51
|
Go EP, Chang Q, Liao HX, Sutherland LL, Alam SM, Haynes BF, Desaire H. Glycosylation site-specific analysis of clade C HIV-1 envelope proteins. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4231-42. [PMID: 19610667 DOI: 10.1021/pr9002728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extensive glycosylation of HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs), gp120/gp41, is known to play an important role in evasion of host immune response by masking key neutralization epitopes and presenting the Env glycosylation as "self" to the host immune system. The Env glycosylation is mostly conserved but continues to evolve to modulate viral infectivity. Thus, profiling Env glycosylation and distinguishing interclade and intraclade glycosylation variations are necessary components in unraveling the effects of glycosylation on Env's immunogenicity. Here, we describe a mass spectrometry-based approach to characterize the glycosylation profiles of two rVV-expressed clade C Envs by identifying the glycan motifs on each glycosylation site and determining the degree of glycosylation site occupancy. One Env is a wild-type Env, while the other is a synthetic "consensus" Env (C.CON). The observed differences in the glycosylation profiles between the two clade C Envs show that C.CON has more unutilized sites and high levels of high mannose glycans; these features mimic the glycosylation profile of a Group M consensus immunogen, CON-S. Our results also reveal a clade-specific glycosylation pattern. Discerning interclade and intraclade glycosylation variations could provide valuable information in understanding the molecular differences among the different HIV-1 clades and in designing new Env-based immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eden P Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
We have identified a post-entry CCR6-dependent mechanism of inhibition of HIV occurring at an early stage of infection mediated by the induction of the host restriction factor apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G). We observed induction of APOBEC3G expression only in CCR6(+) cells but not in cells treated with the G inhibitory (Gi) pathway inhibitor pertussis toxin. CCR6 is highly expressed on peripheral blood CD4(+)CCR5(+) memory T cells and by 2 populations of CD4(+) T cells within the gut, alpha4beta7(+) and T helper type 17, that have been implicated in cell-to-cell spread of HIV and enhanced restoration of CD4(+) T cells within gut-associated lymphoid tissue, respectively. This novel CCR6-mediated mechanism of inhibition allows the identification of pathways that induce intrinsic immunity to HIV, which could be useful in devising novel therapeutics that selectively target CCR6(+) cells.
Collapse
|
53
|
Mittal R, Bulgheresi S, Emami C, Prasadarao NV. Enterobacter sakazakii targets DC-SIGN to induce immunosuppressive responses in dendritic cells by modulating MAPKs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6588-99. [PMID: 19846880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii (ES) is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional phagocytic cells that play an essential role in host defense against invading pathogens; however, the interaction of ES with DCs is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that ES targets DC-specific ICAM nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) to survive in myeloid DCs for which outer membrane protein A (OmpA) expression in ES is critical, although it is not required for uptake. In addition, DC-SIGN expression was sufficient to cause a significant invasion by ES in HeLa cells and intestinal epithelial cells, which are normally not invaded by ES. OmpA(+) ES prevented the maturation of DCs by triggering the production of high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta and by suppressing the activation of MAPKs. Pretreatment of DCs with Abs to IL-10 and TGF-beta or of bacteria with anti-OmpA Abs significantly enhanced the maturation markers on DCs. Furthermore, DCs pretreated with various inhibitors of MAPKs prohibited the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by LPS or OmpA(-) ES. LPS pretreatment followed by OmpA(+) ES infection of DCs failed to induce maturation of DCs, indicating that OmpA(+) ES renders the cells in immunosuppressive state to external stimuli. Similarly, OmpA(+) ES-infected DCs failed to present Ag to T cells as indicated by the inability of T cells to proliferate in MLR. We conclude that ES interacts with DC-SIGN to subvert the host immune responses by disarming MAPK pathway in DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Venkatachari NJ, Alber S, Watkins SC, Ayyavoo V. HIV-1 infection of DC: evidence for the acquisition of virus particles from infected T cells by antigen uptake mechanism. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7470. [PMID: 19829715 PMCID: PMC2759578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in transmission and dissemination of HIV-1. Earlier studies reported that DC present at the site of infection trap virus particles via DC-SIGN and transfer the virus to the interacting naïve T cells. This prompted us to ask the question whether DC could acquire virus from infected T cells during DC-T cell interaction. To address this, we investigated the likely transfer of virus from HIV-1 infected T cells to DC and the underlying mechanisms involved. Results indicate that DC acquire virus from infected T cells via antigen uptake mechanism and this results in infection of DC with expression of proteins directed by viral DNA. Further studies with HIV-1 lacking the Env protein also resulted in infection of DC. The use of antibodies against DC-SIGN and DC-SIGN-R ruled out a role for receptor in the infection of DC. Additional data show that DC infection is directly correlated with the ability of DC to take up antigen from infected T cells. Overall, these studies provide evidence to suggest that HIV-1, besides infecting immune cells, also utilizes immunological mechanism(s) to acquire and disseminate virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan J. Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sean Alber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lehman TL, O'Halloran KP, Hoover EA, Avery PR. Utilizing the FIV model to understand dendritic cell dysfunction and the potential role of dendritic cell immunization in HIV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:75-81. [PMID: 19896214 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells which initiate and coordinate the immune response making them central targets of and attractive candidates for manipulation in chronic lentiviral infections. Emerging evidence suggests that DC immune function is disrupted during both acute and chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Despite some early promising data, the use of DC for lentiviral immunotherapy has not fulfilled its expected potential and has been complicated by the large number of variables involved in DC harvesting, purifying, and antigen loading. Pre-clinical studies aimed at identifying successful strategies for DC augmentation of current HIV treatment protocols are needed. Over the past two decades, the FIV model for HIV infection has increased the understanding of retroviral pathogenesis, and studies have begun using the FIV model to study DC dysfunction and DC-mediated immunotherapy. Careful consideration of the many variables involved in DC function and therapy should help develop protocols to explore the potential of DC vaccine-based therapies for lentiviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Lehman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
