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Dong C, Helton ES, Zhou P, Ouyang X, d'Anglemont de Tassigny X, Pascual A, López-Barneo J, Ubogu EE. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor is essential for blood-nerve barrier functional recovery in an experimental murine model of traumatic peripheral neuropathy. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1-22. [PMID: 29913111 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1479570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent inducer of restrictive barrier function in tight junction-forming microvascular endothelium and epithelium, including the human blood-nerve barrier (BNB) in vitro. We sought to determine the role of GDNF in restoring BNB function in vivo by evaluating sciatic nerve horseradish peroxidase (HRP) permeability in tamoxifen-inducible GDNF conditional knockout (CKO) adult mice following non-transecting crush injury via electron microscopy, with appropriate wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HET) littermate controls. A total of 24 age-, genotype- and sex-matched mice >12 weeks of age were injected with 30 mg/kg HRP via tail vein injection 7 or 14 days following unilateral sciatic nerve crush, and both sciatic nerves were harvested 30 minutes later for morphometric assessment by light and electron microscopy. The number and percentage of HRP-permeable endoneurial microvessels were ascertained to determine the effect of GDNF in restoring barrier function in vivo. Following sciatic nerve crush, there was significant upregulation in GDNF protein expression in WT and HET mice that was abrogated in CKO mice. GDNF significantly restored sciatic nerve BNB HRP impermeability to near normal levels by day 7, with complete restoration seen by day 14 in WT and HET mice. A significant recovery lag was observed in CKO mice. This effect was independent on VE-Cadherin or claudin-5 expression on endoneurial microvessels. These results imply an important role of GDNF in restoring restrictive BNB function in vivo, suggesting a potential strategy to re-establish the restrictive endoneurial microenvironment following traumatic peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoling Dong
- a Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , United States of America
| | - E Scott Helton
- a Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , United States of America
| | - Ping Zhou
- a Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , United States of America
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- a Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , United States of America
| | - Xavier d'Anglemont de Tassigny
- b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Alberto Pascual
- b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Eroboghene E Ubogu
- a Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , United States of America
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Liu Q, Wang X, Yi S. Pathophysiological Changes of Physical Barriers of Peripheral Nerves After Injury. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:597. [PMID: 30210280 PMCID: PMC6119778 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are composed of complex layered anatomical structures, including epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Perineurium and endoneurium contain many physical barriers, including the blood-nerve barrier at endoneurial vessels and the perineurial barrier. These physical barriers help to eliminate flux penetration and thus contribute to the establishment of a stable microenvironment. In the current review, we introduce the anatomical compartments and physical barriers of peripheral nerves and then describe the cellular and molecular basis of peripheral physical barriers. We also specifically explore peripheral nerve injury-induced changes of peripheral physical barriers, including elevated endoneurial fluid pressure, increased leakage of tracer, decreased barrier-type endothelial cell ratio, and altered distributions and expressions of cellular junctional proteins. The understanding of the pathophysiological changes of physical barriers following peripheral nerve injury may provide a clue for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Local low dose curcumin treatment improves functional recovery and remyelination in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush through inhibition of oxidative stress. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:98-116. [PMID: 30018000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to peripheral nerves are frequent, however, specific pharmacological treatments are currently lacking. Curcumin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties but high oral doses are required for therapeutic use, particularly due to its low bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of local and continuous treatment using low curcumin doses on functional recovery and nerve regeneration after rat sciatic nerve crush (SNC). Curcumin was administered by osmotic pumps with a catheter delivering the drug at the injury site (0.2 mg/day for 4 weeks). Functionally, early improvements in mechanical sensitivity, finger spacing of the injured paw, skilful walking and grip strength were observed in curcumin-treated animals. The curcumin treatment increased expression of compact myelin proteins (MPZ and PMP22), myelin sheath thickness and, correspondingly, increased motor and sensitive nerve conduction velocity. Microscopic analysis of gastrocnemius muscle indicated a curcumin-induced decrease in neurogenic lesions. Curcumin treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (which were notably produced by macrophages), lipid peroxidation and increased expression of transcription factor Nrf2. In silico analyses indicated that curcumin combines all the characteristics required to be an efficient lipid peroxidation inhibitor at the heart of biological membranes, hence protecting their degradation due to ROS. This antioxidant capacity is likely to contribute to the beneficial effects of curcumin after SNC injury. These results demonstrate that, when administrated locally, low doses of curcumin represent a promising therapy for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Increased frequency of AMP-activated protein kinase-positive spinal motor neurons after sciatic nerve injury in a mouse model. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:301-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Varejão AS, Colette Maurício A. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1466404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (REQUIMTE/LAQV), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur S.P. Varejão
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Selective Stimulation of Facial Muscles Following Chronic Intraneural Electrode Array Implantation and Facial Nerve Injury in the Feline Model. Otol Neurotol 2018; 38:e369-e377. [PMID: 28834941 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group has previously shown that activation of specific facial nerve (FN) fiber populations and selective activation of facial musculature can be achieved through acute intraneural multichannel microelectrode array (MEA) implantation in the feline model. HYPOTHESIS Selective stimulation of facial muscles will be maintained in the setting of 1) chronic and 2) acute MEA implantation after FN injury and subsequent recovery. METHODS This study included seven cats. In three cats with normal facial function, 4-channel penetrating MEAs were implanted chronically in the FN and tested biweekly for 6 months. Electrical current pulses were delivered to each channel individually, and elicited electromyographic (EMG) voltage outputs were recorded for each of several facial muscles. For FN injury experiments, two cats received a standardized hemostat-crush injury, and two cats received a transection-reapproximation injury to the FN main trunk. These four underwent acute implantation of MEA and EMG recording in terminal experiments 4 months postinjury. RESULTS Stimulation through individual channels selectively activated restricted nerve populations, resulting in activation of individual muscles in cats with chronic MEA implantation and after nerve injury. Increasing stimulation current levels resulted in increasing EMG voltage responses in all patients. Nerve histology showed only minor neural tissue reaction to the implant. CONCLUSION We have established in the animal model the ability of a chronically implanted MEA to selectively stimulate restricted FN fiber populations and elicit activations in specific facial muscles. Likewise, after FN injury, selective stimulation of restricted FN fiber populations and subsequent activation of discrete facial muscles can be achieved after acute MEA implantation.
