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Yang K, Huang R, Fujihira H, Suzuki T, Yan N. N-glycanase NGLY1 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and inflammation through NRF1. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2600-2616. [PMID: 30135079 PMCID: PMC6170171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yang et al. show that NGLY1, a deglycosylation enzyme, regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy through transcription factor NRF1. In the absence of NGLY1, cellular clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is impaired, resulting in chronic activation of innate immune nucleic acid–sensing pathways. Mutations in the NGLY1 (N-glycanase 1) gene, encoding an evolutionarily conserved deglycosylation enzyme, are associated with a rare congenital disorder leading to global developmental delay and neurological abnormalities. The molecular mechanism of the NGLY1 disease and its function in tissue and immune homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we find that NGLY1-deficient human and mouse cells chronically activate cytosolic nucleic acid–sensing pathways, leading to elevated interferon gene signature. We also find that cellular clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is impaired in the absence of NGLY1, resulting in severely fragmented mitochondria and activation of cGAS–STING as well as MDA5–MAVS pathways. Furthermore, we show that NGLY1 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis through transcriptional factor NRF1. Remarkably, pharmacological activation of a homologous but nonglycosylated transcriptional factor NRF2 restores mitochondrial homeostasis and suppresses immune gene activation in NGLY1-deficient cells. Together, our findings reveal novel functions of the NGLY1–NRF1 pathway in mitochondrial homeostasis and inflammation and uncover an unexpected therapeutic strategy using pharmacological activators of NRF2 for treating mitochondrial and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Haruhiko Fujihira
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Perry BD, Rahnert JA, Hudson MB, Zheng B, Russ Price S. Docosahexaenoic acid counteracts palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in C2C12 myotubes: Impact on muscle atrophy. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29199180 PMCID: PMC5727283 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle results in dysregulation of protein metabolism and muscle atrophy. We previously reported that treating C2C12 myotubes with palmitate (PA), a saturated fatty acid, increases the overall rate of proteolysis via activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy systems; co-treatment with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) prevents the PA-induced responses. Others have reported that PA induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a collective group of responses that can lead to activation of caspase-mediated proteolysis and autophagy. Presently, we tested the hypothesis that DHA protects against PA-induced ER stress/UPR and its atrophy-related responses in muscle cells. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 500 μmol/L PA and/or 100 μmol/L DHA for 24 h. Proteins and mRNA associated with ER stress/UPR, autophagy, and caspase-3 activation were evaluated. PA robustly increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). It also increased the mRNAs encoding activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) as well as the protein levels of the PERK target nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), CHOP, and cleaved (i.e., activated) caspase-3. Co-treatment with DHA prevented all of the PA-induced responses. Our results indicate that DHA prevents PA-induced muscle cell atrophy, in part, by preventing ER stress/UPR, a process that leads to activation of caspase-mediated proteolysis and an increase in expression of autophagy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra E Woodworth-Hobbs
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ben D Perry
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Jill A Rahnert
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,University of Delaware, Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Bin Zheng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Russ Price
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Prosser C, Meyer W, Ellis J, Lee R. Resistance screening and trend analysis of imported falciparum malaria in NSW, Australia (2010 to 2016). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197369. [PMID: 29813085 PMCID: PMC5973583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization currently recommends artemisinin (along with a partner drug) as the global frontline treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artemisinin resistant P. falciparum are now found throughout the greater Mekong subregion of South East Asia. Several polymorphisms in the parasite’s kelch gene have been demonstrated to confer artemisinin resistance. While genotypes within the greater Mekong subregion are thoroughly examined in the literature, P. falciparum populations within several areas that do not (yet) have endemic resistance are underrepresented. Results This investigation characterised the Pfkelch13 propeller domains from 153 blood samples of 140 imported cases of P. falciparum malaria in New South Wales from 2010 to 2016. A low level of propeller domain diversity was observed, including the C580Y coding mutation most strongly associated with artemisinin resistance in South East Asia. The resistance genotype was found in a sample originating in Papua New Guinea, where this mutation, or artemisinin treatment failure, have not been previously reported. Sequencing a panel of geographically informative polymorphisms within the organellar genomes identified the C580Y parasite as having Oceanic origins. Patient data analysis revealed that New South Wales, Australia, P. falciparum malaria cases often originated from regions with limited drug resistance screening. Conclusions The C580Y finding from outside of the greater Mekong subregion supports the consensus to upscale molecular surveillance of artemisinin resistance outside of South East Asia. The genetic screening results identify a risk of importing resistant falciparum malaria to Australia, supporting an ongoing surveillance protocol to pre-empt treatment failure and contribute to global data gathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Prosser
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Coxiella burnetii Subverts p62/Sequestosome 1 and Activates Nrf2 Signaling in Human Macrophages. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00608-17. [PMID: 29483292 PMCID: PMC5913852 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00608-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of human Q fever, a debilitating flu-like illness that can progress to chronic disease presenting as endocarditis. Following inhalation, C. burnetii is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and generates a lysosome-like replication compartment termed the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). A type IV secretion system (T4SS) is required for PV generation and is one of the pathogen's few known virulence factors. We previously showed that C. burnetii actively recruits autophagosomes to the PV using the T4SS but does not alter macroautophagy. In the current study, we confirmed that the cargo receptor p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM-1) localizes near the PV in primary human alveolar macrophages infected with virulent C. burnetii p62 and LC3 typically interact to select cargo for autophagy-mediated degradation, resulting in p62 degradation and LC3 recycling. However, in C. burnetii-infected macrophages, p62 was not degraded when cells were starved, suggesting that the pathogen stabilizes the protein. In addition, phosphorylated p62 levels increased, indicative of activation, during infection. Small interfering RNA experiments indicated that p62 is not absolutely required for intracellular growth, suggesting that the protein serves a signaling role during infection. Indeed, the Nrf2-Keap1 cytoprotective pathway was activated during infection, as evidenced by sustained maintenance of Nrf2 levels and translocation of the protein to the nucleus in C. burnetii-infected cells. Collectively, our studies identify a new p62-regulated host signaling pathway exploited by C. burnetii during intramacrophage growth.
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Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response to Counteract the Oxidative Stress-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4946289. [PMID: 29725497 PMCID: PMC5872601 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4946289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In endothelial cells, the tight control of the redox environment is essential for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant response can induce endothelial dysfunction, the initial event of many cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum could be a new player in the promotion of the pro- or antioxidative pathways and that in such a modulation, the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways play an essential role. The UPR consists of a set of conserved signalling pathways evolved to restore the proteostasis during protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum. Although the first outcome of the UPR pathways is the promotion of an adaptive response, the persistent activation of UPR leads to increased oxidative stress and cell death. This molecular switch has been correlated to the onset or to the exacerbation of the endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we highlight the multiple chances of the UPR to induce or ameliorate oxidative disturbances and propose the UPR pathways as a new therapeutic target for the clinical management of endothelial dysfunction.
