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Rhoades J, Fotiadou S, Paschalidou G, Papadimitriou T, Ordóñez AÁ, Kormas K, Vardaka E, Likotrafiti E. Microbiota and Cyanotoxin Content of Retail Spirulina Supplements and Spirulina Supplemented Foods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1175. [PMID: 37317149 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial biomass such as spirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is widely available as a food supplement and can also be added to foods as a nutritionally beneficial ingredient. Spirulina is often produced in open ponds, which are vulnerable to contamination by various microorganisms, including some toxin-producing cyanobacteria. This study examined the microbial population of commercially available spirulina products including for the presence of cyanobacterial toxins. Five products (two supplements, three foods) were examined. The microbial populations were determined by culture methods, followed by identification of isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the products themselves and of the total growth on the enumeration plates. Toxin analysis was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Several potentially pathogenic bacteria were detected in the products, including Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microcystin toxins were detected in all the products at levels that could lead to consumers exceeding their recommended daily limits. Substantial differences were observed in the identifications obtained using amplicon sequencing and MALDI-TOF, particularly between closely related Bacillus spp. The study showed that there are microbiological safety issues associated with commercial spirulina products that should be addressed, and these are most likely associated with the normal means of production in open ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rhoades
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Fotiadou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Paschalidou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoti Papadimitriou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Agricultural Development Institiute, University Research and Innovation Centre "IASON", Argonafton & Filellinon, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Likotrafiti
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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52
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Chatterjee S, More M. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom Toxin Microcystin and Increased Vibrio Occurrence as Climate-Change-Induced Biological Co-Stressors: Exposure and Disease Outcomes via Their Interaction with Gut-Liver-Brain Axis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:289. [PMID: 37104227 PMCID: PMC10144574 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of global warming are not limited to rising global temperatures and have set in motion a complex chain of events contributing to climate change. A consequence of global warming and the resultant climate change is the rise in cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyano-HABs) across the world, which pose a threat to public health, aquatic biodiversity, and the livelihood of communities that depend on these water systems, such as farmers and fishers. An increase in cyano-HABs and their intensity is associated with an increase in the leakage of cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacterial species, and their organ toxicology has been extensively studied. Recent mouse studies suggest that MCs can induce gut resistome changes. Opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrios are abundantly found in the same habitat as phytoplankton, such as cyanobacteria. Further, MCs can complicate human disorders such as heat stress, cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Firstly, this review describes how climate change mediates the rise in cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in freshwater, causing increased levels of MCs. In the later sections, we aim to untangle the ways in which MCs can impact various public health concerns, either solely or in combination with other factors resulting from climate change. In conclusion, this review helps researchers understand the multiple challenges brought forth by a changing climate and the complex relationships between microcystin, Vibrios, and various environmental factors and their effect on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Toxicology Core, NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, UCI School of Medicine, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Madhura More
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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53
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Si W, Zhao M, Che H, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Xie X, Duan J, Shen T, Xu D, Zhao S. Microcystin-LR induced transgenerational effects of thyroid disruption in zebrafish offspring by endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated thyroglobulin accumulation and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121117. [PMID: 36690294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MC-LR can interfere with thyroid function in fish, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Current study focuses to study the intergenerational inheritance of MC-LR-induced thyroid toxicity in zebrafish and in rat thyroid cells. In vivo experiments, adult female zebrafish (F0) were exposed to MC-LR (0, 5, and 25 μg/L) for 90 days and mated with male zebrafish without MC-LR exposure to generate F1 generation. F1 embryos were allowed to develop normally to 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) in clear water. In the F0 generation, MC-LR induced disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, leading to a decrease in the production of thyroid hormones. Maternal MC-LR exposure also induced growth inhibition by altering thyroid hormones (THs) homeostasis and interfering with thyroid metabolism and development in F1 offspring. Mechanistically, MC-LR caused excessive accumulation of ROS and induced ER stress that further lead to activation of UPR in the F0 and F1 offspring of zebrafish. Interestingly, our findings suggested that MC-LR exposure hampered thyroglobulin turnover by triggering IRE1 and PERK pathway in zebrafish and FRTL-5 thyroid cells, thus disturbing the thyroid endocrine system and contributing to the thyroid toxicity from maternal to its F1 offspring of zebrafish. Particularly, inhibition of the IRE1 pathway by siRNA could alleviate thyroid development injury induced by MC-LR in FRTL-5 cells. In addition, MC-LR induced thyroid cell apoptosis by triggering ER stress. Taken together, our results demonstrated that maternal MC-LR exposure causes thyroid endocrine disruption by ER stress contributing to transgenerational effects in zebrafish offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Si
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Huimin Che
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zaiwei Wu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xinxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tong Shen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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54
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Saleem F, Jiang JL, Atrache R, Paschos A, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE. Cyanobacterial Algal Bloom Monitoring: Molecular Methods and Technologies for Freshwater Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040851. [PMID: 37110273 PMCID: PMC10144707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can accumulate to form harmful algal blooms (HABs) on the surface of freshwater ecosystems under eutrophic conditions. Extensive HAB events can threaten local wildlife, public health, and the utilization of recreational waters. For the detection/quantification of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Health Canada increasingly indicate that molecular methods can be useful. However, each molecular detection method has specific advantages and limitations for monitoring HABs in recreational water ecosystems. Rapidly developing modern technologies, including satellite imaging, biosensors, and machine learning/artificial intelligence, can be integrated with standard/conventional methods to overcome the limitations associated with traditional cyanobacterial detection methodology. We examine advances in cyanobacterial cell lysis methodology and conventional/modern molecular detection methods, including imaging techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/DNA sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mass spectrometry, remote sensing, and machine learning/AI-based prediction models. This review focuses specifically on methodologies likely to be employed for recreational water ecosystems, especially in the Great Lakes region of North America.
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55
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Fastner J, Teikari J, Hoffmann A, Köhler A, Hoppe S, Dittmann E, Welker M. Cyanotoxins associated with macrophytes in Berlin (Germany) water bodies - Occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159433. [PMID: 36244489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fatal dog poisoning after uptake of neurotoxic cyanobacteria associated with aquatic macrophytes in Tegeler See (Berlin, Germany) raised concerns about critical exposure of humans, especially children, to cyanotoxins produced by macrophyte associated cyanobacteria during recreational activity. From 2017 to 2021 a total of 398 samples of macrophytes washed ashore at bathing sites located at 19 Berlin lakes were analysed for anatoxins, microcystins, and cylindrospermopsins, as were 463 water samples taken in direct proximity to macrophyte accumulations. Cyanotoxins were detected in 66 % of macrophyte samples and 50 % of water samples, with anatoxins being the most frequently detected toxin group in macrophyte samples (58 %) and cylindrospermopsins in water samples (41 %). Microcoleus sp. associated with the water moss Fontinalis antipyretica was identified as anatoxin producing cyanobacterium in isolated strains as well as in field samples from Tegeler See. Anatoxin contents in macrophyte samples rarely exceeded 1 μg/g macrophyte fresh weight and peaked at 9. 2 μg/g f.w. Based on established toxicological points of departure, a critical anatoxin content of macrophyte samples of 3 μg/g f.w. is proposed. Five samples, all taken in Tegeler See and all associated with the water moss Fontinalis antipyretica, exceeded this value. Contents and concentrations of microcystins and cylindrospermopsins did not reach critical levels. The potential exposure risks to anatoxins for children and dogs are assessed and recommendations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonna Teikari
- Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory, Rudower Chaussee 39, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Köhler
- Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection, Am Köllnischen Park 3, Berlin 10179, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoppe
- State Office for Health and Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Turmstraße 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Welker
- State Office for Health and Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Turmstraße 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany
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56
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Ortiz D, Munoz M, Garcia J, Cirés S, de Pedro ZM, Quesada A, Casas JA. Photo-Fenton oxidation of cylindrospermopsin at neutral pH with LEDs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21598-21607. [PMID: 36271068 PMCID: PMC9938050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent cyanobacterial toxin found in freshwaters worldwide. In this work, the feasibility of the photo-Fenton process under neutral pH using light emitting diodes as irradiation source for the removal of this hazardous cyanotoxin from freshwater was investigated. The impact of the kind of iron chelating agent (ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinic acid vs. ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid) as well as the effect of the main operating conditions viz. H2O2 dose, Fe(III) load, initial CYN concentration, and Fe(III):EDDS molar ratio on the performance of the process was systematically evaluated. EDDS was selected as the most appropriate iron chelating agent considering the kinetics of the process and the environmental impact (Vibrio fischeri and Artemia salina). Under optimized conditions ([H2O2] = 30 mg L-1; [Fe(III)] = 5 mg L-1; Fe(III):ligand = 1:0.5 (molar ratio)), complete removal of CYN was achieved in 15-min reaction time. Furthermore, the catalytic system showed to be effective in real water matrices (river and reservoir waters) spiked with CYN. Although the presence of inorganic ions (mainly HCO3-/CO32-) and dissolved organic carbon decreased the oxidation rate of CYN due to scavenging reactions and iron coordination, respectively, complete elimination of the cyanotoxin was achieved in all cases. The fate of EDDS along the process was also evaluated to demonstrate that the catalytic system investigated, apart from its effectiveness, warrants the complete absence of residues after reaction. Therefore, the proposed system constitutes a promising method for cyanotoxin treatment either as a drinking water treatment step in conventional plants or as a potential remediation strategy in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Macarena Munoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zahara M de Pedro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Casas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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57
