevented cavity formation due to SCI. However, survival rate of UC-MSC was significantly higher than BM-MSC. Electrophysiological evaluations showed that transplantation of UC-MSC brings about better results than BM-MSCs in wind up of wide dynamic range neurons. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that BM-MSC and UC-MSC transplantations alleviated the symptoms of neuropathic pain and resulted in subsequent motor recovery after SCI. However, survival rate and electrophysiological findings of UC-MSC were significantly better than BM-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homa Shardi Manaheji
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansoor Keshavarz
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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67
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Yousefifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Nasirinezhad F, Baikpour M, Safari S, Saadat S, Moghadas Jafari A, Asady H, Razavi Tousi SMT, Hosseini M. Neural stem/progenitor cell transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience 2016; 322:377-97. [PMID: 26917272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast improvements of cell therapy in spinal cord injury treatment, no optimum protocol has been developed for application of neural stem/progenitor cells. In this regard, the present meta-analysis showed that the efficacy of the neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation depends mainly on injury model, intervention phase, transplanted cell count, immunosuppressive use, and probably stem cell source. Improved functional recovery post NSPC transplantation was found to be higher in transection and contusion models. Moreover, NSPC transplantation in acute phase of spinal injury was found to have better functional recovery. Higher doses (>3×10(6)cell/kg) were also shown to be optimum for transplantation, but immunosuppressive agent administration negatively affected the motor function recovery. Scaffold use in NSPC transplantation could also effectively raise functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousefifard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Baikpour
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Safari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Saadat
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Moghadas Jafari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - H Asady
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M T Razavi Tousi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hosseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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68
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Increased Understanding of Stem Cell Behavior in Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disorders by Use of Noninvasive Cell Imaging. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6235687. [PMID: 26997958 PMCID: PMC4779824 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6235687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders are associated with cell-specific depletion in the human body. This imbalance in tissue homeostasis is in healthy individuals repaired by the presence of endogenous stem cells that can replace the lost cell type. However, in most disorders, a genetic origin or limited presence or exhaustion of stem cells impairs correct cell replacement. During the last 30 years, methods to readily isolate and expand stem cells have been developed and this resulted in a major change in the regenerative medicine field as it generates sufficient amount of cells for human transplantation applications. Furthermore, stem cells have been shown to release cytokines with beneficial effects for several diseases. At present however, clinical stem cell transplantations studies are struggling to demonstrate clinical efficacy despite promising preclinical results. Therefore, to allow stem cell therapy to achieve its full potential, more insight in their in vivo behavior has to be achieved. Different methods to noninvasively monitor these cells have been developed and are discussed. In some cases, stem cell monitoring even reached the clinical setting. We anticipate that by further exploring these imaging possibilities and unraveling their in vivo behavior further improvement in stem cell transplantations will be achieved.
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69
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Thies RS, Murry CE. The advancement of human pluripotent stem cell-derived therapies into the clinic. Development 2016; 142:3077-84. [PMID: 26395136 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer many potential applications for drug screening and 'disease in a dish' assay capabilities. However, a more ambitious goal is to develop cell therapeutics using hPSCs to generate and replace somatic cells that are lost as a result of disease or injury. This Spotlight article will describe the state of progress of some of the hPSC-derived therapeutics that offer the most promise for clinical use. Lessons from developmental biology have been instrumental in identifying signaling molecules that can guide these differentiation processes in vitro, and will be described in the context of these cell therapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Thies
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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70
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Koutsoudaki PN, Papastefanaki F, Stamatakis A, Kouroupi G, Xingi E, Stylianopoulou F, Matsas R. Neural stem/progenitor cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, reduce inflammation, and ameliorate learning deficits after transplantation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Glia 2015; 64:763-79. [PMID: 26712314 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system has limited capacity for regeneration after traumatic injury. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach while insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has neuroprotective properties following various experimental insults to the nervous system. We have previously shown that NPCs transduced with a lentiviral vector for IGF-I overexpression have an enhanced ability to give rise to neurons in vitro but also in vivo, upon transplantation in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we studied the regenerative potential of NPCs, IGF-I-transduced or not, in a mouse model of hippocampal mechanical injury. NPC transplantation, with or without IGF-I transduction, rescued the injury-induced spatial learning deficits as revealed in the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, it had beneficial effects on the host tissue by reducing astroglial activation and microglial/macrophage accumulation while enhancing generation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells. One or two months after transplantation the grafted NPCs had migrated towards the lesion site and in the neighboring myelin-rich regions. Transplanted cells differentiated toward the oligodendroglial, but not the neuronal or astrocytic lineages, expressing the early and late oligodendrocyte markers NG2, Olig2, and CNPase. The newly generated oligodendrocytes reached maturity and formed myelin internodes. Our current and previous observations illustrate the high plasticity of transplanted NPCs which can acquire injury-dependent phenotypes within the host CNS, supporting the fact that reciprocal interactions between transplanted cells and the host tissue are an important factor to be considered when designing prospective cell-based therapies for CNS degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi N Koutsoudaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Evangelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology-Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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71