DC-SIGN mediates cell-free infection and transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 by dendritic cells. J Virol 2009; 83:10908-21. [PMID: 19692463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01054-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the susceptibility of dendritic cells (DCs) to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and the defined role of these cells in disease pathogenesis, the mechanisms of viral binding to DCs have not been fully delineated. Recently, a glucose transporter, GLUT-1, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) were demonstrated to facilitate HTLV-1 entry into T cells. DCs express their own array of antigen receptors, the most important being the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) with respect to retrovirus binding. Consequently, the role of DC-SIGN and other HTLV-1 attachment factors was analyzed in viral binding, transmission, and productive infection using monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs), blood myeloid DCs, and B-cell lines expressing DC-SIGN. The relative expression of DC-SIGN, GLUT-1, HSPGs, and NRP-1 first was examined on both DCs and B-cell lines. Although the inhibition of these molecules reduced viral binding, HTLV-1 transmission from DCs to T cells was mediated primarily by DC-SIGN. DC-SIGN also was shown to play a role in the infection of MDDCs as well as model B-cell lines. The HTLV-1 infection of MDDCs also was achieved in blood myeloid DCs following the enhancement of virus-induced interleukin-4 production and subsequent DC-SIGN expression in this cell population. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of potential HTLV-1 receptors on DCs and strongly suggests that DC-SIGN plays a critical role in HTLV-1 binding, transmission, and infection, thereby providing an attractive target for the development of antiretroviral therapeutics and microbicides.
Collapse
|
57
|
Graham DRM, Mitsak MJ, Elliott ST, Chen D, Whelan SA, Hart GW, Van Eyk JE. Two-dimensional gel-based approaches for the assessment of N-Linked and O-GlcNAc glycosylation in human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Proteomics 2009; 8:4919-30. [PMID: 19072736 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation state of envelope glycoproteins in human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIV) is critical to viral infectivity and tropism, viral protein processing, and in virus evasion of the immune system. Using a rapid fluorescent 2-D gel-based method coupled with enzymatic pre-treatment of virus with PNGase F (Peptide: N-Glycosidase F) and fluorescent 2-D gels or 2-D gel Western blotting, we show significant differences in the glycosylation patterns of two SIV strains widely used in animal models of HIV disease and vaccine studies. We also demonstrate the modification of a host protein important in HIV biology (HLA-DR) by O-GlcNAc. Further, this experimental pipeline allows for the identification of the modified protein and the site of N-linked glycosylation by fluorescent 2-DE coupled with MS and the qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of viral glycosylation. The method is fully compatible with downstream glycomics analysis. This approach will permit correlation of virus glycosylation status with pathological severity and may serve as a rapid screen of viruses from physiological samples for further study by more advanced MS methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R M Graham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The JHU Bayview Proteomics Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Huisman W, Martina BEE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Gruters RA, Osterhaus ADME. Vaccine-induced enhancement of viral infections. Vaccine 2008; 27:505-12. [PMID: 19022319 PMCID: PMC7131326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Examples of vaccine-induced enhancement of susceptibility to virus infection or of aberrant viral pathogenesis have been documented for infections by members of different virus families. Several mechanisms, many of which still are poorly understood, are at the basis of this phenomenon. Vaccine development for lentivirus infections in general, and for HIV/AIDS in particular, has been little successful. Certain experimental lentiviral vaccines even proved to be counterproductive: they rendered vaccinated subjects more susceptible to infection rather than protecting them. For vaccine-induced enhanced susceptibility to infection with certain viruses like feline coronavirus, Dengue virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus, it has been shown that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) plays an important role. Other mechanisms may, either in the absence of or in combination with ADE, be involved. Consequently, vaccine-induced enhancement has been a major stumble block in the development of certain flavi-, corona-, paramyxo-, and lentivirus vaccines. Also recent failures in the development of a vaccine against HIV may at least in part be attributed to induction of enhanced susceptibility to infection. There may well be a delicate balance between the induction of protective immunity on the one hand and the induction of enhanced susceptibility on the other. The present paper reviews the currently known mechanisms of vaccine-induced enhancement of susceptibility to virus infection or of aberrant viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Huisman
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Genetically divergent strains of feline immunodeficiency virus from the domestic cat (Felis catus) and the African lion (Panthera leo) share usage of CD134 and CXCR4 as entry receptors. J Virol 2008; 82:10953-8. [PMID: 18715917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01312-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The env open reading frames of African lion (Panthera leo) lentivirus (feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV(Ple)]) subtypes B and E from geographically distinct regions of Africa suggest two distinct ancestries, with FIV(Ple)-E sharing a common ancestor with the domestic cat (Felis catus) lentivirus (FIV(Fca)). Here we demonstrate that FIV(Ple)-E and FIV(Fca) share the use of CD134 (OX40) and CXCR4 as a primary receptor and coreceptor, respectively, and that both lion CD134 and CXCR4 are functional receptors for FIV(Ple)-E. The shared usage of CD134 and CXCR4 by FIV(Fca) and FIV(Ple)-E may have implications for in vivo cell tropism and the pathogenicity of the E subtype among free-ranging lion populations.
