1
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Shu B, Kirby MK, Davis WG, Warnes C, Liddell J, Liu J, Wu KH, Hassell N, Benitez AJ, Wilson MM, Keller MW, Rambo-Martin BL, Camara Y, Winter J, Kondor RJ, Zhou B, Spies S, Rose LE, Winchell JM, Limbago BM, Wentworth DE, Barnes JR. Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1821-1830. [PMID: 34152951 PMCID: PMC8237866 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.210462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019, and the outbreak rapidly evolved into the current coronavirus disease pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that causes symptoms similar to those caused by influenza A and B viruses. On July 2, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration granted emergency use authorization for in vitro diagnostic use of the Influenza SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex Assay. This assay detects influenza A virus at 102.0, influenza B virus at 102.2, and SARS-CoV-2 at 100.3 50% tissue culture or egg infectious dose, or as few as 5 RNA copies/reaction. The simultaneous detection and differentiation of these 3 major pathogens increases overall testing capacity, conserves resources, identifies co-infections, and enables efficient surveillance of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2.
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2
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Shu B, Kirby MK, Warnes C, Sessions WM, Davis WG, Liu J, Wilson MM, Lindstrom S, Wentworth DE, Barnes JR. Detection and discrimination of influenza B Victoria lineage deletion variant viruses by real-time RT-PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33063654 PMCID: PMC7565853 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.41.1900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background During the 2016/17 influenza season, influenza B/VIC lineage variant viruses emerged with two (K162N163) or three (K162N163D164) amino acid (aa) deletions in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. There are currently five antigenically distinct HA proteins expressed by co-circulating influenza B viruses: B/YAM, B/VIC V1A (no deletion), B/VIC V1A-2DEL (2 aa deletion) and two antigenically distinguishable groups of B/VIC V1A-3DEL (3 aa deletion). The prevalence of these viruses differs across geographical regions, making it critical to have a sensitive, rapid diagnostic assay that detects and distinguishes these influenza B variant viruses during surveillance. Aim Our objective was to develop a real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for detection and discrimination of influenza B/VIC lineage variant viruses. Methods We designed a diagnostic assay with one pair of conserved primers and three probes specific to each genetic group. We used propagated influenza B/VIC variant viruses and clinical specimens to assess assay performance. Results This rRT-PCR assay detects and distinguishes the influenza B/VIC V1A, B/VIC V1A-2DEL, and B/VIC V1A-3DEL variant viruses, with no cross-reactivity. This assay can be run as a multiplex reaction, allowing for increased testing efficiency and reduced cost. Conclusion Coupling this assay with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Human Influenza Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel Influenza B Lineage Genotyping Kit results in rapid detection and characterisation of circulating influenza B viruses. Detailed surveillance information on these distinct influenza B variant viruses will provide insight into their prevalence and geographical distribution and could aid in vaccine recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shu
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Marie K Kirby
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, United States.,Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Christine Warnes
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Wendy M Sessions
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - William G Davis
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, United States.,Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Ji Liu
- Chickasaw Nation Industries, Inc., Atlanta, United States.,Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Malania M Wilson
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Respiratory Virus Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - David E Wentworth
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - John R Barnes
- Virology, Surveillance and Diagnostic Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
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3
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Shoemaker TR, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, Kyondo J, Lubwama B, Sekamatte M, Namutebi A, Tusiime P, Monje F, Mayanja M, Ssendagire S, Dahlke M, Kyazze S, Wetaka M, Makumbi I, Borchert J, Zufan S, Patel K, Whitmer S, Brown S, Davis WG, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Lutwama J. First Laboratory-Confirmed Outbreak of Human and Animal Rift Valley Fever Virus in Uganda in 48 Years. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:659-671. [PMID: 30675833 PMCID: PMC6402942 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was identified in Kabale district, southwestern Uganda. A comprehensive outbreak investigation was initiated, including human, livestock, and mosquito vector investigations. Overall, four cases of acute, nonfatal human disease were identified, three by RVF virus (RVFV) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and one by IgM and IgG serology. Investigations of cattle, sheep, and goat samples from homes and villages of confirmed and probable RVF cases and the Kabale central abattoir found that eight of 83 (10%) animals were positive for RVFV by IgG serology; one goat from the home of a confirmed case tested positive by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing from three clinical specimens was performed and phylogenetic analysis inferred the relatedness of 2016 RVFV with the 2006–2007 Kenya-2 clade, suggesting previous introduction of RVFV into southwestern Uganda. An entomological survey identified three of 298 pools (1%) of Aedes and Coquillettidia species that were RVFV positive by RT-PCR. This was the first identification of RVFV in Uganda in 48 years and the 10th independent viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak to be confirmed in Uganda since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Fred Monje
