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Nyakarahuka L, Kyondo J, Telford C, Whitesell A, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, Baluku J, Cossaboom CM, Cannon DL, Montgomery JM, Lutwama JJ, Nichol ST, Balinandi SK, Klena JD, Shoemaker TR. Seroepidemiological investigation of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in livestock in Uganda, 2017. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288587. [PMID: 37943886 PMCID: PMC10635543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important zoonotic disease transmitted to humans both by tick vectors and contact with fluids from an infected animal or human. Although animals are not symptomatic when infected, they are the main source of human infection. Uganda has reported sporadic human outbreaks of CCHF in various parts of the country since 2013. We designed a nationwide epidemiological study to investigate the burden of CCHF in livestock. A total of 3181 animals were sampled; 1732 cattle (54.4%), 1091 goats (34.3%), and 358 sheep (11.3%) resulting in overall livestock seropositivity of IgG antibodies against CCHF virus (CCHFV) of 31.4% (999/3181). Seropositivity in cattle was 16.9% and in sheep and goats was 48.8%. Adult and juvenile animals had higher seropositivity compared to recently born animals, and seropositivity was higher in female animals (33.5%) compared to male animals (24.1%). Local breeds had higher (36.8%) compared to exotic (2.8%) and cross breeds (19.3%). Animals that had a history of abortion or stillbirth had higher seropositivity compared to those without a history of abortion or stillbirth. CCHFV seropositivity appeared to be generally higher in northern districts of the country, though spatial trends among sampled districts were not examined. A multivariate regression analysis using a generalized linear mixed model showed that animal species, age, sex, region, and elevation were all significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity after adjusting for the effects of other model predictors. This study shows that CCHFV is actively circulating in Uganda, posing a serious risk for human infection. The results from this study can be used to help target surveillance efforts for early case detection in animals and limit subsequent spillover into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Carson Telford
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy Whitesell
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Baluku
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Cannon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trevor R. Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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2
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Nyakarahuka L, Kyondo J, Telford C, Whitesell A, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, Baluku J, Cossaboom CM, Cannon DL, Montgomery JM, Lutwama JJ, Nichol ST, Balinandi S, Klena JD, Shoemaker TR. A Countrywide Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Livestock, Uganda, 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:548-553. [PMID: 37524326 PMCID: PMC10484263 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever was reported in the Kabale District in Uganda for the first time in 48 years. Three human cases were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, and subsequent serological investigations revealed an overall IgG seropositivity of 13% in humans and 13% in animals. In response to this reemergence, we designed a countrywide survey to determine the seropositivity of anti-Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) IgG antibodies in livestock. Samples were collected from 27 districts and tested for RVFV anti-IgG antibodies. A total of 3,181 livestock samples were tested, of which 54.4% were cattle (1,732 of 3,181), 34.3% were goats (1,091 of 3,181), and 11.3% were sheep (358 of 3,181). Overall RVFV seropositivity was 6.9% (221 of 3,181). Seroprevalence was greater in cattle (10.7%) compared with goats (2.6%) and sheep (2.0%), among females (7.5%) compared with males (5.2%), and among adults (7.6%) compared with juveniles (4.9%) and nurslings (6.4%). Exotic breeds and animals with a history of abortion or stillbirth also had greater odds of RVFV seropositivity. Animals grazed under tethering and paddocking had greater RVFV seropositivity compared with animals that grazed communally, and livestock in the western and eastern regions had the greatest seroprevalence. In a multivariate regression model, animal species (odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% CI, 3.5-11.4) and age (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.6) were associated significantly with RVFV seropositivity. This study could be important in developing risk-based surveillance for early outbreak detection to limit the spread of RVFV in both human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Carson Telford
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Whitesell
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Baluku
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deborah L. Cannon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Trevor R. Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Welch SR, Spengler JR, Genzer SC, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Sorvillo TE, Scholte FE, Rodriguez SE, O’Neal TJ, Ritter JM, Ficarra G, Davies KA, Kainulainen MH, Karaaslan E, Bergeron É, Goldsmith CS, Lo MK, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF. Single-dose mucosal replicon-particle vaccine protects against lethal Nipah virus infection up to 3 days after vaccination. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh4057. [PMID: 37540755 PMCID: PMC10403222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes a highly lethal disease in humans who present with acute respiratory or neurological signs. No vaccines against NiV have been approved to date. Here, we report on the clinical impact of a novel NiV-derived nonspreading replicon particle lacking the fusion (F) protein gene (NiVΔF) as a vaccine in three small animal models of disease. A broad antibody response was detected that included immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA subtypes with demonstrable Fc-mediated effector function targeting multiple viral antigens. Single-dose intranasal vaccination up to 3 days before challenge prevented clinical signs and reduced virus levels in hamsters and immunocompromised mice; decreases were seen in tissues and mucosal secretions, critically decreasing potential for virus transmission. This virus replicon particle system provides a vital tool to the field and demonstrates utility as a highly efficacious and safe vaccine candidate that can be administered parenterally or mucosally to protect against lethal Nipah disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sarah C. Genzer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - JoAnn D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Teresa E. Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sergio E. Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - T. Justin O’Neal
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Georgia Ficarra
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katherine A. Davies
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Markus H. Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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4
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Dyal J, Kofman A, Kollie JZ, Fankhauser J, Orone R, Soka MJ, Glaybo U, Kiawu A, Freeman E, Giah G, Tony HD, Faikai M, Jawara M, Kamara K, Kamara S, Flowers B, Kromah ML, Desamu-Thorpe R, Graziano J, Brown S, Morales-Betoulle ME, Cannon DL, Su K, Linderman SL, Plucinski M, Rogier E, Bradbury RS, Secor WE, Bowden KE, Phillips C, Carrington MN, Park YH, Martin MP, Aguinaga MDP, Mushi R, Haberling DL, Ervin ED, Klena JD, Massaquoi M, Nyenswah T, Nichol ST, Chiriboga DE, Williams DE, Hinrichs SH, Ahmed R, Vonhm BT, Rollin PE, Purpura LJ, Choi MJ. Risk Factors for Ebola Virus Persistence in Semen of Survivors in Liberia. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e849-e856. [PMID: 35639875 PMCID: PMC10169428 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in immunologically privileged sites has been implicated in recent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study was designed to understand how the acute course of EVD, convalescence, and host immune and genetic factors may play a role in prolonged viral persistence in semen. METHODS A cohort of 131 male EVD survivors in Liberia were enrolled in a case-case study. "Early clearers" were defined as those with 2 consecutive negative EBOV semen test results by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) ≥2 weeks apart within 1 year after discharge from the Ebola treatment unit or acute EVD. "Late clearers" had detectable EBOV RNA by rRT-PCR >1 year after discharge from the Ebola treatment unit or acute EVD. Retrospective histories of their EVD clinical course were collected by questionnaire, followed by complete physical examinations and blood work. RESULTS Compared with early clearers, late clearers were older (median, 42.5 years; P < .001) and experienced fewer severe clinical symptoms (median 2, P = .006). Late clearers had more lens opacifications (odds ratio, 3.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-13.3]; P = .03), after accounting for age, higher total serum immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) titers (P = .005), and increased expression of the HLA-C*03:04 allele (0.14 [.02-.70]; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Older age, decreased illness severity, elevated total serum IgG3 and HLA-C*03:04 allele expression may be risk factors for the persistence of EBOV in the semen of EVD survivors. EBOV persistence in semen may also be associated with its persistence in other immunologically protected sites, such as the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dyal
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron Kofman
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Romeo Orone
- ELWA Hospital, Samaritan's Purse, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Moses J Soka
- ELWA Hospital, Samaritan's Purse, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Uriah Glaybo
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Armah Kiawu
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Edna Freeman
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Henry D Tony
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Mary Jawara
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Kuku Kamara
- Men's Health Screening Program, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | | | | | - Rodel Desamu-Thorpe
- Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Graziano
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelley Brown
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria E Morales-Betoulle
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deborah L Cannon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Mateusz Plucinski
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine E Bowden
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christi Phillips
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary N Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yeon-Hwa Park
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen P Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar Aguinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Sickle Cell Center, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Sickle Cell Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Mushi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Sickle Cell Center, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana L Haberling
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Ervin
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Chiriboga
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Desmond E Williams
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven H Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Pierre E Rollin
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence J Purpura
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary J Choi
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Loayza Mafayle R, Morales-Betoulle ME, Romero C, Cossaboom CM, Whitmer S, Alvarez Aguilera CE, Avila Ardaya C, Cruz Zambrana M, Dávalos Anajia A, Mendoza Loayza N, Montaño AM, Morales Alvis FL, Revollo Guzmán J, Sasías Martínez S, Alarcón De La Vega G, Medina Ramírez A, Molina Gutiérrez JT, Cornejo Pinto AJ, Salas Bacci R, Brignone J, Garcia J, Añez A, Mendez-Rico J, Luz K, Segales A, Torrez Cruz KM, Valdivia-Cayoja A, Amman BR, Choi MJ, Erickson BR, Goldsmith C, Graziano JC, Joyce A, Klena JD, Leach A, Malenfant JH, Nichol ST, Patel K, Sealy T, Shoemaker T, Spiropoulou CF, Todres A, Towner JS, Montgomery JM. Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever and Virus Detection in Rodents in Bolivia in 2019. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2283-2294. [PMID: 35704480 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown. METHODS We obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation. RESULTS Nine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as Mammarenavirus Chapare mammarenavirus, or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys microtis). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS M. Chapare mammarenavirus was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, O. microtis. (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arenaviruses, New World/genetics