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Infection with HIV represents a significant global health problem, with high infection rates and high mortality worldwide. Treatment with antiretroviral therapy is inaccessible to many patients and efficacy is limited by development of resistance and side effects. The interactions of HIV with the human immune system, both innate and humoral, are complex and complicated by the profound ability of the virus to disable the host immune response. Mannose-binding lectin, a component of the innate immune system, has been demonstrated to play a role in host-virus interactions. This protein may have a key role in determining host susceptibility to infection, pathogenesis and progression of disease, and may contribute to the extensive variability of host response to infection. Further understanding and manipulation of the mannose-binding lectin response may represent a target for immunomodulation in HIV infection, which may, in conjunction with highly active antiretroviral therapy, allow development of a novel therapeutic approach to HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Eisen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK, Tel.: +44 207 905 2215; Fax: +44 207 813 8494;
| | - Agnieszka Dzwonek
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK, Tel.: +44 207 905 2215; Fax: +44 207 813 8494;
| | - Nigel J Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK, Tel.: +44 207 905 2215; Fax: +44 207 813 8494;
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Vigerust DJ. Pathobiology of virus glycosylation: implications to disease and prospects for treatment. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes to the overall glycosylation profile of viral glycoproteins have been shown to be advantageous to virus survival and virulence. Many human viral pathogens rely on specific oligosaccharides to evade detection by the host immune system. Viruses such as HIV, Hendra, SARS-CoV, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis and West Nile virus rely on N-linked and O-Linked glycosylation for critical functions such as entry into host cells, proteolytic processing and protein trafficking. Recent findings demonstrate the importance of glycosylation to viral virulence, infectivity and immune evasion in several virus families impacting on human health. This review considers the role of glycosylation in viral infection and will detail several potential therapies for these important human pathogens and emerging infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Vaccine Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, T-0107 MCN (Mailing), T-2219 MCN (Lab), Nashville, TN 37232-2007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
de Swart RL, Ludlow M, de Witte L, Yanagi Y, van Amerongen G, McQuaid S, Yüksel S, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, Osterhaus ADME. Predominant infection of CD150+ lymphocytes and dendritic cells during measles virus infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e178. [PMID: 18020706 PMCID: PMC2077902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is hypothesized to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, followed by viremia mediated by infected monocytes. However, neither of these cell types express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which has been identified as the receptor for wild-type MV. We have infected rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP); thus bringing together the optimal animal model for measles and a virus that can be detected with unprecedented sensitivity. Blood samples and broncho-alveolar lavages were collected every 3 d, and necropsies were performed upon euthanasia 9 or 15 d after infection. EGFP production by MV-infected cells was visualized macroscopically, in both living and sacrificed animals, and microscopically by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. At the peak of viremia, EGFP fluorescence was detected in skin, respiratory and digestive tract, but most intensely in all lymphoid tissues. B- and T-lymphocytes expressing CD150 were the major target cells for MV infection. Highest percentages (up to 30%) of infected lymphocytes were detected in lymphoid tissues, and the virus preferentially targeted cells with a memory phenotype. Unexpectedly, circulating monocytes did not sustain productive MV infection. In peripheral tissues, large numbers of MV-infected CD11c+ MHC class-II+ myeloid dendritic cells were detected in conjunction with infected T-lymphocytes, suggesting transmission of MV between these cell types. Fluorescent imaging of MV infection in non-human primates demonstrated a crucial role for lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of measles and measles-associated immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wilflingseder D, Banki Z, Garcia E, Pruenster M, Pfister G, Muellauer B, Nikolic DS, Gassner C, Ammann CG, Dierich MP, Piguet V, Stoiber H. IgG opsonization of HIV impedes provirus formation in and infection of dendritic cells and subsequent long-term transfer to T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7840-8. [PMID: 17548622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Already at initial phases of infection, HIV is coated with complement fragments. During the chronic phase, when HIV-specific IgGs appear, the virus circulates immune complexed with IgG and complement. Thus, we studied the interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) and DC-T cell cocultures with complement (C)-opsonized and C-IgG-opsonized HIV. HIV infection of monocyte-derived DCs and circulating BDCA-1-positive DCs was significantly reduced upon the presence of virus-specific but non-neutralizing IgGs. DCs exposed to C-Ig-HIV or IgG-opsonized HIV showed an impaired provirus formation and p24 production and a decreased transmission rate to autologous nonstimulated T cells upon migration along a chemokine gradient. This reduced infectivity was also observed in long-term experiments, when T cells were added delayed to DCs exposed to IgG-coated HIV without migration. Similar kinetics were seen when sera from HIV-1-infected individuals before and after seroconversion were used in infection assays. Both C- and C-IgG-opsonized HIV were captured and targeted to a tetraspanin-rich endosome in immature DCs, but differed with respect to MHC class II colocalization. The reduced infection by IgG-opsonized HIV is possibly due to interactions of virus-bound IgG with FcgammaRIIb expressed on DCs. Therefore, the intracellular fate and transmission of immune-complexed HIV seems to differ depending on time and opsonization pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wilflingseder