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Mayanja
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Melissa Dahlke
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milton Wetaka
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeff Borchert
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sara Zufan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shelley Brown
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William G Davis
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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4
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Wiley MR, Fakoli L, Letizia AG, Welch SR, Ladner JT, Prieto K, Reyes D, Espy N, Chitty JA, Pratt CB, Di Paola N, Taweh F, Williams D, Saindon J, Davis WG, Patel K, Holland M, Negrón D, Ströher U, Nichol ST, Sozhamannan S, Rollin PE, Dogba J, Nyenswah T, Bolay F, Albariño CG, Fallah M, Palacios G. Lassa virus circulating in Liberia: a retrospective genomic characterisation. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:1371-1378. [PMID: 31588039 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alarming rise in reported Lassa fever cases continues in west Africa. Liberia has the largest reported per capita incidence of Lassa fever cases in the region, but genomic information on the circulating strains is scarce. The aim of this study was to substantially increase the available pool of data to help foster the generation of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. METHODS Clinical serum samples collected from 17 positive Lassa fever cases originating from Liberia (16 cases) and Guinea (one case) within the past decade were processed at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research using a targeted-enrichment sequencing approach, producing 17 near-complete genomes. An additional 17 Lassa virus sequences (two from Guinea, seven from Liberia, four from Nigeria, and four from Sierra Leone) were generated from viral stocks at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA) from samples originating from the Mano River Union (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone) region and Nigeria. Sequences were compared with existing Lassa virus genomes and published Lassa virus assays. FINDINGS The 23 new Liberian Lassa virus genomes grouped within two clades (IV.A and IV.B) and were genetically divergent from those circulating elsewhere in west Africa. A time-calibrated phylogeographic analysis incorporating the new genomes suggests Liberia was the entry point of Lassa virus into the Mano River Union region and estimates the introduction to have occurred between 300-350 years ago. A high level of diversity exists between the Liberian Lassa virus genomes. Nucleotide percent difference between Liberian Lassa virus genomes ranged up to 27% in the L segment and 18% in the S segment. The commonly used Lassa Josiah-MGB assay was up to 25% divergent across the target sites when aligned to the Liberian Lassa virus genomes. INTERPRETATION The large amount of novel genomic diversity of Lassa virus observed in the Liberian cases emphasises the need to match deployed diagnostic capabilities with locally circulating strains and underscores the importance of evaluating cross-lineage protection in the development of vaccines and therapeutics. FUNDING Defense Biological Product Assurance Office of the US Department of Defense and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch and its Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wiley
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Fakoli
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Naval Medical Research Unit Three Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen R Welch
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Karla Prieto
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Reyes
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Espy
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Catherine B Pratt
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Fahn Taweh
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Desmond Williams
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Jon Saindon
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Davis
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ute Ströher
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (CBRND)-Joint Project Lead, CBRND Enabling Biotechnologies, Frederick, MD, USA; Logistics Management Institute, Tysons, VA, USA
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Dogba
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Fatorma Bolay
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Mosoka Fallah
- National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA.
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5
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Whitmer SL, Strecker T, Cadar D, Dienes HP, Faber K, Patel K, Brown SM, Davis WG, Klena JD, Rollin PE, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Fichet-Calvet E, Noack B, Emmerich P, Rieger T, Wolff S, Fehling SK, Eickmann M, Mengel JP, Schultze T, Hain T, Ampofo W, Bonney K, Aryeequaye JND, Ribner B, Varkey JB, Mehta AK, Lyon GM, Kann G, De Leuw P, Schuettfort G, Stephan C, Wieland U, Fries JW, Kochanek M, Kraft CS, Wolf T, Nichol ST, Becker S, Ströher U, Günther S. New Lineage of Lassa Virus, Togo, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:599-602. [PMID: 29460758 PMCID: PMC5823357 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a strain of Lassa virus representing a putative new lineage that was isolated from a cluster of human infections with an epidemiologic link to Togo. This finding extends the known range of Lassa virus to Togo.