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56
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The Unfolded Protein Response in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 13 Suppl 2:S138-45. [PMID: 27115948 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201506-320kv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of nonfunctional and potentially cytotoxic, misfolded proteins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is believed to contribute to lung cell apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy. Because of its fundamental role as a quality control system in protein metabolism, the "unfolded protein response" (UPR) is of potential importance in the pathogenesis of COPD. The UPR comprises a series of transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes that decrease protein synthesis while enhancing protein folding capacity and protein degradation. Several studies have suggested that the UPR contributes to lung cell apoptosis and lung inflammation in at least some subjects with human COPD. However, information on the prevalence of the UPR in subjects with COPD, the lung cells that manifest a UPR, and the role of the UPR in the pathogenesis of COPD is extremely limited and requires additional study.
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Li L, Lin M, Zhang L, Huang S, Hu C, Zheng L, Li L, Zhang C, Yang C, Long Y, Rong R, Zhu T. Cyclic helix B peptide protects HK‑2 cells from oxidative stress by inhibiting ER stress and activating Nrf2 signalling and autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8055-8061. [PMID: 28944924 PMCID: PMC5779891 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is present in numerous diseases and is observed following certain treatments, including renal transplantation. Preventing tubular epithelial cells (TECs) from undergoing apoptosis is vital for treatment of renal IRI. Cyclic helix B peptide (CHBP) is a novel agent that has a protective effect on renal IRI in vivo. In the present study, the effect and underlying mechanism of CHBP on TECs was investigated. The HK-2 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line was treated with 500 µmol/l H2O2 for 4 h prior to determining the effect of CHBP pretreatment for 1 h on cell viability, caspase 3 activity and expression levels, expression levels of oxidative stress markers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and autophagy markers. This was investigated using a Cell Counting kit 8, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling assay, western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Results revealed that pretreatment with CHBP enhanced HK-2 cell viability, the glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio, activation of Nrf2 and mRNA expression levels of HO-1 and the expression levels of beclin-1 and light chain 3 A/B-II/I. Conversely, CHBP pretreatment reduced the expression levels of reactive oxygen species, the activity and protein expression levels of capase-3, the mRNA and protein expression levels of C/EBP homologous protein and binding immunoglobulin protein, and the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) Ser2448 and p62 during oxidative stress. However, the expression of p-mTOR Ser2481 was enhanced after CHBP pretreatment. CHBP pretreatment reduced the expression levels of reactive oxygen species, the activity and protein expression levels of capase-3, the mRNA and protein expression levels of C/EBP homologous protein and binding immunoglobulin protein, and the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) Ser2481, p62 and p-mTOR Ser 2448 during oxidative stress. In conclusion, CHBP pretreatment protected HK-2 cells from H2O2-induced injury, inhibited ER stress and pro-apoptotic pathways, and activated the Nrf2 signalling pathway and autophagy. These results provide a potential mechanism of how CHBP protects against renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Miao Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lexi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Shang Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Suh KS, Chon S, Choi EM. Cytoprotective effects of xanthohumol against methylglyoxal-induced cytotoxicity in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:180-192. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sik Suh
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system are the two major quality control pathways responsible for cellular homeostasis. As such, they provide protection against age-associated changes and a plethora of human diseases. Ubiquitination is utilized as a degradation signal by both systems, albeit in different ways, to mark cargoes for proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Both systems intersect and communicate at multiple points to coordinate their actions in proteostasis and organelle homeostasis. This review summarizes molecular details of how proteasome and autophagy pathways are functionally interconnected in cells and indicates common principles and nodes of communication that can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University, 60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, NRF2 Signalling and Cardiovascular Diseases in a Nutshell. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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61
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Niu M, Dai X, Zou W, Yu X, Teng W, Chen Q, Sun X, Yu W, Ma H, Liu P. Autophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:37-48. [PMID: 28729917 PMCID: PMC5444040 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke that is followed by primary and secondary brain injury. As a result of the injury, cell metabolism is disrupted and a series of stress responses are activated, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to the re-establishment of cell homeostasis or cell death. As an important mechanism of cell homeostasis, autophagy has been widely studied, and the associations between autophagy, ER stress, and the UPR have also been demonstrated. Whether these mechanisms are beneficial or detrimental remains a matter of controversy, but there is no doubt as to their vital functions. An understanding of the mechanisms of injury and recovery after ICH is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the related studies and highlight the roles of autophagy, ER stress, and the UPR in disease, especially in ICH. We also provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that target autophagy, and we discuss the prospects for modulating autophagy, ER stress, and UPR mechanisms in ICH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Niu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Xiaohong Dai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Xueping Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Wei Teng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Qiuxin Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 26 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R.China
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Yen JH, Wu PS, Chen SF, Wu MJ. Fisetin Protects PC12 Cells from Tunicamycin-Mediated Cell Death via Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Modulation of Nrf2-Driven Gene Expression, SIRT1 and MAPK Signaling in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040852. [PMID: 28420170 PMCID: PMC5412436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a dietary flavonol and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. However, high concentration of fisetin is reported to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cause cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytoprotective effects of low concentration of fisetin against tunicamycin (Tm)-mediated cytotoxicity in neuronal-like catecholaminergic PC12 cells. METHODS Cell viability was assayed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and apoptotic and autophagic markers were analyzed by Western blot. Gene expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) and Phase II enzymes was further investigated using RT-Q-PCR or Western blotting. Intracellular ROS level was measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) by a fluorometer. The effects of fisetin on mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) signaling pathways were examined using Western blotting and specific inhibitors. RESULTS Fisetin (<20 µM) restored cell viability and repressed apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production in Tm-treated cells. Fisetin attenuated Tm-mediated expression of ER stress genes, such as glucose-regulated proteins 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP also known as GADD153) and Tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3), but induced the expression of nuclear E2 related factor (Nrf)2-targeted heme oxygenase (HO)-1, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and cystine/glutamate transporter (xCT/SLC7A11), in both the presence and absence of Tm. Moreover, fisetin enhanced phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-JUN NH₂-terminal protein kinase), and p38 MAPK. Addition of JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly antagonized its cytoprotective activity and modulatory effects on UPR. Fisetin also restored Tm-inhibited SIRT1 expression and addition of sirtinol (SIRT1 activation inhibitor) significantly blocked fisetin-mediated cytoprotection. In conclusion, this result shows that fisetin activates Nrf2, MAPK and SIRT1, which may elicit adaptive cellular stress response pathways so as to protect cells from Tm-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Fen Chen
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Potential Roles of Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes (MAMs) in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1349-1357. [PMID: 28324201 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have both been shown to be critical in cellular homeostasis. The functions of the ER and mitochondria are independent but interrelated. These two organelles could form physical interactions, known as MAMs, to regulate physiological functions between ER and mitochondria to maintain Ca2+, lipid, and metabolite exchange. Several proteins are located in MAMs, including RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-2 and sigma-1 receptor to ensure regulation. Recent studies indicated that MAMs participate in inflammation and apoptosis in various conditions. All of these functions are crucial in determining cell fate following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that MAMs may associate with TBI and could contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, autophagy dysregulation, dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the latest understanding of MAM formation and their potential regulatory role in TBI pathophysiology.
