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Biswas L, Harrison E, Gong Y, Avusula R, Lee J, Zhang M, Rousselle T, Lage J, Liu X. Enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3417-27. [PMID: 27473365 PMCID: PMC4990499 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of premature death in the USA. Menthol is a significant flavoring additive in tobacco products. Clinical evidence suggests that menthol may promote tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence. However, it is unclear whether menthol enhances the reinforcing actions of nicotine and thus facilitates nicotine consumption. This study employed a rat model of nicotine self-administration to examine the effects of menthol on nicotine-taking behavior. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in daily 1-h sessions to press a lever for intravenous nicotine self-administration under a fixed-ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. In separate groups, rats self-administered nicotine at four different doses (0.0075, 0.015, 0.03, and 0.06 mg/kg/infusion). Five minutes prior to the two test sessions, menthol (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle was administered intraperitoneally in all rats in a counterbalanced design within each group. In separate rats that self-administered 0.015 mg/kg/infusion nicotine, menthol dose-response function was determined. Menthol was also tested on food self-administration. RESULTS An inverted U-shaped nicotine dose-response curve was observed. Menthol pretreatment shifted the nicotine dose-response curve to the left. The facilitating effect of menthol on the self-administration of 0.015 mg/kg/infusion nicotine was dose-dependent, whereas it produced similar effects at doses above the threshold of 2.5 mg/kg. Menthol tended to suppress the self-administration of food pellets. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that menthol enhances the reinforcing effects of nicotine, and the effect of menthol was specific to nicotine. The findings suggest that menthol directly facilitates nicotine consumption, thereby contributing to tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Biswas
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Erin Harrison
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yongzhen Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ramachandram Avusula
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Janice Lage
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Wessel SW, van der Mei HC, Slomp AM, van de Belt-Gritter B, Maitra A, Dodds MW, Busscher HJ. Magnolia bark extract increases oral bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and improves self-perceived breath freshness when added to chewing gum. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few decades, evidence has emerged suggesting that nasal airflow asymmetry and brain asymmetry are linked. The nose exhibits asymmetrical airflow, with the dominant airflow alternating from one nasal passage to the other over a period of hours. Some authors have suggested a correlation between cerebral hemisphere dominance and nostril dominance. Others have proposed an association between rhythmic fluctuations in nasal airflow and corresponding fluctuations in cerebral hemisphere activity. Based on ancient yoga breathing techniques, newer evidence suggests that altering nasal airflow can influence brain activity, with reports of improved cognitive function caused by unilateral forced nostril breathing. It seems that a nasal airflow stimulus may have an activating effect on the brain, as it has also been shown to trigger seizure activity in epileptic patients. OBJECTIVES This article explores these theories in detail, reviews the evidence, and presents new models linking nasal airflow and brain activity.
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Cold and L-menthol-induced sensitization in healthy volunteers--a cold hypersensitivity analogue to the heat/capsaicin model. Pain 2016; 156:880-889. [PMID: 25719613 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Topical high-concentration L-menthol is the only established human experimental pain model to study mechanisms underlying cold hyperalgesia. We aimed at investigating the combinatorial effect of cold stimuli and topical L-menthol on cold pain and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Analogue to the heat-capsaicin model on skin sensitization, we proposed that cold/menthol enhances or prolong L-menthol-evoked sensitization. Topical 40% L-menthol or vehicle was applied (20 minutes) on the volar forearms of 20 healthy females and males (age, 28.7 ± 0.6 years). Cold stimulation of 5°C for 5 minutes was then applied to the treated area 3 times with 40-minute intervals. Cold detection threshold and pain, mechanical hyperalgesia (pinprick), static and dynamic mechanical allodynia (von Frey and brush), skin blood flow (laser speckle), and temperature (thermocamera) were assessed. Cold detection threshold and cold pain threshold (CPT) increased after L-menthol and remained high after the cold rekindling cycles (P < 0.001). L-menthol evoked secondary hyperalgesia to pinprick (P < 0.001) particularly in females (P < 0.05) and also induced secondary allodynia to von Frey and brush (P < 0.001). Application of cold stimuli kept these areas enlarged with a higher response in females to brush after the third cold cycle (P < 0.05). Skin blood flow increased after L-menthol (P < 0.001) and stayed stable after cold cycles. Repeated application of cold on skin treated by L-menthol facilitated and prolonged L-menthol-induced cold pain and hyperalgesia. This model may prove beneficial for testing analgesic compounds when a sufficient duration of time is needed to see drug effects on CPT or mechanical hypersensitivity.