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6
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Coleman LA, Mishina M, Thompson M, Spencer SM, Reber AJ, Davis WG, Cheng PY, Belongia EA, Talbot HK, Sundaram ME, Griffin MR, Shay DK, Sambhara S. Age, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35512-35521. [PMID: 27203211 PMCID: PMC5094941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between age, vitamin D status, expression and functionality of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and key genes in the vitamin D pathway in immune cells is unclear. We enrolled adults 50 to 69 years old (20 subjects) and 70+ (20 subjects) and measured: 1) 25(OH)D levels by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; and 2) mRNA expression of VDR, 1α-OHase, 1,25D3-MARRS, TREM-1, cathelicidin, RIG-I, and interferon-β by qRT-PCR. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 30 ± 4 ng/mL and was not associated with age. Baseline expression of VDR, 1α-OHase, 1,25D3-MARRS, TREM-1, and RIG-I also did not differ by age; IFN-β expression, however, was higher in the 70+ year old group. 25(OH)D3- and 1,25(OH)2D3-induced VDR, TREM-1 and cathelicidin expression were similar between age groups, as was LPS-induced expression of VDR and of 1α-OHase. Ligand-induced 1,25D3-MARRS expression was higher in subjects ≥ 70 years. Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with LPS-stimulated VDR expression and with baseline or vitamin D-induced TREM-1 expression, adjusting for age, self-rated health, and functional status. In healthy adults ≥ 50 years, the expression and functionality of the VDR, 1α-OHase and key vitamin D pathway genes were not consistently associated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Coleman
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH, USA
- Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Mark Thompson
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Adrian J. Reber
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G. Davis
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria E. Sundaram
- Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - David K. Shay
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Cao W, Davis WG, Kim JH, De La Cruz JA, Taylor A, Hendrickson GR, Kumar A, Ranjan P, Lyon LA, Katz JM, Gangappa S, Sambhara S. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion enhances immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccine in mice. Nanomedicine 2016; 12:1909-1917. [PMID: 27112307 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the immunogenicity of the Influenza H5N1 vaccine, we developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant. NE displayed good temperature stability and maintained particle size. More importantly, it significantly enhanced IL-6 and MCP-1 production to recruit innate cells, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells to the local environment. Furthermore, NE enhanced dendritic cell function to induce robust antigen-specific T and B cell immune responses. NE-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine not only elicited significantly higher and long-lasting antibody responses, but also conferred enhanced protection against homologous clade 1 as well as heterologous clade 2 H5N1 virus challenge in young as well as in aged mice. The pre-existing immunity to seasonal influenza did not affect the immunogenicity of NE-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Cao
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - William G Davis
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Hyang Kim
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grant R Hendrickson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Ranjan P, Singh N, Kumar A, Neerincx A, Kremmer E, Cao W, Davis WG, Katz JM, Gangappa S, Lin R, Kufer TA, Sambhara S. NLRC5 interacts with RIG-I to induce a robust antiviral response against influenza virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:758-72. [PMID: 25404059 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The NLR protein, NLRC5 is an important regulator of MHC class I gene expression, however, the role of NLRC5 in other innate immune responses is less well defined. In the present study, we report that NLRC5 binds RIG-I and that this interaction is critical for robust antiviral responses against influenza virus. Overexpression of NLRC5 in the human lung epithelial cell line, A549, and normal human bronchial epithelial cells resulted in impaired replication of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (PR8) and enhanced IFN-β expression. Influenza virus leads to induction of IFN-β that drives RIG-I and NLRC5 expression in host cells. Our results suggest that NLRC5 extends and stabilizes influenza virus induced RIG-I expression and delays expression of the viral inhibitor protein NS1. We show that NS1 binds to NLRC5 to suppress its function. Interaction domain mapping revealed that NLRC5 interacts with RIG-I via its N-terminal death domain and that NLRC5 enhanced antiviral activity in an leucine-rich repeat domain independent manner. Taken together, our findings identify a novel role for NLRC5 in RIG-I-mediated antiviral host responses against influenza virus infection, distinguished from the role of NLRC5 in MHC class I gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Shcherbik S, Sergent SB, Davis WG, Shu B, Barnes J, Klimov A, Bousse T. WITHDRAWN: Application of real time RT-PCR for the genetic homogeneity and stability tests of the seed candidates for live attenuated influenza vaccine production. J Virol Methods 2013:S0166-0934(13)00269-3. [PMID: 23872266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author and editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shcherbik
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; Battelle, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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10
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Cao W, Taylor AK, Biber RE, Davis WG, Kim JH, Reber AJ, Chirkova T, De La Cruz JA, Pandey A, Ranjan P, Katz JM, Gangappa S, Sambhara S. Rapid differentiation of monocytes into type I IFN-producing myeloid dendritic cells as an antiviral strategy against influenza virus infection. J Immunol 2012; 189:2257-65. [PMID: 22855715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) have long been thought to function as classical APCs for T cell responses. However, we demonstrate that influenza viruses induce rapid differentiation of human monocytes into mDCs. Unlike the classic mDCs, the virus-induced mDCs failed to upregulate DC maturation markers and were unable to induce allogeneic lymphoproliferation. Virus-induced mDCs secreted little, if any, proinflammatory cytokines; however, they secreted a substantial amount of chemoattractants for monocytes (MCP-1 and IP-10). Interestingly, the differentiated mDCs secreted type I IFN and upregulated the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (tetherin, IFITM3, and viperin), as well as cytosolic viral RNA sensors (RIG-I and MDA5). Additionally, culture supernatants from virus-induced mDCs suppressed the replication of virus in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of monocytes in a mouse model of influenza infection caused significant reduction of lung mDC numbers, as well as type I IFN production in the lung. Consequently, increased lung virus titer and higher mortality were observed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the host responds to influenza virus infection by initiating rapid differentiation of circulating monocytes into IFN-producing mDCs, which contribute to innate antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Cao