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Falfushynska H, Kasianchuk N, Siemens E, Henao E, Rzymski P. A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11020118. [PMID: 36850993 PMCID: PMC9961407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and human-induced eutrophication drive the occurrence of various cyanotoxins in aquatic environments. These metabolites reveal diversified mechanisms of action, encompassing cyto-, neuro-, hepato-, nephro-, and neurotoxicity, and pose a threat to aquatic biota and human health. In the present paper, we review data on the occurrence of the most studied cyanotoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins, and saxitoxins, in the aquatic environment, as well as their potential bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Microcystins are the most studied among all known cyanotoxins, although other toxic cyanobacterial metabolites are also commonly identified in aquatic environments and can reveal high toxicity in fish. Except for primary toxicity signs, cyanotoxins adversely affect the antioxidant system and anti-/pro-oxidant balance. Cyanotoxins also negatively impact the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, fish exposed to microcystins and cylindrospermopsin exhibit various immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and endocrine responses. Even though cyanotoxins exert a complex pressure on fish, numerous aspects are yet to be the subject of in-depth investigation. Metabolites other than microcystins should be studied more thoroughly to understand the long-term effects in fish and provide a robust background for monitoring and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Eduard Siemens
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Eliana Henao
- Research Group Integrated Management of Ecosystems and Biodiversity XIUÂ, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 61701 Poznań, Poland
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58
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Badagian N, Pírez Schirmer M, Pérez Parada A, Gonzalez-Sapienza G, Brena BM. Determination of Microcystins in Fish Tissue by ELISA and MALDI-TOF MS Using a Highly Specific Single Domain Antibody. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020084. [PMID: 36828400 PMCID: PMC9966346 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of simple, reliable, and cost-effective methods is critically important to study the spatial and temporal variation of microcystins (MCs) in the food chain. Nanobodies (Nbs), antigen binding fragments from camelid antibodies, present valuable features for analytical applications. Their small antigen binding site offers a focused recognition of small analytes, reducing spurious cross-reactivity and matrix effects. A high affinity and broad cross-reactivity anti-MCs-Nb, from a llama antibody library, was validated in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and bound to magnetic particles with an internal standard for pre-concentration in quantitative-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (Nb-QMALDI MS). Both methods are easy and fast; ELISA provides a global result, while Nb-QMALDI MS allows for the quantification of individual congeners and showed excellent performance in the fish muscle extracts. The ELISA assay range was 1.8-29 ng/g and for Nb-QMALDI, it was 0.29-29 ng/g fish ww. Fifty-five fish from a MC-containing dam were analyzed by both methods. The correlation ELISA/sum of the MC congeners by Nb-QMALDI-MS was very high (r Spearman = 0.9645, p < 0.0001). Using ROC curves, ELISA cut-off limits were defined to accurately predict the sum of MCs by Nb-QMALDI-MS (100% sensitivity; ≥89% specificity). Both methods were shown to be simple and efficient for screening MCs in fish muscle to prioritize samples for confirmatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Badagian
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Macarena Pírez Schirmer
- Immunology Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Pérez Parada
- Technological Development Department, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Ruta 9, Rocha 27000, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto Gonzalez-Sapienza
- Immunology Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz M. Brena
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence:
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59
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Pinheiro Menescal MTA, Almeida EDS, Sales EA, Méjean A, Yéprémian C. Identification of Cyanobacteria and Its Potential Toxins in the Joanes I Reservoir, Bahia, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:51. [PMID: 36668871 PMCID: PMC9865514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Joanes I Reservoir is responsible for 40% of the drinking water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. For water sources such as this, there is concern regarding the proliferation of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, which can cause environmental and public health impacts. To evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in the water of this reservoir, the cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy; the presence of the genes of the cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria was detected by molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing); and the presence of toxins was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The water samples were collected at four sampling points in the Joanes I Reservoir in a monitoring campaign conducted during the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, and the water quality parameters were also analysed. Ten cyanobacteria species/genera were identified at the monitoring sites, including five potentially cyanotoxin-producing species, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Cylindrospermopsis cf. acuminato-crispa, Aphanocapsa sp., Phormidium sp., and Pseudanabaena sp. A positive result for the presence of the cylindrospermopsin toxin was confirmed at two sampling points by LC-MS/MS, which indicated that the populations are actively producing toxins. The analysis of the PCR products using the HEPF/HEPR primer pair for the detection of the microcystin biosynthesis gene mcyE was positive for the analysed samples. The results of this study point to the worrisome condition of this reservoir, from which water is collected for public supply, and indicate the importance of the joint use of different methods for the analysis of cyanobacteria and their toxins in reservoir monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Araujo Pinheiro Menescal
- Laboratory of Bioenergy and Catalysis (LABEC), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 2nd Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
- Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program (PEI), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 6th Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Andrade Sales
- Laboratory of Bioenergy and Catalysis (LABEC), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 2nd Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
- Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program (PEI), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 6th Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
| | - Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Claude Yéprémian
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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60
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Ma X, Gu Y, Liang C. Adaptation of protein phosphatases in Oryza sativa and Cucumis sativus to microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7018-7029. [PMID: 36018413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) in irrigation water could inhibit crop growth and yield. Protein phosphatases (PPs) play an important role in regulating physiological mechanisms in plants to adapt abiotic stresses. To clarify the adaptation mechanism in plants to MCs stress, we compared PPs in rice and cucumber leaves by analyzing PPs total activity, protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) activity and expression, as well as related growth and gas exchange parameters. After 7-day exposure of MCs (5 ~ 100 µg/L) and 7-day recovery without MCs, rice showed higher tolerance to MCs by analyzing dry weight and gas exchange parameters. Both crops may regulate PPs activity to adapt MCs stress by increasing the expression of genes encoding PPs. Among them, PP2A activity in two crops showed more sensitivity to MCs than total PPs activity. In addition, the higher expressions of PP2A catalytic and regulatory subunits and lower decrease PP2A activity were observed in rice leaves compared to cucumber. All results suggest that the expression levels of PP2A subunits could play a role in maintaining the activity of PP2A to regulating plant tolerance to MCs stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanfang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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61
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Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Risk assessment of cyanobacteria toxic metabolites on freshwater ecosystems applying molecular methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:219-227. [PMID: 35902522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, ancient prokaryotes, interfere with ecosystem water quality through the production of cyanotoxins and bloom formation. Therefore, for water safety and public health reasons, the application of faster, sensitive, and specific tools on its risk assessment is demanded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with DNA sequencing can be a helpful tool for the presence and potential to cyanotoxicity. To achieve these, seven waterbodies located on the North and Center regions of Portugal were sampled for two monitoring periods (2017 and 2018). Thus, given the five risk levels proposed (none up to four cyanotoxins - mcyA, cyrC, anaC, sxtI - being detected per risk level), results showed that the great majority of the ecosystems analyzed on the presence of blooms and under climate change phenomenon (heat waves) had an elevated risk (up to four cyanotoxins being detected) corresponding to a situation of high potential of cyanotoxicity. In the opposite conditions (i.e., absence of blooms and heat waves), the risk was lowered to none or only one cyanotoxin being detected. Two ecosystems escaped this trend and demonstrated little to no alterations among risk levels from 1 year to another corresponding to a high potential of cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins persistence in comparison to other studied ecosystems. Overall, the risk assessment undertaken suggests that other ecosystems ecological variables (physical, hydrological, or chemical) are interfering on the occurrence and persistence of cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes. Given the observed conditions (eutrophic status, bloom occurrence, and heat waves) of the analyzed ecosystems, cyanobacterial potential for toxicity seems to have increased, suggesting a need of the incorporation of other cyanotoxins apart of the regulated microcystins-LR on cyanotoxins surveillance programs of Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Pan L, Huang JJ, Chen J, He X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang B. Trace determination of multiple hydrophilic cyanotoxins in freshwater by off- and on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158545. [PMID: 36075415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins (HCTs), such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are highly toxic and toxin-producing algae are widely distributed worldwide. However, HCTs, especially PSTs, are rarely reported in freshwater due to analytical limitations. This may result in an underestimation of the ecological risks and health risks. This study developed a new method to detect ATX-a, CYN, and thirteen common PSTs in freshwater simultaneously by using off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) of all targets were lower than 0.05 μg/L, which could meet the regulatory requirements for monitoring of HCTs in drinking water in different countries and regions. To improve the detection sensitivities for trace PSTs, a method based on off-line SPE and on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was established with LOD around 0.001 μg/L. GTX1&4, GTX2&3, and GTX5 were detected in freshwater in China for the first time, highlighting that overall communities are facing potential risks of exposure to various PSTs in China. High concentrations of ATX-a and CYN were also detected in freshwater from Northern China. The proposed method helps to understand the pollution status of HCT in water bodies, especially during the non-algal bloom period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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63
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Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Analysis of the Impact of the Presence of Phylum Cyanobacteria in the Microbiome of Patients with Breast Cancer on Their Prognosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247272. [PMID: 36555890 PMCID: PMC9787457 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms caused by Cyanobacteria adversely affect the health of the people living in their vicinity. We elucidated the effect of Cyanobacteria in patients with breast cancer. The serum microbiome of the patients with breast cancer was analyzed using NGS. Serologic tests were performed to analyze the association between the factors affecting the liver function of patients with breast cancer and the amount of Cyanobacteria. In addition, the recurrent-free survival of patients with breast cancer according to the abundance of Cyanobacteria was analyzed. The abundance of Cyanobacteria tended to be correlated with the serological results related to liver function. A high abundance of Cyanobacteria seemed to be more related to late-stage breast cancer. A high recurrent-free survival was related to a low abundance of Cyanobacteria. Even though no toxicity study was conducted, this study demonstrates the impact of phylum Cyanobacteria on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Thus, the abundance of Cyanobacteria in the microbiome can help predict the prognosis of patients with breast cancer.