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Hong PWP, Nguyen S, Young S, Su SV, Lee B. Identification of the optimal DC-SIGN binding site on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J Virol 2007; 81:8325-36. [PMID: 17522223 PMCID: PMC1951277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01765-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (gp120) binding to DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin that can facilitate HIV infection in cis and in trans, is largely dependent on high-mannose-content moieties. Here, we delineate the N-linked glycosylation (N-glycan) sites in gp120 that contribute to optimal DC-SIGN binding. Soluble DC-SIGN was able to block 2G12 binding to gp120, but not vice versa, suggesting that DC-SIGN binds to a more flexible combination of N-glycans than 2G12. Consistent with this observation, HIV strain JRCSF gp120 prebound to 2G12 was 10-fold more sensitive to mannan competition than gp120 that was not prebound in a DC-SIGN cell surface binding assay. The analysis of multiple mutant forms of the 2G12 epitope revealed one triple glycosylation mutant form, termed 134mut (carrying N293Q, N382Q, and N388Q mutations), that exhibited a significant increase in sensitivity to both mannan competition and endoglycosidase H digestion compared to that of the 124mut form (carrying N293Q, N328Q, and N388Q mutations) and wild-type gp120 in a DC-SIGN binding assay. Importantly, no such differences were observed when binding to Galanthus nivalis was assessed. The 134mut form of gp120 also exhibited decreased binding to DC-SIGN in the context of native envelope spikes on a virion, and virus bearing 134mut exhibited less efficient DC-SIGN-mediated infection in trans. Significantly, 124mut and 134mut differed by only one glycosylation site mutation in each construct, and both 124mut and 134mut viruses exhibited wild-type levels of infectivity when used in a direct infection assay. In summary, while DC-SIGN can bind to a flexible combination of N-glycans on gp120, its optimal binding site overlaps with specific N-glycans within the 2G12 epitope. Conformationally intact envelopes that are DC-SIGN binding deficient can be used to probe the in vivo biological functions of DC-SIGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W-P Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, 3825 MSB, UCLA, 609 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
van Montfort T, Nabatov AA, Geijtenbeek TBH, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3177-85. [PMID: 17312166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes is enhanced by the capture and subsequent transfer of HIV-1 by dendritic cells (DCs) via the interaction with C-type lectins such as the DC-specific ICAM-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN). Numerous HIV-1 envelope-directed neutralizing Abs have been shown to successfully block the infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In this study, we find that HIV-1-neutralized with the mAb 2F5 is more efficiently captured by immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) and DC-SIGN-expressing Raji cells (Raji-DC-SIGN). Furthermore, a 2F5-neutralized virus captured by these cells was able to subsequently infect CD4+ T lymphocytes upon the release of HIV-1 from iMDDCs, thereby enhancing infection. We show that upon transfer via DC-SIGN-expressing cells, HIV-1 is released from immune-complexes with the Abs 2F5 and 4E10 (gp41-directed) and 2G12, 4.8D, and 1.7b (gp120-directed). The nonneutralizing V3-21 (V3 region of the gp120-directed) Ab enhanced HIV-1 infection upon capture and transfer via Raji-DC-SIGN cells, whereas no infection was observed with the neutralizing b12 Ab (gp120-directed), indicating that different Abs have variant effects on inhibiting HIV-1 transfer to CD4+ T lymphocytes. The increased capture of the 2F5-neutralized virus by iMDDCs was negated upon blocking the Fc receptors. Blocking DC-SIGN on iMDDCs resulted in a 70-75% inhibition of HIV-1 capture at 37 degrees C, whereas at 4 degrees C a full block was observed, showing that the observed transfer is mediated via DC-SIGN. Taken together, we propose that DC-SIGN-mediated capture of neutralized HIV-1 by iMDDCs has the potential to induce immune evasion from the neutralization effects of HIV-1 Abs, with implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Montfort
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Reynolds JL, Mahajan SD, Sykes DE, Schwartz SA, Nair MPN. Proteomic analyses of methamphetamine (METH)-induced differential protein expression by immature dendritic cells (IDC). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:433-42. [PMID: 17363347 PMCID: PMC2000816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the US, the increase in methamphetamine (METH) use has been associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Dendritic cells (DC) are the first line of defense against HIV-1. DC play a critical role in harboring HIV-1 and facilitate the infection of neighboring T cells. However, the role of METH on HIV-1 infectivity and the expression of the proteome of immature dendritic cells (IDC) has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that METH modulates the expression of a number of proteins by IDC that foster the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We utilized LTR amplification, p24 antigen assay and the proteomic method of difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) combined with protein identification through high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to analyze the effects of METH on HIV-1 infectivity (HIV-1 IIIB; CXCR4-tropic, X4 strain) and the proteomic profile of IDC. Our results demonstrate that METH potentiates HIV-1 replication in IDC. Furthermore, METH significantly differentially regulates the expression of several proteins including CXCR3, protein disulfide isomerase, procathepsin B, peroxiredoxin and galectin-1. Identification of unique, METH-induced proteins may help to develop novel markers for diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic targeting in METH using subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ghez D, Lepelletier Y, Lambert S, Fourneau JM, Blot V, Janvier S, Arnulf B, van Endert PM, Heveker N, Pique C, Hermine O. Neuropilin-1 is involved in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 entry. J Virol 2006; 80:6844-54. [PMID: 16809290 PMCID: PMC1489069 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02719-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is transmitted through a viral synapse and enters target cells via interaction with the glucose transporter