- Arenaviruses, New World/isolation & purification
- Bolivia/epidemiology
- Cross Infection/transmission
- Cross Infection/virology
- Disease Transmission, Infectious
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/complications
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/transmission
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/virology
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/transmission
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/virology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Rats/virology
- Rodentia/virology
- Viral Zoonoses/transmission
- Viral Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Loayza Mafayle
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Maria E Morales-Betoulle
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Carla Romero
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Caitlin M Cossaboom
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Carlos E Alvarez Aguilera
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Cinthia Avila Ardaya
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Mirian Cruz Zambrana
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Andrés Dávalos Anajia
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Nelly Mendoza Loayza
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Ana-Maria Montaño
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Fernando L Morales Alvis
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jimmy Revollo Guzmán
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Sebastián Sasías Martínez
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Gricel Alarcón De La Vega
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Armando Medina Ramírez
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jhemis T Molina Gutiérrez
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Alex J Cornejo Pinto
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Renata Salas Bacci
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Julia Brignone
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jorge Garcia
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Arletta Añez
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Kleber Luz
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Ariel Segales
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Karen M Torrez Cruz
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Adolfo Valdivia-Cayoja
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Brian R Amman
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Mary J Choi
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Bobbie-Rae Erickson
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Cynthia Goldsmith
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - James C Graziano
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Allison Joyce
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - John D Klena
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Austin Leach
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jason H Malenfant
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Ketan Patel
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Tara Sealy
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Alison Todres
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- From Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (R.L.M., C.E.A.A., C.A.A., M.C.Z., A.D.A., N.M.L., A.-M.M., F.L.M.A., J.R.G., S.S.M.), and Unidad de Epidemiología (C.R., G.A.D.L.V., A.M.R., J.T.M.G.), Unidad de Gestión de Riesgos en Salud Ambiental, Emergencias y Desastres (A.J.C.P.), and Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud "Dr. Néstor Morales Villazón" (R.S.B.), Ministerio de Salud, the Pan American Health Organization (A.A.), Hospital Obrero No. 1, Caja Nacional de Salud (A.S.), Hospital Militar Central, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés (K.M.T.C.), and Hospital de Clínicas (A.V.-C.), La Paz - all in Bolivia; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (M.E.M.-B., C.M.C., S.W., B.R.A., M.J.C., B.-R.E., C.G., J.C.G., A.J., J.D.K., A.L., J.H.M., S.T.N., K.P., T. Sealy, T. Shoemaker, C.F.S., A.T., J.S.T., J.M.M.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui," Pergamino, Argentina (J.B., J.G.); the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (J.M.-R.); and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (K.L.)
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6
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Rodriguez SE, Hawman DW, Sorvillo TE, O'Neal TJ, Bird BH, Rodriguez LL, Bergeron É, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Immunobiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 2022; 199:105244. [PMID: 35026307 PMCID: PMC9245446 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human infection with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a tick-borne pathogen in the family Nairoviridae, can result in a spectrum of outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection through mild clinical signs to severe or fatal disease. Studies of CCHFV immunobiology have investigated the relationship between innate and adaptive immune responses with disease severity, attempting to elucidate factors associated with differential outcomes. In this article, we begin by highlighting unanswered questions, then review current efforts to answer them. We discuss in detail current clinical studies and research in laboratory animals on CCHF, including immune targets of infection and adaptive and innate immune responses. We summarize data about the role of the immune response in natural infections of animals and humans and experimental studies in vitro and in vivo and from evaluating immune-based therapies and vaccines, and present recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Teresa E Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T Justin O'Neal
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian H Bird
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, New York, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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7
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Schuh AJ, Kyondo J, Graziano J, Balinandi S, Kainulainen MH, Tumusiime A, Nyakarahuka L, Mulei S, Baluku J, Lonergan W, Mayer O, Masereka R, Masereka F, Businge E, Gatare A, Kabyanga L, Muhindo S, Mugabe R, Makumbi I, Kayiwa J, Wetaka MM, Brown V, Ojwang J, Nelson L, Millard M, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Taboy CH, Lutwama JJ, Klena JD. Rapid establishment of a frontline field laboratory in response to an imported outbreak of Ebola virus disease in western Uganda, June 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009967. [PMID: 34860831 PMCID: PMC8673597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu in August 2018. By June 2019, the outbreak had spread to 26 health zones in northeastern DRC, causing >2,000 reported cases and >1,000 deaths. On June 10, 2019, three members of a Congolese family with EVD-like symptoms traveled to western Uganda’s Kasese District to seek medical care. Shortly thereafter, the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Surveillance and Laboratory Program (VHF program) at the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) confirmed that all three patients had EVD. The Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of EVD in Uganda’s Kasese District, notified the World Health Organization, and initiated a rapid response to contain the outbreak. As part of this response, UVRI and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with the support of Uganda’s Public Health Emergency Operations Center, the Kasese District Health Team, the Superintendent of Bwera General Hospital, the United States Department of Defense’s Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and the United States Mission to Kampala’s Global Health Security Technical Working Group, jointly established an Ebola Field Laboratory in Kasese District at Bwera General Hospital, proximal to an Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU). The laboratory consisted of a rapid containment kit for viral inactivation of patient specimens and a GeneXpert Instrument for performing Xpert Ebola assays. Laboratory staff tested 76 specimens from alert and suspect cases of EVD; the majority were admitted to the ETU (89.3%) and reported recent travel to the DRC (58.9%). Although no EVD cases were detected by the field laboratory, it played an important role in patient management and epidemiological surveillance by providing diagnostic results in <3 hours. The integration of the field laboratory into Uganda’s National VHF Program also enabled patient specimens to be referred to Entebbe for confirmatory EBOV testing and testing for other hemorrhagic fever viruses that circulate in Uganda. Following an imported outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Uganda’s western Kasese District, the Uganda Virus Research Institute and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention jointly established a frontline field laboratory to test specimens collected from alert and suspect cases for Ebola virus disease. Using a single room equipped with a rapid containment kit to safely inactivate patient specimens and a GeneXpert to perform the Xpert Ebola Assay, the field laboratory rapidly ruled-out Ebola virus disease as the cause of illness in 76 patients during its 46 operational days. All specimens were also referred to Uganda Virus Research Institute (Entebbe) for confirmatory Ebola virus testing and testing against a panel of viruses known to cause hemorrhagic fever in Uganda, in line with the National Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program’s testing protocol and mandate. The Ebola field laboratory served as a valuable asset in the outbreak response by supporting patient management and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJS); (JDK)
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - James Graziano
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Markus H. Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Baluku
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - William Lonergan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oren Mayer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond Mugabe
- Uganda Central Public Health Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Uganda Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Kayiwa
- Uganda Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Vance Brown
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lisa Nelson
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celine H. Taboy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJS); (JDK)
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8
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Whitesell A, Bustamante ND, Stewart M, Freeman J, Dismer AM, Alarcon W, Kofman A, Ben Hamida A, Nichol ST, Damon I, Haberling DL, Keita M, Mbuyi G, Armstrong G, Juang D, Dana J, Choi MJ. Development and implementation of the Ebola Exposure Window Calculator: A tool for Ebola virus disease outbreak field investigations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255631. [PMID: 34352008 PMCID: PMC8341611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, calculating the exposure window of a confirmed case can assist field investigators in identifying the source of infection and establishing chains of transmission. However, field investigators often have difficulty calculating this window. We developed a bilingual (English/French), smartphone-based field application to assist field investigators in determining the exposure window of an EVD case. The calculator only requires the reported date of symptoms onset and the type of symptoms present at onset or the date of death. Prior to the release of this application, there was no similar electronic capability to enable consistent calculation of EVD exposure windows for field investigators. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministry of Health endorsed the application and incorporated it into trainings for field staff. Available for Apple and Android devices, the calculator continues to be downloaded even as the eastern DRC outbreak resolved. We rapidly developed and implemented a smartphone application to estimate the exposure window for EVD cases in an outbreak setting
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Whitesell
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nirma D. Bustamante
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miles Stewart
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff Freeman
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amber M. Dismer
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Walter Alarcon
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Kofman
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amen Ben Hamida
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Inger Damon
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dana L. Haberling
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mory Keita