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Taylor L, Watkins SL, Marshall H, Dascombe BJ, Foster J. The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Front Physiol 2016; 6:372. [PMID: 26779029 PMCID: PMC4701920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function defines performance in objective tasks that require conscious mental effort. Extreme environments, namely heat, hypoxia, and cold can all alter human cognitive function due to a variety of psychological and/or biological processes. The aims of this Focused Review were to discuss; (1) the current state of knowledge on the effects of heat, hypoxic and cold stress on cognitive function, (2) the potential mechanisms underpinning these alterations, and (3) plausible interventions that may maintain cognitive function upon exposure to each of these environmental stressors. The available evidence suggests that the effects of heat, hypoxia, and cold stress on cognitive function are both task and severity dependent. Complex tasks are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat stress, whereas both simple and complex task performance appear to be vulnerable at even at moderate altitudes. Cold stress also appears to negatively impact both simple and complex task performance, however, the research in this area is sparse in comparison to heat and hypoxia. In summary, this focused review provides updated knowledge regarding the effects of extreme environmental stressors on cognitive function and their biological underpinnings. Tyrosine supplementation may help individuals maintain cognitive function in very hot, hypoxic, and/or cold conditions. However, more research is needed to clarify these and other postulated interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Taylor
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research CentreDoha, Qatar
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, UK
| | - Samuel L. Watkins
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, UK
| | - Hannah Marshall
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, UK
| | - Ben J. Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of NewcastleOurimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Josh Foster
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, UK
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Stevens CJ, Thoseby B, Sculley DV, Callister R, Taylor L, Dascombe BJ. Running performance and thermal sensation in the heat are improved with menthol mouth rinse but not ice slurry ingestion. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:1209-16. [PMID: 26408395 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cooling strategy designed to predominately lower thermal state with a strategy designed to lower thermal sensation on endurance running performance and physiology in the heat. Eleven moderately trained male runners completed familiarization and three randomized, crossover 5-km running time trials on a non-motorized treadmill in hot conditions (33 °C). The trials included ice slurry ingestion before exercise (ICE), menthol mouth rinse during exercise (MEN), and no intervention (CON). Running performance was significantly improved with MEN (25.3 ± 3.5 min; P = 0.01), but not ICE (26.3 ± 3.2 min; P = 0.45) when compared with CON (26.0 ± 3.4 min). Rectal temperature was significantly decreased with ICE (by 0.3 ± 0.2 °C; P < 0.01), which persisted for 2 km of the run and MEN significantly decreased perceived thermal sensation (between 4 and 5 km) and ventilation (between 1 and 2 km) during the time trial. End-exercise blood prolactin concentration was elevated with MEN compared with CON (by 25.1 ± 24.4 ng/mL; P = 0.02). The data demonstrate that a change in the perception of thermal sensation during exercise from menthol mouth rinse was associated with improved endurance running performance in the heat. Ice slurry ingestion reduced core temperature but did not decrease thermal sensation during exercise or improve running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stevens
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia.