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Environmental Neurotoxin β- N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) as a Widely Occurring Putative Pathogenic Factor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122418. [PMID: 36557671 PMCID: PMC9781992 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review we have discussed the occurrence of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its natural isomers, and the organisms and sample types in which the toxin(s) have been detected. Further, the review discusses general pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, and how modes of action of BMAA fit in those mechanisms. The biogeography of BMAA occurrence presented here contributes to the planning of epidemiological research based on the geographical distribution of BMAA and human exposure. Analysis of BMAA mechanisms in relation to pathogenic processes of neurodegeneration is used to critically assess the potential significance of the amino acid as well as to identify gaps in our understanding. Taken together, these two approaches provide the basis for the discussion on the potential role of BMAA as a secondary factor in neurodegenerative diseases, the rationale for further research and possible directions the research can take, which are outlined in the conclusions.
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66
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Ogura AP, Pinto TJDS, da Silva LCM, Sella CF, Ferreira FBDC, de Carvalho PS, de Menezes-Oliveira VB, Montagner CC, Osório ADL, Espíndola ELG. Environmental analysis of the eutrophication and spread of aquatic macrophytes in a tropical reservoir: a case study in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:89426-89437. [PMID: 35852750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Land use changes threaten the maintenance of water quality and challenge the management of tropical reservoirs. In particular, eutrophication alters several ecosystem functions and services, compromising multiple uses of water. For example, in the Lajeado Reservoir (Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil), aquatic macrophytes rapidly spread and occupied more than 90% of the system's surface area (from 2016 to 2019). In such a scenario, this research aimed to evaluate the eutrophication causes and impacts to provide technical and scientific support to public agencies and propose remediation alternatives. First, a diagnosis of the study area was performed, using available data on land use, water quality, and climate (between 2010 and 2018). Second, water and sediment samples were collected for physical, chemical, and ecotoxicological analyses. The Ecological Risk Assessment consisted of a triad of Lines of Evidence, including physical-chemical, chemical, and ecotoxicological results. The expansion of agricultural activities (e.g., sugarcane cultivation) and diffuse pollution were highlighted among possible causes, and water quality was affected by increases in the concentration of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus), metals (e.g., iron), and emerging contaminants (e.g., pesticides and caffeine). As a result, the Lajeado Reservoir presented a high ecological risk, and alternatives for macrophyte removal are needed. This research involved several stakeholders (i.e., community, government agencies, and universities) who participated more effectively in environmental monitoring and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Caroline Fernanda Sella
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Scherma de Carvalho
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Tocantins, Coordination of Environmental Engineering, Palmas, TO, Brazil
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67
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Cunningham BR, Wharton RE, Lee C, Mojica MA, Krajewski LC, Gordon SC, Schaefer AM, Johnson RC, Hamelin EI. Measurement of Microcystin Activity in Human Plasma Using Immunocapture and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110813. [PMID: 36422987 PMCID: PMC9697287 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are toxic chemicals generated by certain freshwater cyanobacteria. These chemicals can accumulate to dangerous levels during harmful algal blooms. When exposed to microcystins, humans are at risk of hepatic injury, including liver failure. Here, we describe a method to detect microcystins in human plasma by using immunocapture followed by a protein phosphatase inhibition assay. At least 279 microcystins have been identified, and most of these compounds share a common amino acid, the Adda side chain. We targeted this Adda side chain using a commercial antibody and extracted microcystins from human samples for screening and analysis. To quantitate the extracted microcystins, we fortified plasma with microcystin-LR, one of the most well-studied, commonly detected, and toxic microcystin congeners. The quantitation range for the detection of microcystin in human plasma using this method is 0.030-0.50 ng/mL microcystin-LR equivalents. This method detects unconjugated and conjugated forms (cysteine and glutathione) of microcystins. Quality control sample accuracies varied between 98.9% and 114%, with a precision of 7.18-15.8%. Finally, we evaluated plasma samples from a community health surveillance project of Florida residents living or working near harmful algae blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady R. Cunningham
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rebekah E. Wharton
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Christine Lee
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mike A. Mojica
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Logan C. Krajewski
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Shirley C. Gordon
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Elizabeth I. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
- Correspondence:
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68
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Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Font-Nájera A. Temporal and functional interrelationships between bacterioplankton communities and the development of a toxigenic Microcystis bloom in a lowland European reservoir. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19332. [PMID: 36369518 PMCID: PMC9652341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacteria-associated microbiome is constantly reshaped by bloom development. However, the synergistic-antagonistic nature of the relationships between Microcystis and its microbiome still remains unclear. Therefore, temporal changes of bacterioplankton communities and their functional potential through different developing stages of a Microcystis toxigenic bloom were investigated, considering bacterioplankton assemblages as particle-attached (PAB) and free-living (FLB) bacteria. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PAB were represented by Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, while FLB by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Network and ordination analyses indicated that PAB inter-relationships were more complex-numerous connections between taxa with stronger correlations, than FLB-rather influenced by physico-chemical parameters. PAB in pre-summer was diverse with Proteobacteria containing potential taxa involved in nitrogen-transforming processes. In mid-summer, PAB presented a mix-bloom dominated by Snowella, Aphanizomenon, and Microcystis, which were succeeded by toxigenic Microcystis in post-summer. Both periods were associated to potential taxa with parasitic/predatory lifestyles against cyanobacteria. In post-summer, Sutterellaceae were recognized as poor water quality indicators, and their strong association with Microcystis could have represented an increased threat for that period. Microcystis was a major factor significantly reducing PAB diversity and evenness, suggesting that it negatively influenced bacterioplankton assemblages, probably also altering the overall community functional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek
- grid.460361.60000 0004 4673 0316European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364 Łódź, Poland
| | - Arnoldo Font-Nájera
- grid.460361.60000 0004 4673 0316European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364 Łódź, Poland
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69
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Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Stefanova K, Uzunov B, Radkova M, Gärtner G. Cuspidothrix Is the First Genetically Proved Anatoxin A Producer in Bulgarian Lakes and Reservoirs. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110778. [PMID: 36356028 PMCID: PMC9696308 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the first proof of planktonic cyanoprokaryote genus Cuspidothrix as an anatoxin A (ATX) producer in Bulgarian wetlands. The results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) obtained from two summer sampling campaigns in 26 selected lakes and reservoirs demonstrated presence of the anaC gene, responsible for ATX production in 21 strains of the genus. They were found in three waterbodies sampled in 2018 (coastal lake Vaya, coastal reservoir Poroy, inland reservoir Sinyata Reka) and in four waterbodies sampled in 2019 (inland reservoirs Duvanli, Koprinka, Plachidol 2, Sinyata Reka). The detected genetic diversity generally corresponds to the observations conducted by conventional light microscopy, by which we distinguished three species of Cuspidothrix (Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Cuspidothrix elenkinii and Cuspidothrix tropicalis, the latter considered alien in the country). Eleven strains showed high similarity to two sequences of C. issatschenkoi available from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Ten other strains assembled in a group, which-in lack of available from NCBI genetic sequences-were presumed related to C. tropicalis and C. elenkinii after comparison with the results from light microscopy. Cuspidothrix strains found in Bulgarian waterbodies showed high genetic similarity to those isolated and sequenced from Asia (Japan, China) and Northern Europe (Norway, Finland).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Stefanova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia University, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana Radkova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Innsbruck University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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70