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisèle Mbuyi
- Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Derek Juang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Dana
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary J. Choi
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Spengler JR, Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Rodriguez SE, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Bergeron É, Spiropoulou CF. Viral replicon particles protect IFNAR -/- mice against lethal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus challenge three days after vaccination. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105090. [PMID: 34044061 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes mild to severe and fatal disease in humans. Person-to-person transmission is common, necessitating the availability of rapidly deliverable therapeutic and prophylactic interventions to mitigate CCHFV spread. Previously, we showed complete protection using one dose of a viral replicon particle (VRP) vaccine administered 28 days before CCHFV challenge. In order to determine the utility of the VRP vaccine for rapid vaccination protocols, we assessed the efficacy of such vaccination administered at various intervals relative to challenge in IFNAR-/- mice. Unvaccinated mice uniformly succumbed to disease by 8 days post infection (dpi). All mice vaccinated 14, 7, or 3 days prior to CCHFV challenge survived infection. Mice vaccinated -14 or -7 dpi were fully protected from clinical disease, whereas mice inoculated -3 dpi developed signs of disease prior to recovering to baseline values 5-9 dpi. These data support the utility of the VRP vaccine for modified short course vaccination protocols to protect against disease and severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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10
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Knust B, Brown S, de St Maurice A, Whitmer S, Koske SE, Ervin E, Patel K, Graziano J, Morales-Betoulle ME, House J, Cannon D, Kerins J, Holzbauer S, Austin C, Gibbons-Burgener S, Colton L, Dunn J, Zufan S, Choi MJ, Davis WR, Chiang CF, Manning CR, Roesch L, Shoemaker T, Purpura L, McQuiston J, Peterson D, Radcliffe R, Garvey A, Christel E, Morgan L, Scheftel J, Kazmierczak J, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Rollin PE. Seoul Virus Infection and Spread in United States Home-Based Ratteries: Rat and Human Testing Results From a Multistate Outbreak Investigation. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1311-1319. [PMID: 32484879 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2017, a multistate outbreak investigation occurred after the confirmation of Seoul virus (SEOV) infections in people and pet rats. A total of 147 humans and 897 rats were tested. METHODS In addition to immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM serology and traditional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), novel quantitative RT-PCR primers/probe were developed, and whole genome sequencing was performed. RESULTS Seventeen people had SEOV IgM, indicating recent infection; 7 reported symptoms and 3 were hospitalized. All patients recovered. Thirty-one facilities in 11 US states had SEOV infection, and among those with ≥10 rats tested, rat IgG prevalence ranged 2%-70% and SEOV RT-PCR positivity ranged 0%-70%. Human laboratory-confirmed cases were significantly associated with rat IgG positivity and RT-PCR positivity (P = .03 and P = .006, respectively). Genomic sequencing identified >99.5% homology between SEOV sequences in this outbreak, and these were >99% identical to SEOV associated with previous pet rat infections in England, the Netherlands, and France. Frequent trade of rats between home-based ratteries contributed to transmission of SEOV between facilities. CONCLUSIONS Pet rat owners, breeders, and the healthcare and public health community should be aware and take steps to prevent SEOV transmission in pet rats and to humans. Biosecurity measures and diagnostic testing can prevent further infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knust
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelley Brown
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Shannon Whitmer
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah E Koske
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ervin
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Graziano
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jennifer House
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah Cannon
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janna Kerins
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Connie Austin
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Leah Colton
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - John Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sara Zufan
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Joung Choi
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William R Davis
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cheng-Feng Chiang
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig R Manning
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Linda Roesch
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence Purpura
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer McQuiston
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Rachel Radcliffe
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ann Garvey
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Laura Morgan
- Manitowoc County Health Department, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joni Scheftel
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - John D Klena
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Lee KH, Nikolay B, Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Khan AKMD, Rahman M, Satter SM, Nichol ST, Klena JD, Pulliam JRC, Kilpatrick AM, Sultana S, Afroj S, Daszak P, Luby S, Cauchemez S, Salje H, Gurley ES. Changing Contact Patterns Over Disease Progression: Nipah Virus as a Case Study. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:438-442. [PMID: 32115627 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact patterns play a key role in disease transmission, and variation in contacts during the course of illness can influence transmission, particularly when accompanied by changes in host infectiousness. We used surveys among 1642 contacts of 94 Nipah virus case patients in Bangladesh to determine how contact patterns (physical and with bodily fluids) changed as disease progressed in severity. The number of contacts increased with severity and, for case patients who died, peaked on the day of death. Given transmission has only been observed among fatal cases of Nipah virus infection, our findings suggest that changes in contact patterns during illness contribute to risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Han Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Birgit Nikolay
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hossain M S Sazzad
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayma Afroj
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Stephen Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Whitmer SLM, Lo MK, Sazzad HMS, Zufan S, Gurley ES, Sultana S, Amman B, Ladner JT, Rahman MZ, Doan S, Satter SM, Flora MS, Montgomery JM, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Klena JD. Inference of Nipah virus evolution, 1999-2015. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veaa062. [PMID: 34422315 PMCID: PMC7947586 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite near-annual human outbreaks of Nipah virus (NiV) disease in Bangladesh, typically due to individual spillover events from the local bat population, only twenty whole-genome NiV sequences exist from humans and ten from bats. NiV whole-genome sequences from annual outbreaks have been challenging to generate, primarily due to the low viral load in human throat swab and serum specimens. Here, we used targeted enrichment with custom NiV-specific probes and generated thirty-five additional unique full-length genomic sequences directly from human specimens and viral isolates. We inferred the temporal and geographic evolutionary history of NiV in Bangladesh and expanded a tool to visualize NiV spatio-temporal spread from a Bayesian continuous diffusion analysis. We observed that strains from Bangladesh segregated into two distinct clades that have intermingled geographically in Bangladesh over time and space. As these clades expanded geographically and temporally, we did not observe evidence for significant branch and site-specific selection, except for a single site in the Henipavirus L polymerase. However, the Bangladesh 1 and 2 clades are differentiated by mutations initially occurring in the polymerase, with additional mutations accumulating in the N, G, F, P, and L genes on external branches. Modeling the historic geographical and temporal spread demonstrates that while widespread, NiV does not exhibit significant genetic variation in Bangladesh. Thus, future public health measures should address whether NiV within in the bat population also exhibits comparable genetic variation, if zoonotic transmission results in a genetic bottleneck and if surveillance techniques are detecting only a subset of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L M Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hossain M S Sazzad
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Zufan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
| | - Brian Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephanie Doan
- The Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Syed M Satter
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
| | - Meerjady S Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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13
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Doshi RH, Fleming M, Mukoka AK, Carter RJ, Hyde TB, Choi M, Nzaji MK, Bateyi SH, Christie A, Nichol ST, Damon IK, Beach M, Musenga EM, Fitter DL. Vaccination of contacts of Ebola virus disease survivors to prevent further transmission. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8:e1455-e1456. [PMID: 33220205 PMCID: PMC10662388 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reena H Doshi
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Monica Fleming
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Rosalind J Carter
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Terri B Hyde
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mary Choi
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Athalia Christie
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Inger K Damon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Beach
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David L Fitter
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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14
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Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Lo MK, Chatterjee P, Flint M, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, O'Keefe BR, Spiropoulou CF. Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:561502. [PMID: 33251157 PMCID: PMC7671970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), highly pathogenic hantaviruses, cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Currently no therapeutics are approved for use against these infections. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a high-mannose oligosaccharide-binding lectin currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials as a topical microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04032717, NCT02875119) and has shown broad-spectrum in vivo activity against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer 3mGRFT against ANDV and SNV. Our results demonstrate that GRFT is a potent inhibitor of ANDV infection. GRFT inhibited entry of pseudo-particles typed with ANDV envelope glycoprotein into host cells, suggesting that it inhibits viral envelope protein function during entry. 3mGRFT is more potent than GRFT against ANDV and SNV infection. Our results warrant the testing of GRFT and 3mGRFT against ANDV infection in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael K Lo
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mike Flint
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.,Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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15
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Hua BL, Scholte FEM, Ohlendorf V, Kopp A, Marklewitz M, Drosten C, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou C, Junglen S, Bergeron É. A single mutation in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus discovered in ticks impairs infectivity in human cells. eLife 2020; 9:e50999. [PMID: 33084573 PMCID: PMC7652417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widely distributed tick-borne viral infection in the world. Strikingly, reported mortality rates for CCHF are extremely variable, ranging from 5% to 80% (Whitehouse, 2004). CCHF virus (CCHFV, Nairoviridae) exhibits extensive genomic sequence diversity across strains (Deyde et al., 2006; Sherifi et al., 2014). It is currently unknown if genomic diversity is a factor contributing to variation in its pathogenicity. We obtained complete genome sequences of CCHFV directly from the tick reservoir. These new strains belong to a solitary lineage named Europe 2 that is circumstantially reputed to be less pathogenic than the epidemic strains from Europe 1 lineage. We identified a single tick-specific amino acid variant in the viral glycoprotein region that dramatically reduces its fusion activity in human cells, providing evidence that a glycoprotein precursor variant, present in ticks, has severely impaired function in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Hua