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Direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruption as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006593. [PMID: 28253260 PMCID: PMC5333801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2, a transcriptional activator of cell protection genes, is an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current Nrf2 activators, however, may exert toxicity and pathway over-activation can induce detrimental effects. An understanding of the mechanisms mediating Nrf2 inhibition in neurodegenerative conditions may therefore direct the design of drugs targeted for the prevention of these diseases with minimal side-effects. Our study provides the first in vivo evidence that specific inhibition of Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, can prevent neuronal toxicity in response to the AD-initiating Aβ42 peptide, in correlation with Nrf2 activation. Comparatively, lithium, an inhibitor of the Nrf2 suppressor GSK-3, prevented Aβ42 toxicity by mechanisms independent of Nrf2. A new direct inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 binding domain also prevented synaptotoxicity mediated by naturally-derived Aβ oligomers in mouse cortical neurons. Overall, our findings highlight Keap1 specifically as an efficient target for the re-activation of Nrf2 in AD, and support the further investigation of direct Keap1 inhibitors for the prevention of neurodegeneration in vivo. As our population ages the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is predicted to increase dramatically. Despite providing important symptomatic relief, existing treatments for such conditions do not slow-down disease progression, and this will cause an overwhelming future burden on our healthcare system and immense suffering for many more patients and their families. Nrf2 is a gene that normally protects cells from stressful conditions. Although we don’t know why, Nrf2 is reduced in the brains of AD patients and this may explain the increased susceptibility of neurons to damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Our research, using a fruit fly model, identifies Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, as a valid target for the rescue of AD-related Nrf2 defects and the subsequent prevention of neuronal degeneration. Moreover, we show that a new compound, which directly blocks the binding between Nrf2 and Keap1, can prevent toxicity of the AD-initiating Aβ peptide in mouse neurons. Hence, our study provides strong evidence that direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruptors can specifically target the defects in Nrf2 activity observed in neurodegenerative diseases, and supports the further development of such compounds as potential new drugs to prevent neuronal decline AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Yi M, Yang J, Li W, Li X, Xiong W, McCarthy JB, Li G, Xiang B. The NOR1/OSCP1 proteins in cancer: from epigenetic silencing to functional characterization of a novel tumor suppressor. J Cancer 2017; 8:626-635. [PMID: 28367242 PMCID: PMC5370506 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NOR1 (Oxidored-nitro domain-containing protein 1), also known as OSCP1, was first identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells in 2003. NOR1 is evolutionarily conserved among species with its expression is restricted to brain, testis and respiratory epithelial cells. NOR1 was downregulated in NPC and the downregulation associates with poor prognosis. Previous study demonstrated that hypermethylation of NOR1 promoter was observed in NPC and hematological malignancies, which has been believed to be the main epigenetic cause for NOR1 silencing in these cancers. Recently, the NOR1 tumor suppressor status has been fully established. NOR1 inhibited cancer cell growth by disturbing tumor cell energe metabolism. NOR1 also promote tumor cells apoptosis in oxidative stress and hypoxia by inhibition of stress induced autophagy. Moreover, NOR1 suppressed cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis via activation of FOXA1/HDAC2-slug regulatory network. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying NOR1 mediated tumor suppressive role would be helpful to a deeper understanding of carcinogenesis and, furthermore, to the development of new therapeutic approaches. Here we summarize the current knowledge on NOR1 focusing on its expression pattern, epigenetic and genetic association with human cancers and its biological functions. This review will also elucidate the potential application of NOR1/OSCP1 for some human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Wenjuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
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Lee D, Ryu KY. Effect of cellular ubiquitin levels on the regulation of oxidative stress response and proteasome function via Nrf1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:234-240. [PMID: 28237703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The polyubiquitin genes Ubb and Ubc are upregulated under oxidative stress induced by arsenite [As(III)]. However, the role of ubiquitin (Ub) under As(III) exposure is not known in detail. In a previous study, we showed that the reduced viability observed in Ubc-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts under As(III) exposure was not due to dysregulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, which prompted us to investigate another NFE2 family protein, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1). In this study, we found that Ub deficiency due to Ubc knockdown in N2a cells reduced cell viability and proteasome activity under As(III) exposure. Furthermore, mRNA levels of the proteasome subunit Psma1 were also reduced. In addition, Ub deficiency led to the nuclear accumulation of the p65 isoform of Nrf1 under As(III) exposure. Interestingly, the overexpression of p65-Nrf1 recapitulated the phenotypes of Ub-deficient N2a cells under As(III) exposure. On the other hand, Nrf1 knockdown suppressed the death of Ub-deficient N2a cells upon exposure to As(III). Therefore, the levels of p65-Nrf1 may play an important role in the maintenance of cell viability under oxidative stress induced by As(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Yul Ryu
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Pajares M, Cuadrado A, Rojo AI. Modulation of proteostasis by transcription factor NRF2 and impact in neurodegenerative diseases. Redox Biol 2017; 11:543-553. [PMID: 28104575 PMCID: PMC5239825 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are linked to the accumulation of specific protein aggregates, suggesting an intimate connection between injured brain and loss of proteostasis. Proteostasis refers to all the processes by which cells control the abundance and folding of the proteome thanks to a wide network that integrates the regulation of signaling pathways, gene expression and protein degradation systems. This review attempts to summarize the most relevant findings about the transcriptional modulation of proteostasis exerted by the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2). NRF2 has been classically considered as the master regulator of the antioxidant cell response, although it is currently emerging as a key component of the transduction machinery to maintain proteostasis. As we will discuss, NRF2 could be envisioned as a hub that compiles emergency signals derived from misfolded protein accumulation in order to build a coordinated and perdurable transcriptional response. This is achieved by functions of NRF2 related to the control of genes involved in the maintenance of the endoplasmic reticulum physiology, the proteasome and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng YL, Lin YS, Chen CL, Tsai TT, Tsai CC, Wu YW, Ou YD, Chu YY, Wang JM, Yu CY, Lin CF. Activation of Nrf2 by the dengue virus causes an increase in CLEC5A, which enhances TNF-α production by mononuclear phagocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32000. [PMID: 27561946 PMCID: PMC4999957 DOI: 10.1038/srep32000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the dengue virus (DENV) threatens global public health due to its high prevalence and the lack of effective treatments. Host factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of DENV; herein, we investigated the role of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), which is activated by DENV in mononuclear phagocytes. DENV infection selectively activates Nrf2 following nuclear translocation. Following endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) facilitated Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation of C-type lectin domain family 5, member A (CLEC5A) to increase CLEC5A expression. Signaling downstream of the Nrf2-CLEC5A interaction enhances Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-independent tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production following DENV infection. Forced expression of the NS2B3 viral protein induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation/activation and CLEC5A expression which increases DENV-induced TNF-α production. Animal studies confirmed Nrf2-induced CLEC5A and TNF-α in brains of DENV-infected mice. These results demonstrate that DENV infection causes Nrf2-regulated TNF-α production by increasing levels of CLEC5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Translational Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wei Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Dan Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yi Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Molecular and cellular basis for the unique functioning of Nrf1, an indispensable transcription factor for maintaining cell homoeostasis and organ integrity. Biochem J 2016; 473:961-1000. [PMID: 27060105 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The consensuscis-regulatory AP-1 (activator protein-1)-like AREs (antioxidant-response elements) and/or EpREs (electrophile-response elements) allow for differential recruitment of Nrf1 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2)-related factor 1], Nrf2 and Nrf3, together with each of their heterodimeric partners (e.g. sMaf, c-Jun, JunD or c-Fos), to regulate different sets of cognate genes. Among them, NF-E2 p45 and Nrf3 are subject to tissue-specific expression in haemopoietic and placental cell lineages respectively. By contrast, Nrf1 and Nrf2 are two important transcription factors expressed ubiquitously in various vertebrate tissues and hence may elicit putative combinational or competitive functions. Nevertheless, they have de facto distinct biological activities because knockout of their genes in mice leads to distinguishable phenotypes. Of note, Nrf2 is dispensable during development and growth, albeit it is accepted as a master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective genes against cellular stress. Relative to the water-soluble Nrf2, less attention has hitherto been drawn to the membrane-bound Nrf1, even though it has been shown to be indispensable for embryonic development and organ integrity. The biological discrepancy between Nrf1 and Nrf2 is determined by differences in both their primary structures and topovectorial subcellular locations, in which they are subjected to distinct post-translational processing so as to mediate differential expression of ARE-driven cytoprotective genes. In the present review, we focus on the molecular and cellular basis for Nrf1 and its isoforms, which together exert its essential functions for maintaining cellular homoeostasis, normal organ development and growth during life processes. Conversely, dysfunction of Nrf1 results in spontaneous development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatoma, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases in animal models.