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Karvat J, Vieira L, Kakihata CMM, Antunes JS, Ribeiro LDFC, Brancalhão RMC, Bertolini GRF. CRIOTERAPIA EM MODELO DE COMPRESSÃO DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO: ANÁLISE FUNCIONAL E MORFOLÓGICA. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182401171719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Introdução: A crioterapia é uma modalidade terapêutica que visa reduzir processos álgicos e inflamatórios, sendo que a imersão é considerada a forma mais eficaz; no entanto, a literatura apresenta possíveis efeitos deletérios com relação à aplicação da crioterapia em nervos superficiais. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da crioterapia em modelo experimental de compressão do nervo isquiático em ratos Wistar, por meio de análise funcional e morfológica. Métodos: Foram utilizados 42 ratos, sendo seis animais por grupo: G1 - controle, submetido à eutanásia no 15º dia de pós-operatório (PO); G2, G3 e G4 - submetidos à compressão do nervo isquiático, submetidos à eutanásia no 3º, 8º e 15º dias de PO, respectivamente; G5, G6 e G7 - submetidos à compressão do nervo isquiático e tratados com crioterapia, submetidos à eutanásia no 3º, 8º e 15º dias de PO, respectivamente. As avaliações do índice funcional do isquiático (IFC) e do teste de incapacidade funcional aconteceram nos momentos pré-lesão, no 2º de PO e no dia da eutanásia em cada grupo com lesão. Após o período de intervenção, os animais foram devidamente anestesiados e o nervo isquiático distal ao procedimento de compressão foi dissecado e coletado para análise morfológica. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA mista, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve diminuição do IFC após a lesão e o teste de incapacidade funcional mostrou aumento do tempo de elevação da pata. Com relação à análise morfológica, o G1 apresentou fibras nervosas com aspecto normal e nos grupos com lesão houve degeneração nervosa, sendo que o G6 teve uma discreta recuperação das fibras nervosas, além de leve regeneração no G4 e G7. Conclusão: A crioterapia não foi eficaz para recuperar os parâmetros funcionais analisados, entretanto, houve discreta melhora dos aspectos morfológicos do grupo submetido à eutanásia no 8º dia de PO. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
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de França Almeida Moreira CDL, de Oliveira Pinheiro JG, da Silva-Júnior WF, Barbosa EG, Lavra ZMM, Pereira EWM, Resende MM, de Azevedo EP, Quintans-Júnior LJ, de Souza Araújo AA, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, de Lima ÁAN. Amorphous solid dispersions of hecogenin acetate using different polymers for enhancement of solubility and improvement of anti-hyperalgesic effect in neuropathic pain model in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:870-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Martins DF, Martins TC, Batisti AP, dos Santos Leonel L, Bobinski F, Belmonte LAO, Mazzardo-Martins L, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Santos ARS. Long-Term Regular Eccentric Exercise Decreases Neuropathic Pain-like Behavior and Improves Motor Functional Recovery in an Axonotmesis Mouse Model: the Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6155-6168. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hill BJ, Padgett KR, Kalra V, Marcillo A, Bowen B, Pattany P, Dietrich D, Quencer R. Gadolinium DTPA Enhancement Characteristics of the Rat Sciatic Nerve after Crush Injury at 4.7T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 39:177-183. [PMID: 29097415 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is common and results in loss of function and/or neuropathic pain. MR neurography is a well-established technique for evaluating peripheral nerve anatomy and pathology. However, the Gd-DTPA enhancement characteristics of acutely injured peripheral nerves have not been fully examined. This study was performed to determine whether acutely crushed rat sciatic nerves demonstrate Gd-DTPA enhancement and, if so, to evaluate whether enhancement is affected by crush severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 26 rats, the sciatic nerve was crushed with either surgical forceps (6- to 20-N compressive force) or a microvascular/microaneurysm clip (0.1-0.6 N). Animals were longitudinally imaged at 4.7T for up to 30 days after injury. T1WI, T2WI, and T1WI with Gd-DTPA were performed. RESULTS Forceps crush injury caused robust enhancement between days 3 and 21, while clip crush injury resulted in minimal-to-no enhancement. Enhancement after forceps injury peaked at 7 days and was seen a few millimeters proximal to, in the region of, and several centimeters distal to the site of crush injury. Enhancement after forceps injury was statistically significant compared with clip injury between days 3 and 7 (P < .04). CONCLUSIONS Gd-DTPA enhancement of peripheral nerves may only occur above a certain crush-severity threshold. This phenomenon may explain the intermittent observation of Gd-DTPA enhancement of peripheral nerves after traumatic injury. The observation of enhancement may be useful in judging the severity of injury after nerve trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Hill
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.J.H., K.R.P., B.B., P.P., R.Q.)
| | - K R Padgett
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.J.H., K.R.P., B.B., P.P., R.Q.) .,Radiation Oncology (K.R.P.).,Biomedical Engineering (K.R.P.)
| | - V Kalra
- Miller School of Medicine (V.K.), University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - A Marcillo
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis (A.M., D.D.)
| | - B Bowen
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.J.H., K.R.P., B.B., P.P., R.Q.)
| | - P Pattany
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.J.H., K.R.P., B.B., P.P., R.Q.)
| | - D Dietrich
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis (A.M., D.D.)
| | - R Quencer
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.J.H., K.R.P., B.B., P.P., R.Q.)
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Haidar YM, Sahyouni R, Moshtaghi O, Wang BY, Djalilian HR, Middlebrooks JC, Verma SP, Lin HW. Selective recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation using a penetrating electrode array in the feline model. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:1606-1614. [PMID: 29086427 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngeal muscles (LMs) are controlled by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), injury of which can result in vocal fold (VF) paralysis (VFP). We aimed to introduce a bioelectric approach to selective stimulation of LMs and graded muscle contraction responses. STUDY DESIGN Acute experiments in cats. METHODS The study included six anesthetized cats. In four cats, a multichannel penetrating microelectrode array (MEA) was placed into an uninjured RLN. For RLN injury experiments, one cat received a standardized hemostat-crush injury, and one cat received a transection-reapproximation injury 4 months prior to testing. In each experiment, three LMs (thyroarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles) were monitored with an electromyographic (EMG) nerve integrity monitoring system. Electrical current pulses were delivered to each stimulating channel individually. Elicited EMG voltage outputs were recorded for each muscle. Direct videolaryngoscopy was performed for visualization of VF movement. RESULTS Stimulation through individual channels led to selective activation of restricted nerve populations, resulting in selective contraction of individual LMs. Increasing current levels resulted in rising EMG voltage responses. Typically, activation of individual muscles was successfully achieved via single placement of the MEA by selection of appropriate stimulation channels. VF abduction was predominantly observed on videolaryngoscopy. Nerve histology confirmed injury in cases of RLN crush and transection experiments. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the ability of a penetrating MEA to selectively stimulate restricted fiber populations within the feline RLN and selectively elicit contractions of discrete LMs in both acute and injury-model experiments, suggesting a potential role for intraneural MEA implantation in VFP management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:1606-1614, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarah M Haidar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Ronald Sahyouni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Omid Moshtaghi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Beverly Y Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Hamid R Djalilian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - John C Middlebrooks
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Sunil P Verma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.,University Voice and Swallowing Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Harrison W Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
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Malanotte JA, Kakihata CMM, Karvat J, Brancalhão RMC, Ribeiro LDFC, Bertolini GRF. Jumping in aquatic environment after sciatic nerve compression: nociceptive evaluation and morphological characteristics of the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2017; 15:77-84. [PMID: 28444094 PMCID: PMC5433312 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of jumping in aquatic environment on nociception and in the soleus muscle of trained and not trained Wistar rats, in the treatment of compressive neuropathy of the sciatic nerve. Methods Twenty-five Wistar rats were distributed into five groups: Control, Lesion, Trained + Lesion, Lesion + Exercise, and Trained + Lesion + Exercise. The training was jumping exercise in water environment for 20 days prior to injury, and treatment after the injury. Nociception was evaluated in two occasions, before injury and seven after injury. On the last day of the experiment, the right soleus muscles were collected, processed and analyzed as to morphology and morphometry. Results In the assessment of nociception in the injury site, the Control Group had higher average than the rest, and the Lesion Group was larger than the Trained + Lesion and Lesion + Exercise Groups. The Control Group showed higher nociceptive threshold in paw, compared to the others. In the morphometric analysis, in relation to Control Group, all the injured groups showed decreased muscle fiber area, and in the Lesion Group was lower than in the Lesion + Exercise Group and Trained + Lesion Group. Considering the diameter of the muscle fiber, the Control Group had a higher average than the Trained + Lesion Group and the Trained + Lesion + Exercise Group; and the Lesion Group showed an average lower than the Trained + Lesion and Lesion + Exercise Groups. Conclusion Resistance exercise produced increased nociception. When performed prior or after nerve damage, it proved effective in avoiding hypotrophy. The combination of the two protocols led to decrease in diameter and area of the muscle fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jhenifer Karvat
