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Pandya JM, Lundell AC, Andersson K, Nordström I, Theander E, Rudin A. Blood chemokine profile in untreated early rheumatoid arthritis: CXCL10 as a disease activity marker. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:20. [PMID: 28148302 PMCID: PMC5289001 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently analyzed the profile of T-cell subtypes based on chemokine receptor expression in blood from untreated early rheumatoid arthritis (ueRA) patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Here, we compared the levels of the respective chemokines in blood plasma of ueRA patients with those of HC. We also studied the association of chemokine levels with the proportions of circulating T-cell subsets and the clinical disease activity. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained from 43 patients with ueRA satisfying the ACR 2010 criteria and who had not received any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) or prednisolone, and from 14 sex- and age-matched HC. Proportions of T helper cells in blood, including Th0, Th1, Th2, Th17, Th1Th17, TFh, and regulatory T cells, were defined by flow cytometry. Fifteen chemokines, including several CXCL and CCL chemokines related to the T-cell subtypes as well as to other major immune cells, were measured in blood plasma using flow cytometry bead-based immunoassay or ELISA. Clinical disease activity in patients was evaluated by assessing the following parameters: Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), swollen joint counts (SJC), tender joint counts (TJC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The data were analyzed using multivariate factor analyses followed by univariate analyses. Results Multivariate discriminant analysis showed that patients with ueRA were separated from HC based on the blood plasma chemokine profile. The best discriminators were CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CCL4, and CCL22, which were significantly higher in ueRA compared to HC in univariate analyses. Among the chemokines analyzed, only CXCL10 correlated with multiple disease activity measures, including DAS28-CRP, DAS28-ESR, CDAI, SJC in 66 joints, CRP, and ESR. Conclusions High circulating levels of CXCL10 in the plasma of ueRA patients and the association with the clinical disease activity suggests that CXCL10 may serve as a disease activity marker in early rheumatoid arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1224-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh M Pandya
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Nordström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elke Theander
- Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital Lund and Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Dworski S, Lu P, Khan A, Maranda B, Mitchell JJ, Parini R, Di Rocco M, Hugle B, Yoshimitsu M, Magnusson B, Makay B, Arslan N, Guelbert N, Ehlert K, Jarisch A, Gardner-Medwin J, Dagher R, Terreri MT, Lorenco CM, Barillas-Arias L, Tanpaiboon P, Solyom A, Norris JS, He X, Schuchman EH, Levade T, Medin JA. Acid Ceramidase Deficiency is characterized by a unique plasma cytokine and ceramide profile that is altered by therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:386-394. [PMID: 27915031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid Ceramidase Deficiency (Farber disease, FD) is an ultra-rare Lysosomal Storage Disorder that is poorly understood and often misdiagnosed as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Hallmarks of FD are accumulation of ceramides, widespread macrophage infiltration, splenomegaly, and lymphocytosis. The cytokines involved in this abnormal hematopoietic state are unknown. There are dozens of ceramide species and derivatives, but the specific ones that accumulate in FD have not been investigated. We used a multiplex assay to analyze cytokines and mass spectrometry to analyze ceramides in plasma from patients and mice with FD, controls, Farber patients treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), JIA patients, and patients with Gaucher disease. KC, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 were sequentially upregulated in plasma from FD mice. MCP-1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, and VEGF levels were elevated in plasma from Farber patients but not in control or JIA patients. C16-Ceramide (C16-Cer) and dhC16-Cer were upregulated in plasma from FD mice. a-OH-C18-Cer, dhC12-Cer, dhC24:1-Cer, and C22:1-Cer-1P accumulated in plasma from patients with FD. Most cytokines and only a-OH-C18-Cer returned to baseline levels in HSCT-treated Farber patients. Sphingosines were not altered. Chitotriosidase activity was also relatively low. A unique cytokine and ceramide profile was seen in the plasma of Farber patients that was not observed in plasma from HSCT-treated Farber patients, JIA patients, or Gaucher patients. The cytokine profile can potentially be used to prevent misdiagnosis of Farber as JIA and to monitor the response to treatment. Further understanding of why these signaling molecules and lipids are elevated can lead to better understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of FD and inform development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaalee Dworski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-5040, USA
| | - Aneal Khan
- Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Maranda
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - John J Mitchell
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Rossella Parini
- Pediatric Department, University Milano Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20126, Italy
| | | | - Boris Hugle
- German Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Bo Magnusson
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Balahan Makay
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35210, Turkey
| | - Nur Arslan
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35210, Turkey
| | | | - Karoline Ehlert
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Medical University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Andrea Jarisch
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60323, Germany
| | - Janet Gardner-Medwin
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rawane Dagher
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Notre Dame De Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maria Teresa Terreri
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Charles Marques Lorenco
- Neurogenetics, Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Lilianna Barillas-Arias
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Bernard & Millie Duker Children's Hospital, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Metabolic Diseases, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | - James S Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-5040, USA
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Plexcera Therapeutics, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Thierry Levade
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, and INSERM UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse 31037 Cedex 1, France
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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53
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Shu J, Zhang F, Zhang L, Wei W. G protein coupled receptors signaling pathways implicate in inflammatory and immune response of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:379-387. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Elmesmari A, Fraser AR, Wood C, Gilchrist D, Vaughan D, Stewart L, McSharry C, McInnes IB, Kurowska-Stolarska M. MicroRNA-155 regulates monocyte chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:2056-2065. [PMID: 27411480 PMCID: PMC5088623 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To test the hypothesis that miR-155 regulates monocyte migratory potential via modulation of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in RA, and thereby is associated with disease activity. Methods. The miR-155 copy-numbers in monocytes from peripheral blood (PB) of healthy (n = 22), RA (n = 24) and RA SF (n = 11) were assessed by real time-PCR using synthetic miR-155 as a quantitative standard. To evaluate the functional impact of miR-155, human monocytes were transfected with control or miR-155 mimic, and the effect on transcript levels, and production of chemokines was evaluated by Taqman low-density arrays and multiplex assays. A comparative study evaluated constitutive chemokine receptor expression in miR-155−/− and wild-type murine (CD115 + Ly6C + Ly6G−) monocytes. Results. Compared with healthy monocytes, the miR-155 copy-number was higher in RA, peripheral blood (PB) and SF monocytes (PB P < 0.01, and SF P < 0.0001). The miR-155 copy-number in RA PB monocytes was higher in ACPA-positive compared with ACPA-negative patients (P = 0.033) and correlated (95% CI) with DAS28 (ESR), R = 0.728 (0.460, 0.874), and with tender, R = 0.631 (0.306, 0.824) and swollen, R = 0.503 (0.125, 0.753) joint counts. Enforced-expression of miR-155 in RA monocytes stimulated the production of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL8; upregulated CCR7 expression; and downregulated CCR2. Conversely, miR155−/− monocytes showed downregulated CCR7 and upregulated CCR2 expression. Conclusion. Given the observed correlations with disease activity, these data provide strong evidence that miR-155 can contribute to RA pathogenesis by regulating chemokine production and pro-inflammatory chemokine receptor expression, thereby promoting inflammatory cell recruitment and retention in the RA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Elmesmari
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Benghazi Medical Center, Medical School, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Alasdair R Fraser
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Wood
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Derek Gilchrist
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane Vaughan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynn Stewart
