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Karstoft K, Wallis GA, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. The effects of interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and substrate oxidation rates in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65:1316-25. [PMID: 27506739 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For unknown reasons, interval training often reduces body weight more than energy-expenditure matched continuous training. We compared the acute effects of time-duration and oxygen-consumption matched interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), substrate oxidation rates and lipid metabolism in the hours following exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Following an overnight fast, ten T2D subjects (M/F: 7/3; age=60.3±2.3years; body mass index (BMI)=28.3±1.1kg/m(2)) completed three 60-min interventions in a counterbalanced, randomized order: 1) control (CON), 2) continuous walking (CW), 3) interval-walking (IW - repeated cycles of 3min of fast and 3min of slow walking). Indirect calorimetry was applied during each intervention and repeatedly for 30min per hour during the following 5h. A liquid mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT, 450kcal) was consumed by the subjects 45min after completion of the intervention with blood samples taken regularly. RESULTS Exercise interventions were successfully matched for total oxygen consumption (CW=1641±133mL/min; IW=1634±126mL/min, P>0.05). EPOC was higher after IW (8.4±1.3l) compared to CW (3.7±1.4l, P<0.05). Lipid oxidation rates were increased during the MMTT in IW (1.03±0.12mg/kg per min) and CW (0.87±0.04mg/kg per min) compared with CON (0.73±0.04mg/kg per min, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), with no difference between IW and CW. Moreover, free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations, and glycerol kinetics were increased comparably during and after IW and CW compared to CON. CONCLUSIONS Interval exercise results in greater EPOC than oxygen-consumption matched continuous exercise during a post-exercise MMTT in subjects with T2D, whereas effects on substrate oxidation and lipid metabolism are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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52
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The effect of aerobic exercise training on β-cell function and circulating levels of adipsin in community of obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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53
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Exercise and type 2 diabetes: focus on metabolism and inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:146-50. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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54
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Lidegaard LP, Hansen ALS, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Brage S, Lauritzen T, Jørgensen ME, Christensen DL, Færch K. Physical activity energy expenditure vs cardiorespiratory fitness level in impaired glucose metabolism. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2709-17. [PMID: 26342596 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Little is known about the relative roles of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as determinants of glucose regulation. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of PAEE and CRF with markers of glucose metabolism, and to test the hypothesis that CRF modifies the association between PAEE and glucose metabolism. METHODS We analysed cross-sectional data from 755 adults from the Danish ADDITION-PRO study. On the basis of OGTT results, participants without known diabetes were classified as having normal glucose tolerance, isolated impaired fasting glycaemia (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), combined IFG + IGT or screen-detected diabetes mellitus. Markers of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were determined. PAEE was measured using a combined heart rate and movement sensor. CRF (maximal oxygen uptake) was estimated using a submaximal 8 min step test. The associations were examined by linear regression analysis. Results were adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS PAEE and CRF were reduced in individuals with i-IGT, combined IFG + IGT and screen-detected diabetes mellitus, but were not significantly different in individuals with i-IFG compared with those with normal glucose tolerance. When adjusting CRF for PAEE and vice versa, PAEE and CRF were both associated with lower fasting and 2 h insulin and higher peripheral insulin sensitivity. CRF was additionally associated with lower fasting and 2 h glucose and higher insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. There was no interaction between CRF and PAEE for any markers of glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Only CRF, not PAEE, appears to be independently associated with plasma glucose levels and beta cell function, suggesting that CRF may be particularly important for glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke P Lidegaard
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Louise S Hansen
- Department of Public Health - Institute of General Medical Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna B Johansen
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health - Institute of General Medical Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of Public Health - Institute of General Medical Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section of Global Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Færch
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark