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Lan SM, Yang CC, Lee CL, Lee JS, Jou IM. The effect of molecular weight and concentration of hyaluronan on the recovery of the rat sciatic nerve sustaining acute traumatic injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:045024. [PMID: 28812542 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa6f1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute traumatic peripheral nerve injury remains a significant clinical issue affecting mostly young individuals and their productivity in spite of advances in current medicine. Hyaluronan has been explored in this scenario for its anti-adhesive and high biocompatibility properties for decades. The molecular weight and concentration of the locally applied hyaluronan has been overlooked and not optimized. We used different molecular weights and concentrations of hyaluronan in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model and found better overall outcomes with high molecular weight (3000 kDa) hyaluronan. The anti-inflammatory effect of the higher molecular weight hyaluronan may have a more favorable effect. We conclude that the optimization of hyaluronan is necessary when incorporating hyaluronan in the engineering of biomaterials for use in acute traumatic peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Min Lan
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin 640, Taiwan. Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Bertolini GRF, Karvat J, Kakihata CMM, Ribeiro LDFC, Brancalhão RMC. Therapeutic ultrasound after sciatic nerve compression of Wistar rats. Neurol Res 2017; 39:837-844. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1348712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini
- Laboratório de Estudo das Lesões e Recursos Fisioterapêuticos e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer Karvat
- Laboratório de Estudo das Lesões e Recursos Fisioterapêuticos e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Camila Mayumi Martin Kakihata
- Laboratório de Estudo das Lesões e Recursos Fisioterapêuticos e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia de Fátima Chasko Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Estudo das Lesões e Recursos Fisioterapêuticos e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Rose Meire Costa Brancalhão
- Laboratório de Estudo das Lesões e Recursos Fisioterapêuticos e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Cascavel, Brazil
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Bonetti LV, Malysz T, Ilha J, Barbosa S, Achaval M, Faccioni-Heuser MC. The Effects of Two Different Exercise Programs on the Ultrastructural Features of the Sciatic Nerve and Soleus Muscle After Sciatic Crush. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1654-1661. [PMID: 28463452 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries constitute a significant medical problem and the recovery is critically dependent on post-injury treatment. In this study, following sciatic nerve crush, we investigated the effects of a 4-week endurance training program (ET) and balance and coordination training program (BCT) on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle. The animals were randomly divided into Sham, non-trained (NT), ET, and BCT groups each of which included three animals. Ultra-thin cross and longitudinal sections (70-85 nm) were digitized and analyzed comparatively. The electron micrographic analysis of the sciatic nerve showed similar organelles features in the injury groups (myelin debris and swelling mitochondria). Nonetheless, the ET group presented better ultrastructural features as demonstrated by the greater predominance of rounded fibers and more defined organization in the myelinated axon bundles. In the soleus muscle's analyses, the injured groups demonstrated similar organelles' features (nucleus contained highly heterochromatic nuclei and smaller mitochondria). However, ET and BCT groups showed apparently enlarged myofibril cross-sectional areas and less collagen around muscle fibers, although, the ET group displayed reduced intermyofibrillar spaces and more closely aligned myofilaments when compared with the BCT group. Based on electron micrographic analysis, our findings suggest the presence of ultrastructural differences between the Sham, NT, and the trained groups. Therefore, exercise type seems to be responsible for producing some different positive features in the trained groups, while ET seems to have a more pronounced influence on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and the soleus muscle after a crush injury. Anat Rec, 300:1654-1661, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Malysz
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Faccioni-Heuser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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66
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N-Acetylcysteine Prevents Retrograde Motor Neuron Death after Neonatal Peripheral Nerve Injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:1105e-1115e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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67
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Surgical Treatment of Neuromas Improves Patient-Reported Pain, Depression, and Quality of Life. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:407-418. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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68
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Nerve Injuries in Gynecologic Laparoscopy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017; 24:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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69
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Kakihata CMM, Malanotte JA, Karvat J, Brancalhão RMC, de Fátima Chasko Ribeiro L, Bertolini GRF. The morphological and functional effects of exercise in the aquatic environment, performed before and/or after sciatic nerve compression in Wistar rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:393-400. [PMID: 27807516 PMCID: PMC5091053 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632670.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise in the aquatic environment, performed before and/or after sciatic nerve compression in Wistar rats on morphological and functional parameters. Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control (C), lesion (L), trained+lesion (TL), lesion+exercise (LE), and training+lesion+exercise (TLE), who underwent right sciatic nerve compression on day 21 of the experiment. The TL and TLE groups were submitted to a jumping exercise in a water environment for 20 days prior to injury and the LE and TLE groups after injury. The functional analysis was carried out using the sciatic functional index (SFI). On the last day of the experiment, the right sciatic nerves were collected, processed and analysed according to morphology and morphometry. The C group showed higher SFI in relation to the other groups. In the morphometric analysis, in comparison to C, all groups showed a decrease in the diameter of the injured nerve fibre, the myelin sheath and an increase in the percentage of connective tissue. There was a decrease in axon diameter in L, TL, and LE groups and a decrease in the density of nerve fibres in the TL and LE groups. The exercise did not affect functional recovery. However, the exercise prior to the injury improved morphology of the nervous tissue, and when performed pre- and postinjury, there was also an improvement in nerve regeneration, but this was not the case with exercise performed after the injury demonstrating worse results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jhenifer Karvat
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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70
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17 β-Estradiol Promotes Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Accelerating Early Remyelination in a Mouse Peripheral Nerve Injury Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7891202. [PMID: 27872858 PMCID: PMC5107215 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7891202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen induces oligodendrocyte remyelination in response to demyelination in the central nervous system. Our objective was to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on Schwann cell function and peripheral nerve remyelination after injury. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were used to prepare the sciatic nerve transection injury model and were randomly categorized into control and E2 groups. To study myelination in vitro, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explant culture was prepared using 13.5-day-old mouse embryos. Primary Schwann cells were isolated from the sciatic nerves of 1- to 3-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats. Immunostaining for myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and toluidine blue staining for myelin sheaths demonstrated that E2 treatment accelerates early remyelination in the “nerve bridge” region between the proximal and distal stumps of the transection injury site in the mouse sciatic nerve. The 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay revealed that E2 promotes Schwann cell proliferation in the bridge region and in the primary culture, which is blocked using AKT inhibitor MK2206. The in vitro myelination in the DRG explant culture determined showed that the MBP expression in the E2-treated group is higher than that in the control group. These results show that E2 promotes Schwann cell proliferation and myelination depending on AKT activation.