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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11
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Davis WG, Bowzard JB, Sharma SD, Wiens ME, Ranjan P, Gangappa S, Stuchlik O, Pohl J, Donis RO, Katz JM, Cameron CE, Fujita T, Sambhara S. The 3' untranslated regions of influenza genomic sequences are 5'PPP-independent ligands for RIG-I. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32661. [PMID: 22438882 PMCID: PMC3305289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a key regulator of antiviral immunity. RIG-I is generally thought to be activated by ssRNA species containing a 5'-triphosphate (PPP) group or by unphosphorylated dsRNA up to ~300 bp in length. However, it is not yet clear how changes in the length, nucleotide sequence, secondary structure, and 5' end modification affect the abilities of these ligands to bind and activate RIG-I. To further investigate these parameters in the context of naturally occurring ligands, we examined RNA sequences derived from the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of the influenza virus NS1 gene segment. As expected, RIG-I-dependent interferon-β (IFN-β) induction by sequences from the 5' UTR of the influenza cRNA or its complement (26 nt in length) required the presence of a 5'PPP group. In contrast, activation of RIG-I by the 3' UTR cRNA sequence or its complement (172 nt) exhibited only a partial 5'PPP-dependence, as capping the 5' end or treatment with CIP showed a modest reduction in RIG-I activation. Furthermore, induction of IFN-β by a smaller, U/A-rich region within the 3' UTR was completely 5'PPP-independent. Our findings demonstrated that RNA sequence, length, and secondary structure all contributed to whether or not the 5'PPP moiety is needed for interferon induction by RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Bradford Bowzard
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mayim E. Wiens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga Stuchlik
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Pohl
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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12
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Bowzard JB, Davis WG, Jeisy-Scott V, Ranjan P, Gangappa S, Fujita T, Sambhara S. PAMPer and tRIGer: ligand-induced activation of RIG-I. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Chakravarthy KV, Bonoiu AC, Davis WG, Ranjan P, Ding H, Hu R, Bowzard JB, Bergey EJ, Katz JM, Knight PR, Sambhara S, Prasad PN. Gold nanorod delivery of an ssRNA immune activator inhibits pandemic H1N1 influenza viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10172-7. [PMID: 20498074 PMCID: PMC2890428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914561107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has become a world-wide health concern. As drug resistance appears, a new generation of therapeutic strategies will be required. Here, we introduce a nanotechnology approach for the therapy of pan-demic and seasonal influenza virus infections. This approach uses gold nanorods (GNRs) to deliver an innate immune activator, pro-ducing a localized therapeutic response. We demonstrated the utility of a biocompatible gold nanorod, GNR-5'PPP-ssRNA nanoplex, as an antiviral strategy against type A influenza virus. In human respiratory bronchial epithelial cells, this nanoplex activated the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathogen recognition pathway, resulting in increased expression of IFN-beta and other IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (e.g., PKR, MDA5, IRF1, IRF7, and MX1). This increase in type I IFN and ISGs resulted in a decrease in the replication of H1N1 influenza viruses. These findings suggest that further evaluation of biocompatible nanoplexes as unique antivirals for treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan V. Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, NY 14215; and
| | - Adela C. Bonoiu
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - William G. Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Hong Ding
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Rui Hu
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - J. Bradford Bowzard
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Earl J. Bergey
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology and Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, NY 14215; and
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute of Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
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14
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Ranjan P, Jayashankar L, Deyde V, Zeng H, Davis WG, Pearce MB, Bowzard JB, Hoelscher MA, Jeisy-Scott V, Wiens ME, Gangappa S, Gubareva L, García-Sastre A, Katz JM, Tumpey TM, Fujita T, Sambhara S. 5'PPP-RNA induced RIG-I activation inhibits drug-resistant avian H5N1 as well as 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza virus replication. Virol J 2010; 7:102. [PMID: 20492658 PMCID: PMC2891689 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza viruses, including avian H5N1 with pandemic potential, 1918 and 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic viruses to currently used antiviral agents, neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 Ion channel blockers, underscores the importance of developing novel antiviral strategies. Activation of innate immune pathogen sensor Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-I) has recently been shown to induce antiviral state. RESULTS In the present investigation, using real time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and plaque assay we show that 5'PPP-containing single stranded RNA (5'PPP-RNA), a ligand for the intracytoplasmic RNA sensor, RIG-I can be used as a prophylactic agent against known drug-resistant avian H5N1 and pandemic influenza viruses. 5'PPP-RNA treatment of human lung epithelial cells inhibited replication of drug-resistant avian H5N1 as well as 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza viruses in a RIG-I and type 1 interferon dependant manner. Additionally, 5'PPP-RNA treatment also inhibited 2009 H1N1 viral replication in vivo in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5'PPP-RNA mediated activation of RIG-I can suppress replication of influenza viruses irrespective of their genetic make-up, pathogenicity, and drug-sensitivity status.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Disease Outbreaks
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Viral/chemical synthesis
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Varough Deyde
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - William G Davis
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Melissa B Pearce
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John B Bowzard
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mary A Hoelscher
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Victoria Jeisy-Scott
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mayim E Wiens