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Kawabata S, Takano M, Numasawa-Kuroiwa Y, Itakura G, Kobayashi Y, Nishiyama Y, Sugai K, Nishimura S, Iwai H, Isoda M, Shibata S, Kohyama J, Iwanami A, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Okano H. Grafted Human iPS Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Contribute to Robust Remyelination of Demyelinated Axons after Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:1-8. [PMID: 26724902 PMCID: PMC4719132 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine- and human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (iPSC-NS/PCs) promote functional recovery following transplantation into the injured spinal cord in rodents and primates. Although remyelination of spared demyelinated axons is a critical mechanism in the regeneration of the injured spinal cord, human iPSC-NS/PCs predominantly differentiate into neurons both in vitro and in vivo. We therefore took advantage of our recently developed protocol to obtain human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cell-enriched neural stem/progenitor cells and report the benefits of transplanting these cells in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. We describe how this approach contributes to the robust remyelination of demyelinated axons and facilitates functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soya Kawabata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morito Takano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Numasawa-Kuroiwa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Go Itakura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Isoda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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72
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Salewski RP, Mitchell RA, Shen C, Fehlings MG. Transplantation of neural stem cells clonally derived from embryonic stem cells promotes recovery after murine spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:36-50. [PMID: 25119334 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI) makes it appropriate for cell-based therapies. Treatments using neural stem cells (NSCs) in animal models of SCI have shown positive outcomes, although uncertainty remains regarding the optimal cell source. Pluripotent cell sources such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a limitless supply of therapeutic cells. NSCs derived using embryoid bodies (EB) from ESCs have shown tumorigenic potential. Clonal neurosphere generation is an alternative method to generate safer and more clinically relevant NSCs without the use of an EB stage for use in cell-based therapies. We generated clonally derived definitive NSCs (dNSCs) from ESC. These cells were transplanted into a mouse thoracic SCI model. Embryonic stem cell-derived definitive neural stem cell (ES-dNSC)-transplanted mice were compared with controls using behavioral measures and histopathological analysis of tissue. In addition, the role of remyelination in injury recovery was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The SCI group that received ES-dNSC transplantation showed significant improvements in locomotor function compared with controls in open field and gait analysis. The cell treatment group had a significant enhancement of spared neural tissue. Immunohistological assessments showed that dNSCs differentiated primarily to oligodendrocytes. These cells were shown to express myelin basic protein, associate with axons, and support nodal architecture as well as display proper compact, multilayer myelination in electron microscopic analysis. This study provides strong evidence that dNSCs clonally derived from pluripotent cells using the default pathway of neuralization improve motor function after SCI and enhance sparing of neural tissue, while remaining safe and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Salewski
- 1 Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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73
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Sugai K, Nishimura S, Kato-Negishi M, Onoe H, Iwanaga S, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi S, Okano H, Nakamura M. Neural stem/progenitor cell-laden microfibers promote transplant survival in a mouse transected spinal cord injury model. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1826-38. [PMID: 26301451 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) into the lesioned spinal cord can promote functional recovery following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. However, this strategy is insufficient following complete SCI because of the gap at the lesion epicenter. To obtain functional recovery in a mouse model of complete SCI, this study uses a novel collagen-based microfiber as a scaffold for engrafted NS/PCs. We hypothesized that the NS/PC-microfiber combination would facilitate lesion closure as well as transplant survival in the transected spinal cord. NS/PCs were seeded inside the novel microfibers, where they maintained their capacity to differentiate and proliferate. After transplantation, the stumps of the transected spinal cord were successfully bridged by the NS/PC-laden microfibers. Moreover, the transplanted cells migrated into the host spinal cord and differentiated into three neural lineages (astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes). However, the NS/PC-laden scaffold could not achieve a neural connection between the rostral end of the injury and the intact caudal area of the spinal cord, nor could it achieve recovery of motor function. To obtain optimal functional recovery, a microfiber design with a modified composition may be useful. Furthermore, combinatorial therapy with rehabilitation and/or medications should also be considered for practical success of biomaterial/cell transplantation-based approaches to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaroh Iwanaga
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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74