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charles McSharry
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro NANKI
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Huh YH, Lee G, Lee KB, Koh JT, Chun JS, Ryu JH. HIF-2α-induced chemokines stimulate motility of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and chondrocytes into the cartilage-pannus interface in experimental rheumatoid arthritis mouse models. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:302. [PMID: 26510617 PMCID: PMC4625947 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pannus formation and resulting cartilage destruction during rheumatoid arthritis (RA) depends on the migration of synoviocytes to cartilage tissue. Here, we focused on the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α-induced chemokines by chondrocytes in the regulation of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) migration into the cartilage-pannus interface and cartilage erosion. Methods Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), K/BxN serum transfer, and tumor necrosis factor-α transgenic mice were used as experimental RA models. Expression patterns of HIF-2α and chemokines were determined via immunostaining, Western blotting and RT-PCR. FLS motility was evaluated using transwell migration and invasion assays. The specific role of HIF-2α was determined via local deletion of HIF-2α in joint tissues or using conditional knockout (KO) mice. Cartilage destruction, synovitis and pannus formation were assessed via histological analysis. Results HIF-2α and various chemokines were markedly upregulated in degenerating cartilage and pannus of RA joints. HIF-2α induced chemokine expression by chondrocytes in both primary culture and cartilage tissue. HIF-2α -induced chemokines by chondrocytes regulated the migration and invasion of FLS. Local deletion of HIF-2α in joint tissues inhibited pannus formation adjacent to cartilage tissue and cartilage destruction caused by K/BxN serum transfer. Furthermore, conditional knockout of HIF-2α in cartilage blocked pannus formation in adjacent cartilage but not bone tissue, along with inhibition of cartilage erosion caused by K/BxN serum transfer. Conclusion Our findings suggest that chemokines induced by IL-1β or HIF-2α in chondrocytes regulate pannus expansion by stimulating FLS migration and invasion, leading to cartilage erosion during RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hyun Huh
- BioImaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyuseok Lee
- Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun-Bae Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Soo Chun
- Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Mellado M, Martínez-Muñoz L, Cascio G, Lucas P, Pablos JL, Rodríguez-Frade JM. T Cell Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:384. [PMID: 26284069 PMCID: PMC4515597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in joints, associated with synovial hyperplasia and with bone and cartilage destruction. Although the primacy of T cell-related events early in the disease continues to be debated, there is strong evidence that autoantigen recognition by specific T cells is crucial to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid synovitis. In addition, T cells are key components of the immune cell infiltrate detected in the joints of RA patients. Initial analysis of the cytokines released into the synovial membrane showed an imbalance, with a predominance of proinflammatory mediators, indicating a deleterious effect of Th1 T cells. There is nonetheless evidence that Th17 cells also play an important role in RA. T cells migrate from the bloodstream to the synovial tissue via their interactions with the endothelial cells that line synovial postcapillary venules. At this stage, selectins, integrins, and chemokines have a central role in blood cell invasion of synovial tissue, and therefore in the intensity of the inflammatory response. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in T cell attraction to the joint, the proteins involved in their extravasation from blood vessels, and the signaling pathways activated. Knowledge of these processes will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism by which the systemic immune response causes local joint disorders and will help to provide a molecular basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Graciela Cascio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
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Kurko J, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Tringham M, Tanner L, Paavanen-Huhtala S, Saarinen M, Näntö-Salonen K, Simell O, Niinikoski H, Mykkänen J. Dysfunction in macrophage toll-like receptor signaling caused by an inborn error of cationic amino acid transport. Mol Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26210182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids, especially arginine, are vital for the well-being and activity of immune cells, and disruption of amino acid balance may weaken immunity and predispose to infectious and autoimmune diseases. We present here a model of an inborn aminoaciduria, lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), in which a single mutation in y(+)LAT1 cationic amino acid transporter gene SLC7A7 leads to a multisystem disease characterized by immunological complications, life-threatening pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and nephropathy. Macrophages are suggested to play a central role in LPI in the development of these severe secondary symptoms. We thus studied the effect of the Finnish y(+)LAT1 mutation on monocyte-derived macrophages where toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the key molecules in innate immune response against external pathogens. The function of LPI patient and control macrophage TLR signaling was examined by stimulating the TLR2/1, TLR4 and TLR9 pathways with their associated pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Downregulation in expression of TLR9, IRF7, IRF3 and IFNB1 and in secretion of IFN-α was detected, suggesting an impaired response to TLR9 stimulation. In addition, secretion of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-1RA by TLR2/1 stimulation and IL-12 and IL-1RA by TLR4 stimulation was increased in the LPI patients. LPI macrophages secreted significantly less nitric oxide than control macrophages, whereas plasma concentrations of inflammatory chemokines CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were elevated in the LPI patients. In conclusion, our results strengthen the relevance of macrophages in the pathogenesis of LPI and, furthermore, suggest that cationic amino acid transport plays an important role in the regulation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kurko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Maaria Tringham
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Tanner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Sari Paavanen-Huhtala
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Maiju Saarinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 1, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kirsti Näntö-Salonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Mladic M, Scholten DJ, Wijtmans M, Falck D, Leurs R, Niessen WMA, Smit MJ, Kool J. Metabolic profiling of ligands for the chemokine receptor CXCR3 by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to bioaffinity assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7067-81. [PMID: 26164305 PMCID: PMC4551560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors belong to the class of G protein-coupled receptors and are important in the host defense against infections and inflammation. However, aberrant chemokine signaling is linked to different disorders such as cancer, central nervous system and immune disorders, and viral infections [Scholten DJ et al. (2012) Br J Pharmacol 165(6):1617–1643]. Modulating the chemokine receptor function provides new ways of targeting specific diseases. Therefore, discovery and development of drugs targeting chemokine receptors have received considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry in the past decade. Along with that, the determination of bioactivities of individual metabolites derived from lead compounds towards chemokine receptors is crucial for drug selectivity, pharmacodynamics, and potential toxicity issues. Therefore, advanced analytical methodologies are in high demand. This study is aimed at the optimization of a new analytical method for metabolic profiling with parallel bioaffinity assessment of CXCR3 ligands of the azaquinazolinone and piperazinyl-piperidine class and their metabolites. The method is based on mass spectrometric (MS) identification after liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of metabolic mixtures. The bioaffinity assessment is performed “at-line” via high-resolution nanofractionation onto 96-well plates allowing direct integration of radioligand binding assays. This new method enables identification of metabolites from lead compounds with associated estimation of their individual bioaffinity. Moreover, the identification of the metabolite structures via accurate mass measurements and MS2 allows the identification of liable metabolic “hotspots” for further lead optimization. The efficient combination of chemokine receptor ligand binding assays with analytical techniques, involving nanofractionation as linking technology, allows implementation of comprehensive metabolic profiling in an early phase of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mladic
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J. Scholten
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M. A. Niessen