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Benayache NY, Afri-Mehennaoui FZ, Kherief-Nacereddine S, Vo-Quoc B, Hushchyna K, Nguyen-Quang T, Bouaïcha N. Massive fish death associated with the toxic cyanobacterial Planktothrix sp. bloom in the Béni-Haroun Reservoir (Algeria). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80849-80859. [PMID: 35729384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In July 2017, a massive bloom of the potentially toxic cyanobacterial species Planktothrix sp. was observed in the Béni-Haroun Reservoir (Algeria), which was followed by a massive fish death. Many questions were raised in association with the role of cyanotoxins and the fish massive mortality. The objective of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the variability of physicochemical and cyanobacterial parameters (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and microcystins) throughout the period of July 2017 to June 2018; and (2) to determine the free and total MC levels in viscera and muscle tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which are found dead in the considered reservoir in October 2017. Our results showed microcystin (MC) concentrations in water samples (by the protein phosphatase PP2A assay) had reached 651.2 ng MC-LR equiv./L. Total MC levels (free + bound) in the viscera and muscle tissues of sampled dead fish were at 960.24 and 438.54 µg MC-LR equiv./kg dw, respectively. It is assumed that high concentrations of MC observed in the tissues of common carp induced a strong degradation of the visceral contents resulting in the complete lysis of the hepatopancreas, and presumably the massive fish death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila-Yasmine Benayache
- Laboratoire Biologie Et Environnement, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine1, 25000, Constantine, Algeria.
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, 12 Route 128 (Bât. IDEEV), 91190, Gif-sur Yvette, France.
| | | | - Saliha Kherief-Nacereddine
- Laboratoire Biologie Et Environnement, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine1, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Bao Vo-Quoc
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling Lab (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro-Bible Hill, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Kateryna Hushchyna
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling Lab (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro-Bible Hill, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling Lab (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro-Bible Hill, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution UMR 8079, Université Paris-Saclay, 12 Route 128 (Bât. IDEEV), 91190, Gif-sur Yvette, France
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71
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Breidenbach JD, French BW, Gordon TT, Kleinhenz AL, Khalaf FK, Willey JC, Hammersley JR, Mark Wooten R, Crawford EL, Modyanov NN, Malhotra D, Teeguarden JG, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Microcystin-LR aerosol induces inflammatory responses in healthy human primary airway epithelium. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107531. [PMID: 36137425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms plague bodies of freshwater globally. These blooms are often composed of outgrowths of cyanobacteria capable of producing the heptapeptide Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) which is a well-known hepatotoxin. Recently, MC-LR has been detected in aerosols generated from lake water. However, the risk for human health effects due to MC-LR inhalation exposure have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we exposed a fully differentiated 3D human airway epithelium derived from 14 healthy donors to MC-LR-containing aerosol once a day for 3 days. Concentrations of MC-LR ranged from 100 pM to 1 µM. Although there were little to no detrimental alterations in measures of the airway epithelial function (i.e. cell survival, tissue integrity, mucociliary clearance, or cilia beating frequency), a distinct shift in the transcriptional activity was found. Genes related to inflammation were found to be upregulated such as C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5; log2FC = 0.57, p = 0.03) and C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7; log2FC = 0.84, p = 0.03). Functionally, conditioned media from MC-LR exposed airway epithelium was also found to have significant chemo-attractive properties for primary human neutrophils. Additionally, increases were found in the concentration of secreted chemokine proteins in the conditioned media such as CCL1 (log2FC = 5.07, p = 0.0001) and CCL5 (log2FC = 1.02, p = 0.046). These results suggest that MC-LR exposure to the human airway epithelium is capable of inducing an inflammatory response that may potentiate acute or chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W French
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tamiya T Gordon
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Andrew L Kleinhenz
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Fatimah K Khalaf
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, Iraq
| | - James C Willey
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - R Mark Wooten
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Erin L Crawford
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Nikolai N Modyanov
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Justin G Teeguarden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Nwaji AR, Arieri O, Anyang AS, Nguedia K, Abiade EB, Forcados GE, Oladipo OO, Makama S, Elisha IL, Ozele N, Gotep JG. Natural toxins and One Health: a review. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2022; 1:100013. [PMID: 39076609 PMCID: PMC11262277 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Background The One Health concept considers the interconnectivity, interactions and interdependence of humans, animals and the environment. Humans, animals and other organisms are constantly exposed to a wide range of natural toxins present in the environment. Thus, there is growing concern about the potential detrimental effects that natural toxins could pose to achieve One Health. Interestingly, alkaloids, steroids and bioactive peptides obtained from natural toxins could be used for the development of therapeutic agents. Methodology Our literature search focused on the following keywords; toxins, One Health, microbial toxins, mycotoxins, phytotoxins, phycotoxins, insect toxins and toxin effects. Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science were the search engines used to obtain primary databases. We chose relevant full-text articles and review papers published in English language only. The research was done between July 2022 and January 2023. Results Natural toxins are poisonous substances comprising bioactive compounds produced by microorganisms, invertebrates, plants and animals. These compounds possess diverse structures and differ in biological function and toxicity, posing risks to human and animal health through the contamination of the environment, causing disease or death in certain cases. Findings from the articles reviewed revealed that effects of natural toxins on animals and humans gained more attention than the impact of natural toxins on the environment and lower organisms, irrespective of the significant roles that lower organisms play to maintain ecosystem balance. Also, systematic approaches for toxin control in the environment and utilization for beneficial purposes are inadequate in many regions. Remarkably, bioactive compounds present in natural toxins have potential for the development of therapeutic agents. These findings suggest that global, comprehensive and coordinated efforts are required for improved management of natural toxins through an interdisciplinary, One Health approach. Conclusion Adopting a One Health approach is critical to addressing the effects of natural toxins on the health of humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azubuike Raphael Nwaji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Onikisateinba Arieri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Petrochemical Technology, Faculty of Science Laboratory, University of Portharcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Kaze Nguedia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Sunday Makama
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ishaku Leo Elisha
- Drug Development Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Nonyelim Ozele
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Jurbe Gofwan Gotep