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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15
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Davis WG, Blackwell JL, Shi PY, Brinton MA. Interaction between the cellular protein eEF1A and the 3'-terminal stem-loop of West Nile virus genomic RNA facilitates viral minus-strand RNA synthesis. J Virol 2007; 81:10172-87. [PMID: 17626087 PMCID: PMC2045417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase footprinting and nitrocellulose filter binding assays were previously used to map one major and two minor binding sites for the cell protein eEF1A on the 3'(+) stem-loop (SL) RNA of West Nile virus (WNV) (3). Base substitutions in the major eEF1A binding site or adjacent areas of the 3'(+) SL were engineered into a WNV infectious clone. Mutations that decreased, as well as ones that increased, eEF1A binding in in vitro assays had a negative effect on viral growth. None of these mutations affected the efficiency of translation of the viral polyprotein from the genomic RNA, but all of the mutations that decreased in vitro eEF1A binding to the 3' SL RNA also decreased viral minus-strand RNA synthesis in transfected cells. Also, a mutation that increased the efficiency of eEF1A binding to the 3' SL RNA increased minus-strand RNA synthesis in transfected cells, which resulted in decreased synthesis of genomic RNA. These results strongly suggest that the interaction between eEF1A and the WNV 3' SL facilitates viral minus-strand synthesis. eEF1A colocalized with viral replication complexes (RC) in infected cells and antibody to eEF1A coimmunoprecipitated viral RC proteins, suggesting that eEF1A facilitates an interaction between the 3' end of the genome and the RC. eEF1A bound with similar efficiencies to the 3'-terminal SL RNAs of four divergent flaviviruses, including a tick-borne flavivirus, and colocalized with dengue virus RC in infected cells. These results suggest that eEF1A plays a similar role in RNA replication for all flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Davis
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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16
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Davis WG, Hennessy B, Babiera G, Hunt K, Valero V, Buchholz TA, Sneige N, Gilcrease MZ. Metaplastic Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Breast With Absent or Minimal Overt Invasive Carcinomatous Component. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29:1456-63. [PMID: 16224212 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000176431.96326.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms ranging from tumors with a predominant component of overt carcinoma and focal mesenchymal differentiation to keratin-positive tumors with pure sarcomatoid morphology. We examined the clinicopathologic features of 22 patients previously diagnosed at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center with metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with pure or almost pure sarcomatoid morphology. Patients were included in the study if their tumors had sarcomatoid morphology and: 1) an invasive carcinomatous component identifiable on hematoxylin and eosin stains comprising less than 5% of the invasive tumor; or 2) associated ductal carcinoma in situ; or 3) immunohistochemical expression of keratin in the sarcomatoid areas. Patients with low-grade fibromatosis-like metaplastic tumors and those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Axillary lymph node dissection or limited axillary node excision was performed in 17 patients, including 1 patient who had a sentinel lymph node biopsy. Lymph node involvement occurred in only 1 patient and consisted of a single 3.5-mm metastasis. Clinical follow-up was available for 21 patients and ranged from 4 months to 155 months (median follow-up, 35 months). Ten patients experienced local relapse, including 7 of 11 patients treated with breast-conserving surgery, and 9 developed distant metastases, most frequently to the lungs. These findings suggest that metaplastic sarcomatoid carcinomas that lack or have only a minimal overt invasive carcinomatous component have a biologic behavior similar to that of sarcomas. In addition to systemic treatment, early aggressive local therapy is recommended, as these patients have a high rate of local relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Elghonemy S, Davis WG, Brinton MA. The majority of the nucleotides in the top loop of the genomic 3' terminal stem loop structure are cis-acting in a West Nile virus infectious clone. Virology 2005; 331:238-46. [PMID: 15629768 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus genome RNA terminates with a conserved 3' stem loop (SL) structure that was shown to be essential for virus replication. A stretch of conserved nts is located in the top loop (TL) of this structure. Mutation of the TL nts (5' ACAGUGC 3') in a WNV infectious clone indicated that 3 of the 7 TL nts (5' ACAGUGC 3') are critical for virus replication. Mutation of 3 of the other nts reduced the efficiency of virus replication. The four 5' TL nts are conserved in both mosquito- and tick-borne flavivirus genomes, while the TL 3' C is conserved in mosquito-borne viruses. The conservation of two or three G-C base pairs in the TL flanking sequences suggests that a stable stem is necessary for precise presentation of the TL sequence. The TL may participate in RNA as well as protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Elghonemy
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, PO Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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18
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Tormey WP, Fitzgerald RJ, Davis WG, Thompson CJ. Twelve-year experience in the investigation and treatment of paragangliomas. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56:739-45. [PMID: 12510946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a 12-year laboratory experience in the diagnosis of 37 patients with phaeochromocytoma, one with malignant paraganglioma and one with ganglioneuroblastoma. Surgery was performed in eight different hospitals, which underlines the difficulty of ensuring uniformity of investigations. Of the 37 with phaeochromocytoma, 15 were in the right adrenal gland, 12 were on the left, seven were bilateral and three were extra adrenal. Twenty-three were male and 15 were female; the median age was 36 years. Four of five patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease had bilateral adrenal tumours and four had neurofibromatosis. None had multiple endocrine neoplasia. Using essential hypertensive patients as a reference population, diagnostic sensitivity was 80% for noradrenaline, 54.4% for adrenaline, 19.1% for dopamine, 93.3% for total normetanephrine, 33.3% for total metanephrine, 78.7% for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (HMMA) and 23.5% for homovanillic acid (HVA). However, if each patient's results were taken as a package, the sensitivities were 100% for noradrenaline, 63.6% for adrenaline, 30.3% for dopamine and 89% for HMMA. Seven recent patients had gene analysis. There were six (15.4%) deaths due directly or indirectly to the paraganglioma. Postoperative blood pressures were normal in 74%. The decrement in catecholamine values post-surgery is shown. Urinary noradrenaline values fell by a mean of 94.5% and the use of urinary noradrenaline as a tumour marker is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tormey