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- />Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- />Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Preedy VR, Patel VB, Al-Sabbagh M. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Alpha (MIP-1 alpha)/CCL3: As a Biomarker. GENERAL METHODS IN BIOMARKER RESEARCH AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 2015. [PMCID: PMC7124056 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α/CCL3) is a chemotactic chemokine secreted by macrophages. It performs various biological functions, such as recruiting inflammatory cells, wound healing, inhibition of stem cells, and maintaining effector immune response. It activates bone resorption cells and directly induces bone destruction. Cells that secrete MIP-1α/CCL3 are increased at sites of inflammation and bone resorption. MIP-1α/CCL3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and conditions that exhibit bone resorption, such as periodontitis, multiple myeloma, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Biological fluids from patients with these diseases exhibit elevated levels of MIP-1α/CCL3. This finding indicates that MIP-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \alpha $$\end{document}α/CCL3 protein may have diagnostic potential for the detection of several inflammatory diseases and conditions. This chapter discusses the biological functions of MIP-1α/CCL3; describes several diseases associated with MIP-1α/CCL3, particularly periodontitis; and delineates the potential application of MIP-1α/CCL3 as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Preedy
- grid.13097.3c0000000123226764Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vinood B. Patel
- grid.12896.340000000090468598Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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Van Raemdonck K, Van den Steen PE, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXCR3 ligands in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shin MK, Shin SW, Jung M, Park H, Park HE, Yoo HS. Host gene expression for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human THP-1 macrophages. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv031. [PMID: 25877879 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which causes considerable economic loss in the dairy industry and has a possible relationship to Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. As MAP has been detected in retail pasteurized milk samples, its transmission via milk is of concern. Despite its possible role in the etiology of CD, there have been few studies examining the interactions between MAP and human cells. In the current study, we applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to the transcription profiles generated from a murine model with MAP infection as part of a previously conducted study. Twenty-one genes were selected as potential host immune responses, compared with the transcriptional profiles in naturally MAP-infected cattle, and validated in MAP-infected human monocyte-derived macrophage THP-1 cells. Of these, the potential host responses included up-regulation of genes related to immune response (CD14, S100A8, S100A9, LTF, HP and CHCIL3), up-regulation of Th1-polarizing factor (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10), down-regulation of genes related to metabolism (ELANE, IGF1, TCF7L2 and MPO) and no significant response of other genes (GADD45a, GPNMB, HMOX1, IFNG and NQO1) in THP-1 cells infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Hongtae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Korea
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Buckley CD, Barone F, Nayar S, Bénézech C, Caamaño J. Stromal Cells in Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:715-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Cecile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jorge Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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CXCL9 and CXCL10 gene polymorphisms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1319-23. [PMID: 25702175 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (CXCL) and their receptors play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to examine the associations between polymorphisms in the CXCL9 (rs3733236 G>A) and CXCL10 (rs8878 A>G) genes and RA. We examined 422 RA patients and 338 subjects as a control group. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CXCL9 (rs3733236 G>A) and CXCL10 (rs8878 A>G) genes were genotyped using TaqMan genotyping assays from Life Technologies Genomic. There were no significant differences in distribution of CXCL9 genotypes and alleles between RA patients and control group. Among RA patients, the increased frequency of CXCL10 (rs8878) G allele carriers was detected AG+GG vs AA (p = 0.034; OR 1.49, 95 % CI 1.03-2.13). There were no significant associations of CXCL9 genotypes with age of disease diagnosis rheumatoid factor, erosive disease, and extra-articular manifestations. In case of CXCL10 genotypes, there was the increased frequency of extra-articular manifestations in GG genotype carriers GG vs AA+AG (p = 0.027; OR 1.82, 95 % CI 1.09-3.03). In the multivariate regression analysis, the CXCL10 GG genotype was the independent factor associated with increased probability of extra-articular manifestations development (p = 0.034; OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.04-3.03). The results of this study suggest the association between CXCL10 gene polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis.
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The role of CCL20/CCR6 axis in recruiting Treg cells to tumor sites of NSCLC patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 69:242-8. [PMID: 25661365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 have been reported to correlate with colorectal cancer patients' metastasis. However, the role of CCL20 in patients with NSCLC is not well defined. In this study, we detected the expression of CCL20 in tumor samples and corresponding adjacent ones (n=71) from patients with NSCLC using RT-PCR and observed that CCL20 showed higher expression in tumor samples (0.28±0.17) than in adjacent ones (0.20±0.13) (n=71, P=0.0056), which was also verified in protein level using IHC. Analysis results showed that CCL20 expression was positively associated with CD4 (n=80, P=0.0046), Foxp3 (n=80, P=0.0020) and IL-10 (n=61, P=0.0003) in tumor samples. And the flow data showed that Treg cells accumulated in TIL (MFI: 961±760) compared with PBMC (MFI: 683±460) (n=40, P=0.0046); and the percentage of CCR6 - the sole receptor of CCL20 - on Treg cells was higher in TIL (MFI: 1311±1268) than in PBMC (MFI: 976±780) (n=40, P=0.0219). It was interesting to find that the expression of CCL20 in tumor sites was almost 1.5-fold higher in samples from high-stage patients (III-IV stage, 0.34±0.17) compared with those from low-stage patients (I-II stage, 0.22±0.11) (P=0.0056). Furthermore, the higher expression of CCL20 was associated with a lower overall survival (P=0.0198). The IHC data showed that tumor cells were the main source of CCL20, and after treated cell line A549 with docetaxel, we found that the secretion of CCL20 was decreased heavily (n=3, P=0.0046). Our results demonstrated that CCL20 cooperated with CCR6 could recruit Treg cells to tumor sites, and chemotherapy medicine docetaxel could decrease the expression of CCL20.
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Duan H, Yang P, Fang F, Ding S, Xiao W. CCR5 small interfering RNA ameliorated joint inflammation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Platt AM, Benson RA, McQueenie R, Butcher JP, Braddock M, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. The active metabolite of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor fostamatinib abrogates the CD4+ T cell-priming capacity of dendritic cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:169-77. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Kim J, Choi JY, Park SH, Yang SH, Park JA, Shin K, Lee EY, Kawachi H, Kohsaka H, Song YW. Therapeutic effect of anti-C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) antibody on C protein-induced myositis mouse. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R126. [PMID: 24939012 PMCID: PMC4095607 DOI: 10.1186/ar4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) is a chemokine that plays a critical role in the infiltration of T cells in autoimmune diseases and is reported to be expressed in muscle tissue of polymyositis. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of CXCL10 blockade, we investigated the role of CXCL10 and the effect of anti-CXCL10 antibody treatment in C protein-induced myositis (CIM), an animal model of polymyositis. METHODS CIM was induced with human skeletal muscle C protein fragment in female C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry of CXCL10 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and measurement of serum CXCL10 were performed. Cell surface markers and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in CIM lymph node cells was investigated by flow cytometry. Mice with CIM were treated with anti-CXCL10 antibody or control antibody (anti-RVG1) and the inflammation in muscle tissue was assessed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the inflammatory lesions of muscle in CIM. Especially, CD8+ T cells invading myofiber expressed CXCR3. Serum level of CXCL10 was increased in CIM compared to the level in normal mice (normal mouse, 14.3 ± 5.3 pg/ml vs. CIM, 368.5 ± 135.6 pg/ml, P < 0.001). CXCR3 positivity in CD8+ T cells was increased compared to that of CD4+ T cells in the lymph node cells of CIM (CXCR3+ among CD8+ T cell, 65.9 ± 2.1% vs. CXCR3+ among CD4+ T cell, 23.5 ± 4.7%, P <0.001). Moreover, IFN-γ+ cells were increased among CXCR3+CD8+ T cells compared to CXCR3-CD8+ T cells (CXCR3+CD8+ T cell, 28.0 ± 4.2% vs. CXCR3-CD8+ T cell, 9.5 ± 1.5%, P = 0.016). Migration of lymph node cells was increased in response to CXCL10 (chemotactic index was 1.91 ± 0.45). CIM mice treated with anti-CXCL10 antibody showed a lower inflammation score in muscles than those with anti-RVG1 (median, anti-CXCL10 treatment group, 0.625 vs. anti-RVG1 treatment group, 1.25, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS CXCL10/CXCR3 expression was increased in the inflammation of CIM model and its blockade suppressed inflammation in muscle.