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55
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Jelleyman C, Yates T, O'Donovan G, Gray LJ, King JA, Khunti K, Davies MJ. The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16:942-61. [PMID: 26481101 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on markers of glucose regulation and insulin resistance compared with control conditions (CON) or continuous training (CT). Databases were searched for HIIT interventions based upon the inclusion criteria: training ≥2 weeks, adult participants and outcome measurements that included insulin resistance, fasting glucose, HbA1c or fasting insulin. Dual interventions and participants with type 1 diabetes were excluded. Fifty studies were included. There was a reduction in insulin resistance following HIIT compared with both CON and CT (HIIT vs. CON: standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.49, confidence intervals [CIs] -0.87 to -0.12, P = 0.009; CT: SMD = -0.35, -0.68 to -0.02, P = 0.036). Compared with CON, HbA1c decreased by 0.19% (-0.36 to -0.03, P = 0.021) and body weight decreased by 1.3 kg (-1.9 to -0.7, P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in other outcomes overall. However, participants at risk of or with type 2 diabetes experienced reductions in fasting glucose (-0.92 mmol L(-1), -1.22 to -0.62, P < 0.001) compared with CON. HIIT appears effective at improving metabolic health, particularly in those at risk of or with type 2 diabetes. Larger randomized controlled trials of longer duration than those included in this meta-analysis are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jelleyman
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - T Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - G O'Donovan
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - L J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J A King
- NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care - East Midlands (NIHR CLAHRC - EM), Leicester, UK
| | - M J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
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Martin E, Galloway-Williams N, Cox M, Winett R. Pilot testing of a mindfulness- and acceptance-based intervention for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary adults: A feasibility study. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015; 4:237-245. [PMID: 27104134 PMCID: PMC4834715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vigorous physical activity (PA) has been promoted for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, therapeutic techniques designed to engage participants in vigorous PA have fallen short; one reason for this may be the unpleasant physical sensations associated with vigorous exercise (e.g., temporary shortness of breath and mild muscle soreness). Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be helpful at improving adherence to vigorous PA levels. In this open clinical trial, we sought to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of a mindfulness- and acceptance-based intervention for increasing CRF in sedentary adults and to generate initial outcomes data. DESIGN Participants (N=24) engaged in a 10-week fitness walking program while attending regular group sessions based on ACT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS The feasibility and acceptability of the intervention were demonstrated through high levels of walking adherence (89.30%) and group session attendance (85.50%). A large significant decrease in total 1-mile walk test time [t(18)=4.61, p=.0002, d=.64] and a moderate significant increase in estimated VO2max [t(18)=-4.05, p=.0007, d=-.43] were observed. Analyses indicated a large significant increase in exercise-related experiential acceptance [t(18)=-9.19, p <.0001, d=-2.09]. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of an ACT-based intervention for supporting participation in vigorous PA in sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.C. Martin
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1330, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
| | | | - M.G. Cox
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1330, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
| | - R.A. Winett
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, USA
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Lee SS, Yoo JH, So YS. Effect of the low- versus high-intensity exercise training on endoplasmic reticulum stress and GLP-1 in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3063-8. [PMID: 26644644 PMCID: PMC4668135 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training compare with high-intensity exercise training on endoplasmic reticulum stress and glucagon-like peptide-1 in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Subjects and Methods] The low-intensity exercise training group performed aerobic exercise training at an intensity of ≤ 45% of the heart rate reserve. The high-intensity interval exercise training group performed interval exercise training at an intensity of ≥ 80% of the heart rate reserve. The exercise-related energy consumption was determined for both groups on a per-week basis (1,200 kcal/week). [Results] Both groups showed improvement in the glucose-regulated protein 78 and dipeptidyl peptidase-4, but the size of the between-group effect was not statistically significant. The high-intensity interval exercise training group showed a significant reduction in percentage body fat. The C-peptide level increased after the 12-weeks programs and was significantly different, between the groups. Fasting glucose, insulin resistance in the fasting state according to homeostasis model assessment, and leptin decreased after the 12-weeks exercise program and were significantly different between the groups, and glucagon-like peptide-1 increased after the 12-week exercise programs and was significantly different between the groups. [Conclusion] In conclusion high-intensity interval exercise training, as defined in this study, may lead to improvements in body composition, glycemic control, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the glucagon-like peptide-1 in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Lee