- Drug Development Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Weenink EFJ, Kraak MHS, van Teulingen C, Kuijt S, van Herk MJ, Sigon CAM, Piel T, Sandrini G, Leon-Grooters M, de Baat ML, Huisman J, Visser PM. Sensitivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates to hydrogen peroxide treatments of cyanobacterial blooms. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119169. [PMID: 36191528 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising method to acutely suppress cyanobacterial blooms in lakes. However, a reliable H2O2 risk assessment to identify potential effects on non-target species is currently hampered by a lack of appropriate ecotoxicity data. The aim of the present study was therefore to quantify the responses of a wide diversity of freshwater phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates to H2O2 treatments of cyanobacterial blooms. To this end, we applied a multifaceted approach. First, we investigated the 24-h toxicity of H2O2 to three cyanobacteria (Planktothrix agardhii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena sp.) and 23 non-target species (six green algae, eight zooplankton and nine macroinvertebrate taxa), using EC50 values based on photosynthetic yield for phytoplankton and LC50 values based on mortality for the other organisms. The most sensitive species included all three cyanobacterial taxa, but also the rotifer Brachionus calyciflores and the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia pulex. Next, the EC50 and LC50 values obtained from the laboratory toxicity tests were used to construct a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for H2O2. Finally, the species predicted to be at risk by the SSD were compared with the responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates to two whole-lake treatments with H2O2. The predictions of the laboratory-based SSD matched well with the responses of the different taxa to H2O2 in the lake. The first lake treatment, with a relatively low H2O2 concentration and short residence time, successfully suppressed cyanobacteria without major effects on non-target species. The second lake treatment had a higher H2O2 concentration with a longer residence time, which resulted in partial suppression of cyanobacteria, but also in a major collapse of rotifers and decreased abundance of small cladocerans. Our results thus revealed a trade-off between the successful suppression of cyanobacteria at the expense of adverse effects on part of the zooplankton community. This delicate balance strongly depends on the applied H2O2 dosage and may affect the decision whether to treat a lake or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F J Weenink
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corné van Teulingen
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Senna Kuijt
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J van Herk
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corrien A M Sigon
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Piel
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Sandrini
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Technology & Sources, Evides Water Company, Rotterdam, AL 3006, the Netherlands
| | - Mariël Leon-Grooters
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Milo L de Baat
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Visser
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hill D, Lang J, McCord J, Strynar M, Rosal C, Schmid J, Le TT, Chernoff N. Variability of Microcystin-LR Standards Available from Seven Commercial Vendors. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100705. [PMID: 36287973 PMCID: PMC9611723 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a large group of heptapeptide cyanobacterial toxins commonly produced in harmful algal blooms (HABs) and associated with adverse health effects in wildlife, livestock, pets, and humans. MC chemical standards are extracted from cyanobacteria biomass rather than produced synthetically and are used in water assessment methods and toxicological studies. MC standards are generally supplied in less than 1 mg quantities, and verification of the mass can only be accomplished by analytical chemistry methods using a certified reference of the specific MC for comparison. Analytical quantification of MCs in environmental samples and toxicology studies using accurate doses of test chemicals administered to experimental animals rely on the availability and accuracy of chemical standards. To check the accuracy and purity of available standards, seven individual microcystin-LR (MCLR) standards were purchased from separate commercial vendors and analyzed to determine the actual mass supplied and identify the presence of potential contaminants. To determine the effect of varying toxin mass in toxicological studies, each MCLR standard was administered to CD-1 mice in doses based on mass purchased, by a single 40 µg/kg intraperitoneal injection. The measured mass purchased varied from the vendor label mass by more than 35% for two of the seven MCLR standards. Contaminants, including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), were identified in four of the seven samples. Comparative in vivo hepatotoxicity between vendor samples closely reflected the actual amount of MCLR present in each standard and demonstrated the toxicological impact of varying cyanotoxin mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Hill
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Johnsie Lang
- Arcadis (United States), 4204 Technology Dr, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - James McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark Strynar
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Judith Schmid
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Rajput VD, Bouaïcha N, Fazili KM, Adhikari S, Negi Y, Minkina T, Almalki WH, Ganai BA. Microcystis sp. AE03 strain in Dal Lake harbors cylindrospermopsin and microcystin synthetase gene cluster. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1036111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are increasing at an alarming rate in different water bodies worldwide. In India, CHAB events in water bodies such as Dal Lake have been sporadically reported with no study done to characterize the cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. We hypothesized that this Lake is contaminated with toxic cyanobacterial species with the possibility of the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes. We, therefore, used some of the molecular tools such as 16S ribosomal DNA, PCR, and phylogenetic analysis to explore cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. A 3-year (2018–2020) survey was conducted at three different sampling sites of Dal Lake namely, Grand Palace Gath (S1), Nigeen basin (S2), and Gagribal basin (S3). Two strains of Dolichospermum sp. AE01 and AE02 (S3 and S1 site) and one strain of Microcystis sp. AE03 (S2 site) was isolated, cultured, and characterized phylogenetically by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The presence of cyanotoxin genes from the isolates was evaluated by PCR of microcystins (mcyB), anatoxins (anaC), and cylindrospermopsins (pks) biosynthesis genes. Results revealed the presence of both mcyB and pks gene in Microcystis sp. AE03, and only anaC gene in Dolichospermum sp. AE02 strain. However, Dolichospermum sp. AE01 strain was not found to harbor any such genes. Our findings, for the first time, reported the coexistence of pks and mcyB in a Microcystis AE03 strain. This study has opened a new door to further characterize the unexplored cyanobacterial species, their associated cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes, and the intervention of high-end proteomic techniques to characterize the cyanotoxins.
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Characterization of Potential Threats from Cyanobacterial Toxins in Lake Victoria Embayments and during Water Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100664. [PMID: 36287933 PMCID: PMC9607203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa’s water needs are often supported by eutrophic water bodies dominated by cyanobacteria posing health threats to riparian populations from cyanotoxins, and Lake Victoria is no exception. In two embayments of the lake (Murchison Bay and Napoleon Gulf), cyanobacterial surveys were conducted to characterize the dynamics of cyanotoxins in lake water and water treatment plants. Forty-six cyanobacterial taxa were recorded, and out of these, fourteen were considered potentially toxigenic (i.e., from the genera Dolichospermum, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Pseudanabaena and Raphidiopsis). A higher concentration (ranging from 5 to 10 µg MC-LR equiv. L−1) of microcystins (MC) was detected in Murchison Bay compared to Napoleon Gulf, with a declining gradient from the inshore (max. 15 µg MC-LR equiv. L−1) to the open lake. In Murchison Bay, an increase in Microcystis sp. biovolume and MC was observed over the last two decades. Despite high cell densities of toxigenic Microcystis and high MC concentrations, the water treatment plant in Murchison Bay efficiently removed the cyanobacterial biomass, intracellular and dissolved MC to below the lifetime guideline value for exposure via drinking water (<1.0 µg MC-LR equiv. L−1). Thus, the potential health threats stem from the consumption of untreated water and recreational activities along the shores of the lake embayments. MC concentrations were predicted from Microcystis cell numbers regulated by environmental factors, such as solar radiation, wind speed in the N−S direction and turbidity. Thus, an early warning through microscopical counting of Microcystis cell numbers is proposed to better manage health risks from toxigenic cyanobacteria in Lake Victoria.