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71
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Bobinski F, Ferreira TAA, Córdova MM, Dombrowski PA, da Cunha C, Santo CCDE, Poli A, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C, Sluka KA, Santos ARS. Role of brainstem serotonin in analgesia produced by low-intensity exercise on neuropathic pain after sciatic nerve injury in mice. Pain 2016; 156:2595-2606. [PMID: 26447701 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a low-cost, safe, and efficient intervention for the reduction of neuropathic chronic pain in humans. However, the underlying mechanisms for how exercise reduces neuropathic pain are not yet well understood. Central monoaminergic systems play a critical role in endogenous analgesia leading us to hypothesize that the analgesic effect of low-intensity exercise occurs through activation of monoaminergic neurotransmission in descending inhibitory systems. To test this hypothesis, we induced peripheral nerve injury (PNI) by crushing the sciatic nerve. The exercise intervention consisted of low-intensity treadmill running for 2 weeks immediately after injury. Animals with PNI showed an increase in pain-like behaviors that were reduced by treadmill running. Reduction of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) synthesis using the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester prevented the analgesic effect of exercise. However, blockade catecholamine synthesis with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine had no effect. In parallel, 2 weeks of exercise increased brainstem levels of the 5-HT and its metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid), decreased expression of the serotonin transporter, and increased expression of 5-HT receptors (5HT-1B, 2A, 2C). Finally, PNI-induced increase in inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta, in the brainstem, was reversed by 2 weeks of exercise. These findings provide new evidence indicating that low-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise suppresses pain-like behaviors in animals with neuropathic pain by enhancing brainstem 5-HT neurotransmission. These data provide a rationale for the analgesia produced by exercise to provide an alternative approach to the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, Brazil Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Pain Research Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Nociceptive and Neuronal Evaluation of the Sciatic Nerve of Wistar Rats Subjected to Compression Injury and Treated with Resistive Exercise. Pain Res Manag 2016; 2016:6487160. [PMID: 27594795 PMCID: PMC4995321 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6487160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background. To investigate the climb stairs resistance exercise on nociception and axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve of rats. Methods. 24 Wistar rats were divided: control group (CG—no injury), exercise group (EG—no injury with physical exercise), lesion group (LG—injury, but without exercise), and treated group (LEG—injury and physical exercise). LG and LEG were subjected to sciatic nerve compression with hemostat. From the 3rd day after injury began treatment with exercise, and after 22 days occurs the removal of a nerve fragment for morphological analysis. Results. Regarding allodynia, CG obtained values less than EG (p = 0.012) and larger than LG and LEG (p < 0.001). Histological results showed that CG and EG had normal appearance, as LG and LEG showed up with large amounts of inflammatory infiltration, degeneration and disruption of nerve fibers, and reduction of the myelin sheath; however LEG presented some regenerated fibers. From the morphometric data there were significant differences, for nerve fiber diameter, comparing CG with LG and LEG and comparing axon diameter and the thickness of the myelin of the CG to others. Conclusion. Climb stairs resistance exercise was not effective to speed up the regenerative process of axons.
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73
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Simonyan KV, Avetisyan LG, Chavushyan VA. Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum) protects sciatic nerve function against crush injury in a model of diabetic stress. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:169-79. [PMID: 27424529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess fructose consumption causes changes in functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems, which increase the vulnerability of peripheral nerves to traumatic injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrophysiological parameters of responses of motoneurons of the spinal cord at high-frequency stimulation of the distal part of the injured sciatic nerve in a model of diabetic stress under action of Lycium barbarum (LB). Male albino rats were given with drinking water with 50% concentration of dietary fructose for 6 weeks. Starting on the 7th week a crush injury of the left sciatic nerve was carried out. Some of the animals received fructose post-injury for 3 weeks and some of the animals received fructose+dry LB fruits for 3 weeks. In the fructose+crush+LВ group a relatively proportional division of tetanic and posttetanic potentiation and depression in responses of ipsilateral and contralateral motoneurons was observed, which would suggest the modulatory role of LB in short-term synaptic plasticity formation. Generally, LB fruit is able to modulate central nervous system reorganization, amplifying positive adaptive changes that improve functional recovery and promote selective target reinnervation in high fructose-diet rats with sciatic nerve crush-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Simonyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Relationships, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevam, Armenia.
| | - L G Avetisyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Relationships, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevam, Armenia
| | - V A Chavushyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Relationships, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028 Yerevam, Armenia
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74
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether tissue levels of vitamin B complex and vitamin B12 were altered after crush-induced peripheral nerve injury in an experimental rat model. A total of 80 male Wistar rats were randomized into one control (n = 8) and six study groups (1, 6, 12, 24 hours, 3, and 7 days after experimental nerve injury; n = 12 for each group). Crush-induced peripheral nerve injury was performed on the sciatic nerves of rats in six study groups. Tissue samples from the sites of peripheral nerve injury were obtained at 1, 6, 12, 24 hours, 3 and 7 days after experimental nerve injury. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that tissue levels of vitamin B complex and vitamin B12 in the injured sciatic nerve were significantly greater at 1 and 12 hours after experimental nerve injury, while they were significantly lower at 7 days than in control group. Tissue level of vitamin B12 in the injured sciatic nerve was significantly lower at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours than in the control group. These results suggest that tissue levels of vitamin B complex and vitamin B12 vary with progression of crush-induced peripheral nerve injury, and supplementation of these vitamins in the acute period may be beneficial for acceleration of nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idiris Altun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ergül Belge Kurutaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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75
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Sahyouni R, Bhatt J, Djalilian HR, Tang WC, Middlebrooks JC, Lin HW. Selective stimulation of facial muscles with a penetrating electrode array in the feline model. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:460-465. [PMID: 27312936 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Permanent facial nerve injury is a difficult challenge for both patients and physicians given its potential for debilitating functional, cosmetic, and psychological sequelae. Although current surgical interventions have provided considerable advancements in facial nerve rehabilitation, they often fail to fully address all impairments. We aim to introduce an alternative approach to facial nerve rehabilitation. STUDY DESIGN Acute experiments in animals with normal facial function. METHODS The study included three anesthetized cats. Four facial muscles (levator auris longus, orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris) were monitored with a standard electromyographic (EMG) facial nerve monitoring system with needle electrodes. The main trunk of the facial nerve was exposed, and a 16-channel penetrating electrode array was placed into the nerve. Electrical current pulses were delivered to each stimulating electrode individually. Elicited EMG voltage outputs were recorded for each muscle. RESULTS Stimulation through individual channels selectively activated restricted nerve populations, resulting in selective contraction of individual muscles. Increasing stimulation current levels resulted in increasing EMG voltage responses. Typically, selective activation of two or more distinct muscles was successfully achieved via a single placement of the multi-channel electrode array by selection of appropriate stimulation channels. CONCLUSION We have established in the animal model the ability of a penetrating electrode array to selectively stimulate restricted fiber populations within the facial nerve and to selectively elicit contractions in specific muscles and regions of the face. These results show promise for the development of a facial nerve implant system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.Laryngoscope, 2016 127:460-465, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sahyouni
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Jay Bhatt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Hamid R Djalilian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - William C Tang
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - John C Middlebrooks
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Harrison W Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
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76
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Comparative outcome measures in peripheral regeneration studies. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:348-357. [PMID: 27094121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries are common and often result in partial or permanent paralysis, numbness of the affected limb, and debilitating neuropathic pain. Experimental animal models of nerve injury have utilized a diversity of outcome measures to examine functional recovery following injury. Four primary categories of outcome measures of regenerative success including retrograde labeling with counts of regenerating neurons, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry, reinnervation of target muscles, and behavioral analysis of recovery will be reviewed. Validity of different outcome measures are discussed in context of hindlimb, forelimb, and facial nerve injury models. Severity of nerve injury will be highlighted, and comparisons between nerve crush injury and more severe transection and neuroma-in-continuity nerve injury paradigms will be evaluated. The case is made that specific outcome measures may be more sensitive to assessing functional recovery following nerve injury than others. This will be discussed in the context of the lack of association between certain outcome measures of nerve regeneration. Examples of inaccurate conclusions from specific outcome measures will also be considered. Overall, researchers must therefore take care to select appropriate outcome measures for animal nerve injury studies dependant on the specific experimental interventions and scientific questions addressed.