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Myelin damage and repair in pathologic CNS: challenges and prospects. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26283909 PMCID: PMC4515562 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in oligodendrocyte cell death and progressive demyelination. Demyelinated axons undergo considerable physiological changes and molecular reorganizations that collectively result in axonal dysfunction, degeneration and loss of sensory and motor functions. Endogenous adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem/progenitor cells contribute to the replacement of oligodendrocytes, however, the extent and quality of endogenous remyelination is suboptimal. Emerging evidence indicates that optimal remyelination is restricted by multiple factors including (i) low levels of factors that promote oligodendrogenesis; (ii) cell death among newly generated oligodendrocytes, (iii) inhibitory factors in the post-injury milieu that impede remyelination, and (iv) deficient expression of key growth factors essential for proper re-construction of a highly organized myelin sheath. Considering these challenges, over the past several years, a number of cell-based strategies have been developed to optimize remyelination therapeutically. Outcomes of these basic and preclinical discoveries are promising and signify the importance of remyelination as a mechanism for improving functions in CNS injuries. In this review, we provide an overview on: (1) the precise organization of myelinated axons and the reciprocal axo-myelin interactions that warrant properly balanced physiological activities within the CNS; (2) underlying cause of demyelination and the structural and functional consequences of demyelination in axons following injury and disease; (3) the endogenous mechanisms of oligodendrocyte replacement; (4) the modulatory role of reactive astrocytes and inflammatory cells in remyelination; and (5) the current status of cell-based therapies for promoting remyelination. Careful elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of demyelination in the pathologic CNS is a key to better understanding the impact of remyelination for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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75
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Sabapathy V, Tharion G, Kumar S. Cell Therapy Augments Functional Recovery Subsequent to Spinal Cord Injury under Experimental Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:132172. [PMID: 26240569 PMCID: PMC4512598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury leads to enervation of normal tissue homeostasis ultimately leading to paralysis. Until now there is no proper cure for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, cell therapy in animal spinal cord injury models has shown some progress of recovery. At present, clinical trials are under progress to evaluate the efficacy of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Different types of cells such as pluripotent stem cells derived neural cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, neural stem cells, glial cells are being tested in various spinal cord injury models. In this review we highlight both the advances and lacuna in the field of spinal cord injury by discussing epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular mechanism, and various cell therapy strategies employed in preclinical and clinical injury models and finally we discuss the limitations and ethical issues involved in cell therapy approach for treating spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
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76
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Iwai H, Shimada H, Nishimura S, Kobayashi Y, Itakura G, Hori K, Hikishima K, Ebise H, Negishi N, Shibata S, Habu S, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Allogeneic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Embryonic Stem Cells Promote Functional Recovery After Transplantation Into Injured Spinal Cord of Nonhuman Primates. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:708-19. [PMID: 26019226 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Previous studies have demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promote functional recovery in rodent animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Because distinct differences exist in the neuroanatomy and immunological responses between rodents and primates, it is critical to determine the effectiveness and safety of allografted embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived NS/PCs (ESC-NS/PCs) in a nonhuman primate SCI model. In the present study, common marmoset ESC-NS/PCs were grafted into the lesion epicenter 14 days after contusive SCI in adult marmosets (transplantation group). In the control group, phosphate-buffered saline was injected instead of cells. In the presence of a low-dose of tacrolimus, several grafted cells survived without tumorigenicity and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Significant differences were found in the transverse areas of luxol fast blue-positive myelin sheaths, neurofilament-positive axons, corticospinal tract fibers, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-positive vessels at the lesion epicenter between the transplantation and control groups. Immunoelectron microscopic examination demonstrated that the grafted ESC-NS/PC-derived oligodendrocytes contributed to the remyelination of demyelinated axons. In addition, some grafted neurons formed synaptic connections with host cells, and some transplanted neurons were myelinated by host cells. Eventually, motor functional recovery significantly improved in the transplantation group compared with the control group. In addition, a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay indicated that ESC-NS/PCs modulated the allogeneic immune rejection. Taken together, our results indicate that allogeneic transplantation of ESC-NS/PCs from a nonhuman primate promoted functional recovery after SCI without tumorigenicity. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that allogeneic embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promoted functional recovery after transplantation into the injured spinal cord in nonhuman primates. ESC-NS/PCs were chosen because ESC-NS/PCs are one of the controls for induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NS/PCs and because ESC derivatives are possible candidates for clinical use. This translational research using an allograft model of a nonhuman primate is critical for clinical application of grafting NS/PCs derived from various allogeneic pluripotent stem cells, especially induced pluripotent stem cells, into injured spinal cord at the subacute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iwai
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shimada
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kobayashi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Itakura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hori
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayao Ebise
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Negishi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Salewski RP, Mitchell RA, Li L, Shen C, Milekovskaia M, Nagy A, Fehlings MG. Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells Mediate Functional Recovery Following Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury Through Remyelination of Axons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:743-54. [PMID: 25979861 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Neural stem cells (NSCs) from embryonic or fetal/adult tissue sources have shown considerable promise in regenerative strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, there are limitations with their use related to the availability, immunogenicity, and uncertainty of the mechanisms involved. To address these issues, definitive NSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated using a nonviral, piggyBac transposon approach, were investigated. Committed NSCs were generated from iPS cells using a free-floating neurosphere methodology previously described by our laboratory. To delineate the mechanism of action, specifically the role of exogenous myelination, NSCs derived from wildtype (wt) and nonmyelinating Shiverer (shi) iPS cell lines were used following thoracic SCI with subacute intraspinal transplantation. Behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological outcomes