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Du C, Li G, Xia R, Li C, Zhu Q, Li X, Li J, Zhao C, Tian Z, Zhang L. New insights into cyanobacterial blooms and the response of associated microbial communities in freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119781. [PMID: 35841988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are important environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems. Researchers have found that cyanobacterial blooms cannot be completely prevented by controlling and/or eliminating pollutants (nutrients). Thus, more in-depth basic research on the mechanism of cyanobacterial blooms is urgently needed. Cyanobacteria, being primordial microorganisms, provide habitats and have various forms of interactions (reciprocity and competition) with microorganisms, thus having a significant impact on themselves. However, little is known about how environmental conditions and microbial communities in both water and sediment jointly affect cyanobacterial blooms or about the co-occurrence patterns and interactions of microbial communities. We investigated changes in environmental factors and microbial communities in water and sediment during different cyanobacterial blooms and revealed their interacting effects on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria had greater competitive and growth advantages than other microorganisms and had antagonistic and aggressive effects on them when resources (such as nutrients) were abundant. Furthermore, microbial networks from cyanobacterial degradation periods may be more complex and stable than those from bloom periods, with more positive links among the microbial networks, suggesting that microbial community structures strengthen interconnections with each other to degrade cyanobacteria. In addition, we found that sediment-enriched cyanobacteria play a key role in cyanobacterial blooms, and sediment microorganisms promote the nutrient release, further promoting cyanobacterial blooms in the water bodies. The study contributes to further our understanding of the mechanisms for cyanobacterial blooms and microbial community structural composition, co-occurrence patterns, and responses to cyanobacteria. These results can contribute to future management strategies for controlling cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Caole Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiuheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Academy of Environmental Sciences, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Academy of Environmental Sciences, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lieyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Pan C, Qin H, Jin H, Chen W, Guo H, Han X. Environmental exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risks of urinary bladder proliferation and carcinogenesis: Evidence from case control, animal, and in vitro studies. Toxicology 2022; 480:153326. [PMID: 36115647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, no reported studies have explored the impacts of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on bladder tissues, and even the occurrence of bladder cancer. The current study explores the role of MC-LR in the development of bladder cancer through human observation and experimental research. In the population study, the odds ratio of bladder cancer for MC-LR was 6.073 (95 % CI, 2.117-17.422) after adjusting interference confounders. MC-LR is mainly located in the nucleus of epithelial cells in bladder cancer tissues instead of normal tissues. A positive association was observed between MC-LR and advanced tumor stage in serum and tissues. The animal study confirmed that prolonged MC-LR treatment promoted the bladder cancer phenotype accompanied by urinary bladder proliferation. In vitro, we indicated that MC-LR activated the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/Cyclin D1 and JAK2/STAT3/Bcl2 signaling pathways to induce the growth of SV-HUC-1 cells. Moreover, MC-LR promoted the angiogenesis of SV-HUC-1 cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Our study provided the first evidence that prolonged MC-LR treatment increases the incidence of bladder cancer from human investigations, mice models, and in vitro studies, implying the profound importance of the investigation of MC-LR for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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Svirčev Z, Chen L, Sántha K, Drobac Backović D, Šušak S, Vulin A, Palanački Malešević T, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. A review and assessment of cyanobacterial toxins as cardiovascular health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2829-2863. [PMID: 35997789 PMCID: PMC9395816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophicated waters frequently support bloom-forming cyanobacteria, many of which produce potent cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins). Cyanotoxins can cause adverse health effects in a wide range of organisms where the toxins may target the liver, other internal organs, mucous surfaces and the skin and nervous system. This review surveyed more than 100 studies concerning the cardiovascular toxicity of cyanotoxins and related topics. Over 60 studies have described various negative effects on the cardiovascular system by seven major types of cyanotoxins, i.e. the microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), guanitoxin (GNTX), saxitoxin (STX) and lyngbyatoxin (LTX) groups. Much of the research was done on rodents and fish using high, acutely toxin concentrations and unnatural exposure routes (such as intraperitoneal injection), and it is thus concluded that the emphasis in future studies should be on oral, chronic exposure of mammalian species at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is also suggested that future in vivo studies are conducted in parallel with studies on cells and tissues. In the light of the presented evidence, it is likely that cyanotoxins do not constitute a major risk to cardiovascular health under ordinary conditions met in everyday life. The risk of illnesses in other organs, in particular the liver, is higher under the same exposure conditions. However, adverse cardiovascular effects can be expected due to indirect effects arising from damage in other organs. In addition to risks related to extraordinary concentrations of the cyanotoxins and atypical exposure routes, chronic exposure together with co-existing diseases could make some of the cyanotoxins more dangerous to cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Kinga Sántha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stamenko Šušak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vulin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Zhang J, Wei J, Massey IY, Peng T, Yang F. Immobilization of Microbes for Biodegradation of Microcystins: A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080573. [PMID: 36006234 PMCID: PMC9416196 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs) frequently occur in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most prominent and toxic metabolites during HCBs. MCs may be harmful to human and animal health through drinking water and recreational water. Biodegradation is eco-friendly, cost-effective and one of the most effective methods to remove MCs. Many novel MC-degrading bacteria and their potential for MCs degradation have been documented. However, it is a challenge to apply the free MC-degrading bacterial cells in natural environments due to the long-term operational instability and difficult recycling. Immobilization is the process of restricting the mobility of bacteria using carriers, which has several advantages as biocatalysts compared to free bacterial cells. Biological water treatment systems with microbial immobilization technology can potentially be utilized to treat MC-polluted wastewater. In this review article, various types of supporting materials and methods for microbial immobilization and the application of bacterial immobilization technology for the treatment of MCs-contaminated water are discussed. This article may further broaden the application of microbial immobilization technology to the bioremediation of MC-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Tangjian Peng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (F.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-8480-5460 (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province, Department of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (F.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-8480-5460 (F.Y.)
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81
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Bouteiller P, Lance E, Guérin T, Biré R. Analysis of Total-Forms of Cyanotoxins Microcystins in Biological Matrices: A Methodological Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080550. [PMID: 36006212 PMCID: PMC9416067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptidic toxins produced by many cyanobacteria. Microcystins can be accumulated in various matrices in two forms: a free cellular fraction and a covalently protein-bound form. To detect and quantify the concentration of microcystins, a panel of techniques on various matrices (water, sediments, and animal tissues) is available. The analysis of MCs can concern the free or the total (free plus covalently bound) fractions. Free-form analyses of MCs are the most common and easiest to detect, whereas total-form analyses are much less frequent and more complex to achieve. The objective of this review is to summarize the different methods of extraction and analysis that have been developed for total forms. Four extraction methods were identified: MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) method, deconjugation at basic pH, ozonolysis, and laser irradiation desorption. The study of the bibliography on the methods of extraction and analysis of the total forms of MCs showed that the reference method for the subject remains the MMPB method even if alternative methods and, in particular, deconjugation at basic pH, showed results encouraging the continuation of the methodological development on different matrices and on naturally-contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouteiller
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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82
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Chlorophyll soft-sensor based on machine learning models for algal bloom predictions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13529. [PMID: 35941263 PMCID: PMC9360045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a growing concern to public health and aquatic ecosystems. Long-term water monitoring conducted by hand poses several limitations to the proper implementation of water safety plans. This work combines automatic high-frequency monitoring (AFHM) systems with machine learning (ML) techniques to build a data-driven chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) soft-sensor. Massive data for water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and system battery were taken for three years at intervals of 15 min from two different areas of As Conchas freshwater reservoir (NW Spain). We designed a set of soft-sensors based on compact and energy efficient ML algorithms to infer Chl-a fluorescence by using low-cost input variables and to be deployed on buoys with limited battery and hardware resources. Input and output aggregations were applied in ML models to increase their inference performance. A component capable of triggering a 10 [Formula: see text]g/L Chl-a alert was also developed. The results showed that Chl-a soft-sensors could be a rapid and inexpensive tool to support manual sampling in water bodies at risk.
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83
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Méjean A, Lequin O, Ploux O. Identification of 7-Deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin, the Missing Piece in Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14627-14637. [PMID: 35916199 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin, a major cyanotoxin, is produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. Its biosynthesis starts from arginine and glycine and involves five polyketide synthases and several tailoring enzymes. We report the identification of 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin in several cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria using mass spectrometry experiments. We have purified this new metabolite and established its structure by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy using scalar-based 1H-1H, 1H-13C, and 1H-15N as well as 2D 1H-1H ROESY correlation experiments. Using labeled arginines in isotopic incorporation experiments, we have shown that arginine is fully incorporated into 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin and that the uracil ring of cylindrospermopsin originates from the guanidino moiety of arginine, thus solving a long-standing puzzling question. CyrG and CyrH from the cylindrospermopsin-producing Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 were overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. We showed that CyrG is a zinc-dependent hydrolase, homologous to adenosine deaminases, that transforms 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin into 7-deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin and ornithine, with the following kinetic parameters: KM = 0.21 ± 0.05 μM and kcat = 0.19 ± 0.02 min-1. CyrG contained 0.55 mol of zinc per mol of monomer but could be activated by FeII or CoII. CyrH contained almost no metal and showed no such activity even in the presence of excess metal. Using structure-based alignments and secondary structure predictions, we propose that the fifth and last polyketide synthase CyrF in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis contains an unprecedented C-terminal domain homologous to N-acetyltransferases. We suggest that this domain catalyzes the condensation of the CyrF product with arginine to give 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin. This would be an unprecedented termination step for a polyketide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.,Chimie ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