- Department of Coaching, Dong-A University, Republic of
Korea
| | - Jae Ho Yoo
- Department of Pediatric, College of Medicine, Dong-A
University Medical Center, Repulic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok So
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Repulic of Korea
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58
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Handa S, Masuki S, Ohshio T, Kamijo YI, Takamata A, Nose H. Target intensity and interval walking training in water to enhance physical fitness in middle-aged and older women: a randomised controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:203-15. [PMID: 26400416 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the target intensity for fast walking during interval walking training (IWT) in water for middle-aged and older people to enhance physical fitness. METHODS Thirty-one women [59 ± 5 (SD) years old] were randomly divided into two groups: IWT on land (LG, N = 15) and in water (WG, N = 16). All subjects were instructed to perform ≥ 6 sets of fast and slow walking for 3 min each in a day, ≥ 4 days week(-1), for 8 weeks, at an intensity 35% higher than the oxygen consumption rate at the gas exchange threshold (VO2GET), with a subjective feeling of 16-18 points of the Borg scale during fast walking in each condition. Before and after IWT, we measured VO2GET, peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) by graded walking and cycling tests on land and isometric knee extension (F EXT) and flexion (F FLX) forces. RESULTS Before IWT, the VO2GET for walking in water was 14% higher and the heart rate (HR) at a given VO2 was ~10 beats min(-1) lower (P=0.001) than on land. During IWT, subjects in both groups performed IWT for ~4 days week(-1)(P > 0.9) with a 14% higher fast walking intensity in WG than in LG (P < 0.05). After IWT, the VO2peak and VO2GET for cycling, F EXT and F FLX increased more in WG than in LG (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Walking in water elevated VO2GET and decreased HR at a given exercise intensity in middle-aged and older women, which enabled them to perform exercise at a higher metabolic rate than on land due to improved subjective feelings, which, for these subjects, resulted in greater gains in physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Handa
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Mimaki Spa Clinic, Tomi, 389-0402, Japan
| | - Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohshio
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Mimaki Spa Clinic, Tomi, 389-0402, Japan
| | - Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akira Takamata
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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High Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycaemic Control and Pancreatic β Cell Function of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133286. [PMID: 26258597 PMCID: PMC4530878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy individuals, but the effect on pancreatic β cell function is unknown. We investigated glycaemic control, pancreatic function and total fat mass before and after 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cycle ergometer in T2D patients and matched healthy control individuals. Study design/method: Elderly (56 yrs±2), non-active T2D patients (n = 10) and matched (52 yrs±2) healthy controls (CON) (n = 13) exercised 3 times (10×60 sec. HIIT) a week over an 8 week period on a cycle ergometer. Participants underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). On a separate day, resting blood pressure measurement was conducted followed by an incremental maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max) cycle ergometer test. Finally, a whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. After 8 weeks of training, the same measurements were performed. Results: in the T2D-group, glycaemic control as determined by average fasting venous glucose concentration (p = 0.01), end point 2-hour OGTT (p = 0.04) and glycosylated haemoglobin (p = 0.04) were significantly reduced. Pancreatic homeostasis as determined by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA β cell function (HOMA-%β) were both significantly ameliorated (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Whole body insulin sensitivity as determined by the disposition index (DI) was significantly increased (p = 0.03). During OGTT, the glucose continuum was significantly reduced at -15 (p = 0.03), 30 (p = 0.03) and 120 min (p = 0.03) and at -10 (p = 0.003) and 0 min (p = 0.003) with an additional improvement (p = 0.03) of its 1st phase (30 min) area under curve (AUC). Significant abdominal fat mass losses were seen in both groups (T2D: p = 0.004 and CON: p = 0.02) corresponding to a percentage change of -17.84%±5.02 and -9.66%±3.07, respectively. Conclusion: these results demonstrate that HIIT improves overall glycaemic control and pancreatic β cell function in T2D patients. Additionally, both groups experienced abdominal fat mass losses. These findings demonstrate that HIIT is a health beneficial exercise strategy in T2D patients.
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