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Cordo SM, Valko A, Martinez GM, Candurra NA. Membrane localization of Junín virus glycoproteins requires cholesterol and cholesterol rich membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:912-7. [PMID: 23261443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arenavirus morphogenesis and budding occurs at cellular plasma membrane; however, the nature of membrane assembly sites remains poorly understood. In this study we examined the effect of different cholesterol-lowering agents on Junín virus (JUNV) multiplication. We found that cholesterol cell depletion reduced JUNV glycoproteins (GPs) membrane expression and virus budding. Analysis of membrane protein insolubility in Triton X-100 suggested that JUNV GPs associate with cholesterol enriched membranes. Rafts dissociation conditions as warm detergent extraction and cholesterol removal by methyl-β-cyclodextrin compound showed to impair GPs cholesterol enriched membrane association. Analysis of GPs transfected cells showed similar results suggesting that membrane raft association is independent of other viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cordo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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52
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Shaw TI, Srivastava A, Chou WC, Liu L, Hawkinson A, Glenn TC, Adams R, Schountz T. Transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis). PLoS One 2012; 7:e48472. [PMID: 23166587 PMCID: PMC3499531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is one of the most common bats in the tropical Americas. It is thought to be a potential reservoir host of Tacaribe virus, an arenavirus closely related to the South American hemorrhagic fever viruses. We performed transcriptome sequencing and annotation from lung, kidney and spleen tissues using 454 and Illumina platforms to develop this species as an animal model. More than 100,000 contigs were assembled, with 25,000 genes that were functionally annotated. Of the remaining unannotated contigs, 80% were found within bat genomes or transcriptomes. Annotated genes are involved in a broad range of activities ranging from cellular metabolism to genome regulation through ncRNAs. Reciprocal BLAST best hits yielded 8,785 sequences that are orthologous to mouse, rat, cattle, horse and human. Species tree analysis of sequences from 2,378 loci was used to achieve 95% bootstrap support for the placement of bat as sister to the clade containing horse, dog, and cattle. Through substitution rate estimation between bat and human, 32 genes were identified with evidence for positive selection. We also identified 466 immune-related genes, which may be useful for studying Tacaribe virus infection of this species. The Jamaican fruit bat transcriptome dataset is a resource that should provide additional candidate markers for studying bat evolution and ecology, and tools for analysis of the host response and pathology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy I. Shaw
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anuj Srivastava
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ann Hawkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Travis C. Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rick Adams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tony Schountz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Lukashevich IS. Advanced vaccine candidates for Lassa fever. Viruses 2012; 4:2514-57. [PMID: 23202493 PMCID: PMC3509661 DOI: 10.3390/v4112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the most prominent human pathogen of the Arenaviridae. The virus is transmitted to humans by a rodent reservoir, Mastomys natalensis, and is capable of causing lethal Lassa Fever (LF). LASV has the highest human impact of any of the viral hemorrhagic fevers (with the exception of Dengue Fever) with an estimated several hundred thousand infections annually, resulting in thousands of deaths in Western Africa. The sizeable disease burden, numerous imported cases of LF in non-endemic countries, and the possibility that LASV can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. Presently there is no licensed vaccine against LF or approved treatment. Recently, several promising vaccine candidates have been developed which can potentially target different groups at risk. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the LASV pathogenesis and immune mechanisms involved in protection. The current status of pre-clinical development of the advanced vaccine candidates that have been tested in non-human primates will be discussed. Major scientific, manufacturing, and regulatory challenges will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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54
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Ortiz-Riaño E, Cheng BYH, de la Torre JC, Martínez-Sobrido L. D471G mutation in LCMV-NP affects its ability to self-associate and results in a dominant negative effect in viral RNA synthesis. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202457 PMCID: PMC3497045 DOI: 10.3390/v4102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses merit significant interest because several family members are etiological agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers, representing a major burden to public health. Currently, there are no FDA-licensed vaccines against arenaviruses and the only available antiviral therapy is limited to the use of ribavirin that is partially effective. Arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) is found associated with the genomic RNA forming the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) that together with the polymerase (L) direct viral replication and transcription. Virion formation requires the recruitment of vRNPs into budding sites, a process in which the arenavirus matrix-like protein (Z) plays a major role. Therefore, proper NP-NP and NP-Z interactions are required for the generation of infectious progeny. In this work we demonstrate the role of the amino acid residue D471 in the self-association of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (LCMV-NP). Amino acid substitutions at this position abrogate NP oligomerization, affecting its ability to mediate replication and transcription of a minigenome reporter plasmid. However, its ability to interact with the Z protein, counteract the cellular interferon response and bind to dsRNA analogs was retained. Additionally, we also document the dominant negative effect of D471G mutation on viral infection, suggesting that NP self-association is an excellent target for the development of new antivirals against arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ortiz-Riaño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642; (E.O-R); (B.Y.H.C); (L. M-S)
| | - Benson Y. H. Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642; (E.O-R); (B.Y.H.C); (L. M-S)
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- To whom correspondence should be addressed;
(L.M-S), Tel.: +1-585-276-4733; (J.C. dlT), Tel.: +1-858-784-9462
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- To whom correspondence should be addressed;
(L.M-S), Tel.: +1-585-276-4733; (J.C. dlT), Tel.: +1-858-784-9462
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55
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Abstract
Lassa virus, an Old World arenavirus (family Arenaviridae), is the etiological agent of Lassa fever, a severe human disease that is reported in more than 100,000 patients annually in the endemic regions of West Africa with mortality rates for hospitalized patients varying between 5-10%. Currently, there are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans. Here, we review the published literature on the life cycle of Lassa virus with the specific focus put on Lassa fever pathogenesis in humans and relevant animal models. Advancing knowledge significantly improves our understanding of Lassa virus biology, as well as of the mechanisms that allow the virus to evade the host’s immune system. However, further investigations are required in order to design improved diagnostic tools, an effective vaccine, and therapeutic agents.