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77
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Cheng XL, Wang P, Sun B, Liu SB, Gao YF, He XZ, Yu CY. The longitudinal epineural incision and complete nerve transection method for modeling sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1663-8. [PMID: 26692866 PMCID: PMC4660762 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury severity, operative technique and nerve regeneration are important factors to consider when constructing a model of peripheral nerve injury. Here, we present a novel peripheral nerve injury model and compare it with the complete sciatic nerve transection method. In the experimental group, under a microscope, a 3-mm longitudinal incision was made in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve to reveal the nerve fibers, which were then transected. The small, longitudinal incision in the epineurium was then sutured closed, requiring no stump anastomosis. In the control group, the sciatic nerve was completely transected, and the epineurium was repaired by anastomosis. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, Wallerian degeneration was observed in both groups. In the experimental group, at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, distinct medullary nerve fibers and axons were observed in the injured sciatic nerve. Regular, dense myelin sheaths were visible, as well as some scarring. By 12 weeks, the myelin sheaths were normal and intact, and a tight lamellar structure was observed. Functionally, limb movement and nerve conduction recovered in the injured region between 4 and 12 weeks. The present results demonstrate that longitudinal epineural incision with nerve transection can stably replicate a model of Sunderland grade IV peripheral nerve injury. Compared with the complete sciatic nerve transection model, our method reduced the difficulties of micromanipulation and surgery time, and resulted in good stump restoration, nerve regeneration, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Cheng
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yun-Feng Gao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Ze He
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
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Qin J, Wang L, Sun Y, Sun X, Wen C, Shahmoradi M, Zhou Y. Concentrated growth factor increases Schwann cell proliferation and neurotrophic factor secretion and promotes functional nerve recovery in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:493-500. [PMID: 26709397 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is a newly generated complex that comprises a fibrin matrix incorporating growth factors and plasmatic and leukocyte cytokines. It has been widely used in bone regenerative medicine. However, the effect of CGF on peripheral nerve regeneration had not been previously investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of using CGF for nerve regeneration by i) investigating the effect of CGF on the proliferation of Schwann cells (SCs) and secretion of neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line‑derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in vitro; and ii) analyzing the effect of CGF on functional nerve recovery after nerve injury in vivo. CGF was prepared from venous blood taken from rats, and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we noted that it featured a fiber‑like appearance with pore size ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 µm. The soluble component of CGF was used to produce conditioned media with which to treat the Schwann cell line. A cell counting kit-8 assay and cell cycle analysis were both used to study the proliferative effect of CGF on SCs. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that there was an increase in the mRNA and protein expression of NGF and GDNF, both of which are markers of SC neurotrophic secretion. A model of sciatic nerve crush injury was established for the in vivo experiment, and CGF was found to increase the sciatic functional index (indicative of nerve function). We noted that CGF increased SC proliferation and secretion of neurotrophic factors in vitro, and promoted functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries in vivo. These results suggest that CGF is a promising candidate biomaterial for peripheral nerve regeneration, and may potentially be utilized to repair nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Very Important People, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chaoju Wen
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mahdi Shahmoradi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Yi S, Zhang H, Gong L, Wu J, Zha G, Zhou S, Gu X, Yu B. Deep Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lesioned Sciatic Nerves after Crush Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143491. [PMID: 26629691 PMCID: PMC4668002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nerve system has an intrinsic regenerative capacity in response to traumatic injury. To better understand the molecular events occurring after peripheral nerve injury, in the current study, a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury was used. Injured nerves harvested at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post injury were subjected to deep RNA sequencing for examining global gene expression changes. According to the temporally differential expression patterns of a huge number of genes, 3 distinct phases were defined within the post-injury period of 14 days: the acute, sub-acute, and post-acute stages. Each stage showed its own characteristics of gene expression, which were associated with different categories of diseases and biological functions and canonical pathways. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in inflammation and immune response were significantly up-regulated in the acute phase, and genes involved in cellular movement, development, and morphology were up-regulated in the sub-acute stage, while the up-regulated genes in the post-acute phase were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton reorganization, and nerve regeneration. All the data obtained in the current study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration from the perspective of gene regulation, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiancheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangbin Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Placheta E, Wood MD, Lafontaine C, Frey M, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Macroscopic in vivo imaging of facial nerve regeneration in Thy1-GFP rats. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2015; 17:8-15. [PMID: 25317544 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2014.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Facial nerve injury leads to severe functional and aesthetic deficits. The transgenic Thy1-GFP rat is a new model for facial nerve injury and reconstruction research that will help improve clinical outcomes through translational facial nerve injury research. OBJECTIVE To determine whether serial in vivo imaging of nerve regeneration in the transgenic rat model is possible, facial nerve regeneration was imaged under the main paradigms of facial nerve injury and reconstruction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male Thy1-GFP rats, which express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in their neural structures, were divided into 3 groups in the laboratory: crush-injury, direct repair, and cross-face nerve grafting (30-mm graft length). The distal nerve stump or nerve graft was predegenerated for 2 weeks. The facial nerve of the transgenic rats was serially imaged at the time of operation and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of regeneration. The imaging was performed under a GFP-MDS-96/BN excitation stand (BLS Ltd). INTERVENTION OR EXPOSURE Facial nerve injury. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Optical fluorescence of regenerating facial nerve axons. RESULTS Serial in vivo imaging of the regeneration of GFP-positive axons in the Thy1-GFP rat model is possible. All animals survived the short imaging procedures well, and nerve regeneration was followed over clinically relevant distances. The predegeneration of the distal nerve stump or the cross-face nerve graft was, however, necessary to image the regeneration front at early time points. Crush injury was not suitable to sufficiently predegenerate the nerve (and to allow for degradation of the GFP through Wallerian degeneration). After direct repair, axons regenerated over the coaptation site in between 2 and 4 weeks. The GFP-positive nerve fibers reached the distal end of the 30-mm-long cross-face nervegrafts after 4 to 8 weeks of regeneration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The time course of facial nerve regeneration was studied by serial in vivo imaging in the transgenic rat model. Nerve regeneration was followed over clinically relevant distances in a small number of experimental animals, as they were subsequently imaged at multiple time points. The Thy1-GFP rat model will help improve clinical outcomes of facial reanimation surgery through improving the knowledge of facial nerve regeneration after surgical procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Placheta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Lafontaine
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manfred Frey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5I
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81
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Bonetti LV, Ilha J, Schneider APK, Barbosa S, Faccioni-Heuser MC. Balance and coordination training, but not endurance training, enhances synaptophysin and neurotrophin-3 immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord after sciatic nerve crush. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:617-25. [PMID: 26316168 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous rehabilitation treatments have been shown to be useful for peripheral and central restoration after (PNI). METHODS After sciatic nerve crush, we investigated 4 weeks of endurance training (ET) and balance and coordination training (BCT) with sciatic function index, hind-paw stride length, and spinal cord dorsal horn synaptophysin and neurotrophin-3 immunoreactivity. RESULTS Our results demonstrated no significant differences between the non-trained (NT), ET, and BCT groups in sciatic functional index, and in stride-length analysis, but the ET showed higher values compared with the NT group. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was higher in the BCT group compared with the NT group, and neurotrophin-3 immunoreactivity in the BCT group was greater compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION BCT can positively affect spinal cord plasticity after a (PNI), and these modifications are important in the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Krauthein Schneider