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Davis WG. Is the American health care delivery system ready for change? Physician Exec 1994; 20:15-7. [PMID: 10132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In October 1992, the American College of Physician Executives sponsored a study tour to Berlin, Germany, and Amsterdam, Holland. Meetings were held with government officials, third-party payers, and providers, and on-site visits were made at hospitals, clinics, and academic centers. The purpose was to study the health care delivery system in those countries and to share some insights with the countries' hosts on the U.S. system. In a series of reports that began in the July issue of the journal, 5 of the 10 study tour participants describe their impressions of the tour and of the health care systems in the countries that were visited. In this final report, the implications of the German and Dutch systems for reform of the U.S. health care system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Davis
- U.S. Department of Labor, Denver, CO
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20
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Smyth BJ, Davis WG. Allopurinol fails to protect against gentamicin-induced renal damage in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nephron Clin Pract 1994; 68:468-72. [PMID: 7870233 DOI: 10.1159/000188309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests the involvement of hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals in the development of gentamicin-induced acute renal tubular necrosis. Xanthine oxidase has been implicated as an important source of superoxide free radicals. Spontaneously hypertensive (Wistar-Kyoto) rats (SHR) have excessive oxidant stress which may render them more sensitive to the proported oxygen free radical producing effects of gentamicin. This study was undertaken to determine if the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol will ameliorate the effects of gentamicin. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHR were administered allopurinol (40 mg/kg twice daily) orally 4 days before and throughout a 12-day gentamicin treatment period. The allopurinol only treatment group demonstrated no noticeable histological or functional changes considered to be indicative of nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin-injected WKY rats and SHR equally demonstrated extensive proximal tubular and glomerular damage characteristic of aminoglycoside-induced kidney damage. Allopurinol failed to protect either rat strain against the histological damage caused by gentamicin. Equivalent alterations in serum creatinine, serum gentamicin, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion, body weight, urinary output, and blood pressure occurred in the gentamicin with allopurinol and gentamicin only treatment groups. Our results demonstrate allopurinol does not ameliorate the pathogenesis of gentamicin. SHR do not appear to be more sensitive to the effects of gentamicin induced kidney damage with or without allopurinol as compared with WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Smyth
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2645
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21
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Onik G, Mooney V, Maroon JC, Wiltse L, Helms C, Schweigel J, Watkins R, Kahanovitz N, Day A, Morris J, McCullough JA, Reicher M, Croissant P, Dunsker S, Davis WG, Brown C, Hochschuler S, Saul T, Ray C. Automated Percutaneous Discectomy: A Prospective Multi-Institutional Study. Neurosurgery 1990. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199002000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A prospective multi-institutional study was carried out to evaluate automated percutaneous discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniations. Of the 327 patients who prospectively met the study criteria and were followed for longer than 1 year, 75.2% were successfully treated. When patients (n = 168) who prospectively did not meet the study criteria were treated, the success rate was 49.4%. One case of discitis was reported; otherwise, no other serious complications were noted, and specifically no vascular or nerve damage was encountered. This study indicates that automated percutaneous discetomy can be used successfully to treat lumbar disc herniations with minimal morbidity and emphasizes the need for proper patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Onik
- Presbyterian-University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (GO)
| | - Vert Mooney
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Leon Wiltse
- California Spine Surgery Medical Group, Long Beach, California
| | - Clyde Helms
- University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph Schweigel
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Arthur Day
- University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - James Morris
- University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Murray Reicher
- University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Croissant
- North Oakland Neurosurgical Associates, Bloomfield, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Saul
- Mayfield Neurological Clinic, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles Ray
- Institute for Low Back Care, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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23
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Foin TC, Davis WG. Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Models in Ecological Anthropology: An Evaluation of "Stability" in Maring Ecosystems in New Guinea. American Anthropologist 1987. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.1987.89.1.02a00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Abstract
A 58-year-old white man with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia developed proptosis and an improvement in his ptosis from a mass in the superior orbit. A biopsy showed the mass to consist of an inflammatory mass of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. As the inflammatory mass responded to periorbital and systemic steroids, the ptosis recurred. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the levator muscle is extremely unusual and has not been reported previously in patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wesley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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25
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Davis WG. : Extinction and Survival in Human Populations . Charles D. Laughlin, Jr., Ivan A. Brady. American Anthropologist 1981. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.1981.83.4.02a00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Three cases of filamentary keratitis were associated with brain-stem injuries. Severe stromal neovascularization developed in two cases. There was corneal sensation in the involved eyes. The first case resolved spontaneously over a 20-month period after stromal neovascularization. Two patients responded rapidly to treatment with soft contact lenses. The vascularization resolved in both cases, but much sooner in the eyes treated with the soft contact lenses.