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56
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Ishii A, Thomas Y, Moonga L, Nakamura I, Ohnuma A, Hang'ombe BM, Takada A, Mweene AS, Sawa H. Molecular surveillance and phylogenetic analysis of Old World arenaviruses in Zambia. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2247-2251. [PMID: 22815269 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to survey arenaviruses in the Republic of Zambia, we captured 335 rodents from three cities between 2010 and 2011. Eighteen Luna virus (LUNV) and one lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-related virus RNAs were detected by one-step RT-PCR from Mastomys natalensis and Mus minutoides, respectively. Four LUNV strains and one LCMV-related virus were isolated, and the whole genome nucleotide sequence was determined by pyrosequencing. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the LUNV clade consists of two branches that are distinguished by geographical location and that the LCMV-related virus belongs to the LCMV clade, but diverges from the typical LCMVs. Comparison of nucleoprotein amino acid sequences indicated that the LCMV-related virus could be designated a novel arenavirus, which was tentatively named as the Lunk virus. Amino acid sequences of the GP, NP, Z and L proteins showed poor similarity among the three Zambian arenavirus strains, i.e. Luna, Lunk and Lujo virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuka Thomas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ladslav Moonga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia
| | - Ichiro Nakamura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aiko Ohnuma
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bernard M Hang'ombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Lusaka province, Zambia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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57
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Cajimat MNB, Milazzo ML, Bradley RD, Fulhorst CF. Ocozocoautla de espinosa virus and hemorrhagic fever, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:401-5. [PMID: 22377271 PMCID: PMC3309595 DOI: 10.3201/eid1803.111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenavirus RNA was isolated from Mexican deer mice (Peromyscus mexicanus) captured near the site of a 1967 epidemic of hemorrhagic fever in southern Mexico. Analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequence data indicated that the deer mice were infected with a novel Tacaribe serocomplex virus (proposed name Ocozocoautla de Espinosa virus), which is phylogenetically closely related to Tacaribe serocomplex viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever in humans in South America.
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58
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Radoshitzky SR, Kuhn JH, de Kok-Mercado F, Jahrling PB, Bavari S. Drug discovery technologies and strategies for Machupo virus and other New World arenaviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:613-32. [PMID: 22607481 PMCID: PMC3426302 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.687719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seven arenaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans: the Old World arenaviruses Lassa and Lujo, and the New World Clade B arenaviruses Machupo (MACV), Junín (JUNV), Guanarito (GTOV), Sabiá (SABV), and Chapare (CHPV). All of these viruses are Risk Group 4 biosafety pathogens. MACV causes human disease outbreak with high case-fatality rates. To date, at least 1,200 cases with ≈200 fatalities have been recorded. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes available systems and technologies for the identification of antivirals against MACV. Furthermore, the article summarizes animal models that have been used for the in vivo evaluation of novel inhibitors. The article highlights present treatments for arenaviral diseases and provides an overview of efficacious small molecules and other therapeutics reported to date. Finally, the article summarizes strategies to identify novel inhibitors for anti-arenaviral therapy. EXPERT OPINION New high-throughput approaches to quantitate infection rates of arenaviruses, as well as viruses modified to carry reporter genes, will accelerate compound screens and drug discovery efforts. RNAi, gene expression profiling and proteomics studies will identify host targets for therapeutic intervention. New discoveries in the cell entry mechanism of MACV and other arenaviruses as well as extensive structural studies of arenaviral L and NP could facilitate the rational design of antivirals effective against all pathogenic New World arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Fabian de Kok-Mercado
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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59
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Irwin NR, Bayerlová M, Missa O, Martínková N. Complex patterns of host switching in New World arenaviruses. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4137-50. [PMID: 22693963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We empirically tested the long-standing hypothesis of codivergence of New World arenaviruses (NWA) with their hosts. We constructed phylogenies for NWA and all known hosts and used them in reconciliation analyses. We also constructed a phylogenetic tree of all Sigmodontinae and Neotominae rodents and tested whether viral-host associations were phylogenetically clustered. We determined host geographical overlap to determine to what extent opportunity to switch hosts was limited by host relatedness or physical proximity. With the exception of viruses from North America, no phylogenetically codivergent pattern between NWA and their hosts was found. We found that different virus clades were clustered differently and that Clade B with members pathogenic to humans was randomly distributed across the rodent phylogeny. Furthermore, viral relatedness within Clade B was significantly explained by the geographic overlap of their hosts' ranges rather than host relatedness, indicating that they are capable of host switching opportunistically. This has important bearings on their potential to become panzootic. Together, these analyses suggest that NWA have not codiverged with their hosts and instead have evolved predominantly via host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Irwin
- Department of Biology, University of York, POBOX 373, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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60
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Salazar M, Yun NE, Poussard AL, Smith JN, Smith JK, Kolokoltsova OA, Patterson MJ, Linde J, Paessler S. Effect of ribavirin on junin virus infection in guinea pigs. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:278-85. [PMID: 22212688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is the aetiological agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever. The pathogenesis of the infection is not well understood, no licensed vaccines exist and no specific antiviral therapy is available. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of ribavirin to delay and reduce JUNV disease and virus burden in guinea pigs without preventing death. Based on available data, we performed three different studies to determine the efficacy of ribavirin against JUNV in the guinea pig model with a focus on survival. Different doses and treatment schedules of ribavirin were tested in a lethal model of JUNV infection. Our results show that prolonged treatment with high doses of ribavirin significantly reduces the mortality in guinea pigs infected with JUNV. These results may be useful in future experimental studies or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salazar
- Galveston National Laboratory and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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61
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Smith DB, McFadden N, Blundell RJ, Meredith A, Simmonds P. Diversity of murine norovirus in wild-rodent populations: species-specific associations suggest an ancient divergence. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:259-266. [PMID: 22071511 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey of wild-rodent populations has revealed that murine norovirus (MNV) is present and diverse in wild-house mice Mus musculus. This virus is genetically similar to MNV infecting show mice and previously described variants circulating in laboratory mice. The detection of MNV in wild-mouse populations suggests that MNV infection of laboratory mice and show mice (from which laboratory mice are derived) derives from contact with or their origins from wild-mouse progenitors. The survey additionally identified frequent infection of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) with genetically divergent variants of MNV. These viruses are distinct from previously described MNV variants, differing by 22-23 % over the complete genome sequence compared with a maximum of 13 % between M. musculus-derived strains. Comparison with other noroviruses reveals that the Apodemus MNV groups with MNV in genogroup V and shares the same overall genome organization, predicted lengths of proteins encoded by ORFs 1-3 and the existence of a conserved alternative reading frame in VP1 encoding a homologue of the MNV ORF4. Different Apodemus MNV isolates were as variable as MNV isolates and showed evidence for inter-isolate recombination. Our observation of species-specific associations of MNV variants in wild populations suggests that murine noroviruses have an ancient origin, a feature that they may share with other norovirus genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Nora McFadden