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84
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Koksharova OA, Safronov NA. The effects of secondary bacterial metabolites on photosynthesis in microalgae cells. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:843-856. [PMID: 36124259 PMCID: PMC9481811 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of bacteria are regulatory molecules that act as "info-chemicals" that control some metabolic processes in the cells of microorganisms. These molecules provide the function of bacteria communication in microbial communities. As primary producers of organic matter in the biosphere, microalgae play a central ecological role in various ecosystems. Photosynthesis is a central process in microalgae cells, and it is exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors. Various secondary metabolites of bacteria confer a noticeable regulatory effect on photosynthesis in microalgae cells. The main purpose of this review is to highlight recent experimental results that demonstrate the impact of several types of common bacterial metabolites (volatile organic compounds, non-protein amino acids, and peptides) on photosynthetic activity in cells of microalgae. The use of these molecules as herbicides can be of great importance both for practical applications and for basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Koksharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square, 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. A. Safronov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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85
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Passos LS, de Almeida ÉC, Villela A, Fernandes AN, Marinho MM, Gomes LC, Pinto E. Cyanotoxins and water quality parameters as risk assessment indicators for aquatic life in reservoirs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113828. [PMID: 36068755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the extent of pollution in an essential public water supply reservoir (southeastern Brazil). An environmental monitoring study was performed at the Billings Reservoir (at the water catchment site) to assess the water quality in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed, quantifying the total cyanobacteria and the cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs) and saxitoxins (SXTs), as well as their possible ecological risk to the aquatic environment. We also determined metals and metalloids (As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Sb) and fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli). Monthly samplings were performed for 2017, 2018, and 2019 (totaling 36 sampling campaigns). Metals, metalloids, and E. coli values were below the maximum limit allowed by the Brazilian legislation. High concentrations of total cyanobacteria (3.07 × 104 - 3.23 × 105 cells/mL), microcystin variants MC-LR (0.67-23.63 μg/L), MC-LA (0.03-8.66 μg/L), MC-RR (0.56-7.92 μg/L), and MC-YR (0.04-1.24 μg/L), as well as the saxitoxins GTX2 (0.18-5.37 μg/L), GTX3 (0.13-4.40 μg/L), and STX (0.12-2.92 μg/L) were detected. From an ecotoxicological point of view, the estimated values for the risk quotient (RQ) for microcystins and saxitoxins were largely greater than 1, indicating a high risk to aquatic life. Therefore, further efforts need to be made to delay the eutrophication of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Souza Passos
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Éryka Costa de Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Ictiology of Altamira, Federal University of Pará, Rua Cel. José Porfírio, 68378-000 Altamira, Brazil
| | - Adilson Nunes Fernandes
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos Metropolitanos (MAR), Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), Rua Costa Carvalho, 05429-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Department of Plant Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Levy Carvalho Gomes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology, Vila Velha University, Rua José Dantas de Melo, 29102-770 Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
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86
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LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080513. [PMID: 36006175 PMCID: PMC9415669 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements are gaining popularity worldwide. However, harmful natural compounds can contaminate these products. In the case of algae-based products, the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria may cause health risks. However, data about the prevalence of algal food supplements on the Belgian market and possible contaminations with cyanotoxins are scarce. Therefore, we optimized and validated a method based on Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to quantify eight microcystin congeners and nodularin in algal food supplements. Our analytical method was successfully validated and applied on 35 food supplement samples. Nine out of these samples contained microcystin congeners, of which three exceeded 1 µg g−1, a previously proposed guideline value. Additionally, the mcyE gene was amplified and sequenced in ten products to identify the taxon responsible for the toxin production. For seven out of these ten samples, the mcyE gene could be amplified and associated to Microcystis sp. EFSA and posology consumption data for algal-based food supplements were both combined with our toxin prevalence data to establish different toxin exposure scenarios to assess health risks and propose new guideline values.
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87
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Mesquita FMD, de Oliveira DF, Caldeira DDAF, de Albuquerque JPC, Matta L, Faria CCD, Souza IIAD, Takiya CM, Fortunato RS, Nascimento JHM, de Oliveira Azevedo SMF, Zin WA, Maciel L. Subacute and sublethal ingestion of microcystin-LR impairs lung mitochondrial function by an oligomycin-like effect. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 93:103887. [PMID: 35598755 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent cyanotoxin that can reach several organs. However subacute exposure to sublethal doses of MC-LR has not yet well been studied. Herein, we evaluated the outcomes of subacute and sublethal MC-LR exposure on lungs. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR by gavage (30 µg/kg) for 20 consecutive days, whereas CTRL mice received filtered water. Respiratory mechanics was not altered in MC-LR group, but histopathology disclosed increased collagen deposition, immunological cell infiltration, and higher percentage of collapsed alveoli. Mitochondrial function was extensively affected in MC-LR animals. Additionally, a direct in vitro titration of MC-LR revealed impaired mitochondrial function. In conclusion, MC-LR presented an intense deleterious effect on lung mitochondrial function and histology. Furthermore, MC-LR seems to exert an oligomycin-like effect in lung mitochondria. This study opens new perspectives for the understanding of the putative pulmonary initial mechanisms of damage resulting from oral MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Muniz de Mesquita
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Matta
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Coelho de Faria
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itanna Isis Araujo de Souza
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Campus Professor Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
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88
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Caly LF, Rodríguez DC, Peñuela GA. Monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in a Colombian tropical reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52775-52787. [PMID: 35267163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution and global climate change have resulted in favorable environmental conditions for increased frequency and duration of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic systems. Cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites called cyanotoxins, which have become a worldwide concern as they threaten human and animal health. The presence of cyanobacteria and four cyanotoxins were evaluated in a Colombian reservoir. The reservoir was monitored for a year, with sampling campaigns every 3 months in seven stations. To identify and quantify cyanotoxins, the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) technique was used, and the quantification of cyanobacteria was done by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay using a cyanobacterial-specific 16S rRNA gene fragment as a target. Cyanobacteria concentration was between 4.02 (± 0.11) × 104 and 2.72 (± 0.28) × 107 copies of Cyan 16S/μL, the minimum value corresponds to the station located in the central zone and the maximum to the station at the entrance of one of the tributary rivers. The presence of MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-YR, and NOD was detected in at least six of the seven sampling stations at different times of the year. In all cases, the concentration of the toxins detected was below 0.05 μg/L, so the guideline value established by the WHO for MC-LR was not exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Caly
- Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana C Rodríguez
- Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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89
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Liu HL, Cheng C, Zuo LZ, Yan MY, He YL, Huang S, Ke MJ, Guo XL, Feng Y, Qian HF, Feng LL. Strain-boosted hyperoxic graphene oxide efficiently loading and improving performances of microcystinase. iScience 2022; 25:104611. [PMID: 35789835 PMCID: PMC9250033 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Microcystis blooms (HMBs) and microcystins (MCs) that are produced by Microcystis seriously threaten water ecosystems and human health. This study demonstrates an eco-friendly strategy for simultaneous removal of MCs and HMBs by adopting unique hyperoxic graphene oxides (HGOs) as carrier and pure microcystinase A (PMlrA) as connecting bridge to form stable HGOs@MlrA composite. After oxidation, HGOs yield inherent structural strain effects for boosting the immobilization of MlrA by material characterization and density functional theory calculations. HGO5 exhibits higher loading capacities for crude MlrA (1,559 mg·g−1) and pure MlrA (1,659 mg·g−1). Moreover, the performances of HGO5@MlrA composite, including the capability of removing MCs and HMBs, the ecological and human safety compared to MlrA or HGO5 treatment alone, have been studied. These results indicate that HGO5 can be used as a promising candidate material to effectively improve the application potential of MlrA in the simultaneous removal of MCs and HMBs. Hyperoxic graphene oxide (HGO5) provides inherent strain effects HGO5 exhibits an impressive loading capacity for MlrA A new assembly mechanism for the HGO5@MlrA composite is proposed HGO5@MlrA composite shows excellent capability and ecological safety
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90
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Yan M, Jin H, Pan C, Hang H, Li D, Han X. Movement Disorder and Neurotoxicity Induced by Chronic Exposure to Microcystin-LR in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5516-5531. [PMID: 35732866 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are produced by some species of cyanobacteria, which are hazardous materials to the environment and human beings. It has been demonstrated that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could disrupt the blood-brain barrier and cause learning and memory deficits, but the neurotoxicity of MC-LR on motor function remains unclear. In this study, the mice were exposed to MC-LR dissolved in drinking water at doses of 1, 7.5, or 15 μg/L for 15 months. We observed that 15 μg/L MC-LR could enter mouse brain tissues such as the cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra (SN). And 15 μg/L MC-LR also caused hypokinesia in mice and induced the loss and apoptosis of SN dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons). Meanwhile, MC-LR induced the accumulation of alpha synuclein (α-syn) in DA neurons and decreased the proteins of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase (DDC) and dopamine transporter (DAT), resulting in a reduction in dopamine (DA) content, which are pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). These results suggested that chronic MC-LR might induce PD-like lesions in mice. Moreover, chronic MC-LR exposure caused the inflammatory response in the SN, manifested by the increased numbers of glial cells and the release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6). In vitro, it was proved that MC-LR mediated SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis by activating oxidative stress and damaging mitochondria. Collectively, this study revealed a novel molecular mechanism for MC-LR neurotoxicity with significant implications for human health and the public environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hexing Hang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhongshan Road 321, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.