| | - B Thoseby
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - D V Sculley
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - R Callister
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - L Taylor
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology (ASEP) Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - B J Dascombe
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Horváth G, Ács K. Essential oils in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases highlighting their role in bacterial infections and their anti-inflammatory action: a review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015; 30:331-341. [PMID: 32313366 PMCID: PMC7163989 DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of multidrug resistant bacteria and growing antibiotic resistance is leading to a continuous need for discovering new drugs and alternative treatments against infections. The investigation of the antibacterial effect of essential oils (EOs), which are commonly used nowadays in cosmetics, health care, traditional medicine and food industry, could be one of the promising solutions for this worldwide problem. EOs have a complex mode of action due to their multiple composition. Respiratory tract diseases (RTDs) associated with bacterial infection and inflammation affect a large number of people from every age group worldwide. Because of volatility, EOs can easily reach the upper and lower parts of the respiratory tract via inhalation. Moreover, due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potency, they offer an effective treatment in respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The purpose of this review is to describe the most frequently developing infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract and to show methods used for the determination of the antibacterial activity of EOs by gaseous contact. The mode of action of EOs on bacterial cells and their anti-inflammatory action are also discussed. Results coming from recently performed in vivo animal studies as well as human trials are also reported. Patents deal with the role of EOs and their volatile constituents in the treatment of RTIs are also introduced. On the whole, this review aimed at showing EOs as potential antimicrobials and as anti-inflammatory agents to alleviate symptoms and signs of RTDs including RTIs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Horváth
- Department of PharmacognosyUniversity of PécsRókus street 27624PécsHungary
| | - Kamilla Ács
- Department of PharmacognosyUniversity of PécsRókus street 27624PécsHungary
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Jager G, Schlich P, Tijssen I, Yao J, Visalli M, de Graaf C, Stieger M. Temporal dominance of emotions: Measuring dynamics of food-related emotions during consumption. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Puntillo K, Arai SR, Cooper BA, Stotts NA, Nelson JE. A randomized clinical trial of an intervention to relieve thirst and dry mouth in intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40:1295-302. [PMID: 24894026 PMCID: PMC4149585 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test an intervention bundle for thirst intensity, thirst distress, and dry mouth, which are among the most pervasive, intense, distressful, unrecognized, and undertreated symptoms in ICU patients, but for which data-based interventions are lacking. METHODS This was a single-blinded randomized clinical trial in three ICUs in a tertiary medical center in urban California. A total of 252 cognitively intact patients reporting thirst intensity (TI) and/or thirst distress (TD) scores ≥3 on 0-10 numeric rating scales (NRS) were randomized to intervention or usual care groups. A research team nurse (RTN#1) obtained patients' pre-procedure TI and TD scores and reports of dry mouth. She then administered a thirst bundle to the intervention group: oral swab wipes, sterile ice-cold water sprays, and a lip moisturizer, or observed patients in the usual care group. RTN#2, blinded to group assignment, obtained post-procedure TI and TD scores. Up to six sessions per patient were conducted across 2 days. RESULTS Multilevel linear regression determined that the average decreases in TI and TD scores from pre-procedure to post-procedure were significantly greater in the intervention group (2.3 and 1.8 NRS points, respectively) versus the usual care group (0.6 and 0.4 points, respectively) (p < 0.05). The usual care group was 1.9 times more likely than the intervention group to report dry mouth for each additional session on day 1. CONCLUSION This simple, inexpensive thirst bundle significantly decreased ICU patients' thirst and dry mouth and can be considered a practice intervention for patients experiencing thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Puntillo
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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Riera F, Trong TT, Sinnapah S, Hue O. Physical and perceptual cooling with beverages to increase cycle performance in a tropical climate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103718. [PMID: 25084009 PMCID: PMC4118924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study compares the effects of neutral temperature, cold and ice-slush beverages, with and without 0.5% menthol on cycling performance, core temperature (Tco) and stress responses in a tropical climate (hot and humid conditions). Methods Twelve trained male cyclists/triathletes completed six 20-km exercise trials against the clock in 30.7°C±0.8°C and 78%±0.03% relative humidity. Before and after warm-up, and before exercise and every 5 km during exercise, athletes drank 190 mL of either aromatized (i.e., with 0.5 mL of menthol (5 gr/L)) or a non-aromatized beverage (neutral temperature: 23°C±0.1°C, cold: 3°C±0.1°C, or ice-slush: −1°C±0.7°C). During the trials, heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored, whereas core temperature (Tco), thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after warm-up, every 5 km of exercise, and at the end of exercise and after recovery. Results Both the beverage aroma (P<0.02) and beverage temperature (P<0.02) had significant and positive effects on performance, which was considerably better with ice-slush than with a neutral temperature beverage, whatever the aroma (P<0.002), and with menthol vs non-menthol (P<0.02). The best performances were obtained with ice-slush/menthol and cold/menthol, as opposed to neutral/menthol. No differences were noted in HR and Tco between trials. Conclusion Cold water or ice-slush with menthol aroma seems to be the most effective beverage for endurance exercise in a tropical climate. Further studies are needed to explore its effects in field competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Riera