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Richard J Blundell
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Anna Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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62
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Pannetier D, Reynard S, Russier M, Journeaux A, Tordo N, Deubel V, Baize S. Human dendritic cells infected with the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus induce stronger T-cell responses than those infected with Lassa virus. J Virol 2011; 85:8293-306. [PMID: 21632749 PMCID: PMC3147965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02120-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The events leading to death in severe cases of Lassa fever (LF) are unknown. Fatality seems to be linked to high viremia and immunosuppression, and cellular immunity, rather than neutralizing antibodies, appears to be essential for survival. We previously compared Lassa virus (LV) with its genetically close but nonpathogenic homolog Mopeia virus (MV), which was used to model nonfatal LF. We showed that strong and early activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) may play a crucial role in controlling infection. Here we developed an in vitro model of dendritic-cell (DC)-T-cell coculture in order to characterize human T-cell responses induced by MV- or LV-infected DCs. Our results show very different responses to infection with LV and MV. MV strongly and durably stimulated CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, showing early and high activation, a strong proliferative response, and acquisition of effector and memory phenotypes. Furthermore, robust and functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated. LV, however, induced only weak memory responses. Thus, this study allows an improved understanding of the pathogenesis and immune mechanisms involved in the control of human LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Pannetier
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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63
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Moreno H, Gallego I, Sevilla N, de la Torre JC, Domingo E, Martín V. Ribavirin can be mutagenic for arenaviruses. J Virol 2011; 85:7246-55. [PMID: 21561907 PMCID: PMC3126590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00614-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses include several important human pathogens, and there are very limited options of preventive or therapeutic interventions to combat these viruses. An off-label use of the purine nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is the only antiviral treatment currently available for arenavirus infections. However, the ribavirin antiviral mechanism action against arenaviruses remains unknown. Here we document that ribavirin is mutagenic for the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in cell culture. The mutagenic activity of ribavirin on LCMV was observed under single- and multiple-passage regimes and could not be accounted for by a decrease of the intracellular GTP pool promoted by ribavirin-mediated inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Our findings suggest that the antiviral activity of ribavirin on arenaviruses might be exerted, at least partially, by lethal mutagenesis. Implications for antiarenavirus therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-6, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-6, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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64
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Coulibaly-N'Golo D, Allali B, Kouassi SK, Fichet-Calvet E, Becker-Ziaja B, Rieger T, Ölschläger S, Dosso H, Denys C, ter Meulen J, Akoua-Koffi C, Günther S. Novel arenavirus sequences in Hylomyscus sp. and Mus (Nannomys) setulosus from Côte d'Ivoire: implications for evolution of arenaviruses in Africa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20893. [PMID: 21695269 PMCID: PMC3111462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify new arenaviruses and gather insights in the evolution of arenaviruses in Africa. During 2003 through 2005, 1,228 small mammals representing 14 different genera were trapped in 9 villages in south, east, and middle west of Côte d'Ivoire. Specimens were screened by pan-Old World arenavirus RT-PCRs targeting S and L RNA segments as well as immunofluorescence assay. Sequences of two novel tentative species of the family Arenaviridae, Menekre and Gbagroube virus, were detected in Hylomyscus sp. and Mus (Nannomys) setulosus, respectively. Arenavirus infection of Mus (Nannomys) setulosus was also demonstrated by serological testing. Lassa virus was not found, although 60% of the captured animals were Mastomys natalensis. Complete S RNA and partial L RNA sequences of the novel viruses were recovered from the rodent specimens and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Gbagroube virus is a closely related sister taxon of Lassa virus, while Menekre virus clusters with the Ippy/Mobala/Mopeia virus complex. Reconstruction of possible virus–host co-phylogeny scenarios suggests that, within the African continent, signatures of co-evolution might have been obliterated by multiple host-switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coulibaly-N'Golo
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus/Entérovirus, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Allali
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus/Entérovirus, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Stéphane K. Kouassi
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus/Entérovirus, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ölschläger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hernri Dosso
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie, Universite d'Abobo-Adjame, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Christiane Denys
- Département Systématique et Evolution, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus/Entérovirus, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Charrel RN, Coutard B, Baronti C, Canard B, Nougairede A, Frangeul A, Morin B, Jamal S, Schmidt CL, Hilgenfeld R, Klempa B, de Lamballerie X. Arenaviruses and hantaviruses: from epidemiology and genomics to antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:102-14. [PMID: 21356244 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses and hantaviruses are segmented genome RNA viruses that are hosted by rodents. Due to their association with rodents, they are globally widespread and can infect humans via direct or indirect routes of transmission, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, despite their obvious and emerging importance as pathogens, there are currently no effective antiviral drugs (except ribavirin which proved effective against Lassa virus) with which to treat humans infected by any of these viruses. The EU-funded VIZIER project (Comparative Structural Genomics of Viral Enzymes Involved in Replication) was instigated with an ultimate view of contributing to the development of antiviral therapies for RNA viruses, including the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. This review highlights some of the major features of the arenaviruses and hantaviruses that have been investigated during recent years. After describing their classification and epidemiology, we review progress in understanding the genomics as well as the structure and function of replicative enzymes achieved under the VIZIER program and the development of new disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Seregin AV, Yun NE, Poussard AL, Peng BH, Smith JK, Smith JN, Salazar M, Paessler S. TC83 replicon vectored vaccine provides protection against Junin virus in guinea pigs. Vaccine 2010; 28:4713-8. [PMID: 20452431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is the etiological agent of the potentially lethal, reemerging human disease, Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The mechanism of the disease development is not well understood and no antiviral therapy is available. Candid 1, a live-attenuated vaccine, has been developed by the US Army and is being used in the endemic area to prevent AHF. This vaccine is only approved for use in Argentina. In this study we have used the alphavirus-based approach to engineer a replicon system based on a human (United States Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug status) vaccine TC83 that express heterologous viral antigens, such as glycoproteins (GPC) of Junin virus (JUNV). Preclinical studies testing the immunogenicity and efficacy of TC83/GPC were performed in guinea pigs. A single dose of the live-attenuated alphavirus based vaccine expressing only GPC was immunogenic and provided partial protection, while a double dose of the same vaccine provided a complete protection against JUNV. This is the first scientific report to our knowledge that the immune response against GPC alone is sufficient to prevent lethal disease against JUNV in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Seregin
- Galveston National Laboratory, Sealy Vaccine Center and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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68