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Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A, Ferrannini E, Fallahi P. CXCR3, CXCL10 and type 1 diabetes. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:57-65. [PMID: 24529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is due to antigen-specific assaults on the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells by diabetogenic T-helper (Th)1 cells. (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10, an interferon-γ inducible Th1 chemokine, and its receptor, (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)3, have an important role in different autoimmune diseases. High circulating CXCL10 levels were detected in new onset T1D patients, in association with a Th1 autoimmune response. Furthermore β-cells produce CXCL10, under the influence of Th1 cytokines, that suppresses their proliferation. Viral β-cells infections induce cytokines and CXCL10 expression, inducing insulin-producing cell failure in T1D. CXCL10/CXCR3 system plays a critical role in the autoimmune process and in β-cells destruction in T1D. Blocking CXCL10 in new onset diabetes seems a possible approach for T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Nair AG, Wong MKC, Shu Y, Jiang Y, Jenh CH, Kim SH, Yang DY, Zeng Q, Shao Y, Zawacki LG, Duo J, McGuinness BF, Carroll CD, Hobbs DW, Shih NY, Rosenblum SB, Kozlowski JA. IV. Discovery of CXCR3 antagonists substituted with heterocycles as amide surrogates: improved PK, hERG and metabolic profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1085-8. [PMID: 24486132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure-human CXCR3 binding affinity relationship of a series of pyridyl/pyrazinyl-piperazinyl-piperidine derivatives were explored with a focus to improve PK, hERG and metabolic profiles. Several small heterocycles were identified as amide surrogates, which minimized many potential metabolite issues. During the course of SAR development, we have observed the additive effect of desirable functional groups to improve hERG and PK profiles which lead to the discovery of many clinically developable CXCR3 antagonists with excellent overall profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar G Nair
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Michael K C Wong
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Youheng Shu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yueheng Jiang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Chung-Her Jenh
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yuefei Shao
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Lisa Guise Zawacki
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Jingqi Duo
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Brian F McGuinness
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | | | - Doug W Hobbs
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Neng-Yang Shih
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stuart B Rosenblum
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Jones BA, Riegsecker S, Rahman A, Beamer M, Aboualaiwi W, Khuder SA, Ahmed S. Role of ADAM-17, p38 MAPK, cathepsins, and the proteasome pathway in the synthesis and shedding of fractalkine/CX₃ CL1 in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:2814-25. [PMID: 23897050 DOI: 10.1002/art.38095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanism of fractalkine (FKN)/CX3 CL1 synthesis and shedding in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) and in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS The effect of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and/or interferon-γ (IFNγ) on FKN synthesis and shedding in human RASFs was determined over time by immunostaining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. The role of protease enzymes and signaling pathways was evaluated using chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). The activity of 20S proteasome in the lysates and the DNA binding of NF-κB/p65 in the nuclear fractions were evaluated. The in vivo relevance of these findings was examined in rat AIA. RESULTS In RASFs, stimulation with the combination of TNFα and IFNγ induced cellular expression of FKN within 24 hours. Activation of ADAM-17, but not ADAM-10, partly mediated the proteolytic shedding and release of soluble FKN (sFKN) following TNFα/IFNγ stimulation for 24-72 hours. Compared with control siRNA, ADAM-17 siRNA markedly inhibited TNFα/IFNγ-induced sFKN production (by ∼33%). TNFα/IFNγ-induced sFKN release was markedly suppressed by inhibitors of ADAM-17, p38 MAPK, proteasome, or cathepsin inhibitor but not by inhibitors of caspase 3 or calpain. TNFα/IFNγ-induced proteasome activity also correlated with rapid degradation of IκBα and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In vivo findings showed increased FKN expression in the joints of rats with AIA, which correlated with increased expression of ADAM-17 and phospho-p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION Our results provide new understanding of the role of ADAM-17, p38 MAPK, cathepsins, and the proteasome pathway in FKN expression and shedding. Regulating these pathways may suppress FKN-mediated inflammation and tissue destruction.
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Junker A, Schepmann D, Yamaguchi J, Itami K, Faust A, Kopka K, Wagner S, Wünsch B. Diverse modifications of the 4-methylphenyl moiety of TAK-779 by late-stage Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:177-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41873a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of biologic therapies, tremendous progress has been made in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, up to 40% of patients do not respond to these treatments. AREAS COVERED Several new treatment strategies are discussed, with brief overview of currently performed clinical trials. The development of molecules targeting cytokines other than TNF is discussed, as well as chemokine-directed drugs. Finally, the area of small molecular inhibitors is explored. EXPERT OPINION Since RA is a life-long disease often evolving into disability, development of new treatment strategies remains crucial. Especially small molecules targeting JAK, Syk and PDE4 may provide novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Jacques
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, De Pintelaan 185, Gent, Belgium
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75
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Comerford I, Kara EE, McKenzie DR, McColl SR. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders: focus on chemokines and lymphocyte trafficking. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:329-41. [PMID: 24164387 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte trafficking is a key step in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. Recruitment of autoreactive lymphocytes to inflamed tissues is a defining feature of numerous persistent organ-specific autoimmune conditions and various therapies are now used in several of these diseases which appear to specifically block lymphocyte migration. Thus, better understanding of the molecular events involved in homing of autoreactive pathogenic lymphocytes may present novel opportunities for pharmacological intervention in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes and psoriasis. This review describes recent progress in understanding lymphocyte trafficking in autoimmunity, focusing on the involvement of the chemokine and chemokine receptor superfamily. Possible strategies to improve therapeutics for autoimmune diseases arising from these studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Molecular Pathology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Moret FM, Hack CE, van der Wurff-Jacobs KMG, de Jager W, Radstake TRDJ, Lafeber FPJG, van Roon JAG. Intra-articular CD1c-expressing myeloid dendritic cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients express a unique set of T cell-attracting chemokines and spontaneously induce Th1, Th17 and Th2 cell activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R155. [PMID: 24286358 PMCID: PMC3979121 DOI: 10.1186/ar4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are potent T cell-activating antigen-presenting cells that have been suggested to play a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses in many disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite this, studies that have reported on the capacity of naturally occurring circulating mDCs to regulate T cell activation in RA are still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and functional properties of naturally occurring CD1c (BDCA-1)+ mDCs from synovial fluid (SF) compared to those from peripheral blood (PB) of RA patients. METHODS CD1c+ mDC numbers and expression of costimulatory molecules were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis in SF and PB from RA patients. Ex vivo secretion of 45 inflammatory mediators by mDCs from SF and PB of RA patients was determined by multiplex immunoassay. The capacity of mDCs from SF to activate autologous CD4+ T cells was measured. RESULTS CD1c+ mDC numbers were significantly increased in SF versus PB of RA patients (mean 4.7% vs. 0.6%). mDCs from SF showed increased expression of antigen-presenting (human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, CD1c) and costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and CD40). Numerous cytokines were equally abundantly produced by mDCs from both PB and SF (including IL-12, IL-23, IL-13, IL-21). SF mDCs secreted higher levels of interferon γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monokine induced by interferon γ (MIG) and, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), but lower macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels compared to mDCs from PB. mDCs from SF displayed a strongly increased capacity to induce proliferation of CD4+ T cells associated with a strongly augmented IFNγ, IL-17, and IL-4 production. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that increased numbers of CD1c+ mDCs in SF are involved in the inflammatory cascade intra-articularly by the secretion of specific T cell-attracting chemokines and the activation of self-reactive T cells.