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Valerie Ohlendorf
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)BerlinGermany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)BerlinGermany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)BerlinGermany
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)BerlinGermany
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States
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16
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Arunkumar G, Devadiga S, McElroy AK, Prabhu S, Sheik S, Abdulmajeed J, Robin S, Sushama A, Jayaram A, Nittur S, Shakir M, Kumar KGS, Radhakrishnan C, Sakeena K, Vasudevan J, Reena KJ, Sarita RL, Klena JD, Spiropoulou CF, Laserson KF, Nichol ST. Adaptive Immune Responses in Humans During Nipah Virus Acute and Convalescent Phases of Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1752-1756. [PMID: 30615097 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) is 1 of 10 potential causes of imminent public health emergencies of international concern. We investigated the NiV outbreak that occurred in May 2018 in Kerala, India. Here we describe the longitudinal characteristics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to NiV infection during the acute and convalescent phases in 2 human survivors. METHODS Serial blood samples were obtained from the only 2 survivors of the NiV outbreak in Kerala. We used flow cytometry to determine the absolute T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts and the phenotypes of both T and B cells. We also detected and quantitated the humoral immune response to NiV by virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes remained within normal limits throughout the period of illness studied in both survivors. However, a marked elevation of activated CD8 T cells was observed in both cases. More than 30% of total CD8 T cells expressed Ki67, indicating active proliferation. Proliferating (Ki-67+) CD8 T cells expressed high levels of granzyme B and PD-1, consistent with the profile of acute effector cells. Total B-lymphocyte, activated B-cell, and plasmablast counts were also elevated in NiV survivors. These individuals developed detectable NiV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies within a week of disease onset. Clearance of NiV RNA from blood preceded the appearance of virus-specific IgG and coincided with the peak of activated CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS We describe for the first time longitudinal kinetic data on the activation status of human B- and T-cell populations during acute NiV infection. While marked CD8 T-cell activation was observed with effector characteristics, activated CD4 T cells were less prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Suresh Prabhu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Shahin Sheik
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Aswathyraj Sushama
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh Nittur
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Shakir
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Karayil Sakeena
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jayasree Vasudevan
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Michael Beach
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
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18
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Kofman A, Linderman S, Su K, Purpura LJ, Ervin E, Brown S, Morales-Betoulle M, Graziano J, Cannon DL, Klena JD, Desamu-Thorpe R, Fankhauser J, Orone R, Soka M, Glaybo U, Massaquoi M, Nysenswah T, Nichol ST, Kollie J, Kiawu A, Freeman E, Giah G, Tony H, Faikai M, Jawara M, Kamara K, Kamara S, Flowers B, Mohammed K, Chiriboga D, Williams DE, Hinrichs SH, Ahmed R, Vonhm B, Rollin PE, Choi MJ. Characteristics of Ebola Virus Disease Survivor Blood and Semen in Liberia: Serology and RT-PCR. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3641-e3646. [PMID: 32894277 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebola virus (EBOV), species Zaire ebolavirus, may persist in the semen of male survivors of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). We conducted a study of male survivors of the 2014-2016 EVD outbreak in Liberia and evaluated their immune responses to EBOV. We report here findings from the serologic testing of blood for EBOV-specific antibodies, molecular testing for EBOV in blood and semen, and serologic testing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a subset of study participants. METHODS We tested for EBOV RNA in blood by qRT-PCR, and for anti-EBOV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 126 study participants. We performed peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) analysis on a subgroup of 26 IgG-negative participants. RESULTS All 126 participants tested negative for EBOV RNA in blood by qRT-PCR. The blood of 26 participants tested negative for EBOV-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. PBMCs were collected from 23/26 EBOV IgG-negative participants. Of these, 1/23 participants had PBMCs which produced anti-EBOV-specific IgG antibodies upon stimulation with EBOV-specific GP and NP antigens. DISCUSSION The blood of EVD survivors, collected when they did not have symptoms meeting the case definition for acute or relapsed EVD, is unlikely to pose a risk for EBOV transmission. We identified one IgM/IgG negative participant who had PBMCs which produced anti-EBOV-specific antibodies upon stimulation. Immunogenicity following acute EBOV infection may exist along a spectrum and absence of antibody response should not be exclusionary in determining an individual's status as a survivor of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kofman
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC.,Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Lawrence J Purpura
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Elizabeth Ervin
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Shelley Brown
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Maria Morales-Betoulle
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Deborah L Cannon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - John D Klena
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Rodel Desamu-Thorpe
- Office of, Public Health Preparedness and Response, Center for Preparedness and Response, CDC
| | - John Fankhauser
- ELWA Hospital, Samaritan's Purse.,Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura, CA', CA
| | | | - Moses Soka
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | | | - Moses Massaquoi
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Jomah Kollie
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | - Armah Kiawu
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Edna Freeman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Giovanni Giah
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Henry Tony
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Mylene Faikai
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Mary Jawara
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kuku Kamara
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Samuel Kamara
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | - Benjamin Flowers
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | - Kromah Mohammed
- Ministry of Health Liberia, Men's, Health Screening Program, Liberia
| | | | | | - Steven H Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Pierre E Rollin
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Mary J Choi
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center, for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
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19
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Huynh T, Gary JM, Welch SR, Coleman-McCray J, Harmon JR, Kainulainen MH, Bollweg BC, Ritter JM, Shieh WJ, Nichol ST, Zaki SR, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Lassa virus antigen distribution and inflammation in the ear of infected strain 13/N Guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104928. [PMID: 32898586 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sudden-onset sensorineuronal hearing loss (SNHL) is reported in approximately one-third of survivors of Lassa fever (LF) and remains the most prominent cause of Lassa virus (LASV)-associated morbidity in convalescence. Using a guinea pig model of LF, and incorporating animals from LASV vaccine trials, we investigated viral antigen distribution and histopathology in the ear of infected animals to elucidate the pathogenesis of hearing loss associated with LASV infection. Antigen was detected only in animals that succumbed to disease and was found within structures of the inner ear that are intimately associated with neural detection and/or translation of auditory stimuli and in adjacent vasculature. No inflammation or viral cytopathic changes were observed in the inner ear or surrounding structures in these animals. In contrast, no viral antigen was detected in the ear of surviving animals. However, all survivors that exhibited clinical signs of disease during the course of infection developed perivascular mononuclear inflammation within and adjacent to the ear, indicating an ongoing inflammatory response in these animals that may contribute to hearing loss. These data contribute to the knowledge of LASV pathogenesis in the auditory system, support an immune-mediated process resulting in LASV-associated hearing loss, and demonstrate that vaccination protecting animals from clinical disease can also prevent infection-associated auditory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanhthao Huynh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Joy M Gary
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - JoAnn Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Markus H Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Brigid C Bollweg
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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20
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Lo MK, Feldmann F, Gary JM, Jordan R, Bannister R, Cronin J, Patel NR, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Cihlar T, Zaki SR, Feldmann H, Spiropoulou CF, de Wit E. Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/494/eaau9242. [PMID: 31142680 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus is an emerging pathogen in the Paramyxoviridae family. Upon transmission of Nipah virus from its natural reservoir, Pteropus spp. fruit bats, to humans, it causes respiratory and neurological disease with a case-fatality rate about 70%. Human-to-human transmission has been observed during Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. A therapeutic treatment for Nipah virus disease is urgently needed. Here, we tested the efficacy of remdesivir (GS-5734), a broad-acting antiviral nucleotide prodrug, against Nipah virus Bangladesh genotype in African green monkeys. Animals were inoculated with a lethal dose of Nipah virus, and a once-daily intravenous remdesivir treatment was initiated 24 hours later and continued for 12 days. Mild respiratory signs were observed in two of four treated animals, whereas all control animals developed severe respiratory disease signs. In contrast to control animals, which all succumbed to the infection, all remsdesivir-treated animals survived the lethal challenge, indicating that remdesivir represents a promising antiviral treatment for Nipah virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Joy M Gary
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Cronin
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Nishi R Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Sherif R Zaki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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21
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Lo MK, Spengler JR, Krumpe LRH, Welch SR, Chattopadhyay A, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Scholte FEM, Hotard AL, Fuqua JL, Rose JK, Nichol ST, Palmer KE, O'Keefe BR, Spiropoulou CF. Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S480-S492. [PMID: 32037447 PMCID: PMC7199786 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. There is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against NiV infection. Griffithsin (GRFT) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer (3mG) against NiV and other viruses from 4 virus families. The 3mG had comparatively greater potency than GRFT against NiV due to its enhanced ability to block NiV glycoprotein-induced syncytia formation. Our initial in vivo prophylactic evaluation of an oxidation-resistant GRFT (Q-GRFT) showed significant protection against lethal NiV challenge in Syrian golden hamsters. Our results warrant further development of Q-GRFT and 3mG as potential NiV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren R H Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne L Hotard