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Palacios G, Savji N, Hui J, Travassos da Rosa A, Popov V, Briese T, Tesh R, Lipkin WI. Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of Merino Walk virus, a novel arenavirus isolated in South Africa. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1315-24. [PMID: 20071489 PMCID: PMC2888150 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Merino Walk virus (MWV), a proposed novel tentative species of the family Arenaviridae, was isolated from a rodent, Myotomys unisulcatus, collected at Merino Walk, Eastern Cape, South Africa, in 1985. Full-length genomic sequence confirmed MWV as an arenavirus related distantly to Mobala, Mopeia and Ippy viruses, all members of the Old World arenavirus complex. We propose MWV as a tentative novel species in the Lassa-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus complex, based on its isolation from a novel rodent species and its genetic and serological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nazir Savji
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hui
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vsevolod Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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69
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Abraham J, Corbett KD, Farzan M, Choe H, Harrison SC. Structural basis for receptor recognition by New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:438-44. [PMID: 20208545 PMCID: PMC2920743 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses are rodent transmitted agents that cause severe, often fatal human disease. The structure of the Machupo virus glycoprotein 1 subunit in complex with its human cellular receptor, transferrin receptor 1, was solved. The interaction interfaces between the two proteins and sequence alignments suggest that these viruses fortuitously acquired the ability to bind human transferrin receptor 1 while adapting to their natural hosts. New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause severe human disease. The GP1 subunit of the surface glycoprotein mediates cell attachment through transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). We report the structure of Machupo virus (MACV) GP1 bound with human TfR1. Atomic details of the GP1-TfR1 interface clarify the importance of TfR1 residues implicated in New World arenavirus host specificity. Analysis of sequence variation among New World arenavirus GP1s and their host-species receptors, in light of the molecular structure, indicates determinants of viral zoonotic transmission. Infectivities of pseudoviruses in cells expressing mutated TfR1 confirm that contacts at the tip of the TfR1 apical domain determine the capacity of human TfR1 to mediate infection by particular New World arenaviruses. We propose that New World arenaviruses that are pathogenic to humans fortuitously acquired affinity for human TfR1 during adaptation to TfR1 of their natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Abraham
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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Zoonotic aspects of arenavirus infections. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol 2009; 35:221-70. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410902989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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72
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Briese T, Paweska JT, McMullan LK, Hutchison SK, Street C, Palacios G, Khristova ML, Weyer J, Swanepoel R, Egholm M, Nichol ST, Lipkin WI. Genetic detection and characterization of Lujo virus, a new hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from southern Africa. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000455. [PMID: 19478873 PMCID: PMC2680969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lujo virus (LUJV), a new member of the family Arenaviridae and the first hemorrhagic fever–associated arenavirus from the Old World discovered in three decades, was isolated in South Africa during an outbreak of human disease characterized by nosocomial transmission and an unprecedented high case fatality rate of 80% (4/5 cases). Unbiased pyrosequencing of RNA extracts from serum and tissues of outbreak victims enabled identification and detailed phylogenetic characterization within 72 hours of sample receipt. Full genome analyses of LUJV showed it to be unique and branching off the ancestral node of the Old World arenaviruses. The virus G1 glycoprotein sequence was highly diverse and almost equidistant from that of other Old World and New World arenaviruses, consistent with a potential distinctive receptor tropism. LUJV is a novel, genetically distinct, highly pathogenic arenavirus. In September and October 2008, five cases of undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever, four of them fatal, were recognized in South Africa after air transfer of a critically ill index case from Zambia. Serum and tissue samples from victims were subjected to unbiased pyrosequencing, yielding within 72 hours of sample receipt, multiple discrete sequence fragments that represented approximately 50% of a prototypic arenavirus genome. Thereafter, full genome sequence was generated by PCR amplification of intervening fragments using specific primers complementary to sequence obtained by pyrosequencing and a universal primer targeting the conserved arenaviral termini. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of a new member of the family Arenaviridae, provisionally named Lujo virus (LUJV) in recognition of its geographic origin (Lusaka, Zambia, and Johannesburg, South Africa). Our findings enable the development of specific reagents to further investigate the reservoir, geographic distribution, and unusual pathogenicity of LUJV, and confirm the utility of unbiased high throughput pyrosequencing for pathogen discovery and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (WIL)
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Laura K. McMullan
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Craig Street
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marina L. Khristova
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Michael Egholm
- 454 Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (WIL)
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73
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Abraham J, Kwong JA, Albariño CG, Lu JG, Radoshitzky SR, Salazar-Bravo J, Farzan M, Spiropoulou CF, Choe H. Host-species transferrin receptor 1 orthologs are cellular receptors for nonpathogenic new world clade B arenaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000358. [PMID: 19343214 PMCID: PMC2658809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a New World (NW) clade B arenavirus to enter cells using human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) strictly correlates with its ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Amapari (AMAV) and Tacaribe (TCRV), two nonpathogenic NW clade B arenaviruses that do not use human TfR1, are closely related to the NW arenaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers. Here we show that pseudotyped viruses bearing the surface glycoprotein (GP) of AMAV or TCRV can infect cells using the TfR1 orthologs of several mammalian species, including those of their respective natural hosts, the small rodent Neacomys spinosus and the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. Mutation of one residue in human TfR1 makes it a functional receptor for TCRV, and mutation of four residues makes it a functional receptor for AMAV. Our data support an in vivo role for TfR1 in the replication of most, if not all, NW clade B arenaviruses, and suggest that with modest changes in their GPs the nonpathogenic arenaviruses could use human TfR1 and emerge as human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann Kwong
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jiajie G. Lu
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Salazar-Bravo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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74
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Arenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:417-29. [PMID: 19460307 PMCID: PMC7106275 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Arenaviridae family currently comprises 22 viral species, each of them associated with a rodent species. This viral family is important both as tractable experimental model systems to study acute and persistent infections and as clinically important human pathogens. Arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a bi-segmented negative-strand RNA genome. The interaction with the cellular receptor and subsequent entry into the host cell differs between Old World and New World arenavirus that use α-dystoglycan or human transferring receptor 1, respectively, as main receptors. The recent development of reverse genetic systems for several arenaviruses has facilitated progress in understanding the molecular biology and cell biology of this viral family, as well as opening new approaches for the development of novel strategies to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses. On the other hand, increased availability of genetic data has allowed more detailed studies on the phylogeny and evolution of arenaviruses. As with other riboviruses, arenaviruses exist as viral quasispecies, which allow virus adaptation to rapidly changing environments. The large number of different arenavirus host reservoirs and great genetic diversity among virus species provide the bases for the emergence of new arenaviruses potentially pathogenic for humans.