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Faccioni-Heuser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Obradović ALJ, Scarpa J, Osuru HP, Weaver JL, Park JY, Pathirathna S, Peterkin A, Lim Y, Jagodic MM, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Silencing the α2 subunit of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia reveals its major role in antinociception posttraumatic nerve injury. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:654-67. [PMID: 26164299 PMCID: PMC4568754 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NPP) is likely the result of repetitive high-frequency bursts of peripheral afferent activity leading to long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. Drugs that promote γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity in the dorsal horn provide partial relief of neuropathic symptoms. The authors examined how in vivo silencing of the GABA receptor type A (GABAA) α2 gene in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) controls NPP. METHODS After crush injury to the right sciatic nerve of female rats, the α2 GABAA antisense and mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides or NO-711 (a GABA uptake inhibitor) were applied to the L5 DRG. In vivo behavioral assessment of nociception was conducted before the injury and ensuing 10 days (n = 4 to 10). In vitro quantification of α2 GABAA protein and electrophysiological studies of GABAA currents were performed on acutely dissociated L5 DRG neurons at relevant time points (n = 6 to 14). RESULTS NPP postcrush injury of a sciatic nerve in adult female rats coincides with significant down-regulation of the α2 subunit expression in the ipsilateral DRG (approximately 30%). Selective down-regulation of α2 expression in DRGs significantly worsens mechanical (2.55 ± 0.75 to 5.16 ± 1.16) and thermal (7.97 ± 0.96 to 5.51 ± 0.75) hypersensitivity in crush-injured animals and causes development of significant mechanical (2.33 ± 0.40 to 5.00 ± 0.33) and thermal (10.80 ± 0.29 to 7.34 ± 0.81) hypersensitivity in sham animals (data shown as mean ± SD). Conversely, up-regulation of endogenous GABA via blockade of its uptake in DRG alleviates NPP. CONCLUSION The GABAA receptor in the DRG plays an important role in pathophysiology of NPP caused by sciatic nerve injury and represents promising target for novel pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar LJ Obradović
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade School of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joseph Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hari P Osuru
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Janelle L Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sriyani Pathirathna
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexander Peterkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yunhee Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miljenko M Jagodic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Ke X, Li Q, Xu L, Zhang Y, Li D, Ma J, Mao X. Netrin-1 overexpression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:380-9. [PMID: 26445571 PMCID: PMC4585432 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been developed as a new method of treating diseases of the peripheral nervous system. While netrin-1 is a critical molecule for axonal path finding and nerve growth, it may also affect vascular network formation. Here, we investigated the effect of transplanting BMSCs that produce netrin-1 in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. We introduced a sciatic nerve crush injury, and then injected 1×106 BMSCs infected by a recombinant adenovirus expressing netrin-1 Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP or culture medium into the injured part in the next day. At day 7, 14 and 28 after injection, we measured motor nerve conduction and detected mRNA expressions of netrin-1 receptors UNC5B and Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), and neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) by real-time PCR. We also detected protein expressions of BDNF and NGF by Western blotting assays and examined BMSCs that incorporated into myelin and vascellum. The results showed that BMSCs infected by Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP significantly improved the function of the sciatic nerve, and led to increased expression of BDNF and NGF (P<0.05). Moreover, 28 days after injury, more Schwann cells were found in BMSCs infected by Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP compared to control BMSCs. In conclusion, transplantation of BMSCs that produce netrin-1 improved the function of the sciatic nerve after injury. This method may be a new treatment of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001 , China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001 , China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
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Nascimento FP, Macedo-Júnior SJ, Borges FRM, Cremonese RP, da Silva MD, Luiz-Cerutti M, Martins DF, Rodrigues ALS, Santos ARS. Thalidomide reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and depressive-like behavior induced by peripheral nerve crush in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 303:51-8. [PMID: 26126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that chronic pain is able to induce depressive disorders in humans, in part, due to peripheral inflammation that reaches the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be established. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sciatic nerve crush could produce depression-like behaviors, in addition to pain-related behaviors, in mice. Once confirmed, this model was used to investigate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as a key mediator involved in the pathophysiology of both pain and depression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Swiss mice were divided into three groups, naïve, sham and operated. In the operated group, the sciatic nerve was crushed. Following surgery, animals from the operated group were treated daily by oral gavage (p.o.) with saline (10 ml/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or thalidomide (10 mg/kg) for 15 days. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated every 3 days by von Frey filaments and depressive-like behavior was assessed at the end of day 15, using the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). Then, samples from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and sciatic nerve were processed to measure TNF-α levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Crush caused significant mechanical hyperalgesia and depressive-like behaviors and increased TNF-α levels in the sciatic nerve, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of operated animals. Treatment with fluoxetine or thalidomide reversed crush-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, depressive-like behaviors and the increased TNF-α levels in the sciatic nerve, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The sciatic nerve crush model represents a good model to study to mechanisms underlying both pain and depressive-like behaviors. Furthermore, inhibitors of TNF-α synthesis, like thalidomide, have a potential to treat depressive disorders associated with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - S J Macedo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - F R M Borges
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R P Cremonese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M D da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - M Luiz-Cerutti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - D F Martins
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - A L S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Crow M, Khovanov N, Kelleher JH, Sharma S, Grant AD, Bogdanov Y, Wood JN, McMahon SB, Denk F. HDAC4 is required for inflammation-associated thermal hypersensitivity. FASEB J 2015; 29:3370-8. [PMID: 25903105 PMCID: PMC4511203 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional alterations are characteristic of persistent pain states, but the key regulators remain elusive. HDAC4 is a transcriptional corepressor that has been linked to synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability, mechanisms that may be involved in peripheral and central sensitization. Using a conditional knockout (cKO) strategy in mice, we sought to determine whether the loss of HDAC4 would have implications for sensory neuron transcription and nociception. HDAC4 was found to be largely unnecessary for transcriptional regulation of naïve sensory neurons but was essential for appropriate transcriptional responses after injury, with Calca and Trpv1 expression consistently down-regulated in HDAC4 cKO compared to levels in the littermate controls (0.2-0.44-fold change, n = 4 in 2 separate experiments). This down-regulation corresponded to reduced sensitivity to 100 nM capsaicin in vitro (IC50 = 230 ± 20 nM, 76 ± 4.4% wild-type capsaicin responders vs. 56.9 ± 4.7% HDAC4 cKO responders) and to reduced thermal hypersensitivity in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain (1.3-1.4-fold improvement over wild-type controls; n = 5-12, in 2 separate experiments). These data indicate that HDAC4 is a novel inflammatory pain mediator and may be a good therapeutic target, capable of orchestrating the regulation of multiple downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Crow
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Khovanov
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne H Kelleher
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Sharma
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Grant
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yury Bogdanov