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Plačková P, Šála M, Šmídková M, Dejmek M, Hřebabecký H, Nencka R, Thibaut HJ, Neyts J, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H. 9-Norbornyl-6-chloropurine (NCP) induces cell death through GSH depletion-associated ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:223-235. [PMID: 27288283 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED 9-Norbornyl-6-chloropurine (NCP) is a representative of a series of antienteroviral bicycle derivatives with selective cytotoxicity towards leukemia cell lines. In this work we explored the mechanism of the antileukemic activity of NCP in T-cell lymphoblast cells (CCRF-CEM). Specifically, we searched for a potential link between its ability to induce cell death on the one hand and to modulate intracellular glutathione (GSH) that is necessary to its metabolic transformation via glutathione-S-transferase on the other hand. We have observed that GSH levels decreased rapidly in NCP-treated cells. Despite a complete regeneration following 24h of incubation with NCP, this profound drop in cellular GSH content triggered ER stress, ROS production and lipid peroxidation leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). These events induced concentration-dependent cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and apoptosis. Both MMP loss and apoptosis were reversed by sulfhydryl-containing compounds (GSH, N-acetyl-l-cysteine). Furthermore, we have also shown that NCP-induced GSH decrease activated the Nrf2 pathway and its downstream targets NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLm), thus explaining the fast restoration of GSH pool and ROS decrease. Importantly, we confirmed that the cell death-inducing properties of the compounds were co-dependent on their ability to diminish cellular GSH level by analyzing the relationships between the GSH-depleting potency and cytotoxicity in a series of other norbornylpurine analogs. Altogether, the results demonstrated that in CCRF-CEM cells NCP triggered apoptosis through GSH depletion-associated oxidative and ER stress and mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Plačková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hendrik-Jan Thibaut
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Tilley L, Straimer J, Gnädig NF, Ralph SA, Fidock DA. Artemisinin Action and Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:682-696. [PMID: 27289273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has contributed in recent years to a substantial reduction in deaths resulting from Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Resistance to artemisinins, however, has emerged in Southeast Asia. Clinically, resistance is defined as a slower rate of parasite clearance in patients treated with an artemisinin derivative or an ACT. These slow clearance rates associate with enhanced survival rates of ring-stage parasites briefly exposed in vitro to dihydroartemisinin. We describe recent progress made in defining the molecular basis of artemisinin resistance, which has identified a primary role for the P. falciparum K13 protein. Using K13 mutations as molecular markers, epidemiological studies are now tracking the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance. Mechanistic studies suggest potential ways to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Judith Straimer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina F Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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HCV and Oxidative Stress: Implications for HCV Life Cycle and HCV-Associated Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9012580. [PMID: 26955431 PMCID: PMC4756209 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9012580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HCV (hepatitis C virus) is a member of the Flaviviridae family that contains a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 9600 bases. HCV is a major causative agent for chronic liver diseases such as steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma which are caused by multifactorial processes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as a major factor contributing to HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in formation of ROS in HCV replicating cells and describes the interference of HCV with ROS detoxifying systems. The relevance of ROS for HCV-associated pathogenesis is reviewed with a focus on the interference of elevated ROS levels with processes controlling liver regeneration. The overview about the impact of ROS for the viral life cycle is focused on the relevance of autophagy for the HCV life cycle and the crosstalk between HCV, elevated ROS levels, and the induction of autophagy.
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Kakoti BB, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Kataki MS, Shah K, Pathak Y, Panguluri SK. Resveratrol and Omega-3 Fatty Acid: Its Implications in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:38. [PMID: 26697434 PMCID: PMC4675849 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims at summarizing the major therapeutic roles of resveratrol and omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) along with their related pathways. This article reviews some of the key studies involving the health benefits of resveratrol and O3FAs. Oxidative stress has been considered as one of the most important pathophysiological factors associated with various cardiovascular disease conditions. Resveratrol, with the potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, has been proven to be a significantly protective compound in restoring the normal cardiac health. A plethora of research also demonstrated the reduction of the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke, and their complications by O3FAs derived from fish and fish oils. This review describes the potential cardioprotective role of resveratrol and O3FAs in ameliorating the endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kajri Shah
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Yashwant Pathak
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
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Rashid HO, Yadav RK, Kim HR, Chae HJ. ER stress: Autophagy induction, inhibition and selection. Autophagy 2015; 11:1956-1977. [PMID: 26389781 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1091141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to stress conditions. To mitigate such circumstances, stressed cells activate a homeostatic intracellular signaling network cumulatively called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which orchestrates the recuperation of ER function. Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), an intracellular lysosome-mediated bulk degradation pathway for recycling and eliminating wornout proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles, has also emerged as an essential protective mechanism during ER stress. These 2 systems are dynamically interconnected, and recent investigations have revealed that ER stress can either stimulate or inhibit autophagy. However, the stress-associated molecular cues that control the changeover switch between induction and inhibition of autophagy are largely obscure. This review summarizes the crosstalk between ER stress and autophagy and their signaling networks mainly in mammalian-based systems. Additionally, we highlight current knowledge on selective autophagy and its connection to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun-Or Rashid
- a Department of Pharmacology ; Medical School; Chonbuk National University
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- a Department of Pharmacology ; Medical School; Chonbuk National University
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- b Department of Dental Pharmacology ; College of Dentistry; Wonkwang University
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- a Department of Pharmacology ; Medical School; Chonbuk National University
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Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure is detrimental to the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol such that prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Neuronal loss in the brain is the most devastating consequence and is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits observed in FASD. Since alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not declined, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic strategies. One cellular mechanism that acts as a protective response for the central nervous system (CNS) is autophagy. Autophagy regulates lysosomal turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and is involved in cell differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity. We have recently shown that ethanol activates autophagy in the developing brain. The autophagic preconditioning alleviates ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy potentiates ethanol-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for autophagy in the CNS is developmentally regulated; their levels are much lower during an ethanol-sensitive period than during an ethanol-resistant period. Ethanol may stimulate autophagy through multiple mechanisms; these include induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of MTOR and AMPK signaling, alterations in BCL2 family proteins, and disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. This review discusses the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of autophagy in ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity as well as the potential therapeutic approach of targeting autophagic pathways.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALS, autophagy-lysosome system
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- ATG, autophagy-related
- CNS, central nervous system
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HD, Huntington disease, HNSCs, hippocampal neural stem cells
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/ 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- alcohol
- alcoholism
- development
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- neurodegeneration
- oxidative stress