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua L Fuqua
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John K Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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22
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Kainulainen MH, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Scholte FEM, Goldsmith CS, Nichol ST, Albariño CG, Spiropoulou CF. Protection From Lethal Lassa Disease Can Be Achieved Both Before and After Virus Exposure by Administration of Single-Cycle Replicating Lassa Virus Replicon Particles. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1281-1289. [PMID: 31152662 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a frequently severe human disease that is endemic to several countries in West Africa. To date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent Lassa virus (LASV) infection, even though Lassa fever is thought to be an important disease contributing to mortality and both acute and chronic morbidity. We have previously described a vaccine candidate composed of single-cycle LASV replicon particles (VRPs) and a stable cell line for their production. Here, we refine the genetic composition of the VRPs and demonstrate the ability to reproducibly purify them with high yields. Studies in the guinea pig model confirm efficacy of the vaccine candidate, demonstrate that single-cycle replication is necessary for complete protection by the VRP vaccine, and show that postexposure vaccination can confer protection from lethal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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McElroy AK, Akondy RS, Mcllwain DR, Chen H, Bjornson-Hooper Z, Mukherjee N, Mehta AK, Nolan G, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Immunologic timeline of Ebola virus disease and recovery in humans. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137260. [PMID: 32434986 PMCID: PMC7259516 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of human immune responses to Ebola virus infection is limited by the availability of specimens and the requirement for biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment. In an effort to bridge this gap, we evaluated cryopreserved PBMCs from 4 patients who survived Ebola virus disease (EVD) using an established mass cytometry antibody panel to characterize various cell populations during both the acute and convalescent phases. Acute loss of nonclassical monocytes and myeloid DCs, especially CD1c+ DCs, was noted. Classical monocyte proliferation and CD38 upregulation on plasmacytoid DCs coincided with declining viral load. Unsupervised analysis of cell abundance demonstrated acute declines in monocytic, NK, and T cell populations, but some populations, many of myeloid origin, increased in abundance during the acute phase, suggesting emergency hematopoiesis. Despite cell losses during the acute phase, upregulation of Ki-67 correlated with recovery of cell populations over time. These data provide insights into the human immune response during EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rama S Akondy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Mcllwain
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zach Bjornson-Hooper
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nilanjan Mukherjee
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aneesh K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Garry Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Genzer SC, Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Lo MK, Montgomery JM, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Alterations in Blood Chemistry Levels Associated With Nipah Virus Disease in the Syrian Hamster Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S454-S459. [PMID: 31747016 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV; family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus) infection can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathophysiology of disease is not fully understood, and it may vary by presentation and clinical course. In this study, we investigate changes in blood chemistry in NiV-infected Syrian hamsters that survived or succumbed to disease. Increased sodium and magnesium and decreased albumin and lactate levels were detected in animals euthanized with severe clinical disease compared with mock-infected controls. When subjects were grouped by clinical syndrome, additional trends were discernable, highlighting changes associated with either respiratory or neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Genzer
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Lo MK, Montgomery JM, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. In Situ Imaging of Fluorescent Nipah Virus Respiratory and Neurological Tissue Tropism in the Syrian Hamster Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S448-S453. [PMID: 31665342 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a recombinant Nipah virus expressing a fluorescent protein (ZsG), we visualized virus tropism in the Syrian hamster model. We found that anatomical localization of fluorescence correlated to clinical signs; signal was primarily visualized in the respiratory tract in animals with acute-onset terminal disease, whereas central nervous system localization was seen in animals that succumbed with delayed disease onset. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection corresponded well to ZsG signal, virus was only isolated from some lung, brain, liver, and kidney samples that were ZsG and/or PCR positive, and only from animals euthanized on or before 15 days post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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26
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Lo MK, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Scholte FEM, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Montgomery JM, Nichol ST, Weissman D, Spiropoulou CF. Evaluation of a Single-Dose Nucleoside-Modified Messenger RNA Vaccine Encoding Hendra Virus-Soluble Glycoprotein Against Lethal Nipah virus Challenge in Syrian Hamsters. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S493-S498. [PMID: 31751453 PMCID: PMC7368163 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of approved vaccines and therapeutics for use in humans, Nipah virus (NiV) continues to cause fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in Bangladesh and India on a near-annual basis. We determined that a single dose of a lipid nanoparticle nucleoside-modified messenger RNA vaccine encoding the soluble Hendra virus glycoprotein protected up to 70% of Syrian hamsters from lethal NiV challenge, despite animals having suboptimally primed immune responses before challenge. These data provide a foundation from which to optimize future messenger RNA vaccination studies against NiV and other highly pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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27
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Welch SR, Tilston NL, Lo MK, Whitmer SLM, Harmon JR, Scholte FEM, Spengler JR, Duprex WP, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Inhibition of Nipah Virus by Defective Interfering Particles. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S460-S470. [PMID: 32108876 PMCID: PMC11034736 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The error-prone nature of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases drives the diversity of RNA virus populations. Arising within this diversity is a subset of defective viral genomes that retain replication competency, termed defective interfering (DI) genomes. These defects are caused by aberrant viral polymerase reinitiation on the same viral RNA template (deletion DI species) or the nascent RNA strand (copyback DI species). DI genomes have previously been shown to alter the dynamics of a viral population by interfering with normal virus replication and/or by stimulating the innate immune response. In this study, we investigated the ability of artificially produced DI genomes to inhibit Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic biosafety level 4 paramyxovirus. High multiplicity of infection passaging of both NiV clinical isolates and recombinant NiV in Vero cells generated an extensive DI population from which individual DIs were identified using next-generation sequencing techniques. Assays were established to generate and purify both naturally occurring and in silico-designed DIs as fully encapsidated, infectious virus-like particles termed defective interfering particles (DIPs). We demonstrate that several of these NiV DIP candidates reduced NiV titers by up to 4 logs in vitro. These data represent a proof-of-principle that a therapeutic application of DIPs to combat NiV infections may be an alternative source of antiviral control for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natasha L. Tilston
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Hegde ST, Salje H, Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Rahman M, Daszak P, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Luby SP, Gurley ES. Using healthcare-seeking behaviour to estimate the number of Nipah outbreaks missed by hospital-based surveillance in Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1219-1227. [PMID: 30977803 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the true burden of emergent diseases is critical for assessing public-health impact. However, surveillance often relies on hospital systems that only capture a minority of cases. We use the example of Nipah-virus infection in Bangladesh, which has a high case-fatality ratio and frequent person-to-person transmission, to demonstrate how healthcare-seeking data can estimate true burden. METHODS We fit logistic-regression models to data from a population-based, healthcare-seeking study of encephalitis cases to characterize the impact of distance and mortality on attending one of three surveillance hospital sites. The resulting estimates of detection probabilities, as a function of distance and outcome, are applied to all observed Nipah outbreaks between 2007 and 2014 to estimate the true burden. RESULTS The probability of attending a surveillance hospital fell from 82% for people with fatal encephalitis living 10 km away from a surveillance hospital to 54% at 50 km away. The odds of attending a surveillance hospital are 3.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.6, 6.6) times greater for patients who eventually died (i.e. who were more severely ill) compared with those who survived. Using these probabilities, we estimated that 119 Nipah outbreaks (95% confidence interval: 103, 140)-an average of 15 outbreaks per Nipah season-occurred during 2007-14; 62 (52%) were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest hospital-based surveillance missed nearly half of all Nipah outbreaks. This analytical method allowed us to estimate the underlying burden of disease, which is important for emerging diseases where healthcare access may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hegde
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hossain M S Sazzad
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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29
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Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Kainulainen MH, Chakrabarti AK, Guerrero LW, Nichol ST, Albarino CG, Towner JS. Antibody-Mediated Virus Neutralization Is Not a Universal Mechanism of Marburg, Ebola, or Sosuga Virus Clearance in Egyptian Rousette Bats. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1716-1721. [PMID: 30590775 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bats are increasingly being recognized as natural reservoir hosts of emerging zoonotic viruses, little is known about how they control and clear virus infection in the absence of clinical disease. Here, we test >50 convalescent sera from Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs) experimentally primed or prime-boosted with Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sosuga virus for the presence of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, using infectious reporter viruses. After serum neutralization testing, we conclude that antibody-mediated virus neutralization does not contribute significantly to the control and clearance of Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sosuga virus infection in ERBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.,Commissioned Corps, US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Markus H Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Ayan K Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Lisa W Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Cesar G Albarino
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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30