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75
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Wu B, Melcher U, Guo X, Wang X, Fan L, Zhou G. Assessment of codivergence of mastreviruses with their plant hosts. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:335. [PMID: 19094195 PMCID: PMC2630985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses that have spent most of their evolutionary time associated with a single host lineage should have sequences that reflect codivergence of virus and host. Several examples for RNA viruses of host-virus tree congruence are being challenged. DNA viruses, such as mastreviruses, are more likely than RNA viruses to have maintained a record of host lineage association. RESULTS The full genomes of 28 isolates of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), a member of the Mastrevirus genus, from different regions of China were sequenced. The analysis of these 28 entire genomes and 18 entire genome sequences of cereal mastreviruses from other countries support the designation of wheat, barley and oat mastrevirus isolates as separate species. They revealed that relative divergence times for the viruses WDV, Barley dwarf virus (BDV), Oat dwarf virus (ODV) and Maize streak virus (MSV) are proportional to divergence times of their hosts, suggesting codivergence. Considerable diversity among Chinese isolates was found and was concentrated in hot spots in the Rep A, SIR, LIR, and intron regions in WDV genomes. Two probable recombination events were detected in Chinese WDV isolates. Analysis including further Mastrevirus genomes concentrated on coding regions to avoid difficulties due to recombination and hyperdiversity. The analysis demonstrated congruence of trees in two branches of the genus, but not in the third. Assuming codivergence, an evolutionary rate of 10-8 substitutions per site per year was calculated. The low rate implies stronger constraints against change than are obtained by other methods of estimating the rate. CONCLUSION We report tests of the hypothesis that mastreviruses have codiverged with their monocotyledonous hosts over 50 million years of evolution. The tests support the hypothesis for WDV, BDV and ODV, but not for MSV and other African streak viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanming Rd, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ulrich Melcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3035, USA
| | - Xingyi Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanming Rd, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Guanghe Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanming Rd, Beijing 100193, PR China
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76
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Blasdell KR, Becker SD, Hurst J, Begon M, Bennett M. Host range and genetic diversity of arenaviruses in rodents, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1455-8. [PMID: 18760019 PMCID: PMC2603089 DOI: 10.3201/eid1409.080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During a study to extend our knowledge of the host range and genetic diversity of arenaviruses in Great Britain, 66 of 1,147 rodent blood samples tested for antibody, and 127 of 482 tested by PCR, were found positive. All sequences most closely resembled those of previously identified lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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77
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Milazzo ML, Cajimat MNB, Haynie ML, Abbott KD, Bradley RD, Fulhorst CF. Diversity among tacaribe serocomplex viruses (family Arenaviridae) naturally associated with the white-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula) in the southwestern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:523-40. [PMID: 18454597 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayesian analyses of glycoprotein precursor and nucleocapsid protein gene sequences indicated that arenaviruses naturally associated with white-throated woodrats in central Arizona are phylogenetically closely related to the Whitewater Arroyo virus prototype strain AV 9310135, which originally was isolated from a white-throated woodrat captured in northwestern New Mexico. Pairwise comparisons of glycoprotein precursor and nucleocapsid protein amino acid sequences revealed extensive diversity among arenaviruses isolated from white-throated woodrats captured in different counties in central Arizona and extensive diversity between these viruses and Whitewater Arroyo virus strain AV 9310135. It was concluded that the viruses isolated from the white-throated woodrats captured in Arizona represent 2 novel species (Big Brushy Tank virus and Tonto Creek virus) and that these species should be included with Whitewater Arroyo virus in a species complex within the Tacaribe serocomplex (family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Louise Milazzo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA
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78
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Involvement of cytoskeleton in Junín virus entry. Virus Res 2008; 138:17-25. [PMID: 18789362 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The early events in Junín virus (JUNV) infection are not thoroughly understood. We have previously shown that JUNV enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In this report we examine the role of microfilaments and microtubules during early virus infection. Inhibitory effects of drugs affecting main cytoskeletal components on JUNV entry into Vero cells were analyzed. Drugs that disrupted microfilaments or stabilized microtubules inhibited early steps of virus entry. In contrast, drugs that stabilized microfilaments or depolymerized microtubules were not able to block virus entry very efficiently. Furthermore, real time PCR was performed to detect viral entry and we found more than 10-fold less RNA when microfilaments were depolymerized while a 100-fold diminution was seen when microtubules were stabilized. Taken together our results demonstrate that JUNV relies on an intact actin network during early infection in Vero cells while a dynamic microtubule network is also needed. This represents an important contribution to the characterization of arenavirus multiplication cycle.
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79
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Parrish CR, Holmes EC, Morens DM, Park EC, Burke DS, Calisher CH, Laughlin CA, Saif LJ, Daszak P. Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:457-70. [PMID: 18772285 PMCID: PMC2546865 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00004-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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80
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Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X, Emonet S. Phylogeny of the genus Arenavirus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:362-8. [PMID: 18602020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae consists of a unique genus (Arenavirus) that currently comprises 22 viral species, as recognized by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses. Seven newly discovered represent putative new species. Here, our aims were to provide the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of members and putative members of the family Arenaviridae to date, and to investigate the genetic diversity observed within and between recognized species of New world arenaviruses to determine whether the genetic criteria previously proposed to define arenavirus species for Old world arenaviruses should be retained or are more widely applicable to the whole genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190, Université de la Méditerranée-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France.
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81
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Molecular characterization of the genes coding for glycoprotein and L protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX. Virus Genes 2008; 37:31-8. [PMID: 18493846 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is the prototype Arenavirus with ambisense coding strategy. We have previously described a new MX strain LCMV and determined the primary structure of the genes coding for the nucleoprotein and RING finger Z protein. In this report, we describe amplification and sequencing of the entire coding sequences of additional MX genes, the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and L protein. The obtained MX GPC cDNA sequence was 1,615 nucleotides long and contained an ORF, which encodes the GPC precursor of 498 amino acids. MX L polymerase cDNA sequence was 6,668 nucleotides long and predicted ORF encodes the L polymerase of 2,209 amino acids. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the known GPC and L sequences and the comparison revealed that both genes shared the highest amino acid identity with Armstrong strain. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that MX represents a separate LCMV strain. The GPC and L genes products contained several characteristic conserved regions. On the other hand, we have observed numerous differences in predicted protein sequences, which distinguish MX LCMV from other LCMV strains and might be of potential biological significance.
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82
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Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000047. [PMID: 18421377 PMCID: PMC2277458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A small focus of hemorrhagic fever (HF) cases occurred near Cochabamba, Bolivia, in December 2003 and January 2004. Specimens were available from only one fatal case, which had a clinical course that included fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and vomiting with subsequent deterioration and multiple hemorrhagic signs. A non-cytopathic virus was isolated from two of the patient serum samples, and identified as an arenavirus by IFA staining with a rabbit polyvalent antiserum raised against South American arenaviruses known to be associated with HF (Guanarito, Machupo, and Sabiá). RT-PCR analysis and subsequent analysis of the complete virus S and L RNA segment sequences identified the virus as a member of the New World Clade B arenaviruses, which includes all the pathogenic South American arenaviruses. The virus was shown to be most closely related to Sabiá virus, but with 26% and 30% nucleotide difference in the S and L segments, and 26%, 28%, 15% and 22% amino acid differences for the L, Z, N, and GP proteins, respectively, indicating the virus represents a newly discovered arenavirus, for which we propose the name Chapare virus. In conclusion, two different arenaviruses, Machupo and Chapare, can be associated with severe HF cases in Bolivia.