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27
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van Niekerk CH, Steyn DL, Davis WG, Heese HDV. Chloramphenicol levels in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis. S Afr Med J 1980; 58:159-60. [PMID: 7404208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloramphenicol was found to cross the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid of children with pyogenic meningitis effectively both at days 2 and 10 of therapy. It is recommended as the drug of choice in the treatment of children with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.
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Davis WG. Patient education reimbursement. Group Pract 1980; 29:8-10. [PMID: 10245391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Leucine and methionine enkephalins were measured by biological assay in normal colon, adenocarcinoma of the colon, carcinoma of the caecum, and in normal and inflamed appendix. Methionine enkephalin levels in both the adenocarcinomas and inflamed appendices were significantly higher than in normal controls. No significant change occurred in leucine enkephalin levels. The caecal tumours were anaplastic and contained no demonstrable opioid activity.
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Davis WG. Issues instead of labels. Group Pract 1978; 27:2. [PMID: 10239122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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31
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Davis WG. : Social Networks: A Developing Paradigm . Samuel Leinhardt. American Anthropologist 1978. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.1978.80.3.02a00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Abstract
It is suggested that the early-morning growth-hormone release associated with slow-wave sleep is due to inhibition of somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus. It is also associated with inhibition of gastrointestinal somatostatin, causing a release of gastrin and insulin. Because the levels of glucocorticoid hormones are concurrently low, the insulin effect is unopposed and increases gut motility through augmented vagal tone. This results in an increased delivery of acid to the duodenum. In duodenal-ulcer patients, whose duodenal buffering capacity is reduced because of a relative deficiency of secretin response, this leads to pain.
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Davis WG. About 'clout'--and a painful decision. Group Pract 1977; 26:2. [PMID: 10305021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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35
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Davis WG. What do you see in your crystal ball? Group Pract 1977; 26:2. [PMID: 10305016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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36
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Davis WG. How hospital relationships shape the growth and stability of groups. Group Pract 1976; 25:28-9. [PMID: 1028658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine has a dual effect on the spontaneously contracting rat ovarian ligament, in vitro, a contraction which is antagonized by the prior administration of methysergide and a relaxation of the ligament observed in the methysergide-treated preparation. The relaxatory effect was not antagonized by propranolol or tetrodotoxin but treatment of the ligament with indomethacin abolished this response. Prostaglandins of the E series produced an inhibition, and PGF2alpha a contraction of the ligament. Thin layer chromatographic separation indicates that 5-HT causes the release of a PGE2-like substance which relaxes the ovarian suspensory ligament.
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Abstract
A descriptive epidemiologic and anthropologic study was designed to determine by field observation and interview the extent of Basque involvement in the sheep industry of California, the nature of the sheep and dog husbandry practices of California Basques as they might influence Echinococus granulosus transmission, and the "folk knowledge" of hydatid disease possessed by California Basques, particularly as it might indicate the early presence of this infection in California and provide evidence for or against possible intensification or spread of transmission in the recent past. Basques were found to dominate the sheep industry of California's Central Valley from Sacramento south, but to be virtually absent from other sheep-raising areas of the state. In contrast to most other California sheep ranchers, Basques practice a transhumant form of husbandry in which bands of sheep are moved from location to location under the control of contract Basque shepherds from Spain and France and a number of sheep dogs.
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Davis WG. : Sociology for the Modern Mind . Imogen Seger. American Anthropologist 1975. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Davis WG, White CE. Cloxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a children's hospital. S Afr Med J 1974; 48:1341-4. [PMID: 4846427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
Abstract
The inhibition of the pressor effects of noradrenaline by phenoxybenzamine was reduced by propranolol and sotalol in the normal and acutely adrenalectomized, but not in the chronically adrenalectomized, rat. The administration of a glucocorticoid, but not a mineralocorticoid, to the chronically adrenalectomized rat, produced a preparation in which the phenoxybenzamine-produced α-adrenoceptor blockade was reduced by the β-adrenoceptor blocking agents, demonstrating that this action is glucocorticoid-dependent.