- protein degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences ; University of Kentucky College of Medicine ; Lexington , KY USA
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77
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Cominacini L, Mozzini C, Garbin U, Pasini A, Stranieri C, Solani E, Vallerio P, Tinelli IA, Fratta Pasini A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nrf2 signaling in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:233-242. [PMID: 26051167 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various cellular perturbations implicated in the pathophysiology of human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and liver diseases, can alter endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function and lead to the abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins. This situation configures the so-called ER stress, a form of intracellular stress that occurs whenever the protein-folding capacity of the ER is overwhelmed. Reduction in blood flow as a result of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease causes tissue hypoxia, a condition that induces protein misfolding and ER stress. In addition, ER stress has an important role in cardiac hypertrophy mainly in the transition to heart failure (HF). ER transmembrane sensors detect the accumulation of unfolded proteins and activate transcriptional and translational pathways that deal with unfolded and misfolded proteins, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Once the UPR fails to control the level of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER, ER-initiated apoptotic signaling is induced. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence that implicates the presence of oxidative stress and subsequent related cellular damage as an initial cause of injury to the myocardium after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and in cardiac hypertrophy secondary to pressure overload. Oxidative stress is counterbalanced by complex antioxidant defense systems regulated by a series of multiple pathways, including the UPR, to ensure that the response to oxidants is adequate. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance to oxidants; Nrf2 is strictly interrelated with the UPR sensor called pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase. A series of studies has shown that interventions against ER stress and Nrf2 activation reduce myocardial infarct size and cardiac hypertrophy in the transition to HF in animals exposed to I/R injury and pressure overload, respectively. Finally, recent data showed that Nrf2/antioxidant-response element pathway activation may be of importance also in ischemic preconditioning, a phenomenon in which the heart is subjected to one or more episodes of nonlethal myocardial I/R before the sustained coronary artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cominacini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mozzini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ulisse Garbin
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Stranieri
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Erika Solani
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Vallerio
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anna Fratta Pasini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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78
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Fernández A, Ordóñez R, Reiter RJ, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Melatonin and endoplasmic reticulum stress: relation to autophagy and apoptosis. J Pineal Res 2015. [PMID: 26201382 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle that participates in a number of cellular functions by controlling lipid metabolism, calcium stores, and proteostasis. Under stressful situations, the ER environment is compromised, and protein maturation is impaired; this causes misfolded proteins to accumulate and a characteristic stress response named unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR protects cells from stress and contributes to cellular homeostasis re-establishment; however, during prolonged ER stress, UPR activation promotes cell death. ER stressors can modulate autophagy which in turn, depending of the situation, induces cell survival or death. Interactions of different autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins and also common signaling pathways have been found, suggesting an interplay between these cellular processes, although their dynamic features are still unknown. A number of pathologies including metabolic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation, and viral infections are associated with ER stress, leading to a growing interest in targeting components of the UPR as a therapeutic strategy. Melatonin has a variety of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. As such, it modulates apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells, neurodegeneration and the development of liver diseases as well as other pathologies. Here, we review the effects of melatonin on the main ER stress mechanisms, focusing on its ability to regulate the autophagic and apoptotic processes. As the number of studies that have analyzed ER stress modulation by this indole remains limited, further research is necessary for a better understanding of the crosstalk between ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis and to clearly delineate the mechanisms by which melatonin modulates these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fernández
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
| | - Raquel Ordóñez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
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79
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Khodagholi F, Digaleh H, Motamedi F, Foolad F, Shaerzadeh F. Nitric Oxide and Protein Disulfide Isomerase Explain the Complexities of Unfolded Protein Response Following Intra-hippocampal Aβ Injection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:873-881. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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80
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Abstract
Intracellular proteolysis is critical to maintain timely degradation of altered proteins including oxidized proteins. This review attempts to summarize the most relevant findings about oxidant protein modification, as well as the impact of reactive oxygen species on the proteolytic systems that regulate cell response to an oxidant environment: the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR). In the presence of an oxidant environment, these systems are critical to ensure proteostasis and cell survival. An example of altered degradation of oxidized proteins in pathology is provided for neurodegenerative diseases. Future work will determine if protein oxidation is a valid target to combat proteinopathies. Proteins undergo reversible and irreversible redox modifications. Oxidized proteins are cleared mainly through the 20S proteasome and autophagy. The proteolytic systems exhibit a dynamic crosstalk to adapt to redox alterations. Protein oxidation together with impaired degradation are linked to neurodegeneration.
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81
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Changing gears in Nrf1 research, from mechanisms of regulation to its role in disease and prevention. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1260-76. [PMID: 26254094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The "cap'n'collar" bZIP transcription factor Nrf1 heterodimerizes with small Maf proteins to bind to the Antioxidant Response Element/Electrophile Response Element to transactivate antioxidant enzyme, phase 2 detoxification enzyme and proteasome subunit gene expression. Nrf1 specifically regulates pathways in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, proteasomal degradation, the citric acid cycle, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nrf1 is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in an inactive glycosylated state. Activation involves retrotranslocation from the ER lumen to the cytoplasm, deglycosylation and partial proteolytic processing to generate the active forms of Nrf1. Recent evidence has revealed how this factor is regulated and its involvement in various metabolic diseases. This review outlines Nrf1 structure, function, regulation and its links to insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. The glycosylation/deglycosylation of Nrf1 is controlled by glucose levels. Nrf1 glycosylation affects its control of glucose transport, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism.
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82
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, understandings and evidences concerning the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in deciding the cell fate have been constantly growing. Generally, during ER stress, the signal transductions are mainly conducted by three ER stress transducers: protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Consequently, the harmful stimuli from the ER stress transducers induce apoptosis and autophagy, which share several crosstalks and eventually decide the cell fate. The dominance of apoptosis or autophagy induced by ER stress depends on the type and degree of the stimuli. When ER stress is too severe and prolonged, apoptosis is induced to eliminate the damaged cells; however, when stimuli are mild, cell survival is promoted to maintain normal physiological functions by inducing autophagy. Although all the three pathways participate in ER stress-induced apoptosis and autophagy, PERK shows several unique characteristics by interacting with some specific downstream effectors. Notably, there are some preliminary findings on PERK-dependent mechanisms switching autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we particularly focused on the novel, intriguing and complicated role of PERK in ER stress-decided cell fate, and also discussed more roles of PERK in restoring cellular homeostasis. However, more in-depth knowledge of PERK in the future would facilitate our understanding about many human diseases and benefit in searching for new molecular therapeutic targets.