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Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Kirejczyk SGM, Albariño CG, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Experimental infection of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Sosuga virus demonstrates potential transmission routes for a bat-borne human pathogenic paramyxovirus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008092. [PMID: 32119657 PMCID: PMC7067492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2012, a wildlife biologist became severely ill after becoming infected with a novel paramyxovirus, termed Sosuga virus. In the weeks prior to illness, the patient worked with multiple species of bats in South Sudan and Uganda, including Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs: Rousettus aegyptiacus). A follow-up study of Ugandan bats found multiple wild-caught ERBs to test positive for SOSV in liver and spleen. To determine the competency of these bats to act as a natural reservoir host for SOSV capable of infecting humans, captive-bred ERBs were inoculated with a recombinant SOSV, representative of the patient's virus sequence. The bats were inoculated subcutaneously, sampled daily (blood, urine, fecal, oral and rectal swabs) and serially euthanized at predetermined time points. All inoculated bats became infected with SOSV in multiple tissues and blood, urine, oral, rectal and fecal swabs tested positive for SOSV RNA. No evidence of overt morbidity or mortality were observed in infected ERBs, although histopathological examination showed subclinical disease in a subset of tissues. Importantly, SOSV was isolated from oral/rectal swabs, urine and feces, demonstrating shedding of infectious virus concomitant with systemic infection. All bats euthanized at 21 days post-inoculation (DPI) seroconverted to SOSV between 16 and 21 DPI. These results are consistent with ERBs being competent reservoir hosts for SOSV with spillover potential to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shannon G. M. Kirejczyk
- Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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31
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Lo MK, Amblard F, Flint M, Chatterjee P, Kasthuri M, Li C, Russell O, Verma K, Bassit L, Schinazi RF, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Potent in vitro activity of β-D-4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine against Nipah virus. Antiviral Res 2020; 175:104712. [PMID: 31935422 PMCID: PMC7054849 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that continues to cause outbreaks in humans characterized by high mortality and significant clinical sequelae in survivors. Currently, no therapeutics are approved for use in humans against NiV infection. Here, we report that 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (ALS-8112) inhibits NiV. ALS-8112 is the parent nucleoside of lumicitabine, which has been evaluated in phase I and II clinical trials to treat pediatric and adult respiratory syncytial virus infection. In this study, we tested ALS-8112 against NiV and other major human respiratory pneumo- and paramyxoviruses in 2 human lung epithelial cell lines, and demonstrated the ability of ALS-8112 to reduce infectious wild-type NiV yield by over 6 orders of magnitude with no apparent cytotoxicity. However, further cytotoxicity testing in primary cells and bone marrow progenitor cells indicated cytotoxicity at higher concentrations of ALS-8112. Our results warrant the evaluation of lumicitabine against NiV infection in relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-14, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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32
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Harmon JR, Barbeau DJ, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, McElroy AK. Rift Valley fever virus vaccination induces long-lived, antigen-specific human T cell responses. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:17. [PMID: 32140261 PMCID: PMC7048758 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of clinical significance in both livestock and humans. A formalin-inactivated virus preparation was initially developed for human use and tested in laboratory workers in the 1960s. Vaccination resulted in generation of neutralizing antibody titers in most recipients, but neutralization titers waned over time, necessitating frequent booster doses. In this study, T cell-based immune responses to the formalin-inactivated vaccine were examined in a cohort of seven individuals who received between 1 and 6 doses of the vaccine. RVFV-specific T cell responses were detectable up to 24 years post vaccination. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this cohort of individuals were used to map out the viral epitopes targeted by T cells in humans. These data provide tools for assessing human RVFV-specific T cell responses and are thus a valuable resource for future human RVFV vaccine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Harmon
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 United States
| | - Dominique J Barbeau
- 2University of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 United States
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 United States
| | - Anita K McElroy
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 United States.,2University of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States
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33
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Amman BR, Bird BH, Bakarr IA, Bangura J, Schuh AJ, Johnny J, Sealy TK, Conteh I, Koroma AH, Foday I, Amara E, Bangura AA, Gbakima AA, Tremeau-Bravard A, Belaganahalli M, Dhanota J, Chow A, Ontiveros V, Gibson A, Turay J, Patel K, Graziano J, Bangura C, Kamanda ES, Osborne A, Saidu E, Musa J, Bangura D, Williams SMT, Wadsworth R, Turay M, Edwin L, Mereweather-Thompson V, Kargbo D, Bairoh FV, Kanu M, Robert W, Lungai V, Guetiya Wadoum RE, Coomber M, Kanu O, Jambai A, Kamara SM, Taboy CH, Singh T, Mazet JAK, Nichol ST, Goldstein T, Towner JS, Lebbie A. Isolation of Angola-like Marburg virus from Egyptian rousette bats from West Africa. Nat Commun 2020; 11:510. [PMID: 31980636 PMCID: PMC6981187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes sporadic outbreaks of severe Marburg virus disease (MVD). Most MVD outbreaks originated in East Africa and field studies in East Africa, South Africa, Zambia, and Gabon identified the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB; Rousettus aegyptiacus) as a natural reservoir. However, the largest recorded MVD outbreak with the highest case-fatality ratio happened in 2005 in Angola, where direct spillover from bats was not shown. Here, collaborative studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Njala University, University of California, Davis USAID-PREDICT, and the University of Makeni identify MARV circulating in ERBs in Sierra Leone. PCR, antibody and virus isolation data from 1755 bats of 42 species shows active MARV infection in approximately 2.5% of ERBs. Phylogenetic analysis identifies MARVs that are similar to the Angola strain. These results provide evidence of MARV circulation in West Africa and demonstrate the value of pathogen surveillance to identify previously undetected threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Brian H Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ibrahim A Bakarr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - James Bangura
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jonathan Johnny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Immah Conteh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Alusine H Koroma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Foday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Aiah A Gbakima
- Ministry of Technical and Higher Education, New England Ville, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Jasjeet Dhanota
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Ontiveros
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Gibson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James Graziano
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Camilla Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Emmanuel S Kamanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustus Osborne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Emmanuel Saidu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Jonathan Musa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Doris Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Richard Wadsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osman Kanu
- University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Amara Jambai
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Brookfields, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sorie M Kamara
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brookfields, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Celine H Taboy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tushar Singh
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VetMed 3B, Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Aiah Lebbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone.
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Shoemaker TR, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, Kyondo J, Lubwama B, Sekamatte M, Namutebi A, Tusiime P, Monje F, Mayanja M, Ssendagire S, Dahlke M, Kyazze S, Wetaka M, Makumbi I, Borchert J, Zufan S, Patel K, Whitmer S, Brown S, Davis WG, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Lutwama J. First Laboratory-Confirmed Outbreak of Human and Animal Rift Valley Fever Virus in Uganda in 48 Years. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:659-671. [PMID: 30675833 PMCID: PMC6402942 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was identified in Kabale district, southwestern Uganda. A comprehensive outbreak investigation was initiated, including human, livestock, and mosquito vector investigations. Overall, four cases of acute, nonfatal human disease were identified, three by RVF virus (RVFV) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and one by IgM and IgG serology. Investigations of cattle, sheep, and goat samples from homes and villages of confirmed and probable RVF cases and the Kabale central abattoir found that eight of 83 (10%) animals were positive for RVFV by IgG serology; one goat from the home of a confirmed case tested positive by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing from three clinical specimens was performed and phylogenetic analysis inferred the relatedness of 2016 RVFV with the 2006–2007 Kenya-2 clade, suggesting previous introduction of RVFV into southwestern Uganda. An entomological survey identified three of 298 pools (1%) of Aedes and Coquillettidia species that were RVFV positive by RT-PCR. This was the first identification of RVFV in Uganda in 48 years and the 10th independent viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak to be confirmed in Uganda since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Fred Monje
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Mayanja
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Melissa Dahlke
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milton Wetaka
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeff Borchert
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sara Zufan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shelley Brown
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William G Davis
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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35
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Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Harmon JR, Coleman-Mccray JD, Lo MK, Montgomery JM, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Corrigendum to: In Situ Imaging of Fluorescent Nipah Virus Respiratory and Neurological Tissue Tropism in the Syrian Hamster Model. J Infect Dis 2019; 222:340. [PMID: 31891167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joann D Coleman-Mccray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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36
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Yadav PD, Mauldin MR, Nyayanit DA, Albariño CG, Sarkale P, Shete A, Guerrero LW, Nakazawa Y, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Isolation and phylogenomic analysis of buffalopox virus from human and buffaloes in India. Virus Res 2019; 277:197836. [PMID: 31821842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Three genome sequences of Buffalopox virus (BPVX) were retrieved from a human and two buffaloes scab samples. Phylogenomic analysis of the BPXV indicates that it shares a most recent common ancestor with Lister and closely related vaccine strains when compared to potential wild-type VACV strains (like Horsepox virus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Matthew R Mauldin
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, National Centre for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - César G Albariño
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, National Centre for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Anita Shete
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Lisa W Guerrero
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, National Centre for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, National Centre for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, National Centre for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India.