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83
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Receptor determinants of zoonotic transmission of New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2664-9. [PMID: 18268337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709254105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a cellular receptor for the New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses Machupo (MACV), Junín (JUNV), and Guanarito (GTOV). Each of these viruses is specifically adapted to a distinct rodent host species, but all cause human disease. Here we compare the ability of these viruses to use various mammalian transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) orthologs, including those of the South American rodents that serve as reservoirs for MACV, JUNV, and GTOV (Calomys callosus, Calomys musculinus, and Zygodontomys brevicauda, respectively). Retroviruses pseudotyped with MACV and JUNV but not GTOV glycoproteins (GPs) efficiently used C. callosus TfR1, whereas only JUNV GP could use C. musculinus TfR1. All three viruses efficiently used Z. brevicauda TfR1. TfR1 orthologs from related rodents, including house mouse (Mus musculus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus), did not support entry of these viruses. In contrast, these viruses efficiently used human and domestic cat TfR1 orthologs. We further show that a local region of the human TfR1 apical domain, including tyrosine 211, determined the efficiency with which MACV, JUNV, and GTOV used various TfR1 orthologs. Our data show that these New World arenaviruses are specifically adapted to the TfR1 orthologs of their respective rodent hosts and identify key commonalities between these orthologs and human TfR1 necessary for efficient transmission of these viruses to humans.
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85
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Reignier T, Oldenburg J, Flanagan ML, Hamilton GA, Martin VK, Cannon PM. Receptor use by the Whitewater Arroyo virus glycoprotein. Virology 2007; 371:439-46. [PMID: 17997467 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV) is a North American New World arenavirus, first isolated from rats in New Mexico in 1993, and tentatively associated with three human fatalities in California in 1999-2000. However, it remains unclear whether WWAV was the cause of these, or any other, human infections. One important characteristic of viruses that influences pathogenic potential is the choice of cellular receptor and the corresponding tropism of the virus. In the arenaviruses, these properties are determined largely by the viral glycoprotein (GP). We have previously noted for the New World clade B arenaviruses, which include four severe human pathogens, that the ability to cause human disease correlates with the ability of the GP to use the human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) to enter cells. In addition, pseudotyped retroviral vectors displaying the GPs from pathogenic clade B viruses transduced a range of cell lines in vitro that were distinct from those that could be transduced by non-pathogenic clade B viruses. WWAV was initially classified as a New World clade A virus, based on sequence analysis of its nucleoprotein gene. However, more extensive analyses have revealed that WWAV and the other North American arenaviruses are probably recombinant clade A/B viruses, and that the WWAV GP is more closely related to the clade B GPs. Based on this finding, we sought to understand more about the possible pathogenic potential of WWAV by determining whether its clade B-like GP exhibited the characteristics of a pathogenic or non-pathogenic clade B virus. Our studies found that WWAV GP did not use hTfR1 for entry, and that its overall in vitro tropism was most similar to the GPs from the non-pathogenic clade B viruses. Although many viral factors in addition to GP receptor use and tropism determine whether a virus is able to cause disease in humans, our analysis of the WWAV GP does not support the idea that WWAV is a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Reignier
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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86
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Vieth S, Drosten C, Lenz O, Vincent M, Omilabu S, Hass M, Becker-Ziaja B, ter Meulen J, Nichol ST, Schmitz H, Günther S. RT-PCR assay for detection of Lassa virus and related Old World arenaviruses targeting the L gene. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:1253-64. [PMID: 17905372 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes an RT-PCR assay targeting the L RNA segment of arenaviruses. Conserved regions were identified in the polymerase domain of the L gene on the basis of published sequences for Lassa virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Pichinde virus and Tacaribe virus, as well as 15 novel sequences for Lassa virus, LCMV, Ippy virus, Mobala virus and Mopeia virus determined in this study. Using these regions as target sites, a PCR assay for detection of all known Old World arenaviruses was developed and optimized. The concentration that yields 95% positive results in a set of replicate tests (95% detection limit) was determined to be 4290 copies of Lassa virus L RNA per ml of serum, corresponding to 30 copies per reaction. The ability of the assay to detect various Old World arenaviruses was demonstrated with in vitro transcribed RNA, material from infected cell cultures and samples from patients with Lassa fever and monkeys with LCMV-associated callitrichid hepatitis. The L gene PCR assay may be applicable: (i) as a complementary diagnostic test for Lassa virus and LCMV; (ii) to identify unknown Old World arenaviruses suspected as aetiological agents of disease; and (iii) for screening of potential reservoir hosts for unknown Old World arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vieth
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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87
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Eschli B, Zellweger RM, Wepf A, Lang KS, Quirin K, Weber J, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Early antibodies specific for the neutralizing epitope on the receptor binding subunit of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein fail to neutralize the virus. J Virol 2007; 81:11650-7. [PMID: 17699567 PMCID: PMC2168768 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a murine arenavirus whose glycoprotein consists of a transmembrane subunit (GP-2) and a receptor-binding subunit (GP-1). LCMV-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are directed against a single site on GP-1 and occur 1 month after the infection of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) deficient mice. In wild-type mice, however, CTLs control early infection, and weak nAb titers emerge very late (after 70 to 150 days) if at all. Production of recombinant GP-1 in native conformation enabled us to study the emergence of GP-1-binding antibodies directed against the neutralizing epitope. By combining binding and neutralization assays, we correlated the development of binding antibodies versus nAbs in wild-type and CTL-deficient mice after infection with different LCMV doses. We found that wild-type mice developed GP-1-specific antibodies already by day 8 after exposure to high but not low doses, demonstrating that naive GP-1-specific B cells were infrequent. Furthermore, the induced antibodies bound to the neutralizing GP-1 epitope but failed to neutralize the virus and therefore were of low affinity. In CTL-deficient mice, where massive viremia quickly levels initial differences in viral load, low and high doses induced low-affinity non-neutralizing GP-1-binding antibodies with kinetics similar to high-dose-infected wild-type mice. Only in CTL-deficient mice, however, the GP-1-specific antibodies developed into nAbs within 1 month. We conclude that LCMV uses a dual strategy to evade nAb responses in wild-type mice. First, LCMV exploits a "hole" in the murine B-cell repertoire, which provides only a small and narrow initial pool of low-affinity GP-1-specific B cells. Second, affinity maturation of the available low-affinity non-neutralizing antibodies is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Eschli