were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of this treatment. The wt- and shi-iPS-NSCs were validated and shown to be equivalent except in myelination capacity. Both iPS-NSC lines successfully integrated into the injured spinal cord and predominantly differentiated to oligodendrocytes, but only the wt-iPS-NSC treatment resulted in a functional benefit. The wt-iPS-dNSCs, which exhibited the capacity for remyelination, significantly improved neurobehavioral function (Basso Mouse Scale and CatWalk), histological outcomes, and electrophysiological measures of axonal function (sucrose gap analysis) compared with the nonmyelinating iPS-dNSCs and cell-free controls. In summary, we demonstrated that iPS cells can generate translationally relevant NSCs for applications in SCI. Although NSCs have a diverse range of functions in the injured spinal cord, remyelination is the predominant mechanism of recovery following thoracic SCI. SIGNIFICANCE Gain-of-function/loss-of-function techniques were used to examine the mechanistic importance of graft-derived remyelination following thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). The novel findings of this study include the first use of neural stem cells (NSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived using the clonal neurosphere expansion conditions, for the treatment of SCI, the first characterization and in vivo application of iPSCs from Shiverer mouse fibroblasts, and the first evidence of the importance of remyelination by pluripotent-sourced NSCs for SCI repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Salewski
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Shen
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Milekovskaia
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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78
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Siddiqui AM, Khazaei M, Fehlings MG. Translating mechanisms of neuroprotection, regeneration, and repair to treatment of spinal cord injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 218:15-54. [PMID: 25890131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the big challenges in neuroscience that remains to be understood is why the central nervous system is not able to regenerate to the extent that the peripheral nervous system does. This is especially problematic after traumatic injuries, like spinal cord injury (SCI), since the lack of regeneration leads to lifelong deficits and paralysis. Treatment of SCI has improved during the last several decades due to standardized protocols for emergency medical response teams and improved medical, surgical, and rehabilitative treatments. However, SCI continues to result in profound impairments for the individual. There are many processes that lead to the pathophysiology of SCI, such as ischemia, vascular disruption, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, demyelination, and cell death. Current treatments include surgical decompression, hemodynamic control, and methylprednisolone. However, these early treatments are associated with modest functional recovery. Some treatments currently being investigated for use in SCI target neuroprotective (riluzole, minocycline, G-CSF, FGF-2, and polyethylene glycol) or neuroregenerative (chondroitinase ABC, self-assembling peptides, and rho inhibition) strategies, while many cell therapies (embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and macrophages) have also shown promise. However, since SCI has multiple factors that determine the progress of the injury, a combinatorial therapeutic approach will most likely be required for the most effective treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Duncan K, Gonzales-Portillo GS, Acosta SA, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV, Tajiri N. Stem cell-paved biobridges facilitate stem transplant and host brain cell interactions for stroke therapy. Brain Res 2015; 1623:160-5. [PMID: 25770817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Distinguished by an infarct core encased within a penumbra, stroke remains a primary source of mortality within the United States. While our scientific knowledge regarding the pathology of stroke continues to improve, clinical treatment options for patients suffering from stroke are extremely limited. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the sole FDA-approved drug proven to be helpful following stroke. However, due to the need to administer the drug within 4.5h of stroke onset its usefulness is constrained to less than 5% of all patients suffering from ischemic stroke. One experimental therapy for the treatment of stroke involves the utilization of stem cells. Stem cell transplantation has been linked to therapeutic benefit by means of cell replacement and release of growth factors; however the precise means by which this is accomplished has not yet been clearly delineated. Using a traumatic brain injury model, we recently demonstrated the ability of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to form a biobridge connecting the area of injury to the neurogenic niche within the brain. We hypothesize that MSCs may also have the capacity to create a similar biobridge following stroke; thereby forming a conduit between the neurogenic niche and the stroke core and peri-infarct area. We propose that this biobridge could assist and promote interaction of host brain cells with transplanted stem cells and offer more opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in stroke. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Duncan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Gabriel S Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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81
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Nori S, Okada Y, Nishimura S, Sasaki T, Itakura G, Kobayashi Y, Renault-Mihara F, Shimizu A, Koya I, Yoshida R, Kudoh J, Koike M, Uchiyama Y, Ikeda E, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Long-term safety issues of iPSC-based cell therapy in a spinal cord injury model: oncogenic transformation with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:360-73. [PMID: 25684226 PMCID: PMC4375796 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we described the safety and therapeutic potential of neurospheres (NSs) derived from a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clone, 201B7, in a spinal cord injury (SCI) mouse model. However, several safety issues concerning iPSC-based cell therapy remain unresolved. Here, we investigated another iPSC clone, 253G1, that we established by transducing OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 into adult human dermal fibroblasts collected from the same donor who provided the 201B7 clone. The grafted 253G1-NSs survived, differentiated into three neural lineages, and promoted functional recovery accompanied by stimulated synapse formation 47 days after transplantation. However, long-term observation (for up to 103 days) revealed deteriorated motor function accompanied by tumor formation. The tumors consisted of Nestin+ undifferentiated neural cells and exhibited activation of the OCT4 transgene. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a heightened mesenchymal transition may have contributed to the progression of tumors derived from grafted cells. Grafted iPSC (253G1)-derived neurospheres formed tumors after long-term observation Activation of the OCT4 transgene is potentially related to tumor formation Tumor progression may have been caused by mesenchymal transition of grafted cells Integration-free iPSCs should be chosen to avoid transgene-induced tumorigenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Kanrinmaru Project, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Go Itakura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Francois Renault-Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koya