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83
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Ploen D, Hildt E. Hepatitis C virus comes for dinner: How the hepatitis C virus interferes with autophagy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8492-8507. [PMID: 26229393 PMCID: PMC4515832 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i28.8492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly-regulated, conserved cellular process for the degradation of intracellular components in lysosomes to maintain the energetic balance of the cell. It is a pro-survival mechanism that plays an important role during development, differentiation, apoptosis, ageing and innate and adaptive immune response. Besides, autophagy has been described to be involved in the development of various human diseases, e.g., chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. It has recently been described that HCV, like other RNA viruses, hijacks the autophagic machinery to improve its replication. However, the mechanisms underlying its activation are conflicting. HCV replication and assembly occurs at the so-called membranous web that consists of lipid droplets and rearranged endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes including single-, double- and multi-membrane vesicles. The double-membrane vesicles have been identified to contain NS3, NS5A, viral RNA and the autophagosomal marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, corroborating the involvement of the autophagic pathway in the HCV life-cycle. In this review, we will highlight the crosstalk of the autophagosomal compartment with different steps of the HCV life-cycle and address its implications on favoring the survival of infected hepatocytes.
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84
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Khalifeh S, Oryan S, Khodagholi F, Digaleh H, Shaerzadeh F, Maghsoudi N, Zarrindast MR. Complexity of Compensatory Effects in Nrf1 Knockdown: Linking Undeveloped Anxiety-Like Behavior to Prevented Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26202310 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety-related disorders are complex illnesses that underlying molecular mechanisms need to be understood. Mitochondria stand as an important link between energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and anxiety. The nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2,-like 1(Nrf1) is a member of the cap "n" collar subfamily of basic region leucine zipper transcription factors and plays the major role in regulating the adaptive response to oxidants and electrophiles within the cell. Here, we injected small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Nrf1 in dorsal third ventricle of adult male albino Wistar rats and subsequently examined the effect of this silencing on anxiety-related behavior. We also evaluated apoptotic markers and mitochondrial biogenesis factors, along with electron transport chain activity in three brain regions: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Our data revealed that in the group that received Nrf1-siRNA, anxiety-related behavior did not show any significant changes compared to the control group. Caspase-3 did not increase in Nrf1-siRNA-injected rats even though Bax/Bcl2 ratio markedly elevated in Nrf1-knockdown rats in all three mentioned regions compared to control rats. Also, Nrf1 silencing of complex I and II-III did not alter, generally. In addition, Nrf1-knockdown affected mitochondrial biogenesis markers. The level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α and cytochrome-c increased, which indicates a possible role for mitochondrial biogenesis in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Khalifeh
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran. .,Medical Genomics Research Center and School of Advanced Sciences in Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahrbanoo Oryan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box: 15614, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Digaleh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Nader Maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Medical Genomics Research Center and School of Advanced Sciences in Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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85
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Barnea ER, Vialard F, Moindjie H, Ornaghi S, Dieudonne MN, Paidas MJ. PreImplantation Factor (PIF*) endogenously prevents preeclampsia: Promotes trophoblast invasion and reduces oxidative stress. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 114:58-64. [PMID: 26257082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a unique pregnancy disorder whose patho-physiology is initiated early in gestation, while clinical manifestations typically occur in mid-to-late pregnancy. Thus, prevention should optimally be initiated in early gestation. The intimate interaction between PIF, secreted early by viable embryos, and its host-mother provides insight into putative mechanisms of preeclampsia prevention. PIF is instrumental at the two critical events underlying preeclampsia. At first, shallow implantation leads to impaired placentation, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and endothelial dysfunction. Later in gestation, hyper-oxygenation due to overflow of maternally derived oxygenated blood compromises the placenta. The first is likely involved in early preeclampsia occurrence due to reduced effectiveness of trophoblast/uterus interaction. The latter is observed with later-onset preeclampsia, caused by a breakdown in placental blood flow regulation. We reported that 1. PIF promotes implantation, endometrium receptivity, trophoblast invasion and increases pro-tolerance trophoblastic HLA-G expression and, 2. PIF protects against oxidative stress and protein misfolding, interacting with specific targets in embryo, 3. PIF regulates systemic immunity to reduce oxidative stress. Using PIF as an early preventative preeclampsia intervention could ameliorate or even prevent the disease, whose current main solution is early delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Barnea
- Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, 1697 Lark Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA; BioIncept, LLC, 1697 Lark Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
| | - F Vialard
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St-Quentin, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Department of Biology of Reproduction, Cytogenetic, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint Germain, 23 Boulevard Gambetta, Poissy, France.
| | - H Moindjie
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Cytogenetic, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint Germain, 23 Boulevard Gambetta, Poissy, France.
| | - S Ornaghi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, Milano, Italy; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Women and Children's Center For Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 339B, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
| | - M N Dieudonne
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St-Quentin, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - M J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Women and Children's Center For Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 339B, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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86
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Bu XF, Wang MB, Zhang ZJ, Zhao YH, Li M, Yan YL. Autophagy is involved in recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rL-RVG)-induced cell death of stomach adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:679-89. [PMID: 26058483 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses can kill malignant cells while sparing normal cells. Multiple pathways are involved in this action. The antitumor effects of viral infection on SGC-7901 and AGS cells were investigated. We measured endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy caused by the recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rL-RVG) and the NDV wild-type strain. The dose-response curves were analyzed using the MTT assay. The expression of RVG was detected by western blotting, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses. Cell death and autophagy were observed using transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL and western blotting. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Immunofluorescence, western blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that RVG gene and protein were expressed in SGC-7901 and AGS cells infected by rL-RVG. MTT and TUNEL analyses showed that the growth of SGC-7901 and AGS cells in the rL-RVG-infected group was significantly inhibited compared with the wild-type NDV-infected group (p<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that rL-RVG and NDV induced increases in apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in the SGC-7901 and AGS cells. However, apoptosis and autophagy decreased in these cells after the application of the autophagy pathway inhibitor 3-MA or ATG-5-specific siRNA. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed. Taken together, these results indicate that the rL-RVG virus group is much more powerful compared with the NDV-infected group (p<0.05). rL-RVG and NDV are potent antitumor agents that induce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Bu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Bing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhang
- Clinical Medicine College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hai Zhao
- Clinical Medicine College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mi Li
- Clinical Medicine College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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87