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Chemokine and cytokine levels in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Melis L, Van Praet L, Pircher H, Venken K, Elewaut D. Senescence marker killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) contributes to TNF-α production by interaction with its soluble E-cadherin ligand in chronically inflamed joints. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:1223-31. [PMID: 23740233 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) is an NK cell marker also expressed on T cells showing an immunosenescent phenotype. KLRG1 binding to its ligand E-cadherin inhibits functional responses. It was recently shown that soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) also influences KLRG1 signalling, although its involvement in arthritis is unknown. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of KLRG1(+) T cells to synovitis. METHODS Paired peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) mononuclear cells from 21 patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), eight with crystal-induced arthritis and 10 controls were obtained. T cells were characterised for KLRG1 expression directly ex vivo, while TNF-α/IFN-γ production was assessed after polyclonal stimulation. Assays of chemotaxis response towards SF were conducted. Additionally, sE-cadherin levels in our paired samples were determined. Moreover, TNF-α/IFN-γ production by antigen-specific T cells was evaluated in the presence of sE-cadherin. RESULTS KLRG1(+) T cells were enriched in SF as opposed to PB of SpA and RA patients, which contrasts with results obtained in crystal-induced arthritides. KLRG1(+) T cells were more functionally active as opposed to KLRG1(-) T cells and migrated preferentially towards SpA and RA SF. sE-cadherin levels were higher in SF versus plasma. The presence of sE-cadherin enhanced the number of KLRG1(+) CD4(+) T cells able to produce TNF-α but not IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS sE-cadherin contributes to the local proinflammatory environment in the joint by favouring TNF-α production by KLRG1(+) CD4(+) T cells. This pathway seems to be operational in both SpA and RA, but not in crystal-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lode Melis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rheumatology, Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Ghent University Hospital, , Ghent, Belgium
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79
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Saha PK, Sharma PK, Sharma SK, Singh A, Mitra DK. Recruitment of Th1 effector cells in human tuberculosis: hierarchy of chemokine receptor(s) and their ligands. Cytokine 2013; 63:43-51. [PMID: 23643185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective recruitment of IFN-γ biased Th1 effector cells at the pathologic site(s) determines the local immunity of tuberculosis (TB). We observed the enrichment of CXCR3, CCR5 and CD11a(high) T cells in the peripheral blood, pleural fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage of TB pleural effusion (TB-PE) and miliary tuberculosis (MTB) patients respectively. CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) T cells were significantly high at the local disease site(s) in both the forms of TB and their frequency was highest among activated lymphocytes in TB-PE. Interestingly, all CCR5(+) cells were invariably positive for CXCR3 but all CXCR3(+) cells did not co-express CCR5 in pleural fluid whereas the situation was reverse in bronchoalveolar lavage. These CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) cells dominantly produced IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. In vitro chemotaxis assay indicates dominant role of RANTES and IP-10 in the selective recruitment of CXCR3(+)CCR5(+)cells at the tubercular pathologic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat K Sharma
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra K Sharma
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amar Singh
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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80
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The fibroblast as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:413-9. [PMID: 23562164 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the last 5 years that have finally allowed investigators to start targeting stromal cells such as fibroblasts in inflammatory disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is a prototype inflammatory disease, in which fibroblasts maintain the persistence of inflammation in the joint underpinned by a unique pathological phenotype driven by multiple epigenetic modifications. The step changes that are enabling the development of such therapies are an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts mediate persistence and the discovery of new markers that identify discrete functional subsets of fibroblast cells that have potential as disease-specific therapeutic targets.
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81
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Zhou SF, Ma J, Qu HT, Liu ZT, He WD, Wang JD, Dou AX, Zhang N, Liu JL, Guo CS, Shi Y, Hou M, Peng J. Characterization of Th1- and Th2-associated Chemokine Receptor Expression in Spleens of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:938-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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82
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The interaction between CXCL10 and cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:554-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Giegold O, Ogrissek N, Richter C, Schröder M, Herrero San Juan M, Pfeilschifter JM, Radeke HH. CXCL9 Causes Heterologous Desensitization of CXCL12-Mediated Memory T Lymphocyte Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3696-705. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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84
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Flores-Borja F, Bosma A, Ng D, Reddy V, Ehrenstein MR, Isenberg DA, Mauri C. CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells maintain regulatory T cells while limiting TH1 and TH17 differentiation. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:173ra23. [PMID: 23427243 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of regulatory B cells in the maintenance of tolerance in healthy individuals or in patients with immune disorders remains understudied. In healthy individuals, CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells suppress CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell proliferation as well as the release of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α by these cells; this suppression is partially mediated through the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10). We further elucidate the mechanisms of suppression by CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells. Healthy CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells inhibited naïve T cell differentiation into T helper 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)17 cells and converted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells into regulatory T cells (T(regs)), in part through the production of IL-10. In contrast, CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) failed to convert CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells into functionally suppressive T(regs) or to curb T(H)17 development; however, they maintained the capacity to inhibit T(H)1 cell differentiation. Moreover, RA patients with active disease have reduced numbers of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells in peripheral blood compared with either patients with inactive disease or healthy individuals. These results suggest that in patients with active RA, CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells with regulatory function may fail to prevent the development of autoreactive responses and inflammation, leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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85
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Laragione T, Brenner M, Sherry B, Gulko PS. CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 regulate synovial fibroblast invasion in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3274-83. [PMID: 21811993 DOI: 10.1002/art.30573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CXCL10 is expressed in increased levels in highly invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from arthritic DA rats and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze the role of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in regulation of the invasive properties of FLS. METHODS FLS were isolated from synovial tissue of RA patients and from DA rats and arthritis-resistant DA.F344(Cia5d) rats with pristane-induced arthritis. We used an in vitro model of invasion through Matrigel, which has been shown to correlate with articular damage in RA and in rat arthritis. FLS were cultured in the presence or absence of CXCL10, anti-CXCR3 antibody, or the CXCR3 inhibitor AMG487 and then studied for invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production (MMPs 1-3), intracellular calcium influx, and cell morphology. RESULTS DA rat FLS produced higher levels of CXCL10 compared with minimally invasive FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats. CXCL10 treatment increased the invasiveness of FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats by 2-fold, and this increase was blocked by anti-CXCR3. Both anti-CXCR3 and AMG487 reduced invasiveness of FLS from DA rats, by as much as 77%. AMG487 significantly reduced invasiveness of RA FLS (by 58%). CXCR3 blockade reduced levels of MMP-1 by 65%, inhibited receptor signaling (64-100% reduction in intracellular calcium influx), and interfered with actin cytoskeleton reorganization and lamellipodia formation in FLS from rats and RA patients. CONCLUSION We describe and characterize a new autocrine/paracrine role of CXCL10/CXCR3 in the regulation of FLS invasion in rats with arthritis and in RA patients. These observations suggest that the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis is a potential new target for therapies aimed at reducing FLS invasion and its associated joint damage and pannus invasion and destruction in RA.