- Laboratoire ACTES - EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Campus de Fouillole, Point à Pitre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Than Tran Trong
- Laboratoire ACTES - EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Campus de Fouillole, Point à Pitre, France
| | - Stéphane Sinnapah
- Laboratoire ACTES - EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Campus de Fouillole, Point à Pitre, France
| | - Olivier Hue
- Laboratoire ACTES - EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Campus de Fouillole, Point à Pitre, France
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Zhang Y, Balilionis G, Casaru C, Geary C, Schumacker RE, Neggers YH, Curtner-Smith MD, Richardson MT, Bishop PA, Green JM. Effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:510-514. [PMID: 23891504 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the separate effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Participants (N = 10) performed three trials in a counterbalanced order, either with 400 mg caffeine, menthol lozenges, or placebo. The simulated firefighting consisted of 2 bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise in the heat with two brief 15-min rest periods between each exercise phase. Exercise induced significant dehydration (>3%) and elevated rectal temperature (>38.9 °C), for all three conditions. Neither caffeine nor menthol reduced perceived exertion compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Mood ratings (i.e., alertness, hedonic tone, tension) significantly deteriorated over time (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the three conditions. Simple reaction time, short-term memory, and retrieval memory did not alter with treatments or repeated evaluations. Reaction accuracy from a math test remained unchanged throughout the experimental period; reaction time from the math test was significantly faster after exposure to the heat (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, exhaustive exercise in the heat severely impacted mood, but minimally impacted cognition. These treatments failed to show ergogenic benefits in a simulated firefighting paradigm in a hot environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Gytis Balilionis
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Catalina Casaru
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colleen Geary
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Randall E Schumacker
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yasmin H Neggers
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Mark T Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Phillip A Bishop
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James M Green
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632, USA
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Eccles R, Du-Plessis L, Dommels Y, Wilkinson J. Cold pleasure. Why we like ice drinks, ice-lollies and ice cream. Appetite 2013; 71:357-60. [PMID: 24060271 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kahnert S, Nair U, Mons U, Pötschke-Langer M. Wirkungen von Menthol als Zusatzstoff in Tabakprodukten und die Notwendigkeit einer Regulierung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2012; 55:409-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Labbe D, Martin N, Le Coutre J, Hudry J. Impact of refreshing perception on mood, cognitive performance and brain oscillations: An exploratory study. Food Qual Prefer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wackowski OA, Delnevo CD, Lewis MJ. Risk perceptions of menthol cigarettes compared with nonmenthol cigarettes among New Jersey adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:786-90. [PMID: 20522521 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol cigarettes were historically marketed as "healthier" cigarettes, and menthol possesses cooling qualities that may reduce the perceived harshness of cigarette smoke. As such, it is possible that smokers may perceive menthol cigarettes to be safer when, in fact, some research suggests that menthols may be more addictive than regular cigarettes. Research shows that smokers have a faulty understanding of the risks of cigarettes in general, but little is known about smokers' risk perceptions for these particular products. METHODS We examined data from the 2005 New Jersey Adult Tobacco Survey, a statewide random-digit-dial telephone survey monitoring tobacco-use behavior, knowledge, and attitudes and which asked participants to compare how risky (somewhat less risky, about the same, or somewhat more risky) menthol cigarettes were with nonmenthol cigarettes. RESULTS Few menthol smokers (2.4%) and survey respondents overall (4.0%) believed menthol cigarettes to be less risky than nonmenthol cigarettes. In contrast, 30.2% of menthol smokers and 25.9% of all respondents (including nonsmokers) believed menthols to be more risky than nonmenthol cigarettes. Compared with never-smokers, nonmenthol smokers were most likely to believe this (AOR = 4.51), followed by former smokers (AOR = 1.77) and current menthol smokers (AOR = 1.58). Among current smokers, Blacks (AOR = 2.17) were more likely than Whites to indicate menthols as being more risky and young adults (18- to 24-year-olds) were the age group most likely to hold this belief (AOR = 3.30). CONCLUSIONS Future research should explore whether these perceptions exist in broader population groups as well as their development and association with smoking-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ann Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Surveillance and Evaluation Research, School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 335 George Street, Suite 2100, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Mündel T, Jones DA. The effects of swilling an l(−)-menthol solution during exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 109:59-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Labbe D, Almiron-Roig E, Hudry J, Leathwood P, Schifferstein H, Martin N. Sensory basis of refreshing perception: Role of psychophysiological factors and food experience. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:1-9. [PMID: 19375436 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Soutullo MD, O’Brien RA, Gaines KE, Davis JH. Constitutional dynamic systems of ionic and molecular liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2529-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b901899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Watt EE, Betts BA, Kotey FO, Humbert DJ, Griffith TN, Kelly EW, Veneskey KC, Gill N, Rowan KC, Jenkins A, Hall AC. Menthol shares general anesthetic activity and sites of action on the GABAA receptor with the intravenous agent, propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The ability to detect changes in temperature is a fundamental sensory mechanism for every species and provides organisms with a detailed view of the environment. This review focuses on what is known of the neuronal and molecular substrates for thermosensation across species, focusing on the three robust model systems extensively used to study sensory signaling, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the laboratory mouse. Nematodes migrate to thermal climes that are amenable to their survival, a behavior that is regulated primarily through a single sensory neuron. Additionally, nematodes "learn" to seek out this temperate zone based upon their prior experience, a robust model of learning and memory. Drosophila larvae also prefer select thermal zones that are optimal for growth and have also developed vigorous mechanisms to avoid unfavorable conditions. In mammals, the transduction mechanisms for thermosensation have been identified primarily due to the fact that naturally occurring plant products evoke distinct psychophysical sensation of temperature change. More remarkably, the elucidation of the molecular sensors in mammals, along with those in Drosophila, has demonstrated conservation in the molecular mediators of temperature sensation across diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Hall AC, Turcotte CM, Betts BA, Yeung WY, Agyeman AS, Burk LA. Modulation of human GABAA and glycine receptor currents by menthol and related monoterpenoids. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 506:9-16. [PMID: 15588619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Effects of common monoterpenoid alcohols and ketones were investigated on recombinant human gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA; alpha1beta2gamma2s) and glycine (alpha1 homomers) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. GABA currents were enhanced by coapplications of 10-300 microM: (+)-menthol>(-)-menthol>(-)-borneol>>(-)-menthone=camphor enantiomers>carvone enantiomers, with menthol acting stereoselectively. By contrast, thujone diastereomers inhibited GABAA receptor currents while glycine currents were only markedly potentiated by menthol. Positive modulation by (+)-menthol was explored given its pronounced effects (e.g., at 100 microM, GABA and glycine EC20 responses increased by 496+/-113% and 135+/-56%, respectively). (+)-Menthol, 100 microM, reduced EC50 values for GABA and glycine from 82.8+/-9.9 to 25.0+/-1.8 microM, and from 98.7+/-8.6 to 75.7+/-9.4 microM respectively, with negligible effects on maximal currents. This study reveals a novel neuroactive role for menthol as a stereoselective modulator of inhibitory ligand-gated channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Hall
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Science Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
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73
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Tsuzuki K, Xing H, Ling J, Gu JG. Menthol-induced Ca2+ release from presynaptic Ca2+ stores potentiates sensory synaptic transmission. J Neurosci 2004; 24:762-71. [PMID: 14736862 PMCID: PMC6729265 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4658-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol and many of its derivatives produce profound sensory and mental effects. The receptor for menthol has been cloned and named cold- and menthol-sensitive receptor-1 (CMR1) or transient receptor potential channel M8 (TRPM8) receptor. Using a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH) coculture system as a model for the first sensory synapse in the CNS, we studied menthol effects on sensory synaptic transmission and the underlying mechanisms. We found that menthol increased the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs). The effects persisted under an extracellular Ca2+-free condition but were abolished by intracellular BAPTA and pretreatment with thapsigargin. Menthol-induced increases of mEPSC frequency were blocked by 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) but not affected by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 [GenBank] or by the cADP receptor inhibitor 8-bromo-cADPR (8Br-cADPR). Double-patch recordings from DRG-DH pairs showed that menthol could potentiate evoked EPSCs (eEPSCs) and change the paired-pulse ratio of eEPSCs. A Ca2+ imaging study on DRG neurons demonstrated that menthol could directly release Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Menthol-induced Ca2+ release was abolished by 2-APB but not affected by U73122 [GenBank] or 8Br-cADPR. Taken together, our results indicate that menthol can act directly on presynaptic Ca2+ stores of sensory neurons to release Ca2+, resulting in a facilitation of glutamate release and a modulation of neuronal transmission at sensory synapses. Expression of TRPM8 receptor on presynaptic Ca2+ stores, a novel localization for this ligand-gated ion channel, is also strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Tsuzuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McKnight Brain Institute and College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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74