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Davis WG, Persaud TV. Distribution of hypoglycin-A in the rat following acute intoxication. W INDIAN MED J 1971; 20:277-8. [PMID: 5173455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Abstract
Isomers of propranolol and N-isopropyl-p-nitrophenylethanolamine (INPEA) were used to demonstrate that there are two mechanisms by which the β-adrenoceptor blocking agents will reverse phenoxy-benzamine-produced α-adrenoceptor blockade. In the seminal vesicle preparation, prior administration of either isomer initially protected the receptors from phenoxybenzamine blockade when the contact time for phenoxybenzamine was short. The isomers were equi-effective, suggesting that this action is independent of β-adrenoceptor blocking activity. When the contact time of phenoxybenzamine was prolonged, the ability of the isomers to protect the α-receptors was lost. In the rat blood pressure preparation, after the development of phenoxybenzamine-produced α-adrenoceptor blockade, (-)- and (±)-propranolol or (-)- and (±)-INPEA, in doses that produced marked β-adrenoceptor blocking activity, partially reversed the α-adrenoceptor blockade. Identical doses of (+)-propranolol or (+)-INPEA, which exhibited weak β-adrenoceptor blocking activity did not produce any reversal. The reversal of phenoxybenzamine-produced α-adrenoceptor blockade in this situation appears therefore to be dependent upon the development of β-adrenoceptor blockade.
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Hobson CJ, Davis WG. Social work in group medical practice. Psychosomatics 1970; 11:355-7. [PMID: 5459341 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3182(70)71637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Davis WG, Persaud TV. Recent studies on the active principles of Jamaican medicinal plants. W INDIAN MED J 1970; 19:101-10. [PMID: 4925883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Davis WG. A comparison of the local anaesthetic-, "quinidine-like"- and adrenergic beta-blocking-activities of five beta-receptor antagonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 1970; 22:284-90. [PMID: 4392570 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1970.tb08520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Propranolol, pronethalol, INPEA, MJ1999 and MJ1998 exhibit local anaesthetic activity when assessed by infiltration anaesthesia and at motor nerve endings but only propranolol, pronethalol and INPEA exhibit local anaesthetic activity on the phrenic motor nerve. All the β-adrenergic blocking agents exhibit a “quinidine-like” activity and there appears to be a close correlation between local anaesthetic and “quinidine-like” activities, which cannot be extended to include adrenergic β-receptor antagonism.
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Davis WG. The effects of beta adrenoceptor blocking agents on the membrane potential and spike generation in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 38:12-9. [PMID: 4391730 PMCID: PMC1702634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb10332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The measurement of changes in spike generation and membrane resistance in the guinea-pig taenia coli, using the sucrose gap extracellular recording method, has been shown to be a useful way to demonstrate the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents.2. Pronethalol, INPEA, MJ 1999, MJ 1998 and dichloroisoprenaline abolish the spontaneous spike discharge and produce a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. These sympathomimetic effects were blocked by a mixture of alpha (phentolamine) and beta (propranolol) adrenoceptor blocking agents.3. Propranolol reduced the frequency of the spontaneous spike potentials but did not raise the resting membrane potential of the taenia coli.4. When the metabolism of the taenia coli was depressed, all the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents produced a depolarization of the cell membrane and sometimes initiated spike potential activity. The depolarization of the cell membrane was antagonized by superfusing the taenia coli with Krebs solution containing phentolamine. The effects of the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents were not antagonized by the presence of atropine.5. Experiments performed on the reserpinized taenia coli preparation show that depletion of the stores of catecholamines did not modify the sympathomimetic actions of the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents on the normal or metabolically depressed taenia coli preparation. The sympathomimetic action of the beta blocking agents does not appear to be mediated through the release of catecholamines within the taenia coli.
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Abstract
1. The actions of pronethalol and propranolol have been studied to see if there was any relationship between the reduction in coronary flow and any other cardiovascular action they have.2. The experiments were carried out in anaesthetized open chest dogs. Measurements included central arterial, left and right venous or atrial pressures, heart rate, ventricular size and stroke volume, intra-ventricular pressures, total left coronary flow, arterial and coronary sinus blood pO(2). The pressure-time index (PTI) and maximum rate of isovolumetric contraction (dp/dt) were obtained from these records.3. It was concluded that, in these experiments, the reduction in coronary flow produced by pronethalol and propranolol was not directly related to a decrease in perfusion pressure, a raised venous pressure, the increase in ventricular volume and hence wall tension, the decrease in heart rate, or to the increased duration of systole.4. The PTI and dp/dt were always reduced at the same time as the coronary flow. These findings are discussed.5. Studies of the effects of sympathetic stimulation, of phentolamine, of reduced arterial oxygen tension and electrical pacing of the heart, all after beta-blockade, did not support the suggestion that the reduction in coronary flow after beta-blockade was due to the unmasking of an active vasoconstriction.
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