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Dogovski C, Xie SC, Burgio G, Bridgford J, Mok S, McCaw JM, Chotivanich K, Kenny S, Gnädig N, Straimer J, Bozdech Z, Fidock DA, Simpson JA, Dondorp AM, Foote S, Klonis N, Tilley L. Targeting the cell stress response of Plasmodium falciparum to overcome artemisinin resistance. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002132. [PMID: 25901609 PMCID: PMC4406523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful control of falciparum malaria depends greatly on treatment with artemisinin combination therapies. Thus, reports that resistance to artemisinins (ARTs) has emerged, and that the prevalence of this resistance is increasing, are alarming. ART resistance has recently been linked to mutations in the K13 propeller protein. We undertook a detailed kinetic analysis of the drug responses of K13 wild-type and mutant isolates of Plasmodium falciparum sourced from a region in Cambodia (Pailin). We demonstrate that ART treatment induces growth retardation and an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, indicative of a cellular stress response that engages the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We show that resistant parasites exhibit lower levels of ubiquitinated proteins and delayed onset of cell death, indicating an enhanced cell stress response. We found that the stress response can be targeted by inhibiting the proteasome. Accordingly, clinically used proteasome inhibitors strongly synergize ART activity against both sensitive and resistant parasites, including isogenic lines expressing mutant or wild-type K13. Synergy is also observed against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. We developed a detailed model of parasite responses that enables us to infer, for the first time, in vivo parasite clearance profiles from in vitro assessments of ART sensitivity. We provide evidence that the clinical marker of resistance (delayed parasite clearance) is an indirect measure of drug efficacy because of the persistence of unviable parasites with unchanged morphology in the circulation, and we suggest alternative approaches for the direct measurement of viability. Our model predicts that extending current three-day ART treatment courses to four days, or splitting the doses, will efficiently clear resistant parasite infections. This work provides a rationale for improving the detection of ART resistance in the field and for treatment strategies that can be employed in areas with ART resistance. Resistance to artemisinin antimalarial drugs is jeopardizing malaria control. This study shows that proteasome-mediated stress responses can be targeted to overcome artemisinin resistance and suggests alternate therapeutic regimens and monitoring strategies. Resistance to artemisinin antimalarials, some of the most effective antimalarial drugs, has emerged in Southeast Asia, jeopardizing malaria control. We have undertaken a detailed study of artemisinin-sensitive and-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for malaria, taken directly from the field in a region where resistance is developing. We compared these strains to lab strains engineered with either mutant or wild-type resistance alleles. We demonstrate that in sensitive P. falciparum, artemisinin induces growth retardation and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, indicating that the drugs activate the cellular stress response. Resistant parasites, on the other hand, exhibit reduced protein ubiquitination and delayed onset of cell death following drug exposure. We show that proteasome inhibitors strongly synergize artemisinin activity, offering a means of overcoming artemisinin resistance. We have developed a detailed model of parasite responses and have modelled in vivo clearance profiles. Our data indicate that extending artemisinin treatment from the standard three-day treatment to a four-day treatment will clear resistant parasites, thus preserving the use of this critical therapy in areas experiencing artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley C Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jess Bridgford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sachel Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - James M McCaw
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Shannon Kenny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nina Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Judith Straimer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Foote
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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88
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Leinonen HM, Kansanen E, Pölönen P, Heinäniemi M, Levonen AL. Role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 122:281-320. [PMID: 24974185 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420117-0.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is one of the major signaling cascades involved in cell defense and survival against endogenous and exogenous stress. While Nrf2 and its target genes provide protection against various age-related diseases including tumorigenesis, constitutively active Nrf2 in cancer cells increases the expression of cytoprotective genes and, consequently, enhances proliferation via metabolic reprogramming and inhibition of apoptosis. Herein, we review the current understanding of the regulation of Nrf2 in normal cells as well as its dual role in cancer. Furthermore, the mechanisms of Nrf2 dysregulation in cancer, consequences of unchecked Nrf2 activity, and therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Leinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland.
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89
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Mok S, Ashley EA, Ferreira PE, Zhu L, Lin Z, Yeo T, Chotivanich K, Imwong M, Pukrittayakamee S, Dhorda M, Nguon C, Lim P, Amaratunga C, Suon S, Hien TT, Htut Y, Faiz MA, Onyamboko MA, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Tripura R, Woodrow CJ, Miotto O, Kwiatkowski DP, Nosten F, Day NPJ, Preiser PR, White NJ, Dondorp AM, Fairhurst RM, Bozdech Z. Drug resistance. Population transcriptomics of human malaria parasites reveals the mechanism of artemisinin resistance. Science 2015; 347:431-5. [PMID: 25502316 PMCID: PMC5642863 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum threatens global efforts to control and eliminate malaria. Polymorphisms in the kelch domain-carrying protein K13 are associated with artemisinin resistance, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. We analyzed the in vivo transcriptomes of 1043 P. falciparum isolates from patients with acute malaria and found that artemisinin resistance is associated with increased expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways involving the major PROSC and TRiC chaperone complexes. Artemisinin-resistant parasites also exhibit decelerated progression through the first part of the asexual intraerythrocytic development cycle. These findings suggest that artemisinin-resistant parasites remain in a state of decelerated development at the young ring stage, whereas their up-regulated UPR pathways mitigate protein damage caused by artemisinin. The expression profiles of UPR-related genes also associate with the geographical origin of parasite isolates, further suggesting their role in emerging artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachel Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth A Ashley
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro E Ferreira
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zhaoting Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tomas Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Asia Regional Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chea Nguon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pharath Lim
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ye Htut
- Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - M Abul Faiz
- Malaria Research Group & Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul N Newton
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charles J Woodrow
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter R Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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90
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Yoo Y, Byun K, Kang T, Bayarsaikhan D, Kim JY, Oh S, Kim YH, Kim SY, Chung WI, Kim SU, Lee B, Park YM. Amyloid-Beta-Activated Human Microglial Cells Through ER-Resident Proteins. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:214-23. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500926r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- YongCheol Yoo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Center
for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center
for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeoun Oh
- Center
for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hye Kim
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Chung
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Department
of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Center
for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Park
- Center
for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
- Mass
Spectrometer Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52
Eoeun-dong, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
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91
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Lenna S, Han R, Trojanowska M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and endothelial dysfunction. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:530-7. [PMID: 25130181 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged perturbation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) and contributes to the pathogenesis of various chronic disorders. This review focuses on the role of ER stress and UPR in endothelial cells and the relevance of these processes to vascular diseases. Chronic activation of ER stress and UPR pathways in endothelial cells leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammation and often results in cell death. Because endothelial cells play a pivotal role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, various pathological conditions interfering with this homeostasis including homocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, high glucose, insulin resistance, disturbed blood flow, and oxidative stress can lead to endothelial dysfunction in part through the activation of ER stress. We discuss recently discovered aspects of the role of ER stress/UPR in those pathological conditions. We also summarize recent findings implicating ER stress and UPR in systemic hypertension as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension. Finally, this review will highlight a novel role of UPR mediators in the process of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lenna
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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92
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Lin M, Li L, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Xu M, Rong R, Zhu T. Baicalin ameliorates H2O2 induced cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells through the inhibition of ER stress and the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12507-22. [PMID: 25029541 PMCID: PMC4139857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury plays a key role in renal transplantation and greatly affects the outcome of allograft. Our previous study proved that Baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, protects kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aimed to study the underlying mechanism in vitro. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 cells were stimulated by H2O2 with and without Baicalin pretreatment. The cell viability, apoptosis and oxidative stress level were measured. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress hallmarks, such as binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), were analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression was also measured. In the H2O2 group, cell viability decreased and cell apoptosis increased. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Glutathione/Oxidized Glutathione (GSH/GSSG) analysis revealed increased oxidative stress. ER stress and Nrf2 signaling also increased. Baicalin pretreatment ameliorated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, reduced oxidative stress and ER stress and further activated the anti-oxidative Nrf2 signaling pathway. The inducer of ER stress and the inhibitor of Nrf2 abrogated the protective effects, while the inhibitor of ER stress and the inducer of Nrf2 did not improve the outcome. This study revealed that Baicalin pretreatment serves a protective role against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells, where the inhibition of ER stress and the activation of downstream Nrf2 signaling are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lin
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Long Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Long Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 20032, China.