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37
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Wiley MR, Fakoli L, Letizia AG, Welch SR, Ladner JT, Prieto K, Reyes D, Espy N, Chitty JA, Pratt CB, Di Paola N, Taweh F, Williams D, Saindon J, Davis WG, Patel K, Holland M, Negrón D, Ströher U, Nichol ST, Sozhamannan S, Rollin PE, Dogba J, Nyenswah T, Bolay F, Albariño CG, Fallah M, Palacios G. Lassa virus circulating in Liberia: a retrospective genomic characterisation. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:1371-1378. [PMID: 31588039 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alarming rise in reported Lassa fever cases continues in west Africa. Liberia has the largest reported per capita incidence of Lassa fever cases in the region, but genomic information on the circulating strains is scarce. The aim of this study was to substantially increase the available pool of data to help foster the generation of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. METHODS Clinical serum samples collected from 17 positive Lassa fever cases originating from Liberia (16 cases) and Guinea (one case) within the past decade were processed at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research using a targeted-enrichment sequencing approach, producing 17 near-complete genomes. An additional 17 Lassa virus sequences (two from Guinea, seven from Liberia, four from Nigeria, and four from Sierra Leone) were generated from viral stocks at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA) from samples originating from the Mano River Union (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone) region and Nigeria. Sequences were compared with existing Lassa virus genomes and published Lassa virus assays. FINDINGS The 23 new Liberian Lassa virus genomes grouped within two clades (IV.A and IV.B) and were genetically divergent from those circulating elsewhere in west Africa. A time-calibrated phylogeographic analysis incorporating the new genomes suggests Liberia was the entry point of Lassa virus into the Mano River Union region and estimates the introduction to have occurred between 300-350 years ago. A high level of diversity exists between the Liberian Lassa virus genomes. Nucleotide percent difference between Liberian Lassa virus genomes ranged up to 27% in the L segment and 18% in the S segment. The commonly used Lassa Josiah-MGB assay was up to 25% divergent across the target sites when aligned to the Liberian Lassa virus genomes. INTERPRETATION The large amount of novel genomic diversity of Lassa virus observed in the Liberian cases emphasises the need to match deployed diagnostic capabilities with locally circulating strains and underscores the importance of evaluating cross-lineage protection in the development of vaccines and therapeutics. FUNDING Defense Biological Product Assurance Office of the US Department of Defense and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch and its Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wiley
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Fakoli
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Naval Medical Research Unit Three Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen R Welch
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Karla Prieto
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Reyes
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Espy
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Catherine B Pratt
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Fahn Taweh
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Desmond Williams
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Jon Saindon
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Davis
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ute Ströher
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (CBRND)-Joint Project Lead, CBRND Enabling Biotechnologies, Frederick, MD, USA; Logistics Management Institute, Tysons, VA, USA
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Dogba
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Fatorma Bolay
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Mosoka Fallah
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA.
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38
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McElroy AK, Harmon JR, Flietstra T, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Human Biomarkers of Outcome Following Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1847-1851. [PMID: 29955891 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus is an arbovirus found in Africa and the Middle East. Most infected individuals experience a mild self-limiting illness; however, some develop severe disease including hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis. The biological reasons for these marked differences in disease manifestation are unknown. In this study, we evaluate 32 biomarkers in serum of 26 patients from an outbreak that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2000-2001. Eleven biomarkers correlated with viral RNA. Thirteen biomarkers were associated with a fatal outcome. No associations of biomarkers and hemorrhage or central nervous system disease were identified in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy Flietstra
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
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39
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Kainulainen MH, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Albariño CG, Spiropoulou CF. Use of a Scalable Replicon-Particle Vaccine to Protect Against Lethal Lassa Virus Infection in the Guinea Pig Model. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1957-1966. [PMID: 29800368 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a viral zoonosis that can be transmitted from person to person, especially in the hospital setting. The disease is endemic to several countries in West Africa and can be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in affected areas. There are no approved vaccines to prevent Lassa virus infection. In this work, we present a vaccine candidate that combines the scalability and efficacy benefits of a live vaccine with the safety benefits of single-cycle replication. The system consists of Lassa virus replicon particles devoid of the virus essential glycoprotein gene, and a cell line that expresses the glycoprotein products, enabling efficient vaccine propagation. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these particles showed no clinical reaction to the inoculum and were protected against fever, weight loss, and lethality after infection with Lassa virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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40
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Yadav PD, Shete AM, Nyayanit DA, Albarino CG, Jain S, Guerrero LW, Kumar S, Patil DY, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Corrigendum: Identification and characterization of novel mosquito-borne (Kammavanpettai virus) and tick-borne (Wad Medani) reoviruses isolated in India. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1340. [PMID: 31481150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cesar G Albarino
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shilpi Jain
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lisa W Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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41
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Spengler JR, Welch SR, Scholte FEM, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Nichol ST, Bergeron É, Spiropoulou CF. Heterologous protection against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in mice after a single dose of replicon particle vaccine. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104573. [PMID: 31377243 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
No vaccines are currently licensed to prevent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection, which can cause mild self-limiting clinical signs or severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever disease. Here we continued investigations into the utility of a single-dose virus replicon particle (VRP) vaccine regimen by assessing protection against Turkey or Oman strains of CCHFV. We found that all mice were completely protected from disease, supporting broad applicability of this platform for CCHFV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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McElroy AK, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Harmon JR, Martines RB, Silva-Flannery L, Flietstra TD, Kraft CS, Mehta AK, Lyon GM, Varkey JB, Ribner BS, Nichol ST, Zaki SR, Spiropoulou CF. Macrophage Activation Marker Soluble CD163 Associated with Fatal and Severe Ebola Virus Disease in Humans 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:290-298. [PMID: 30666927 PMCID: PMC6346465 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.181326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is associated with elevated cytokine levels, and hypercytokinemia is more pronounced in fatal cases. This type of hyperinflammatory state is reminiscent of 2 rheumatologic disorders known as macrophage activation syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which are characterized by macrophage and T-cell activation. An evaluation of 2 cohorts of patients with EVD revealed that a marker of macrophage activation (sCD163) but not T-cell activation (sCD25) was associated with severe and fatal EVD. Furthermore, substantial immunoreactivity of host tissues to a CD163-specific antibody, predominantly in areas of extensive immunostaining for Ebola virus antigens, was observed in fatal cases. These data suggest that host macrophage activation contributes to EVD pathogenesis and that directed antiinflammatory therapies could be beneficial in the treatment of EVD.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Biomarkers
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/blood
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Immunoassay
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
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43
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McMullan LK, Flint M, Chakrabarti A, Guerrero L, Lo MK, Porter D, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Albariño C. Characterisation of infectious Ebola virus from the ongoing outbreak to guide response activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a phylogenetic and in vitro analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:1023-1032. [PMID: 31300330 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in the Ituri and North Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which began in July, 2018, is the second largest ever recorded. Despite civil unrest, outbreak control measures and the administration of experimental therapies and a vaccine have been initiated. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of candidate therapies and diagnostic tests with the outbreak strain Ituri Ebola virus. Lacking a virus isolate from this outbreak, a recombinant Ituri Ebola virus was compared with a similarly engineered Makona virus from the 2013-16 outbreak. METHODS Using Ebola virus sequences provided by organisations in DR Congo and a reverse genetics system, we generated an authentic Ebola virus from the ongoing outbreak in Ituri and North Kivu provinces. To relate this virus to other Ebola viruses in DR Congo, we did a phylogenetic analysis of representative complete Ebola virus genome sequences from previous outbreaks. We evaluated experimental therapies being tested in clinical trials in DR Congo, including remdesivir and ZMapp monoclonal antibodies, for their ability to inhibit the growth of infectious Ituri Ebola virus in cell culture. We also tested diagnostic assays for detection of the Ituri Ebola virus sequence. FINDINGS The phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences from each Ebola virus outbreak suggests there are at least two Ebola virus strains in DR Congo, which have independently crossed into the human population. The Ituri Ebola strain initially grew slower than the Makona strain, yet reached similar mean yields of 3 × 107 50% tissue culture infectious dose by 72 h infection in Huh-7 cells. Ituri Ebola virus was similar to Makona in its susceptibility to inhibition by remdesivir and to neutralisation by monoclonal antibodies from ZMapp and other monoclonal antibodies. Remdesivir inhibited Ituri Ebola virus at a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 12nM (with a selectivity index of 303) and Makona Ebola virus at 13nM (with a selectivity index of 279). The Zmapp monoclonal antibodies 2G4 and 4G7 neutralised Ituri Ebola virus with a mean EC50 of 0·24 μg/mL and 0·48 μg/mL, and Makona Ebola virus with a mean EC50 of 0·45 μg/mL and 0·2 μg/mL. The Xpert Ebola and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention real-time RT-qPCR diagnostic assays detected Ituri and Makona Ebola virus sequences with similar sensitivities and efficiencies, despite primer site binding mismatches in the Ituri Ebola virus. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide a rationale for the continued testing of investigational therapies, confirm the effectiveness of the diagnostic assays used in the region, and establish a paradigm for the use of reverse genetics to inform response activities in an outbreak. FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K McMullan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ayan Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - César Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Scholte FEM, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Freitas BT, Kainulainen MH, Pegan SD, Nichol ST, Bergeron É, Spiropoulou CF. Single-dose replicon particle vaccine provides complete protection against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:575-578. [PMID: 30947619 PMCID: PMC6455139 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1601030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florine E M Scholte
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Brendan T Freitas
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | - Markus H Kainulainen
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- a Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
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45
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Fernando R, Capone D, Elrich S, Mantovani R, Quarles L, D'Amato A, Lowe N, Malhotra A, Khoo T, Zufan S, Morales-Betoulle M, Brown SM, Cannon D, Graziano JC, Klena JD, Whitmer S, Nichol ST, Strachan P, Camins BC, Marcos LA. Infection with New York Orthohantavirus and Associated Respiratory Failure and Multiple Cerebral Complications. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1241-1243. [PMID: 30844358 PMCID: PMC6537728 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of infection with New York orthohantavirus in a woman who showed renal impairment and hemorrhage, complicated by hydrocephalus, in Long Island, New York, USA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus was genetically similar to a New York orthohantavirus isolated in the same region during 1993.