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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88
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Cajimat MN, Milazzo ML, Hess BD, Rood MP, Fulhorst CF. Principal host relationships and evolutionary history of the North American arenaviruses. Virology 2007; 367:235-43. [PMID: 17624390 PMCID: PMC2323605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A previous study suggested that the genomes of the arenaviruses native to North America are a product of genetic recombination between New World arenaviruses with significantly different phylogenetic histories. The purpose of this study was to extend our knowledge of the principal host relationships and evolutionary history of the North American arenaviruses. The results of this study suggest that the large-eared woodrat (Neotoma macrotis) is a principal host of Bear Canyon virus and that the present-day association of Bear Canyon virus with the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) in southern California represents a successful host-jumping event from the large-eared woodrat to the California mouse. Together, the results of analyses of viral gene sequence data in this study and our knowledge of the phylogeography of the rodents that serve as principal hosts of the New World arenaviruses suggest that genetic recombination between arenaviruses with significantly different phylogenetic histories did not play a role in the evolution of the North American arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N.B. Cajimat
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019
- Current affiliation: University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
| | - Mary Louise Milazzo
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609,
| | - Barry D. Hess
- County of Riverside, Department of Environmental Health, Vector Control Program, 800 South Sanderson Avenue, Hemet, California 92545,
| | - Michael P. Rood
- County of Los Angeles, Department of Public Health, Vector-borne Disease Surveillance Unit, 5050 Commerce Drive, Baldwin Park, California 91706,
| | - Charles F. Fulhorst
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609,
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89
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Emonet S, Retornaz K, Gonzalez JP, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Mouse-to-human transmission of variant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:472-5. [PMID: 17552104 PMCID: PMC2725903 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection led to investigation of the reservoir. LCMV was detected in mice trapped at the patient's home, and 12 isolates were recovered. Genetic analysis showed that human and mouse LCMVs were identical and that this LCMV strain was highly divergent from previously characterized LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Retornaz
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille Nord, Marseille, France
| | | | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi N. Charrel
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Bangkok, Thailand
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90
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Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV) entry is conducted by receptor-mediated endocytosis. To explore the cellular entry mechanism of JUNV, inhibitory effects of drugs affecting the main endocytic pathways on JUNV entry into Vero cells were analysed. Compounds that impair clathrin-mediated endocytosis were shown to reduce virus internalization without affecting virion binding. In contrast, drugs that alter lipid-raft microdomains, impairing caveola-mediated endocytosis, were not able to block virus entry. To show direct evidence of JUNV entry, transmission electron microscopy was performed; it showed JUNV particles of about 60–100 nm in membrane depressions that had an electron-dense coating. In addition, JUNV particles were found within invaginations of the plasma membrane and vesicles that resembled those of pits and clathrin-coated vesicles. Taken together, these results demonstrate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the main JUNV entry pathway into Vero cells and represent an important contribution to the characterization of the arenavirus multiplication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Martinez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Cordo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nélida A Candurra
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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91
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Carrion R, Patterson JL, Johnson C, Gonzales M, Moreira CR, Ticer A, Brasky K, Hubbard GB, Moshkoff D, Zapata J, Salvato MS, Lukashevich IS. A ML29 reassortant virus protects guinea pigs against a distantly related Nigerian strain of Lassa virus and can provide sterilizing immunity. Vaccine 2007; 25:4093-102. [PMID: 17360080 PMCID: PMC1892204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is responsible for the deaths of thousands of people in West Africa annually. Genetic diversity among LASV strains is the highest among the Arenaviridae and represents a great challenge for vaccine development. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a ML29 reassortant vaccine experienced sterilizing immunity and complete protection when challenged on day 30 either with homologous virus or with the distantly related Nigerian isolate. Simultaneous vaccination-challenge or challenge on day 2 after vaccination also protected 60-100% of the animals against both strains, but without sterilizing immunity. These results indicate that simultaneous replication of ML29 and LASV attenuates the virulence of LASV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Carrion
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
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92
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Lecompte E, ter Meulen J, Emonet S, Daffis S, Charrel RN. Genetic identification of Kodoko virus, a novel arenavirus of the African pigmy mouse (Mus Nannomys minutoides) in West Africa. Virology 2007; 364:178-83. [PMID: 17382366 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence of a novel arenavirus species related to but distinct from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was obtained from a rodent belonging to an endemic African subgenus of Mus (Nannomys). The phylogenetic position among Old World arenaviruses of this new arenavirus, named Kodoko virus, was reconstructed based on L and NP genes sequences. The finding of an Old World arenavirus related to LCMV outside the known geographical range of LCMV in a novel rodent species reveals new insights about the evolutionary history of arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lecompte
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerweinstrasse, 35 043 Marburg, Germany.