GLUT1. Here, we show that Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), the receptor for semaphorin-3A and VEGF-A165 and a member of the immune synapse, is also a physical and functional partner of HTLV-1 envelope (Env) proteins. HTLV-1 Env and NRP1 complexes are formed in cotransfected cells, and endogenous NRP1 contributes to the binding of HTLV-1 Env to target cells. NRP1 overexpression increases HTLV-1 Env-dependent syncytium formation. Moreover, overexpression of NRP1 increases both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Env-dependent infection, whereas down-regulation of endogenous NRP1 has the opposite effect. Finally, overexpressed GLUT1, NRP1, and Env form ternary complexes in transfected cells, and endogenous NRP1 and GLUT1 colocalize in membrane junctions formed between uninfected and HTLV-1-infected T cells. These data show that NRP1 is involved in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 entry, suggesting that the HTLV receptor has a multicomponent nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ghez
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris V, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Rappocciolo G, Piazza P, Fuller CL, Reinhart TA, Watkins SC, Rowe DT, Jais M, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR. DC-SIGN on B lymphocytes is required for transmission of HIV-1 to T lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e70. [PMID: 16839201 PMCID: PMC1500807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of T cells by HIV-1 can occur through binding of virus to dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on dendritic cells and transfer of virus to CD4+ T cells. Here we show that a subset of B cells in the blood and tonsils of normal donors expressed DC-SIGN, and that this increased after stimulation in vitro with interleukin 4 and CD40 ligand, with enhanced expression of activation and co-stimulatory molecules CD23, CD58, CD80, and CD86, and CD22. The activated B cells captured and internalized X4 and R5 tropic strains of HIV-1, and mediated trans infection of T cells. Pretreatment of the B cells with anti–DC-SIGN monoclonal antibody blocked trans infection of T cells by both strains of HIV-1. These results indicate that DC-SIGN serves as a portal on B cells for HIV-1 infection of T cells in trans. Transmission of HIV-1 from B cells to T cells through this DC-SIGN pathway could be important in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. A cell surface molecule, DC-SIGN, is known to bind the AIDS virus, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), on dendritic cells. HIV-1 can then be transferred from these dendritic cells to CD4+ T cells, in which the virus replicates and kills the T cells. Here, Rappocciolo and colleagues present their findings that DC-SIGN serves a similar function on a subset of B cells of the peripheral blood and tonsils. Although B cells that express DC-SIGN do not replicate HIV-1, they serve as portals for transfer and enhanced HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells, the major site of virus replication in the host. This newly described pathway for HIV-1 infection of T cells via B cells could be important in the pathogenesis of the virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Binley JM, Ngo-Abdalla S, Moore P, Bobardt M, Chatterji U, Gallay P, Burton DR, Wilson IA, Elder JH, de Parseval A. Inhibition of HIV Env binding to cellular receptors by monoclonal antibody 2G12 as probed by Fc-tagged gp120. Retrovirology 2006; 3:39. [PMID: 16817962 PMCID: PMC1543650 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During natural HIV infection, an array of host receptors are thought to influence virus attachment and the kinetics of infection. In this study, to probe the interactions of HIV envelope (Env) with various receptors, we assessed the inhibitory properties of various anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in binding assays. To assist in detecting Env in attachment assays, we generated Fc fusions of full-length wild-type gp120 and several variable loop-deleted gp120s. Through investigation of the inhibition of Env binding to cell lines expressing CD4, CCR5, DC-SIGN, syndecans or combinations thereof, we found that the broadly neutralizing mAb, 2G12, directed to a unique carbohydrate epitope of gp120, inhibited Env-CCR5 binding, partially inhibited Env-DC-SIGN binding, but had no effect on Env-syndecan association. Furthermore, 2G12 inhibited Env attachment to primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells, that expressed CD4 and CCR5 primary HIV receptors, as well as DC-SIGN, and suggested that the dual activities of 2G12 could be valuable in vivo for inhibiting initial virus dissemination and propagation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, HIV/immunology
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Binley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego CA 92121, USA
| | - Stacie Ngo-Abdalla
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Penny Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Michael Bobardt
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Udayan Chatterji
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philippe Gallay
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John H Elder
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aymeric de Parseval
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Methamphetamine modulates DC-SIGN expression by mature dendritic cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:296-304. [PMID: 18040806 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report that methamphetamine (meth) may act as cofactor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 pathogenesis by increasing dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) expression on DCs. Mature DCs (MDCs), obtained from normal subjects, cultured with meth show an up-regulation of DC-SIGN gene and protein expression as analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analyses, respectively. Furthermore, these meth-induced effects were reversed by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390) and small interfering RNA specific to the D1 receptor (D1R) demonstrating that meth-induced effects are mediated through these receptors. Furthermore, meth in synergy with the HIV-1 peptide gp120 up-regulates DC-SIGN gene expression by MDCs. These data are the first evidence that meth up-regulates the expression of DC-SIGN on MDCs. A better understanding of the role of DC-SIGN in HIV-1 infection may help to design novel therapeutic strategies against the progression of HIV-1 disease in the drug-using population.