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93
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Zhu J, Wang H, Fan Y, Lin Y, Zhang L, Ji X, Zhou M. Targeting the NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway: a novel strategy for glioblastoma (review). Oncol Rep 2014; 32:443-50. [PMID: 24926991 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant subtype among all brain tumors. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an essential component of cellular defense against a variety of endogenous and exogenous stresses. A marked increase in research over the past few decades focusing on Nrf2 and its role in regulating glioblastoma has revealed the potential value of Nrf2 in the treatment of glioblastoma. In the present review, we discuss a novel framework of Nrf2 in the regulation of glioblastoma and the mechanisms regarding the downregulation of Nrf2 in treating glioblastoma. The candidate mechanisms include direct and indirect means. Direct mechanisms target tumor molecular pathways in order to overcome resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, to inhibit proliferation, to block invasion and migration, to induce apoptosis, to promote differentiation, to enhance autophagy and to target glioblastoma stem cells. Indirect mechanisms target the reaction between glioblastoma cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Overall, the value of the Nrf2 pathway in glioblastoma provides a promising opportunity for new approaches by which to treat glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Youwu Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yixing Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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94
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Sakhatskyy P, Gabino Miranda GA, Newton J, Lee CG, Choudhary G, Vang A, Rounds S, Lu Q. Cigarette smoke-induced lung endothelial apoptosis and emphysema are associated with impairment of FAK and eIF2α. Microvasc Res 2014; 94:80-9. [PMID: 24853558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. However, the mechanism underlying cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema is not well defined. We have previously shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) decreased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity via oxidative stress in cultured lung EC. In this study, we compared FAK activation in the lungs of highly susceptible AKR mice and mildly susceptible C57BL/6 mice after exposure to CS for three weeks. We found that three weeks of CS exposure caused mild emphysema and increased lung EC apoptosis in AKR mice (room air: 12.8±5.6%; CS: 30.7±3.7%), but not in C57BL/6 mice (room air: 0±0%; CS: 3.5±1.7%). Correlated with increased lung EC apoptosis and early onset of emphysema, FAK activity was reduced in the lungs of AKR mice, but not of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, inhibition of FAK caused lung EC apoptosis, whereas over-expression of FAK prevented CSE-induced lung EC apoptosis. These results suggest that FAK inhibition may contribute to CS-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema. Unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy have been shown to be activated by CS exposure in lung epithelial cells. In this study, we noted that CSE activated UPR and autophagy in cultured lung EC, as indicated by enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation and elevated levels of GRP78 and LC3B-II. However, eIF2α phosphorylation was significantly reduced by three-weeks of CS exposure in the lungs of AKR mice, but not of C57BL/6 mice. Markers for autophagy activation were not significantly altered in the lungs of either AKR or C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that CS-induced impairment of eIF2α signaling may increase the susceptibility to lung EC apoptosis and emphysema. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of eIF2α and FAK signaling may play an important role in CS-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Sakhatskyy
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Gustavo Andres Gabino Miranda
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Julie Newton
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Alexander Vang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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95
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Hussain H, Maldonado-Agurto R, Dickson AJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and unfolded protein response in the control of mammalian recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1581-93. [PMID: 24752815 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway. These processing events that proteins undergo in the ER may present major limiting steps for recombinant protein production. Increased protein synthesis, accumulation of improperly processed or mis-folded protein can induce ER stress. To cope with ER stress, the ER has quality control mechanisms, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation to restore homeostasis. ER stress and UPR activation trigger multiple physiological cellular changes. Here we review cellular mechanisms that cope with ER stress and illustrate how this knowledge can be applied to increase the efficiency of recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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96
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Kevei É, Hoppe T. Ubiquitin sets the timer: impacts on aging and longevity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:290-2. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Fisher E, Lake E, McLeod RS. Apolipoprotein B100 quality control and the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion. J Biomed Res 2014; 28:178-93. [PMID: 25013401 PMCID: PMC4085555 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.28.20140019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the main protein component of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and is necessary for the assembly and secretion of these triglyceride (TG)-rich particles. Following release from the liver, VLDL is converted to low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the plasma and increased production of VLDL can therefore play a detrimental role in cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence has helped to establish VLDL assembly as a target for the treatment of dyslipidemias. Multiple factors are involved in the folding of the apoB protein and the formation of a secretion-competent VLDL particle. Failed VLDL assembly can initiate quality control mechanisms in the hepatocyte that target apoB for degradation. ApoB is a substrate for endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) by the ubiquitin proteasome system and for autophagy. Efficient targeting and disposal of apoB is a regulated process that modulates VLDL secretion and partitioning of TG. Emerging evidence suggests that significant overlap exists between these degradative pathways. For example, the insulin-mediated targeting of apoB to autophagy and postprandial activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) may employ the same cellular machinery and regulatory cues. Changes in the quality control mechanisms for apoB impact hepatic physiology and pathology states, including insulin resistance and fatty liver. Insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and the hepatic UPR may impact VLDL production, particularly during the postprandial state. In this review we summarize our current understanding of VLDL assembly, apoB degradation, quality control mechanisms and the role of these processes in liver physiology and in pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fisher
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lake
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roger S McLeod
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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98
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Oliva Trejo JA, Asanuma K, Kim EH, Takagi-Akiba M, Nonaka K, Hidaka T, Komatsu M, Tada N, Ueno T, Tomino Y. Transient increase in proteinuria, poly-ubiquitylated proteins and ER stress markers in podocyte-specific autophagy-deficient mice following unilateral nephrectomy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1190-6. [PMID: 24680677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that podocytes normally can be associated with a very high degree of autophagic activity, and that a lack of autophagic activity in podocytes is associated with susceptibility to disease and to late-onset glomerulosclerosis. In the present study, we conducted unilateral nephrectomy as a surgical model for acute nephron reduction. First, using GFP-LC3 transgenic mice to monitor autophagy, we found that glomerular autophagy could be transiently suppressed by surgery, but that it was restored quickly. To further explore the significance of podocyte autophagy after unilateral nephrectomy, we investigated podocyte-specific Atg7-deficient mice. The knockout mice exhibited no pathological phenotype compared with wild-type mice before nephrectomy. However, 1 day after nephrectomy, significantly higher levels of proteinuria and ultrastructural changes that included foot process effacement and a significant reduction in podocyte number were detected in mice harboring Atg7-deficient podocytes. Moreover, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses showed a robust increase in polyubiquitin levels and ER stress markers in the glomeruli of the mice with autophagy-deficient podocytes. These results show the importance of the autophagic process in podocytes for maintaining a normal degree of filtration function during the adaptation to compensatory kidney hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takagi-Akiba
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kanae Nonaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Teruo Hidaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Division of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Redman C, Sargent I, Staff A. IFPA Senior Award Lecture: Making sense of pre-eclampsia – Two placental causes of preeclampsia? Placenta 2014; 35 Suppl:S20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Tissue Fibrosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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