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rei Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Kudoh
- Laboratory of Gene Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eiji Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Shibata S, Murota Y, Nishimoto Y, Yoshimura M, Nagai T, Okano H, Siomi MC. Immuno-Electron Microscopy and Electron Microscopic In Situ Hybridization for Visualizing piRNA Biogenesis Bodies in Drosophila Ovaries. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1328:163-78. [PMID: 26324437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2851-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-electron microscopy and electron microscopic in situ hybridization are powerful tools to identify the precise subcellular localization of specific proteins and RNAs at the ultramicroscopic level. Here we describe detailed procedures for how to detect the precise location of a specific target labeled with both fluorescence and gold particles. Although they have been developed for the analysis of Drosophila ovarian somatic cells, these techniques are suitable for a wide range of biological applications including human, primate, and rodent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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In vitro characteristics of Valproic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid and their combined use in promoting neuronal differentiation while suppressing astrocytic differentiation in neural stem cells. Brain Res 2015; 1596:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Stem cell-based interventions aim to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to facilitate neuronal function beyond the site of the injury. Many studies involving animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) suggest that certain stem cell-based therapies may restore function after SCI. Currently, in case of spinal cord injuries, new discoveries with clinical implications have been continuously made in basic stem cell research, and stem cell-based approaches are advancing rapidly toward application in patients. There is a huge base of preclinical evidence in vitro and in animal models which suggests the safety and clinical efficacy of cellular therapies after SCI. Despite this, data from clinical studies is not very encouraging and at times confounding. Here, we have attempted to cover preclinical and clinical evidence base dealing with safety, feasibility and efficacy of cell based interventions after SCI. The limitations of preclinical data and the reasons underlying its failure to translate in a clinical setting are also discussed. Based on the evidence base, it is suggested that a multifactorial approach is required to address this situation. Need for standardized, stringently designed multi-centric clinical trials for obtaining validated proof of evidence is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Singh Chhabra
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070, India. E-mail:
| | - Kanchan Sarda
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
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85
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The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges. J Clin Med 2014; 4:37-65. [PMID: 26237017 PMCID: PMC4470238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma causing long-lasting disability. Although advances have occurred in the last decade in the medical, surgical and rehabilitative treatments of SCI, the therapeutic approaches are still not ideal. The use of cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI is promising, particularly since it can target cell replacement, neuroprotection and regeneration. Cell therapies for treating SCI are limited due to several translational roadblocks, including ethical and practical concerns regarding cell sources. The use of iPSCs has been particularly attractive, since they avoid the ethical and moral concerns that surround other stem cells. Furthermore, various cell types with potential for application in the treatment of SCI can be created from autologous sources using iPSCs. For applications in SCI, the iPSCs can be differentiated into neural precursor cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neural crest cells and mesenchymal stromal cells that can act by replacing lost cells or providing environmental support. Some methods, such as direct reprogramming, are being investigated to reduce tumorigenicity and improve reprogramming efficiencies, which have been some of the issues surrounding the use of iPSCs clinically to date. Recently, iPSCs have entered clinical trials for use in age-related macular degeneration, further supporting their promise for translation in other conditions, including SCI.
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Shibata S, Komaki Y, Seki F, Inouye MO, Nagai T, Okano H. Connectomics: comprehensive approaches for whole-brain mapping. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 64:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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87
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Survival of neural stem cell grafts in the lesioned spinal cord is enhanced by a combination of treadmill locomotor training via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12788-800. [PMID: 25232115 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5359-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining cell transplantation with activity-based rehabilitation is a promising therapeutic approach for spinal cord repair. The present study was designed to investigate potential interactions between the transplantation (TP) of neural stem cells (NSCs) obtained at embryonic day 14 and treadmill training (TMT) in promoting locomotor recovery and structural repair in rat contusive injury model. Combination of TMT with NSC TP at 1 week after injury synergistically improved locomotor function. We report here that combining TMT increased the survival of grafted NSCs by >3-fold and >5-fold at 3 and 9 weeks after injury, respectively. The number of surviving NSCs was significantly correlated with the extent of locomotor recovery. NSCs grafted into the injured spinal cord were under cellular stresses induced by reactive nitrogen or oxygen species, which were markedly attenuated by TMT. TMT increased the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the CSF. Intrathecal infusion of neutralizing IGF-1 antibodies, but not antibodies against either BDNF or Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), abolished the enhanced survival of NSC grafts by TMT. The combination of TP and TMT also resulted in tissue sparing, increased myelination, and restoration of serotonergic fiber innervation to the lumbar spinal cord to a larger extent than that induced by either TP or TMT alone. Therefore, we have discovered unanticipated beneficial effects of TMT in modulating the survival of grafted NSCs via IGF-1. Our study identifies a novel neurobiological basis for complementing NSC-based spinal cord repair with activity-based neurorehabilitative approaches.