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86
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Nakata K, Takami A, Espinoza JL, Matsuo K, Morishima Y, Onizuka M, Fukuda T, Kodera Y, Akiyama H, Miyamura K, Mori T, Nakao S. The recipient CXCL10 + 1642C>G variation predicts survival outcomes after HLA fully matched unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Clin Immunol 2012; 146:104-11. [PMID: 23291247 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10 is a chemoattractant for immune cells that is involved in several immune-inflammatory disorders. This study retrospectively examined the impact of a single nucleotide variation (rs3921, +1642C>G) in the CXCL10 gene on transplant outcomes in a cohort of 652 patients who underwent unrelated HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for hematologic malignancies. The recipient C/G or G/G genotype was found to be associated with a significantly better 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and a lower transplant-related mortality (TRM) rate than the recipient C/C genotype. The recipient C/G or G/G genotype also predicted a reduced incidence of death due to organ failure. The multivariate analysis showed the recipient C/G or G/G genotype to exhibit statistical trends toward beneficial effects on OS but not on TRM. CXCL10 genotyping could therefore be useful in predicting prognoses and creating therapeutic strategies for improving the final outcomes of patients who undergo allogeneic BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Nakata
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Yarilina A, Xu K, Chan C, Ivashkiv LB. Regulation of inflammatory responses in tumor necrosis factor-activated and rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages by JAK inhibitors. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:3856-66. [PMID: 22941906 PMCID: PMC3510320 DOI: 10.1002/art.37691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE JAK inhibitors have been developed as antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive agents and are currently undergoing testing in clinical trials. The JAK inhibitors CP-690,550 (tofacitinib) and INCB018424 (ruxolitinib) have demonstrated clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanisms that mediate the beneficial actions of these compounds are not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of both JAK inhibitors on inflammatory and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) responses in human macrophages. METHODS In vitro studies were performed using peripheral blood macrophages derived from healthy donors and treated with TNF and using synovial fluid macrophages derived from patients with RA. Levels of activated STAT proteins and other transcription factors were detected by Western blotting, and gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The in vivo effects of JAK inhibitors were evaluated in the K/BxN serum-transfer model of arthritis. RESULTS JAK inhibitors suppressed the activation and expression of STAT-1 and downstream inflammatory target genes in TNF-stimulated and RA synovial macrophages. In addition, JAK inhibitors decreased nuclear localization of NF-κB subunits in TNF-stimulated and RA synovial macrophages. CP-690,550 significantly decreased the expression of interleukin-6 in synovial macrophages. JAK inhibitors augmented nuclear levels of NF-ATc1 and cJun, followed by increased formation of osteoclast-like cells. CP-690,550 strongly suppressed K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis, which is dependent on macrophages, but not lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that JAK inhibitors suppress macrophage activation and attenuate TNF responses and further suggest that suppression of cytokine/chemokine production and innate immunity contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yarilina
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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88
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Yamaguchi A, Nozawa K, Fujishiro M, Kawasaki M, Suzuki F, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Takasaki Y, Sekigawa I. CC motif chemokine ligand 13 is associated with rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:856-63. [PMID: 23007802 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CC motif chemokines are considered to be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via recruitment of monocytes and lymphocytes. CC motif chemokine ligand 13 (CCL13)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) is postulated to be a potent RA inducer. We conducted a study to more precisely clarify the role of CCL13 in RA pathogenesis. METHODS CCL13 expression was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical staining in serum samples and synovial tissues from RA patients. The effects of CCL13 against apoptosis were monitored on cultured synovial fibroblasts. The chemoattractant activity of CCL13 was evaluated by the Boyden chamber assay in monocytes (THP-1 cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS We found that CCL13 serum level and synovial tissue expression were increased in RA patients. CCL13 had chemoattractant activity for both THP-1 cells and HUVECs. Interestingly, CCL13 expression was positively regulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and serum deprivation was inhibited by CCL13 on the cultured synovial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS CCL13 may be associated with disease progression as a result of its antiapoptotic effects, increased macrophage infiltration, and synovial tissue angiogenesis in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yamaguchi
- Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Karonitsch T, von Dalwigk K, Steiner CW, Blüml S, Steiner G, Kiener HP, Smolen JS, Aringer M. Interferon signals and monocytic sensitization of the interferon-γ signaling pathway in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:400-8. [PMID: 21953607 DOI: 10.1002/art.33347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both type I interferons (IFNα and IFNβ) and type II IFN (IFNγ) signal via pSTAT-1. Immunohistochemistry and the gene expression signatures of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue suggest an activated IFN/STAT-1 signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to determine the systemic activity of the IFN/STAT-1 signaling pathway in the peripheral blood cells of patients with RA. METHODS Fluorocytometry or quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of STAT-1, pSTAT-1, and IFN-inducible genes (monokine induced by interferon-γ [MIG], interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 [IP-10], and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase [OAS]) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and purified CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes of patients with RA and healthy control subjects. PBMCs were also incubated for 48 hours with IFNs and several other cytokines to investigate influences on STAT-1 levels. To examine the significance of STAT-1 activation in RA monocytes after stimulation with IFNγ, the expression of pSTAT-1 and of the IFNγ-inducible chemokine MIG was measured using fluorocytometry. RESULTS Levels of STAT-1 were significantly increased in peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes from patients with RA compared with those from healthy control subjects. STAT-1 levels correlated well with RA disease activity, as measured by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and the Clinical Disease Activity Index. Furthermore, STAT-1 messenger RNA expression in RA CD14+ monocytes correlated with the expression of other IFN-target genes, such as IP-10, OAS, or MIG. In RA PBMCs, STAT-1 expression was increased not only by IFNs but also by tumor necrosis factor. RA monocytes demonstrated a considerably higher increase in pSTAT-1 and MIG levels upon IFNγ stimulation when compared with monocytes from control subjects, indicating that RA monocytes are more sensitive to IFNγ stimulation. CONCLUSION In addition to supporting the role of IFNs in systemic proinflammatory activity, the results of this study further suggest preactivation of the IFNγ/STAT-1 signaling pathway, especially in RA monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karonitsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Kitahara K, Kusunoki N, Takahashi H, Tsuchiya K, Kawai S. Tacrolimus down-regulates chemokine expressions on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: screening by a DNA microarray. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Yu H, Venkatesha SH, Nanjundaiah S, Tong L, Moudgil KD. Celastrus treatment modulates antigen-induced gene expression in lymphoid cells of arthritic rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:455-66. [PMID: 22697077 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of global prevalence and the disease process primarily targets the synovial joints. Despite improvements in the treatment of RA over the past decade, there still is a need for new therapeutic agents that are efficacious, less expensive, and free of severe adverse reactions. Celastrus has been used in China for centuries for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, we previously reported that ethanol extract of Celastrus aculeatus Merr. (Celastrus) attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-arthritic activity of Celastrus have not yet been fully defined. We reasoned that microarray analysis might offer useful insights into the pathways and molecules targeted by Celastrus. We compared the gene expression profiles of the draining lymph node cells (LNC) of Celastrus-treated (Tc) versus water-treated (Tw) rats, and each group with untreated arthritic rats (T(0)). LNC were restimulated with mycobacterial heat shock protein-65 (Bhsp65). We identified 104 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (8 upregulated, 96 downregulated) when comparing Tc with T(0) rats, in contrast to 28 (12 upregulated, 16 downregulated) when comparing Tw and T(0) rats. Further, 20 genes (6 upregulated, 14 downregulated) were shared by both Tw and Tc groups. Thus, Celastrus treatment (Tc) significantly downregulated a large proportion of genes compared to controls (Tw). The DEG were mainly associated with the processes of immune response, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and cell signaling. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism of Celastrus anti-arthritic activity, and unravel potential therapeutic targets for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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93
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Yoshida S, Arakawa F, Higuchi F, Ishibashi Y, Goto M, Sugita Y, Nomura Y, Niino D, Shimizu K, Aoki R, Hashikawa K, Kimura Y, Yasuda K, Tashiro K, Kuhara S, Nagata K, Ohshima K. Gene expression analysis of rheumatoid arthritis synovial lining regions by cDNA microarray combined with laser microdissection: up-regulation of inflammation-associated STAT1, IRF1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:170-9. [PMID: 22401175 PMCID: PMC3400100 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.623137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The main histological change in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the villous proliferation of synovial lining cells, an important source of cytokines and chemokines, which are associated with inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate gene expression in the microdissected synovial lining cells of RA patients, using those of osteoarthritis (OA) patients as the control. Methods Samples were obtained during total joint replacement from 11 RA and five OA patients. Total RNA from the synovial lining cells was derived from selected specimens by laser microdissection (LMD) for subsequent cDNA microarray analysis. In addition, the expression of significant genes was confirmed immunohistochemically. Results The 14 519 genes detected by cDNA microarray were used to compare gene expression levels in synovial lining cells from RA with those from OA patients. Cluster analysis indicated that RA cells, including low- and high-expression subgroups, and OA cells were stored in two main clusters. The molecular activity of RA was statistically consistent with its clinical and histological activity. Expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), and the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5 were statistically significantly higher in the synovium of RA than in that of OA. Immunohistochemically, the lining synovium of RA, but not that of OA, clearly expressed STAT1, IRF1, and chemokines, as was seen in microarray analysis combined with LMD. Conclusions Our findings indicate an important role for lining synovial cells in the inflammatory and proliferative processes of RA. Further understanding of the local signalling in structural components is important in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
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Guo X, Pan Y, Xiao C, Wu Y, Cai D, Gu J. Fractalkine stimulates cell growth and increases its expression via NF-κB pathway in RA-FLS. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 15:322-9. [PMID: 22709495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2012.01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) which are specialized types of fibroblasts, become tumor-like, keeping their ability to increase proliferation and invasion. The mechanism of their tumor-like growth is unclear. Fractalkine (FKN), also called CX3CL1, plays an important role in the proliferation of cells. FKN may stimulate the proliferation of RA-FLS and the by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway may be one of the steps in this process. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether FKN can stimulate cell growth and increase its expression in RA-FLS, and the relationship between the NF-κB pathway and the function of FKN. METHODS FLS were isolated from primary synovial tissue obtained from three patients with RA who had undergone total joint replacement surgery or synovectomy in the Third Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University from February 2009 to January 2010. FKN was used in different concentrations to stimulate RA-FLS with or without NF-κB pathway blocker (PDTC), and to test the proliferation of FLS after 24 h by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RA-FLS was treated with 100 ng/mL FKN or 100 μM PDTC for different periods, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FKN and CX3CR1 in RA-FLS was detected by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction. We then tested the protein expression of NF-κBp65 in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively by Western blotting after treating the RA-FLS with 100 ng/mL FKN for different time periods. RESULTS FKN stimulated cell growth in RA-FLS at the concentration of 50 or 100 ng/mL (P = 0.005 and P = 0.022, respectively). NF-κB pathway blocker inhibited FKN, promoting proliferation of RA-FLS. RA-FLS could express FKN and CX3CR1 mRNA in vitro. FKN up-regulated FKN expression after 18-h treatment (P = 0.012). PDTC disturbed the expression of FKN mRNA after 16-18 h treatment (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After stimulation with FKN for 1 h, the expression of NF-κBp65 in cytoplasm began to decrease (P = 0.010), and the expression of NF-κBp65 in the nucleus began to increase after 2 h (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION These results suggest that FKN stimulates cells growth in RA-FLS and NF-κB pathway blocker inhibits FKN, promoting proliferation of RA-FLS. FKN induced activation of NF-κB activity. FKN up-regulates FKN mRNA expression in RA-FLS via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Third Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
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Fleishaker DL, Garcia Meijide JA, Petrov A, Kohen MD, Wang X, Menon S, Stock TC, Mebus CA, Goodrich JM, Mayer HB, Zeiher BG. Maraviroc, a chemokine receptor-5 antagonist, fails to demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R11. [PMID: 22251436 PMCID: PMC3392799 DOI: 10.1186/ar3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether maraviroc, a human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, is safe and effective in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients on background methotrexate (MTX). METHODS This phase IIa study comprised two distinct components: an open-label safety study of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of MTX in the presence of maraviroc, and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept (POC) component. In the PK component, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive maraviroc 150 or 300 mg twice daily (BID) for four weeks. In the POC component, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive maraviroc 300 mg BID or placebo for 12 weeks. Patients were not eligible for inclusion in both components. RESULTS Sixteen patients were treated in the safety/PK component. Maraviroc was well tolerated and there was no evidence of drug-drug interaction with MTX. One hundred ten patients were treated in the POC component. The study was terminated after the planned interim futility analysis due to lack of efficacy, at which time 59 patients (38 maraviroc; 21 placebo) had completed their week 12 visit. There was no significant difference in the number of ACR20 responders between the maraviroc (23.7%) and placebo (23.8%) groups (treatment difference -0.13%; 90% CI -20.45, 17.70; P = 0.504). The most common all-causality treatment-emergent adverse events in the maraviroc group were constipation (7.8%), nausea (5.2%), and fatigue (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc was generally well tolerated over 12 weeks; however, selective antagonism of CCR5 with maraviroc 300 mg BID failed to improve signs and symptoms in patients with active RA on background MTX. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00427934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona L Fleishaker
- Pfizer Inc, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, St, Louis, MO, 63017, and Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340 USA.