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John N Wood
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Denk
- *Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, UCL Genomics, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Henry FP, Wang Y, Rodriguez CLR, Randolph MA, Rust EAZ, Winograd JM, de Boer JF, Park BH. In vivo optical microscopy of peripheral nerve myelination with polarization sensitive-optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:046002. [PMID: 25858593 PMCID: PMC4392067 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Assessing nerve integrity and myelination after injury is necessary to provide insight for treatment strategies aimed at restoring neuromuscular function. Currently, this is largely done with electrical analysis, which lacks direct quantitative information. In vivo optical imaging with sufficient imaging depth and resolution could be used to assess the nerve microarchitecture. In this study, we examine the use of polarization sensitive-optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to quantitatively assess the sciatic nerve microenvironment through measurements of birefringence after applying a nerve crush injury in a rat model. Initial loss of function and subsequent recovery were demonstrated by calculating the sciatic function index (SFI). We found that the PS-OCT phase retardation slope, which is proportional to birefringence, increased monotonically with the SFI. Additionally, histomorphometric analysis of the myelin thickness and g-ratio shows that the PS-OCT slope is a good indicator of myelin health and recovery after injury. These results demonstrate that PS-OCT is capable of providing nondestructive and quantitative assessment of nerve health after injury and shows promise for continued use both clinically and experimentally in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P. Henry
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, No. 15 Parkman Street, WACC 435, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, Bourns A247, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Carissa L. R. Rodriguez
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, Bourns A247, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mark A. Randolph
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, No. 15 Parkman Street, WACC 435, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Esther A. Z. Rust
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, No. 15 Parkman Street, WACC 435, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Winograd
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, No. 15 Parkman Street, WACC 435, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - B. Hyle Park
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, Bourns A247, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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87
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Geuna S. The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 243:39-46. [PMID: 25629799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the pre-clinical view, the study of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration still needs to be carried out in animal models due to the structural complexity of this organ which can be only partly simulated in vitro. The far most used experimental model is based on the injury of the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve trunk in mammals. In this paper, the potential application of the sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research is critically reviewed. This paper is aimed at helping researchers in properly employing this in vivo model for the study of nerve repair and regeneration as well as interpreting the results in a clinical translation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
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Ronchi G, Jager SB, Vaegter CB, Raimondo S, Giacobini-Robecchi MG, Geuna S. Discrepancies in quantitative assessment of normal and regenerated peripheral nerve fibers between light and electron microscopy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2015; 19:224-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jns.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Sara Buskbjerg Jager
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Christian Bjerggaard Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | | | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
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Takhtfooladi MA, Jahanbakhsh F, Takhtfooladi HA, Yousefi K, Allahverdi A. Effect of low-level laser therapy (685 nm, 3 J/cm(2)) on functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats following crushing lesion. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:1047-52. [PMID: 25595127 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) promotes posttraumatic nerve regeneration. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of 685-nm LLLT at the dosage of 3 J/cm(2) in the functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats following crushing injury. The left sciatic nerves of 20 male Wistar rats were subjected to controlled crush injury by a hemostatic tweezers, and the rats were randomly allocated into two experimental groups as follows: control group and laser group. Laser irradiation (685 nm wavelength; 15 mW, CW, 3 J/cm(2), spot of 0.028 cm(2)) was started on the postsurgical first day, above the site of injury, and was continued for 21 consecutive days. Functional recovery was evaluated at 3 weeks postoperatively by measuring the sciatic functional index (SFI) and sciatic static index (SSI) at weekly intervals. The treated rats showed improvement in motion pattern. The SFI and SSI results were significant when comparing two groups on the 14th and 21st postoperative days (p < 0.05). There were intra-group differences detected in laser group in different periods (p < 0.05). Low-level laser irradiation, with the parameters used in the present study, accelerated and improved sciatic nerve function in rats after crushing injury.
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90
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A new rat model of neuropathic pain: complete brachial plexus avulsion. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:52-6. [PMID: 25596440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) is one of the major injuries in motor vehicle accidents and may result in neuropathic pain. Accumulating evidence suggests that 30-80% of BPA developed neuropathic pain in human. In our study, complete brachial plexus avulsion (C5-T1) rats model leads to the results that 37.5% of rats had long-lasting (up to 6 months) mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia. We observed the activation of astrocyte and microglial in cervical spinal cord after BPA. Complete brachial plexus avulsion mimics human nerve root traction injury following traffic accidents. The complete BPA rat model approach human injuries and can be used for further investigations.
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92
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Bonetti LV, Schneider APK, Barbosa S, Ilha J, Faccioni-Heuser MC. Balance and coordination training and endurance training after nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51:83-91. [PMID: 24752648 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different rehabilitation treatments have proven useful in accelerating regeneration. METHODS After sciatic nerve crush in rats, we tested balance and coordination training (BCT) and endurance training (ET) through sensorimotor tests and analyzed nerve and muscle morphology. RESULTS After BCT and ET, rats performed better in sensorimotor tests than did non-trained animals. However, only BCT maintained sensorimotor function during training. Furthermore, BCT and ET produced significantly larger muscle area than in non-trained animals. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that BCT and ET, when initiated in the early phase after sciatic nerve injury, improve morphological properties of the soleus muscle and sciatic nerve, but only the task-oriented BCT maintained sensorimotor function. The success of rehabilitative strategies appears to be highly task-specific, and strategies that stimulate sensory pathways are the most effective in improving balance and/or coordination parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP: 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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93
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The impact of different degrees of injured c7 nerve transfer: an experimental rat study. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2014; 2:e230. [PMID: 25426347 PMCID: PMC4236375 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ipsilateral C7 nerve transfer is an available procedure in C5C6 2-root avulsion injury of the brachial plexus. However, concomitant injury of a normal-looking C7 cannot be ruled out. The efficiency of a concomitant injury of C7 transfer was investigated. Methods: Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups. They all underwent a 2-stage procedure. In the first stage from dorsal spine approach, left C5 and C6 roots were avulsed and C7 was crushed with jeweler’s forceps with different degrees: group A (n = 6), C7 not injured; group B (n = 10), C7 crushed for 10 seconds; group C (n = 10), C7 crushed for 30 seconds; group D (n = 10), C7 doubly crushed for 60 seconds; and group E (n = 6), C7 transected and not repaired. Four weeks later in the second stage, the C7 was reexplored via volar approach, transected, and coapted to the musculocutaneous nerve. At 12 weeks following the nerve transfer, functional outcomes were assessed. Results: Grooming test, muscle weight, electromyography, and muscle tetanic contraction force all showed that the biceps muscles were significantly worse in group C (moderate crush) and group D (severe crush). Group B (mild crush) and group A (uninjured) showed no difference. Group E (C7 cut and not repaired) was the worst. Conclusions: An injured but grossly normal-looking ipsilateral C7 can be used as a motor source but with variable results. The result is directly proportional to the severity of injury, potentially implying that better results will be achieved when longer regeneration time is allowed.