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88
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Abdulhaleem M FA, Song X, Kawano R, Uezono N, Ito A, Ahmed G, Hossain M, Nakashima K, Tanaka H, Ohta K. Akhirin regulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in intact and injured mouse spinal cord. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:494-504. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felemban Athary Abdulhaleem M
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Globle COE “Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit”; Kumamoto University; 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Ministry of Higher Education- Saudi Arabia; Al Maather Area 225085 Riyadh 11153 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Globle COE “Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit”; Kumamoto University; 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Rie Kawano
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Ayako Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Mahmud Hossain
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
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89
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Yamada H, Ito D, Oki Y, Kitagawa M, Matsumoto T, Watari T, Kano K. Transplantation of mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells promotes locomotor functional recovery by remyelination and glial scar reduction after spinal cord injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:341-6. [PMID: 25451251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT) have a potential to be useful as new cell-source for cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI), but the mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine whether DFAT-induced functional recovery is achieved through remyelination and/or glial scar reduction in a mice model of SCI. To accomplish this we subjected adult female mice (n=22) to SCI. On the 8th day post-injury locomotor tests were performed, and the mice were randomly divided into two groups (control and DFAT). The DFAT group received stereotaxic injection of DFAT, while the controls received DMEM medium. Functional tests were conducted at repeated intervals, until the 36th day, and immunohistochemistry or staining was performed on the spinal cord sections. DFAT transplantation significantly improved locomotor function of their hindlimbs, and promoted remyelination and glial scar reduction, when compared to the controls. There were significant and positive correlations between promotion of remyelination or/and reduction of glial scar, and recovery of locomotor function. Furthermore, transplanted DFAT expressed markers for neuron, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte, along with neurotrophic factors, within the injured spinal cord. In conclusion, DFAT-induced functional recovery in mice after SCI is probably mediated by both cell-autonomous and cell-non-autonomous effects on remyelination of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamada
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yoshinao Oki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Masato Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Ohyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Tosihiro Watari
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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90
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Liang P, Liu J, Xiong J, Liu Q, Zhao J, Liang H, Zhao L, Tang H. Neural stem cell-conditioned medium protects neurons and promotes propriospinal neurons relay neural circuit reconnection after spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 23 Suppl 1:S45-56. [PMID: 25333841 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x684989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fetal neural stem cells (hNSCs) are used to treat a variety of neurological disorders involving spinal cord injury (SCI). Although their mechanism of action has been attributed to cell substitution, we examined the possibility that NSCs may have neuroprotective activities. The present article studied the action of hNSCs on protecting neurons and promoting corticospinal tract (CST) axon regeneration after SCI. hNSCs were isolated from the cortical tissue of spontaneously aborted human fetuses. The cells were removed from the NSC culture medium to acquire NSCM, thus excluding the effect of cell substitution. Continuous administration of the NSCM after the SCI resulted in extensive growth of the CST in the cervical region and more than tripled the formation of synaptic contacts between CST collaterals and propriospinal interneurons that project from the cervical level of the spinal cord to the lumbar level. NSCM reduced the number of caspase 3-positive apoptotic profiles at 7 days and protected against loss of the neurons 6 weeks after injury. NSCM promoted locomotor recovery with a five-point improvement on the BBB scale in adult rats. Thus, hNSCs help to set up a contour neural circuit via secretory factors, which may be the mechanism for their action in SCI rats. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) special issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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91
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Matsui T, Akamatsu W, Nakamura M, Okano H. Regeneration of the damaged central nervous system through reprogramming technology: Basic concepts and potential application for cell replacement therapy. Exp Neurol 2014; 260:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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92
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang H. Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells for axon and myelin sheath regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:890-9. [PMID: 25206380 PMCID: PMC4145923 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells in vitro. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were transplanted into contused rat spinal cords. Immunofluorescence double staining indicated that transplanted cells survived in injured spinal cord, and differentiated into mature and immature oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biotinylated dextran amine tracing results showed that cell transplantation promoted a higher density of the corticospinal tract in the central and caudal parts of the injured spinal cord. Luxol fast blue and toluidine blue staining showed that the volume of residual myelin was significantly increased at 1 and 2 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter after cell transplantation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining verified that the newly regenerated myelin sheath was derived from the central nervous system. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan testing showed an evident behavioral recovery. These results suggest that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells promote the regeneration of spinal axons and myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongtian Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
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93