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93
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Bui HH, Botten J, Fusseder N, Pasquetto V, Mothe B, Buchmeier MJ, Sette A. Protein sequence database for pathogenic arenaviruses. Immunome Res 2007; 3:1. [PMID: 17288609 PMCID: PMC1803765 DOI: 10.1186/1745-7580-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arenaviruses are a family of rodent-borne viruses that cause several hemorrhagic fevers. These diseases can be devastating and are often lethal. Herein, to aid in the design and development of diagnostics, treatments and vaccines for arenavirus infections, we have developed a database containing protein sequences from the seven pathogenic arenaviruses (Junin, Guanarito, Sabia, Machupo, Whitewater Arroyo, Lassa and LCMV). RESULTS The database currently contains a non-redundant set of 333 protein sequences which were manually annotated. All entries were linked to NCBI and cited PubMed references. The database has a convenient query interface including BLAST search. Sequence variability analyses were also performed and the results are hosted in the database. CONCLUSION The database is available at http://epitope.liai.org:8080/projects/arena and can be used to aid in studies that require proteomic information from pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh-Hoa Bui
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason Botten
- The Scripps Research Institute, Molecular & Integrative Neurosciences Department, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicolas Fusseder
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Valerie Pasquetto
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bianca Mothe
- California State University, Department of Biology, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Michael J Buchmeier
- The Scripps Research Institute, Molecular & Integrative Neurosciences Department, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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94
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Abstract
The Arenaviridae family contains 22 recognized virus species, each of them strongly associated with a rodent species (except Tacaribe virus which is associated with a species of bat), suggesting an ancient co-evolutionary process. Although the concept of co-evolution between rodents and arenaviruses is now largely accepted, little has been uncovered in terms of dating the phenomenon and the mechanisms of evolution, including speciation and pathogenicity. These questions are targeted in the present chapter. Old World arenaviruses are associated with the Eurasian rodents in the family Muridae. New World arenaviruses are associated with American rodents in the subfamily Sigmodontinae. The correlation between the rodent host phylogeny and the viruses suggests a long association and a co-evolutionary process. Furthermore, three distinct New World arenaviruses share a common ancestor, demonstrating a unique recombination event that probably occurred in that ancestor. This shows that recombination among arenaviruses of different lineages might occur in nature. Recombination and co-evolutionary adaptation appear as the main mechanisms of arenavirus evolution, generating a high degree of diversity. The diversity among rodent host reservoir and virus species and the potential to exchange genomic material provide a basis for the emergence of new viruses and the risk of these becoming pathogenic for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034 New Haven, CT USA
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845 Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010 IA USA
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95
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Goñi SE, Iserte JA, Ambrosio AM, Romanowski V, Ghiringhelli PD, Lozano ME. Genomic features of attenuated Junín virus vaccine strain candidate. Virus Genes 2006; 32:37-41. [PMID: 16525733 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Junin virus strain Candid #1 was developed as a live attenuated vaccine for Argentine haemorrhagic fever. In this paper, we report the nucleotide sequences of L RNA of Candid #1 and examine the relationship to its more virulent ancestors Junin virus XJ#44 and XJ 13 (prototype) and other closely and distantly related arenaviruses. Comparisons of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of L and Z genes of Candid #1 and its progenitor strains revealed twelve point mutations in the L polypeptide that are unique to the vaccine strain. These changes could be provisionally associated with the attenuated phenotype. In contrast, Z ORF was completely conserved among all strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Elizabeth Goñi
- LIGBCM, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Rogue Saenz Peña 180, B1876BXD, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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96
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Eschli B, Quirin K, Wepf A, Weber J, Zinkernagel R, Hengartner H. Identification of an N-terminal trimeric coiled-coil core within arenavirus glycoprotein 2 permits assignment to class I viral fusion proteins. J Virol 2006; 80:5897-907. [PMID: 16731928 PMCID: PMC1472595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00008-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) consists of the transmembrane subunit GP-2 and the receptor binding subunit GP-1. Both are synthesized as one precursor protein and stay noncovalently attached after cleavage. In this study, we determined the oligomeric state of the LCMV GP and expressed it in two different conformations suitable for structural analysis. Sequence analysis of GP-2 identified a trimeric heptad repeat pattern containing an N-terminal alpha-helix. An alpha-helical peptide matching this region formed a stable oligomer as revealed by gel filtration chromatography and dynamic light scattering. In contrast, a second alpha-helical peptide corresponding to a predicted C-terminal alpha-helix within GP-2 did not oligomerize. Refolding of the complete GP-2 ectodomain revealed trimeric all-alpha complexes probably representing the six-helix bundle state that is considered a hallmark of class I viral fusion proteins. Based on these results, we generated a construct consisting of the complete uncleavable LCMV GP ectodomain fused C-terminally to the trimeric motif of fibritin. Gel filtration analysis of the secreted fusion protein identified two complexes of approximately 230 and approximately 440 kDa. Both complexes bound to a set of conformational and linear antibodies. Cross-linking confirmed the 230-kDa complex to be a trimer. The 440-kDa complexes were found to represent disulfide-linked pairs of trimers, since partial reduction converted them to a complex species migrating at 250 kDa. By electron microscopy, the 230-kDa complexes appeared as single spherical particles and showed no signs of rosette formation. Our results clearly demonstrate that the arenavirus GP is a trimer and must be considered a member of the class I viral fusion protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Eschli
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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97
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Sevilla N, de la Torre JC. Arenavirus diversity and evolution: quasispecies in vivo. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 299:315-35. [PMID: 16568904 PMCID: PMC7120374 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26397-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arenaviruses exist as viral quasispecies due to the high mutation rates of the low-fidelity viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This genomic heterogeneity is advantageous to the population, allowing for adaptation to rapidly changing environments that present varying types and degrees of selective pressure. The significant variation in biological properties observed among lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strains, the prototypic arenavirus, indicates to what extent a quasispecies dynamics may play a role in arenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Several aspects of arenavirus variability and its contribution to pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sevilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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98
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Rojek JM, Spiropoulou CF, Kunz S. Characterization of the cellular receptors for the South American hemorrhagic fever viruses Junin, Guanarito, and Machupo. Virology 2006; 349:476-91. [PMID: 16574183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The New World arenaviruses Junin, Machupo, and Guanarito are the causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers (HF) with high mortality in humans. The cellular receptor for Old World arenaviruses and one subgroup of the New World arenaviruses (Clade C) have been identified as alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). In contrast, the receptor(s) of the South American HF viruses, which belong to the Clade B New World arenaviruses, are currently unknown. To begin to characterize the cellular receptors used by these pathogens, we generated recombinant retroviral pseudotypes with the glycoproteins of Guanarito, Junin, and Machupo. Infection with the South American HF viruses is independent of alpha-DG and functional receptors for Guanarito, Junin, and Machupo were found on most human cell types and cells derived from non-human primate and rodents. Guanarito, Junin, and Machupo share a common receptor, which is distinct from the receptor(s) used by the closely related non-pathogenic Clade B virus Amapari, and the genetically more distant Clade A and C New World arenaviruses. We show that the cellular receptor(s) for the South American HF viruses are proteins or protein-linked entities and that infection is not dependent on protein-linked N-glycans, O-glycans, or glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Rojek
- Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Emonet S, Lemasson JJ, Gonzalez JP, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Phylogeny and evolution of old world arenaviruses. Virology 2006; 350:251-7. [PMID: 16494913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intention of this study was to investigate the genomics, phylogeny and evolution of the Old World arenaviruses based on sequence data representing the four viral genes. To achieve this aim, we sequenced the complete S and L RNA segments of Ippy virus (IPPYV), Mobala virus (MOBV) and Mopeia virus (MOPV). Full-length sequences of the NP, GPC, Z and L genes were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and to compare resulting tree topologies. Each of the five Old World arenavirus species (namely Lassa virus [LASV], IPPYV, MOBV, MOPV and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [LCMV]) are monophyletic; seven selected strains of LASV showed a similar topology regardless of the gene under analysis; IPPYV rooted the three other African arenaviruses; the four African arenaviruses are rooted by the ubiquitous LCMV; and the tree topologies of the three African arenaviruses other than LASV are identical regardless of the gene used for analysis. No evidence for significant evolutionary events such as intra- or intersegmental recombination was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Emonet
- Unité des Virus Emergents (EA3292, IFR48, IRD UR178), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Kallio-Kokko H, Uzcategui N, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A. Viral zoonoses in Europe. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:1051-77. [PMID: 16024128 PMCID: PMC7110368 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bio-weapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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