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94
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Kemp SWP, Szynkaruk M, Stanoulis KN, Wood MD, Liu EH, Willand MP, Morlock L, Naidoo J, Williams NS, Ready JM, Mangano TJ, Beggs S, Salter MW, Gordon T, Pieper AA, Borschel GH. Pharmacologic rescue of motor and sensory function by the neuroprotective compound P7C3 following neonatal nerve injury. Neuroscience 2014; 284:202-216. [PMID: 25313000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nerve injuries cause pain, paralysis and numbness that can lead to major disability, and newborns often sustain nerve injuries during delivery that result in lifelong impairment. Without a pharmacologic agent to enhance functional recovery from these injuries, clinicians rely solely on surgery and rehabilitation to treat patients. Unfortunately, patient outcomes remain poor despite application of the most advanced microsurgical and rehabilitative techniques. We hypothesized that the detrimental effects of traumatic neonatal nerve injury could be mitigated with pharmacologic neuroprotection, and tested whether the novel neuroprotective agent P7C3 would block peripheral neuron cell death and enhance functional recovery in a rat neonatal nerve injury model. Administration of P7C3 after sciatic nerve crush injury doubled motor and sensory neuron survival, and also promoted axon regeneration in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with P7C3 also enhanced behavioral and muscle functional recovery, and reversed pathological mobilization of spinal microglia after injury. Our findings suggest that the P7C3 family of neuroprotective compounds may provide a basis for the development of a new neuroprotective drug to enhance recovery following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W P Kemp
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - M Szynkaruk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K N Stanoulis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M D Wood
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E H Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M P Willand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Morlock
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - N S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - T J Mangano
- Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Beggs
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M W Salter
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T Gordon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A A Pieper
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Veterans Affairs, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - G H Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Surgery and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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95
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Buys MJ, Alphonso C. Novel use of perineural pregabalin infusion for analgesia in a rat neuropathic pain model. Anesth Analg 2014; 119:481-488. [PMID: 24914629 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticonvulsant drugs pregabalin and gabapentin are often used systemically to treat some forms of chronic neuropathic pain. However, many patients report side effects serious enough to cause discontinuation of the drug. Here we present evidence that pregabalin may block neuropathic pain when applied to the site of nerve injury in a rat neuropathic pain model. METHODS Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups: sciatic nerve crush injury with perineural pregabalin treatment (treatment), crush injury with perineural saline treatment (saline control), crush injury with subcutaneous pregabalin treatment (systemic drug control), and sham surgery (sham surgery control). Animals received either continuous infusions of 1% pregabalin for 7 days (treatment and systemic control) or saline (saline control) and were tested for pain behaviors using incapacitance meter, guarding scores, and radiant heat withdrawal latency (Hargreaves method). Nerves were studied using histology and immunohistochemistry for α(2)δ-1 receptors thought to mediate the central analgesic action of pregabalin. RESULTS Treatment rats had significantly better guarding scores than systemic drug controls or saline controls (P < 0.0001) and had significantly better incapacitance scores than systemic drug controls and saline controls (P ≤ 0.001). Hargreaves method data showed hypoalgesia in all injured animals with no difference among injured groups (P = 0.80). Qualitatively, immunohistochemistry likely showed equivalent expression of the α(2)δ-1 calcium channel at the injured nerve site in all nerve-injured animals. CONCLUSIONS Perineural pregabalin administration produced superior analgesia compared with that of systemic pregabalin in this neuropathic pain model. Perineural pregabalin treatment may provide a useful alternative to systemic pregabalin treatment for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Buys
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, San Antonio Military Medical Centers, Lackland AFB, USAF
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96
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Donaldson K, Höke A. Studying axonal degeneration and regeneration using in vitro and in vivo models: the translational potential. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Since the initial studies by Cajal, multiple models of peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration have been developed to address the ever-increasing complexity of the mechanisms involved in regeneration. In vitro models offer the principal benefit of a system that can be readily manipulated to address specific mechanistic questions in a deconstructed system. However, in vitro models can be overly simplified and intricacies of the interactions between neurons and glia can be lost. In vivo animal models seek to remedy some of these shortcomings, but most in vivo animal systems fail to precisely model human nerve regeneration. Rodent models of chronic nerve regeneration have been developed to better recapitulate human nerve regeneration, but are not widely used. An important development in the field has been the establishment of experimental nerve regeneration in humans, involving the reinnervation of the epidermis after cutaneous axotomy or topical capsaicin application. Use of such human models will likely accelerate the development and evaluation of new drugs that enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Donaldson
- Departments of Neurology & Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Departments of Neurology & Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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97
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Watson PCN, Mackinnon SE, Dostrovsky JO, Bennett GJ, Farran PR, Carlson T. Nerve resection, crush and re-location relieve complex regional pain syndrome type II: A case report. Pain 2014; 155:1168-1173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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98
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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99
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Obradović AL, Joksimović S, Poe MM, Ramerstorfer J, Varagic Z, Namjoshi O, Batinić B, Radulović T, Marković B, Roth BL, Sieghart W, Cook JM, Savić MM. Sh-I-048A, an in vitro non-selective super-agonist at the benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptors: the approximated activation of receptor subtypes may explain behavioral effects. Brain Res 2014; 1554:36-48. [PMID: 24472579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enormous progress in understanding the role of four populations of benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors was paralleled by the puzzling findings suggesting that substantial separation of behavioral effects may be accomplished by apparently non-selective modulators. We report on SH-I-048A, a newly synthesized chiral positive modulator of GABAA receptors characterized by exceptional subnanomolar affinity, high efficacy and non-selectivity. Its influence on behavior was assessed in Wistar rats and contrasted to that obtained with 2mg/kg diazepam. SH-I-048A reached micromolar concentrations in brain tissue, while the unbound fraction in brain homogenate was around 1.5%. The approximated electrophysiological responses, which estimated free concentrations of SH-I-048A or diazepam are able to elicit, suggested a similarity between the 10mg/kg dose of the novel ligand and 2mg/kg diazepam; however, SH-I-048A was relatively more active at α1- and α5-containing GABAA receptors. Behaviorally, SH-I-048A induced sedative, muscle relaxant and ataxic effects, reversed mechanical hyperalgesia 24h after injury, while it was devoid of clear anxiolytic actions and did not affect water-maze performance. While lack of clear anxiolytic actions may be connected with an enhanced potentiation at α1-containing GABAA receptors, the observed behavior in the rotarod, water maze and peripheral nerve injury tests was possibly affected by its prominent action at receptors containing the α5 subunit. The current results encourage further innovative approaches aimed at linking in vitro and in vivo data in order to help define fine-tuning mechanisms at four sensitive receptor populations that underlie subtle differences in behavioral profiles of benzodiazepine site ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Lj Obradović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srđan Joksimović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Joachim Ramerstorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdravko Varagic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ojas Namjoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Radulović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brian L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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100
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Alant JDDV, Senjaya F, Ivanovic A, Forden J, Shakhbazau A, Midha R. The impact of motor axon misdirection and attrition on behavioral deficit following experimental nerve injuries. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82546. [PMID: 24282624 PMCID: PMC3839879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve transection and neuroma-in-continuity injuries are associated with permanent functional deficits, often despite successful end-organ reinnervation. Axonal misdirection with non-specific reinnervation, frustrated regeneration and axonal attrition are believed to be among the anatomical substrates that underlie the poor functional recovery associated with these devastating injuries. Yet, functional deficits associated with axonal misdirection in experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries would result in motor axon misdirection and attrition with proportional persistent functional deficits. The femoral nerve misdirection model was exploited to assess major motor pathway misdirection and axonal attrition over a spectrum of experimental nerve injuries, with neuroma-in-continuity injuries simulated by the combination of compression and traction forces in 42 male rats. Sciatic nerve injuries were employed in an additional 42 rats, to evaluate the contribution of axonal misdirection to locomotor deficits by a ladder rung task up to 12 weeks. Retrograde motor neuron labeling techniques were utilized to determine the degree of axonal misdirection and attrition. Characteristic histological neuroma-in-continuity features were demonstrated in the neuroma-in-continuity groups and poor functional recovery was seen despite successful nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Good positive and negative correlations were observed respectively between axonal misdirection (p<.0001, r(2)=.67), motor neuron counts (attrition) (p<.0001, r(2)=.69) and final functional deficits. We demonstrate prominent motor axon misdirection and attrition in neuroma-in-continuity and transection injuries of mixed motor nerves that contribute to the long-term functional deficits. Although widely accepted in theory, to our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence to convincingly demonstrate these correlations with data inclusive of the neuroma-in-continuity spectrum. This work emphasizes the need to focus on strategies that promote both robust and accurate nerve regeneration to optimize functional recovery. It also demonstrates that clinically relevant neuroma-in-continuity injuries can now also be subjected to experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferry Senjaya
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Ivanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne Forden
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antos Shakhbazau
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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