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Estrada V, Müller HW. Spinal cord injury - there is not just one way of treating it. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:84. [PMID: 25343041 PMCID: PMC4166939 DOI: 10.12703/p6-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last century, research in the field of spinal cord trauma has brought insightful knowledge which has led to a detailed understanding of mechanisms that are involved in injury- and recovery-related processes. The quest for a cure for the yet generally incurable condition as well as the exponential rise in gained information has brought about the development of numerous treatment approaches while at the same time the abundance of data has become quite unmanageable. Owing to an enormous amount of preclinical therapeutic approaches, this report highlights important trends rather than specific treatment strategies. We focus on current advances in the treatment of spinal cord injury and want to further draw attention to arising problems in spinal cord injury (SCI) research and discuss possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Estrada
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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94
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Wei PC, Chao A, Peng HH, Chao AS, Chang YL, Chang SD, Wang HS, Chang YJ, Tsai MS, Sieber M, Chen HC, Chen SJ, Lee YS, Hwang SM, Wang TH. SOX9 as a Predictor for Neurogenesis Potentiality of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1138-47. [PMID: 25154783 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies of amniotic fluid-derived cell therapy have been successful in the research of neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury, and brain ischemia. Transplantation of human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) into rat brain ventricles has shown improvement in symptoms of Parkinson's disease and also highlighted the minimal immune rejection risk of AFSCs, even between species. Although AFSCs appeared to be a promising resource for cell-based regenerative therapy, AFSCs contain a heterogeneous pool of distinct cell types, rendering each preparation of AFSCs unique. Identification of predictive markers for neuron-prone AFSCs is necessary before such stem cell-based therapeutics can become a reality. In an attempt to identify markers of AFSCs to predict their ability for neurogenesis, we performed a two-phase study. In the discovery phase of 23 AFSCs, we tested ZNF521/Zfp521, OCT6, SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, and SOX9 as predictive markers of AFSCs for neural differentiation. In the validation phase, the efficacy of these predictive markers was tested in independent sets of 18 AFSCs and 14 dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). We found that high expression of SOX9 in AFSCs is associated with good neurogenetic ability, and these positive correlations were confirmed in independent sets of AFSCs and DPSCs. Furthermore, knockdown of SOX9 in AFSCs inhibited their neuronal differentiation. In conclusion, the discovery of SOX9 as a predictive marker for neuron-prone AFSCs could expedite the selection of useful clones for regenerative medicine, in particular, in neurological diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Cih Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Angel Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-Huei Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - An-Shine Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shuenn-Dyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Shih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Song Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Martin Sieber
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Chien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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95
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Wilcox JT, Satkunendrarajah K, Zuccato JA, Nassiri F, Fehlings MG. Neural precursor cell transplantation enhances functional recovery and reduces astrogliosis in bilateral compressive/contusive cervical spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1148-59. [PMID: 25107585 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury has a significant societal and personal impact. Although the majority of injuries involve the cervical spinal cord, few studies of cell transplantation have used clinically relevant models of cervical spinal cord injury, limiting translation into clinical trials. Given this knowledge gap, we sought to examine the effects of neural stem/precursor cell (NPC) transplants in a rodent model of bilateral cervical contusion-compression spinal cord injury. Bilateral C6-level clip contusion-compression injuries were performed in rats, which were then blindly randomized at 2 weeks after injury into groups receiving adult brain-derived NPCs, vehicle, or sham operation. Long-term survival of NPCs was evident at 10 weeks after transplant. Cell grafts were localized rostrocaudally surrounding the lesion, throughout white and gray matter. Graft-derived cells were found within regions of gliotic scar and motor tracts and deposited myelin around endogenous axons. The majority of NPCs developed an oligodendroglial phenotype with greater neuronal profiles in rostral grafts. Following NPC transplantation, white matter was significantly increased compared with control. Astrogliosis and glial scar deposition, measured by GFAP-positive and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-positive volume, was significantly reduced. Forelimb grip strength, fine motor control during locomotion, and axonal conduction (by in vivo electrophysiology) was greater in cell-treated animals compared with vehicle controls. Transplantation of NPCs in the bilaterally injured cervical spinal cord results in significantly improved spinal cord tissue and forelimb function, warranting further study in preclinical cervical models to improve this treatment paradigm for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Wilcox
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kajana Satkunendrarajah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Zuccato
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farshad Nassiri
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tajiri N, Duncan K, Antoine A, Pabon M, Acosta SA, de la Pena I, Hernadez-Ontiveros DG, Shinozuka K, Ishikawa H, Kaneko Y, Yankee E, McGrogan M, Case C, Borlongan CV. Stem cell-paved biobridge facilitates neural repair in traumatic brain injury. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 25009475 PMCID: PMC4068001 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) display a unique mechanism of action during the repair phase of traumatic brain injury by exhibiting the ability to build a biobridge between the neurogenic niche and the site of injury. Immunohistochemistry and laser capture assay have visualized this biobridge in the area between the neurogenic subventricular zone and the injured cortex. This biobridge expresses high levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are initially co-localized with a stream of transplanted MSCs, but later this region contains only few to non-detectable grafts and becomes overgrown by newly recruited host cells. We have reported that long-distance migration of host cells from the neurogenic niche to the injured brain site can be attained via these transplanted stem cell-paved biobridges, which serve as a key regenerative process for the initiation of endogenous repair mechanisms. Thus, far the two major schools of discipline in stem cell repair mechanisms support the idea of "cell replacement" and the bystander effects of "trophic factor secretion." Our novel observation of stem cell-paved biobridges as pathways for directed migration of host cells from neurogenic niche toward the injured brain site adds another mode of action underlying stem cell therapy. More in-depth investigations on graft-host interaction will likely aid translational research focused on advancing this stem cell-paved biobridge from its current place, as an equally potent repair mechanism as cell replacement and trophic factor secretion, into a new treatment strategy for traumatic brain injury and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey Duncan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alesia Antoine