Collapse
|
71
|
Pruenster M, Wilflingseder D, Bánki Z, Ammann CG, Muellauer B, Meyer M, Speth C, Dierich MP, Stoiber H. C-type lectin-independent interaction of complement opsonized HIV with monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2691-8. [PMID: 16094691 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV directly activates the complement cascade and is, therefore, opsonized with C3-cleavage products in vivo. This cloud of C3 fragments on the viral surface may impair the interaction of the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120/gp41 with C-type lectins expressed on immature dendritic cells (iDC). Therefore, we determined the accessibility of gp120 after opsonization and compared the interaction of DC with non-opsonized or complement-opsonized HIV. The recognition of native gp120 was drastically impaired when the virus was covered by complement. Independent of opsonization, similar amounts of HIV bound to DC. The interaction of iDC and the infection of DC-PBL co-cultures with non-opsonized virus was significantly reduced by mannan and antibodies which inhibit the ICAM-1-CR3 interaction. The binding of opsonized virus to iDC was reduced by an anti-CR3-antibody, which interferes with the binding of C3 fragments, but was not affected by mannan. Complement enhanced the HIV infection of DC and DC-PBL co-cultures significantly. Mannan did not inhibit the complement-dependent enhancement of infection. Thus, non-opsonized and opsonized HIV interacted with iDC, although the binding mechanisms seemed to differ. As HIV is opsonized in vivo, the C-type lectin-independent interaction of opsonized viruses with iDC has to be taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pruenster
- Division of Hygiene and Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for AIDS Research, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
The identification of CD4 as the primary receptor for HIV followed shortly after the discovery of the virus, but the HTLV receptor remained long elusive, until its recent identification as the GLUT1 glucose transporter. In the present review, we describe the status of the literature that surrounded this discovery as well as the in vitro and in vivo observations that led to the identification of GLUT1. Also, we will explore a few tracks to conciliate the in vitro and in vivo data on HTLV-1 tropism within the context of the HTLV literature that has accumulated over the past 25 years. A close examination of these data leads us to conclude that the preferential detection of HTLV-1 in CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in vivo, even in the absence of leukemia, is not likely to be directly related to envelope receptor interactions, but rather to an array of postentry selection bottlenecks in vivo. Furthermore, we propose that infection of other hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells is likely to take place during the lifetime of an individual, with a burst early during the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Manel
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, IFR 122, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Nair MPN, Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Reynolds J, Whitney R, Bernstein Z, Chawda RP, Sykes D, Hewitt R, Hsiao CB. Cocaine modulates dendritic cell-specific C type intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin expression by dendritic cells in HIV-1 patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6617-26. [PMID: 15905500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report that cocaine may act as cofactor in HIV pathogenesis by increasing dendritic cell-specific C type ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) expression on dendritic cells (DC). Our results show that cocaine-using, long-term nonprogressors and normal progressors of HIV infection manifest significantly higher levels of DC-SIGN compared with cocaine-nonusing long-term nonprogressors and normal progressors, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro HIV infection of MDC from normal subjects cultured with cocaine and/or HIV peptides up-regulated DC-SIGN, confirming our in vivo finding. Cocaine, in synergy with HIV peptides, also up-regulates DC-SIGN gene expression by MDC. Furthermore, the cocaine-induced effects were reversed by a D1 receptor antagonist demonstrating the specificity of the reaction. Our results indicate that cocaine exacerbates HIV infection by up-regulating DC-SIGN on DC and these effects are mediated via dysregulation of MAPKs. These data are the first evidence that cocaine up-regulates the expression of DC-SIGN on DC. A better understanding of the role of DC-SIGN in HIV infection may help to design novel therapeutic strategies against the progression of HIV disease in the drug-using population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, 14203, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Snyder GA, Colonna M, Sun PD. The structure of DC-SIGNR with a portion of its repeat domain lends insights to modeling of the receptor tetramer. J Mol Biol 2005; 347:979-89. [PMID: 15784257 PMCID: PMC7094344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 non-integrin (DC-SIGN) and its close relative DC-SIGNR recognize various glycoproteins, both pathogenic and cellular, through the receptor lectin domain-mediated carbohydrate recognition. While the carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD) exist as monomers and bind individual carbohydrates with low affinity and are permissive in nature, the full-length receptors form tetramers through their repeat domain and recognize specific ligands with high affinity. To understand the tetramer-based ligand binding avidity, we determined the crystal structure of DC-SIGNR with its last repeat region. Compared to the carbohydrate-bound CRD structure, the structure revealed conformational changes in the calcium and carbohydrate coordination loops of CRD, an additional disulfide bond between the N and the C termini of the CRD, and a helical conformation for the last repeat. On the basis of the current crystal structure and other published structures with sequence homology to the repeat domain, we generated a tetramer model for DC-SIGN/R using homology modeling and propose a ligand-recognition index to identify potential receptor ligands.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Calcium/metabolism