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Jiang CH, Hermanson O. Cooling of the urinary bladder activates neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Neuroreport 2004; 15:351-5. [PMID: 15076767 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200402090-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although visceral innocuous cold receptors have been documented, the central termination of their afferents is unknown. We used menthol solution (0.6 mM) to obtain selective activation of cold receptors in the urinary bladder of rats. Innocuous cold stimulation induced Fos expression in a population of neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of L6-S1 segments of the spinal cord. Neurons in other regions of the spinal cord, e.g. the lumbar parasympathetic nucleus or the dorsal commissure region, were activated to a similar degree by menthol and control infusions, indicating a response to bladder filling. Our results are consistent with the proposal that subsets of modality-specific dorsal horn neurons convey specific information regarding the exteroceptive and interoceptive state of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-He Jiang
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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75
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Abstract
Menthol, in lozenges, nasal sprays, vapo-rubs, inhalers, and cough syrups, is widely used as a treatment for rhinitis that is associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection and allergy. Menthol as a plant extract has been used in traditional medicine in Asia for the treatment of respiratory diseases for hundreds of years, but it was only introduced to the West as a medicine at the end of the 19th century. With the recent discovery of a menthol receptor on the sensory nerves that modulate the cool sensation, menthol has graduated from the realms of herbal medicine into the field of molecular pharmacology. This review concerns the physiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms that underlie the widespread use of menthol as a treatment for the relief of nasal congestion associated with rhinitis and its effects on the drive to breathe and symptomatic relief of dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Eccles
- Common Cold and Nasal Research Centre, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Building, Museum Avenue, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.
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76
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Abstract
In humans, the association between mouth dryness and thirst has been examined in a variety of contexts. Typically, drinking behavior produces a concomitant reduction in unpleasant dry mouth sensations. Evidence is reviewed for a mechanism that influences the termination of drinking behavior by metering this change. Drinking behavior causes a progressive increase in parotid saliva flow. Thus, one possibility is that satiety results from a decrease in the reward associated with mouth wetting during a drinking episode. Beverages can differ in their satiating ability. This variability may be related to their mouth-wetting characteristic, and may be reflected in a shift in their acceptability when the mouth becomes dry. Physically drying the mouth appears to increase the acceptability of beverages that are either cold or acidic. It may be significant that two important determinants of mouth wetting are temperature and acidity. Cold or acidic beverages are also likely to be regarded as 'thirst-quenching.' Thus, shifts in acceptability, 'thirst quenching' and satiety may all be related to the mouth-wetting properties of a beverage. The extent to which this coincidence is meaningful warrants further investigation. However, if a common underlying process exists, then this may help to elucidate reasons for voluntary dehydration and aberrant drinking behavior in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature 2002; 416:52-8. [PMID: 11882888 DOI: 10.1038/nature719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1835] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable us to sense cold are not well understood. Insights into this process have come from the use of pharmacological agents, such as menthol, that elicit a cooling sensation. Here we have characterized and cloned a menthol receptor from trigeminal sensory neurons that is also activated by thermal stimuli in the cool to cold range. This cold- and menthol-sensitive receptor, CMR1, is a member of the TRP family of excitatory ion channels, and we propose that it functions as a transducer of cold stimuli in the somatosensory system. These findings, together with our previous identification of the heat-sensitive channels VR1 and VRL-1, demonstrate that TRP channels detect temperatures over a wide range and are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the mammalian peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D McKemy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0450, USA
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Abstract
This review examines our present understanding of the physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of nasal airflow. The main aim of the review is to discuss the basic scientific and clinical knowledge that is essential for a proper understanding of the usefulness of measurements of nasal airflow in the clinical practice of rhinology. The review concludes with a discussion of the measurement of nasal airflow to assess the efficacy of surgery in the treatment of nasal obstruction. Areas covered by the review include: influence of nasal blood vessels on nasal airflow; nasal valve and control of nasal airflow; autonomic control of nasal airflow; normal nasal airflow; nasal cycle; central control of nasal airflow; effect of changes in posture on nasal airflow; effect of exercise on nasal airflow; effect of hyperventilation and rebreathing on nasal airflow; nasal airflow in animals; cerebral effects of nasal airflow; sensation of nasal airflow; sympathomimetics and sympatholytics; histamine and antihistamines; bradykinin; and corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eccles
- Common Cold Centre, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK.
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