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mibel Pabon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ike de la Pena
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diana G Hernadez-Ontiveros
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kazutaka Shinozuka
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hiroto Ishikawa
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
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97
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Plemel JR, Keough MB, Duncan GJ, Sparling JS, Yong VW, Stys PK, Tetzlaff W. Remyelination after spinal cord injury: Is it a target for repair? Prog Neurobiol 2014; 117:54-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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98
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Itakura G, Kobayashi Y, Nishimura S, Iwai H, Takano M, Iwanami A, Toyama Y, Okano H, Nakamura M. Control of the Survival and Growth of Human Glioblastoma Grafted Into the Spinal Cord of Mice by Taking Advantage of Immunorejection. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1299-311. [PMID: 24818989 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres can promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents, as well as in nonhuman primates. However, the potential tumorigenicity of the transplanted cells remains a matter of apprehension prior to clinical applications. As a first step to overcome this concern, this study established a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft model mouse. The feasibility of controlling immune suppression to ablate the grafted cells was then investigated. The human glioblastoma multiforme cell line U251 MG was transplanted into the intact spinal cords of immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice or into those of immunocompetent C57BL/6J H-2kb mice treated with or without immunosuppressants [FK506 plus anticluster of differentiation (CD) 4 antibody (Ab), or FK506 alone]. In vivo bioluminescent imaging was used to evaluate the chronological survival of the transplanted cells. The graft survival rate was 100% (n = 9/9) in NOD/SCID mice, 0% (n = 6/6) in C57BL/6J mice without immunosuppressant treatment, and 100% (n = 37/37) in C57BL6/J mice with immunosuppressant treatment. After confirming the growth of the grafted cells in the C57/BL6J mice treated with immunosuppressants, immune suppression was discontinued. The grafted cells were subsequently rejected within 3 days in C57BL/6J mice treated with FK506 alone, as opposed to 26 days in C57BL/6J mice treated with FK506 plus anti-CD4 Ab. Histological evaluation confirmed the ablation of the grafted cells. Although this work describes a xenograft setting, the results suggest that this immunomodulatory strategy could provide a safety lock against tumor formation stemming from transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itakura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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99
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Hawryluk GWJ, Spano S, Chew D, Wang S, Erwin M, Chamankhah M, Forgione N, Fehlings MG. An Examination of the Mechanisms by which Neural Precursors Augment Recovery following Spinal Cord Injury: A Key Role for Remyelination. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:365-80. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x662408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neural precursor cells (NPCs) enhance functional recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. Spinal cord injured rats were transplanted with wild-type mouse NPCs, shiverer NPCs unable to produce myelin, dead NPCs, or media. Most animals also received minocycline, cyclosporine, and perilesional infusion of trophins. Motor function was graded according to the BBB scale. H&E/LFB staining was used to assess gray and white matter, cyst, and lesional tissue. Mature oligodendrocytes and ED1+ inflammatory cells were quantitated. Confocal and electron microscopy were used to assess the relationship between the transplanted cells and axons. Pharmacotherapy and trophin infusion preserved gray matter, white matter, and oligodendrocytes. Trophin infusion also significantly increased cyst and lesional tissue volume as well as inflammatory infiltrate, and functional recovery was reduced. Animals transplanted with wild-type NPCs showed greatest functional recovery; animals transplanted with shiverer NPCs performed the worst. Wild-type NPCs remyelinated host axons. Shiverer NPCs ensheathed axons but did not produce MBP. These results suggest that remyelination by NPCs is an important contribution to functional recovery following SCI. Shiverer NPCs may prevent remyelination by endogenous cells capable of myelin formation. These findings suggest that remyelination is an important therapeutic target following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. J. Hawryluk
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Spano
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Chew
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly Wang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Erwin
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmood Chamankhah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Forgione
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Gerald and Tootsie Halbert Chair, Neural Repair and Regeneration, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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100
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Dedeepiya VD, William JB, Parthiban JKBC, Chidambaram R, Balamurugan M, Kuroda S, Iwasaki M, Preethy S, Abraham SJK. The known-unknowns in spinal cord injury, with emphasis on cell-based therapies - a review with suggestive arenas for research. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:617-34. [PMID: 24660978 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.889676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In spite of extensive research, the progress toward a cure in spinal cord injury (SCI) is still elusive, which holds good for the cell- and stem cell-based therapies. We have critically analyzed seven known gray areas in SCI, indicating the specific arenas for research to improvise the outcome of cell-based therapies in SCI. AREAS COVERED The seven, specific known gray areas in SCI analyzed are: i) the gap between animal models and human victims; ii) uncertainty about the time, route and dosage of cells applied; iii) source of the most efficacious cells for therapy; iv) inability to address the vascular compromise during SCI; v) lack of non-invasive methodologies to track the transplanted cells; vi) need for scaffolds to retain the cells at the site of injury; and vii) physical and chemical stimuli that might be required for synapses formation yielding functional neurons. EXPERT OPINION Further research on scaffolds for retaining the transplanted cells at the lesion, chemical and physical stimuli that may help neurons become functional, a meta-analysis of timing of the cell therapy, mode of application and larger clinical studies are essential to improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Devaprasad Dedeepiya
- Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH) , PB 1262, Chennai - 600034, Tamil Nadu , India +91 44 24732186 ; ,
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