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg A. Snyder
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Structural Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Structural Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Arrighi JF, Pion M, Garcia E, Escola JM, van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB, Piguet V. DC-SIGN-mediated infectious synapse formation enhances X4 HIV-1 transmission from dendritic cells to T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 200:1279-88. [PMID: 15545354 PMCID: PMC2211914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the early events of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Model systems of HIV sexual transmission have shown that DCs expressing the DC-specific C-type lectin DC-SIGN capture and internalize HIV at mucosal surfaces and efficiently transfer HIV to CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes, where viral replication occurs. Upon DC–T cell clustering, internalized HIV accumulates on the DC side at the contact zone (infectious synapse), between DCs and T cells, whereas HIV receptors and coreceptors are enriched on the T cell side. Viral concentration at the infectious synapse may explain, at least in part, why DC transmission of HIV to T cells is so efficient. Here, we have investigated the role of DC-SIGN on primary DCs in X4 HIV-1 capture and transmission using small interfering RNA–expressing lentiviral vectors to specifically knockdown DC-SIGN. We demonstrate that DC-SIGN− DCs internalize X4 HIV-1 as well as DC-SIGN+ DCs, although binding of virions is reduced. Strikingly, DC-SIGN knockdown in DCs selectively impairs infectious synapse formation between DCs and resting CD4+ T cells, but does not prevent the formation of DC–T cells conjugates. Our results demonstrate that DC-SIGN is required downstream from viral capture for the formation of the infectious synapse between DCs and T cells. These findings provide a novel explanation for the role of DC-SIGN in the transfer and enhancement of HIV infection from DCs to T cells, a crucial step for HIV transmission and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Arrighi
- Dept. of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Geneva, 4-752, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Arrighi JF, Pion M, Wiznerowicz M, Geijtenbeek TB, Garcia E, Abraham S, Leuba F, Dutoit V, Ducrey-Rundquist O, van Kooyk Y, Trono D, Piguet V. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of DC-SIGN expression inhibits human immunodeficiency virus transmission from dendritic cells to T cells. J Virol 2004; 78:10848-55. [PMID: 15452205 PMCID: PMC521813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.10848-10855.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early events of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, immature dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) receptor capture small amounts of HIV-1 on mucosal surfaces and spread viral infection to CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes (22, 34, 45). RNA interference has emerged as a powerful tool to gain insight into gene function. For this purpose, lentiviral vectors that express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into mammalian cells represent a powerful tool to achieve stable gene silencing. In order to interfere with DC-SIGN function, we developed shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors capable of conditionally suppressing DC-SIGN expression. Selectivity of inhibition of human DC-SIGN and L-SIGN and chimpanzee and rhesus macaque DC-SIGN was obtained by using distinct siRNAs. Suppression of DC-SIGN expression inhibited the attachment of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 to DC-SIGN transfectants, as well as transfer of HIV-1 to target cells in trans. Furthermore, shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors were capable of efficiently suppressing DC-SIGN expression in primary human DCs. DC-SIGN-negative DCs were unable to enhance transfer of HIV-1 infectivity to T cells in trans, demonstrating an essential role for the DC-SIGN receptor in transferring infectious viral particles from DCs to T cells. The present system should have broad applications for studying the function of DC-SIGN in the pathogenesis of HIV as well as other pathogens also recognized by this receptor.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Silencing
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/metabolism
- HIV Infections/transmission
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pan troglodytes
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Arrighi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Geneva, 4-752, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Woltman AM, Schlagwein N, van der Kooij SW, van Kooten C. The novel cyclophilin-binding drug sanglifehrin A specifically affects antigen uptake receptor expression and endocytic capacity of human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6482-9. [PMID: 15128841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sanglifehrin A (SFA) is a recently developed immunosuppressant that belongs to the family of immunophilin-binding ligands. SFA is a cyclophilin A-binding immunosuppressive drug with a novel, but unidentified, mechanism of action. Several reports exist about the effect of SFA on T cells, but its effect on the initiators of the immune response, i.e., dendritic cells (DCs), is relatively unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of SFA on the differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived DCs. Unlike the well-known cyclophilin A-binding immunosuppressant cyclosporin A, which did not affect DC phenotype, differentiation of DCs in the presence of SFA resulted in CD14-CD1a DCs with normal DC morphology, viability, and a proper capacity to activate allogeneic T cells. However, DCs generated in the presence of SFA demonstrated reduced macropinocytosis and lectin-mediated endocytosis, which was in line with a decreased expression of C-type lectins, including mannose receptor, C1qRP, DC-ASGPR, and especially, DC-SIGN. In contrast, FcalphaRI (CD89) and FcgammaRII (CD32) were increased by SFA. The explicit effect of SFA on the expression of Ag uptake receptors and Ag capture by DCs makes SFA unique among immunophilin-binding immunosuppressive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Cell-to-cell viral transmission facilitates the propagation of HIV-1 and human T cell leukemia virus type 1. Mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission by retroviruses were not well understood until the recent description of virological synapses (VSs). VSs function as specialized sites of immune cell-to-cell contact that direct virus infection. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of VS formation provides a fascinating insight into how pathogens subvert immune cell communication programs and achieve viral spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Piguet
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
van der Molen RG, Sprengers D, Binda RS, de Jong EC, Niesters HGM, Kusters JG, Kwekkeboom J, Janssen HLA. Functional impairment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2004; 40:738-46. [PMID: 15349914 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the induction of T-cell responses. We hypothesize that the hampered antiviral T-cell response in chronic hepatitis B patients is a result of impaired dendritic cell function. In this study, we compared the number, phenotype and functionality of two important blood precursor DC, myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), of chronic hepatitis B patients with healthy volunteers. No differences in percentages of mDC and pDC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed between chronic hepatitis B patients and healthy controls. The allostimulatory capacity of isolated and in vitro matured mDC, but not of pDC, was significantly decreased in patients compared to controls. Accordingly, a decreased percentage of mDC expressing CD80 and CD86 was observed after maturation, compared to controls. In addition, mDC of patients showed a reduced capacity to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha after a stimulus with synthetic double-stranded RNA and interferon gamma. Purified pDC from patients produced less interferon alpha, an important antiviral cytokine, in response to stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I than pDC isolated from controls. In conclusion, mDC and pDC are functionally impaired in patients with chronic hepatitis B. This might be an important way by which hepatitis B virus evades an adequate immune response, leading to viral persistence and disease chronicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Gieseler RK, Marquitan G, Hahn MJ, Perdon LA, Driessen WHP, Sullivan SM, Scolaro MJ. DC-SIGN-specific liposomal targeting and selective intracellular compound delivery to human myeloid dendritic cells: implications for HIV disease. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:415-24. [PMID: 15140050 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (MyDCs), prime stimulators of antigen-specific immunity, can serve as one of the major reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Utilizing mature monocyte-derived MyDCs generated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha as an in vitro model, we here present the first proof of concept for liposomal compound delivery to these cells by specifically addressing CD209, i.e. DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a MyDC-associated C-type lectin implicated in the transmission of HIV-1 to T helper cells. By employing a liposomally entrapped tracer, calcein, we demonstrate by flow cytometry and mathematics a superior targeting efficacy for DC-SIGN, as compared with select other MyDC markers (CD1a, CD4, CD45R0, and CD83). Fluorescence microscopy reveals time-dependent surface binding and intracellular uptake of DC-SIGN-specific liposomes by both immature and mature MyDCs. This pilot study implies that liposomal targeting to CD209 and related C-type lectins may afford therapeutic intracellular drug delivery to MyDCs and other reservoir and nonreservoir cells susceptible to infection with HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Gieseler
- Laboratories of Immunology and Molecular Biology, LTBH Medical Research Institute, Robertson Building, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Turner BC, Hemmila EM, Beauchemin N, Holmes KV. Receptor-dependent coronavirus infection of dendritic cells. J Virol 2004; 78:5486-90. [PMID: 15113927 PMCID: PMC400329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5486-5490.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In several mammalian species, including humans, coronavirus infection can modulate the host immune response. We show a potential role of dendritic cells (DC) in murine coronavirus-induced immune modulation and pathogenesis by demonstrating that the JAW SII DC line and primary DC from BALB/c mice and p/p mice with reduced expression of the murine coronavirus receptor, murine CEACAM1a, are susceptible to murine coronavirus infection by a receptor-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Turner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kassutto S, Rosenberg ES. Primary HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1447-53. [PMID: 15156484 DOI: 10.1086/420745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that early events in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may play a critical role in determining disease progression. Although there is limited evidence on which to base medical decisions, the diagnosis and treatment of acute HIV-1 infection may have virologic, immunologic, and clinical benefits. In addition, rapid diagnosis of infection may prevent unknowing transmission of HIV-1 during a period of high-level viremia. We review the basic principles of primary HIV-1 infection, clinical and diagnostic markers of acute seroconversion, approaches to management, and new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigall Kassutto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|