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Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis: the role of TNF-α in the induction of endothelin system genes. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:337-48. [PMID: 22249931 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelins (ETs) are involved in several inflammatory events. The present study investigated the efficacy of bosentan, a dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. TREATMENT CIA was induced in DBA/1J mice. Arthritic mice were treated with bosentan (100 mg/kg) once a day, starting from the day when arthritis was clinically detectable. METHODS CIA progression was assessed by measurements of visual clinical score, paw swelling and hypernociception. Histological changes, neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in the joints. Gene expression in the lymph nodes of arthritic mice was evaluated by microarray technology. PreproET-1 mRNA expression in the lymph nodes of mice and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated by real-time PCR. The differences were evaluated by one-way ANOVA or Student's t test. RESULTS Oral treatment with bosentan markedly ameliorated the clinical aspects of CIA (visual clinical score, paw swelling and hyperalgesia). Bosentan treatment also reduced joint damage, leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNFα and IL-17) in the joint tissues. Changes in gene expression in the lymph nodes of arthritic mice returned to the levels of the control mice after bosentan treatment. PreproET mRNA expression increased in PBMCs from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients but returned to basal level in PBMCs from patients under anti-TNF therapy. In-vitro treatment of PBMCs with TNFα upregulated ET system genes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that ET receptor antagonists, such as bosentan, might be useful in controlling RA. Moreover, it seems that ET mediation of arthritis is triggered by TNFα.
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Jenh CH, Cox MA, Cui L, Reich EP, Sullivan L, Chen SC, Kinsley D, Qian S, Kim SH, Rosenblum S, Kozlowski J, Fine JS, Zavodny PJ, Lundell D. A selective and potent CXCR3 antagonist SCH 546738 attenuates the development of autoimmune diseases and delays graft rejection. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:2. [PMID: 22233170 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CXCR3 receptor and its three interferon-inducible ligands (CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) have been implicated as playing a central role in directing a Th1 inflammatory response. Recent studies strongly support that the CXCR3 receptor is a very attractive therapeutic target for treating autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, and to prevent transplant rejection. We describe here the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterizations of a novel and potent small molecule CXCR3 antagonist, SCH 546738. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated in vitro pharmacological properties of SCH 546738 by radioligand receptor binding and human activated T cell chemotaxis assays. In vivo efficacy of SCH 546738 was determined by mouse collagen-induced arthritis, rat and mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and rat cardiac transplantation models. We show that SCH 546738 binds to human CXCR3 with a high affinity of 0.4 nM. In addition, SCH 546738 displaces radiolabeled CXCL10 and CXCL11 from human CXCR3 with IC50 ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 nM in a non-competitive manner. SCH 546738 potently and specifically inhibits CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis in human activated T cells with IC90 about 10 nM. SCH 546738 attenuates the disease development in mouse collagen-induced arthritis model. SCH 546738 also significantly reduces disease severity in rat and mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Furthermore, SCH 546738 alone achieves dose-dependent prolongation of rat cardiac allograft survival. Most significantly, SCH 546738 in combination with CsA supports permanent engraftment. CONCLUSIONS SCH 546738 is a novel, potent and non-competitive small molecule CXCR3 antagonist. It is efficacious in multiple preclinical disease models. These results demonstrate that therapy with CXCR3 antagonists may serve as a new strategy for treatment of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and to prevent transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Her Jenh
- Department of Respiratory and Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Chen X, Mihalic J, Deignan J, Gustin DJ, Duquette J, Du X, Chan J, Fu Z, Johnson M, Li AR, Henne K, Sullivan T, Lemon B, Ma J, Miao S, Tonn G, Collins T, Medina JC. Discovery of potent and specific CXCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yellin M, Paliienko I, Balanescu A, Ter-Vartanian S, Tseluyko V, Xu LA, Tao X, Cardarelli PM, Leblanc H, Nichol G, Ancuta C, Chirieac R, Luo A. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human anti-CXCL10 monoclonal antibody, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1730-9. [PMID: 22147649 DOI: 10.1002/art.34330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CXCL10 (also known as interferon-γ-inducible 10-kd protein [IP-10]) is a chemokine that potentially plays a role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human, anti-CXCL10 (anti-IP-10) monoclonal antibody, in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to methotrexate (MTX). METHODS Patients with active RA receiving stable doses of MTX (10-25 mg weekly) were randomized to receive intravenous doses of 10 mg/kg MDX-1100 (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) every other week. The primary end point was the proportion of patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieving an ACR20 response) on day 85, and patients were followed up for safety to day 141. RESULTS The ACR20 response rate was significantly higher among MDX-1100-treated patients than among placebo-treated patients (54% versus 17%; P = 0.0024). Statistically significant differences in the ACR20 response rate between treatments were observed starting on day 43 (P < 0.05). The ACR50 and ACR70 response rates on day 85 did not differ between the groups. Overall, 51.4% of MDX-1100-treated patients and 30.3% of placebo-treated patients experienced at least 1 adverse event (AE). No study drug-related serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSION MDX-1100 was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical efficacy in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to MTX. This is the first study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a chemokine inhibitor in RA and supports the notion of a potential role of IP-10 in the immunopathogenesis of RA.
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Chen DP, Wong CK, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBS, Lau CP, Li EKM, Tam LS, Lam CWK. Anti-inflammatory activities of Chinese herbal medicine sinomenine and Liang Miao San on tumor necrosis factor-α-activated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:457-68. [PMID: 21679760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Sinomenine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of Sinomenium acutum, has been used to alleviate the symptoms of rheumatic diseases. Liang Miao San (LMS), composed of the herbs Rhizoma Atractylodis (Cangzhu) and Cotex Phellodendri (Huangbai), is another traditional Chinese medicine formula for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS, the underlying intracellular mechanisms regulating the anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS on human primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients and normal control subjects have not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of sinomenine and LMS on inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated activation of human normal and RA-FLS. The underlying intracellular signaling molecules were analyzed quantitatively using flow cytometry. RESULTS Sinomenine was found to significantly inhibit TNF-α induced cell surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and release of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL8 from both normal and RA-FLS (all p<0.05). Moreover, the suppression of sinomenine on TNF-α induced VCAM-1 expression and IL-6 release of RA-FLS was significantly higher than that of normal FLS (p<0.05). LMS significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammatory chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5 release from both normal and RA-FLS, with significantly higher suppression on CXCL10 secretion in RA-FLS than that of normal FLS (all p<0.05). Further investigations showed that sinomenine and LMS could significantly suppress TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of inhibitor κBα and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, the central signaling molecules mediating TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression and chemokine production. CONCLUSION Our results therefore provide a new insight into the differential anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS through the suppression of TNF-α-activated FLS by modulating distinct intracellular signaling pathways in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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