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Whitmer SLM, Ladner JT, Wiley MR, Patel K, Dudas G, Rambaut A, Sahr F, Prieto K, Shepard SS, Carmody E, Knust B, Naidoo D, Deen G, Formenty P, Nichol ST, Palacios G, Ströher U. Active Ebola Virus Replication and Heterogeneous Evolutionary Rates in EVD Survivors. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1159-1168. [PMID: 29386105 PMCID: PMC5809616 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following cessation of continuous Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission within Western Africa, sporadic EBOV disease (EVD) cases continued to re-emerge beyond the viral incubation period. Epidemiological and genomic evidence strongly suggests that this represented transmission from EVD survivors. To investigate whether persistent infections are characterized by ongoing viral replication, we sequenced EBOV from the semen of nine EVD survivors and a subset of corresponding acute specimens. EBOV evolutionary rates during persistence were either similar to or reduced relative to acute infection rates. Active EBOV replication/transcription continued during convalescence, but decreased over time, consistent with viral persistence rather than viral latency. Patterns of genetic divergence suggest a moderate relaxation of selective constraints within the sGP carboxy-terminal tail during persistent infections, but do not support widespread diversifying selection. Altogether, our data illustrate that EBOV persistence in semen, urine, and aqueous humor is not a quiescent or latent infection. During persistence, EBOV exhibits heterogeneous evolutionary rates Active EBOV transcription and replication occurs during persistence RNA hyper-editing observed during viral persistence No evidence for significant selective pressure during persistence
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L M Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Foday Sahr
- Sierra Leone Armed Forces, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Karla Prieto
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Samuel S Shepard
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ellie Carmody
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Knust
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- Health Emergency Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gibrilla Deen
- Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Pierre Formenty
- Health Emergency Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ute Ströher
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Nikolay B, Salje H, Hossain MJ, Khan AKMD, Sazzad HMS, Rahman M, Daszak P, Ströher U, Pulliam JRC, Kilpatrick AM, Nichol ST, Klena JD, Sultana S, Afroj S, Luby SP, Cauchemez S, Gurley ES. Transmission of Nipah Virus - 14 Years of Investigations in Bangladesh. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1804-1814. [PMID: 31067370 PMCID: PMC6547369 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1805376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen that can be transmitted between humans. Understanding the dynamics of person-to-person transmission is key to designing effective interventions. METHODS We used data from all Nipah virus cases identified during outbreak investigations in Bangladesh from April 2001 through April 2014 to investigate case-patient characteristics associated with onward transmission and factors associated with the risk of infection among patient contacts. RESULTS Of 248 Nipah virus cases identified, 82 were caused by person-to-person transmission, corresponding to a reproduction number (i.e., the average number of secondary cases per case patient) of 0.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19 to 0.59). The predicted reproduction number increased with the case patient's age and was highest among patients 45 years of age or older who had difficulty breathing (1.1; 95% CI, 0.4 to 3.2). Case patients who did not have difficulty breathing infected 0.05 times as many contacts (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.3) as other case patients did. Serologic testing of 1863 asymptomatic contacts revealed no infections. Spouses of case patients were more often infected (8 of 56 [14%]) than other close family members (7 of 547 [1.3%]) or other contacts (18 of 1996 [0.9%]). The risk of infection increased with increased duration of exposure of the contacts (adjusted odds ratio for exposure of >48 hours vs. ≤1 hour, 13; 95% CI, 2.6 to 62) and with exposure to body fluids (adjusted odds ratio, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 11). CONCLUSIONS Increasing age and respiratory symptoms were indicators of infectivity of Nipah virus. Interventions to control person-to-person transmission should aim to reduce exposure to body fluids. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Nikolay
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Henrik Salje
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - A K M Dawlat Khan
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Hossain M S Sazzad
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Peter Daszak
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Ute Ströher
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Juliet R C Pulliam
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - John D Klena
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Sayma Afroj
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Stephen P Luby
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
| | - Emily S Gurley
- From the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (B.N., H.S., S.C.); the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J.H.); the Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (M.J.H., A.K.M.D.K., H.M.S.S., S.A., E.S.G.), and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (M.R., S.S.) - both in Dhaka, Bangladesh; the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney (H.M.S.S.); the EcoHealth Alliance, New York (P.D.); the Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (U.S., S.T.N., J.D.K.); the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.R.C.P.); the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (A.M.K.), and the Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford (S.P.L.) - both in California; Auburn University, Auburn, AL (S.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (E.S.G.)
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48
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Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TS, Flietstra TD, Guito JC, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Comparative analysis of serologic cross-reactivity using convalescent sera from filovirus-experimentally infected fruit bats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6707. [PMID: 31040343 PMCID: PMC6491471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of Reston and Bombali viruses, the marburgviruses and ebolaviruses (family Filoviridae) cause outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in sub-Saharan Africa. The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is a natural reservoir host for the marburgviruses and evidence suggests that bats are also natural reservoirs for the ebolaviruses. Although the search for the natural reservoirs of the ebolaviruses has largely involved serosurveillance of the bat population, there are no validated serological assays to screen bat sera for ebolavirus-specific IgG antibodies. Here, we generate filovirus-specific antisera by prime-boost immunization of groups of captive ERBs with all seven known culturable filoviruses. After validating a system of filovirus-specific indirect ELISAs utilizing infectious-based virus antigens for detection of virus-specific IgG antibodies from bat sera, we assess the level of serological cross-reactivity between the virus-specific antisera and heterologous filovirus antigens. This data is then used to generate a filovirus antibody fingerprint that can predict which of the filovirus species in the system is most antigenically similar to the species responsible for past infection. Our filovirus IgG indirect ELISA system will be a critical tool for identifying bat species with high ebolavirus seroprevalence rates to target for longitudinal studies aimed at establishing natural reservoir host-ebolavirus relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Commissioned Corps, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tara S Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Timothy D Flietstra
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jonathan C Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. .,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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49
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Spengler JR, Saturday G, Lavender KJ, Martellaro C, Keck JG, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Feldmann H, Prescott J. Severity of Disease in Humanized Mice Infected With Ebola Virus or Reston Virus Is Associated With Magnitude of Early Viral Replication in Liver. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:58-63. [PMID: 29087482 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Ebola virus (EBOV) and Reston virus (RESTV) cause disease in nonhuman primates, yet only EBOV causes disease in humans. To investigate differences in viral pathogenicity, humanized mice (hu-NSG-SGM3) were inoculated with EBOV or RESTV. Consistent with differences in disease in human infection, pronounced weight loss and markers of hepatic damage and disease were observed exclusively in EBOV-infected mice. These abnormalities were associated with significantly higher EBOV replication in the liver but not in the spleen, suggesting that in this model, efficiency of viral replication in select tissues early in infection may contribute to differences in viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Cynthia Martellaro
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana
| | - James G Keck
- In Vivo Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana.,Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
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50
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Spengler JR, Welch SR, Genzer SC, Coleman-McCray J, Harmon JR, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Suboptimal Handling of Piccolo Samples or Reagent Discs for Consideration in Ebola Response. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1238-1240. [PMID: 30900978 PMCID: PMC6537746 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Operating clinical analyzers within recommended parameters can be challenging during outbreak response. Using the Piccolo Xpress point-of-care blood chemistry analyzer on guinea pig blood, we found that values of many analytes are still readily comparable when samples and reagent discs are handled at various conditions outside of manufacturer recommendations.
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