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91
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Whitman P, Schaeffer B, Salls W, Coffer M, Mishra S, Seegers B, Loftin K, Stumpf R, Werdell PJ. A validation of satellite derived cyanobacteria detections with state reported events and recreation advisories across U.S. lakes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102191. [PMID: 35623685 PMCID: PMC9677179 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) negatively affect ecological, human, and animal health. Traditional methods of validating satellite algorithms with data from water samples are often inhibited by the expense of quantifying cyanobacteria indicators in the field and the lack of public data. However, state recreation advisories and other recorded events of cyanoHAB occurrence reported by local authorities can serve as an independent and publicly available dataset for validation. State recreation advisories were defined as a period delimited by a start and end date where a warning was issued due to detections of cyanoHABs over a state's risk threshold. State reported events were defined as any event that was documented with a single date related to cyanoHABs. This study examined the presence-absence agreement between 160 state reported cyanoHAB advisories and 1,343 events and cyanobacteria biomass estimated by a satellite algorithm called the Cyanobacteria Index (CIcyano). The true positive rate of agreement with state recreation advisories was 69% and 60% with state reported events. CIcyano detected a reduction or absence in cyanobacteria after 76% of the recreation advisories ended. CIcyano was used to quantify the magnitude, spatial extent, and temporal frequency of cyanoHABs; each of these three metrics were greater (r > 0.2) during state recreation advisories compared to non-advisory times with effect sizes ranging from small to large. This is the first study to quantitatively evaluate satellite algorithm performance for detecting cyanoHABs with state reported events and advisories and supports informed management decisions with satellite technologies that complement traditional field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Whitman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Blake Schaeffer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wilson Salls
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan Coffer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709, USA; Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Sachidananda Mishra
- Consolidated Safety Services Inc. Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bridget Seegers
- Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Keith Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P Jeremy Werdell
- Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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92
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Lu Z, Liu G. The chronic muscle injury secondary to crayfish-related Haff disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:785-787. [PMID: 33460004 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchan Lu
- Department of Neurology of Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313000, China.
| | - Gonglu Liu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, China
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93
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Degradation of Three Microcystin Variants in the Presence of the Macrophyte Spirodela polyrhiza and the Associated Microbial Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106086. [PMID: 35627623 PMCID: PMC9142107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, which form water blooms all over the world, can produce a wide range of cyanotoxins such as hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) and other biologically active metabolites harmful to living organisms, including humans. Microcystin biodegradation, particularly caused by bacteria, has been broadly documented; however, studies in this field focus mainly on strains isolated from natural aquatic environments. In this paper, the biodegradation of microcystin-RR (MC-RR), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and microcystin-LF (MC-LF) after incubation with Spirodela polyrhiza and the associated microorganisms (which were cultured under laboratory conditions) is shown. The strongest MC biodegradation rate after nine days of incubation was observed for MC-RR, followed by MC-LR. No statistically significant decrease in the concentration of MC-LF was noted. Products of MC decomposition were detected via the HPLC method, and their highest number was found for MC-RR (six products with the retention time between 5.6 and 16.2 min), followed by MC-LR (two products with the retention time between 19.3 and 20.2 min). Although the decrease in MC-LF concentration was not significant, four MC-LF degradation products were detected with the retention time between 28.9 and 33.0 min. The results showed that MC-LF was the most stable and resistant MC variant under experimental conditions. No accumulation of MCs or their biodegradation products in S. polyrhiza was found. The findings suggest that the microorganisms (bacteria and algae) associated with S. polyrhiza could be responsible for the MC biodegradation observed. Therefore, there is a need to broaden the research on the biodegradation products detected and potential MC-degraders associated with plants.
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94
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He J, Chen J, Chen F, Chen L, Giesy JP, Guo Y, Liang G, Deng X, Wang W, Xie P. Health Risks of Chronic Exposure to Small Doses of Microcystins: An Integrative Metabolomic and Biochemical Study of Human Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6548-6559. [PMID: 35510355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health risks of chronic exposure to microcystins (MCs), a family of aquatic contaminants produced mainly by cyanobacteria, are critical yet unsolved problems. Despite a few epidemiological studies, the metabolic profiles of humans exposed to MCs remain unknown, hindering the deep understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms. Here, sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics were applied to investigate the serum metabolic profiles of humans living near Lake Chao, where toxic cyanobacterial blooms occur annually. MCs were positively detected in 92 of 144 sera by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a median concentration of 0.016 μg/L. The estimated daily intake (0.15-0.27 μg MC-LReq/day) was less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI, 2.4 μg MC-LR for 60 kg adults) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Obvious disruptions of the amino acid metabolism were confirmed and played important roles in renal impairments associated with serum MC burdens. Chronic oral exposure of mice to 30 μg MC-LR/kg body mass, which is less than the no observed adverse effect level, also led to obvious renal lesions and metabolic dysfunction. These observations provide the first evidence of metabolic disturbance of humans exposed to MCs and indicate that the WHO's TDI value determined traditionally should be lessened to protect human health effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Zoology Department, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco 76706, Texas, United States
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Gaodao Liang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuwei Deng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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95
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Li J, Sun H, Wang C, Li S, Cai Y. Subchronic Toxicity of Microcystin-LR on Young Frogs (Xenopus laevis) and Their Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895383. [PMID: 35633706 PMCID: PMC9134123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although toxic effects of microcystins (MCs) in mammals and fish have been extensively studied, the effects of MCs on the immune system and gut microbiota of amphibians have not received sufficient attention. As MCs cause general damage to the vertebrate liver and immune system and trigger an inflammatory response, and the gut microbiota is closely related to host metabolism and immunity, we speculated that MCs can cause changes in the immune system and gut microbiota of amphibians. To verify this, we examined the intestinal and liver injury of Xenopus laevis exposed to different microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) concentrations and the effects on the gut microbiota through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA of the gut microbiota combined with histopathological analysis, enzyme activity determination, and qRT-PCR. Our results showed that MC-LR caused focal infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased the number of T cells and local congestion and vacuolization in X. laevis liver, but reduced the number, density, height, and regularity of villi. These liver and intestinal injuries became more obvious with an increase in MC-LR concentration. MC-LR significantly decreased the activities of malondialdehyde and alkaline phosphatase and the expression of TGF-β in the liver. Moreover, MC-LR significantly altered the gut microbiota of X. laevis. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in high-concentration MC-LR groups was significantly reduced compared to that in low-concentration MC-LR groups, whereas Fusobacteria was significantly enriched. The metabolic gene composition of the gut microbiota in low-concentration MC-LR (≤5 μg/L) groups was significantly different from that in high-concentration MC-LR (≥20 μg/L) groups. These results deepen our understanding of the toxicity of MCs to aquatic organisms and assessment of the ecological risk of MCs in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjin Li,
| | - Hongzhao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangchun Li
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
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96
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Nowruzi B, Hutárová L, Absalón IB, Liu L. A new strain of Neowestiellopsis (Hapalosiphonaceae): first observation of toxic soil cyanobacteria from agricultural fields in Iran. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35436846 PMCID: PMC9014592 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present research, challenges arose when many reports have been published on the poisoning of humans due to the ingestion of crops of Crataegus plants contaminated with cyanobacterial toxins. The discovery of several poisonings around agricultural zones prompted us to study the toxic compounds in a strain of Neowestiellopsis which is the most abundant in the agricultural zones of Kermanshah province of Iran, using a polyphasic approach. Molecular procedure was followed to study these strains deeply. Material and methods To elucidate their systematic position, besides the 16S rRNA gene, the analyses of molecular toxicity markers, namely nos, mcy G, mcy D and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), were also used. Results Based on the results, for the first time, we record the presence of a gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of a bioactive compound (Nostopeptolides) that is very rare in this family and the presence of toxic compounds (microcystin), which might account for the poisoning of humans. Conclusions This case is the first observation of a toxic soil strain from the genus Neowestiellopsis from agricultural fields in Iran. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02525-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lenka Hutárová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Itzel Becerra Absalón
- Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Liwei Liu
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China.,Stake Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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97
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Development, Validation and Application of a Targeted LC-MS Method for Quantification of Microcystins and Nodularin: Towards a Better Characterization of Drinking Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins can be produced in surface waters by cyanobacterial blooms, mostly during summer and early autumn. Intoxications would result from consumption of water contaminated with the potent hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin. Therefore, the WHO has set a guideline value for drinking water quality concerning one congener of microcystin. Consequently, the design of a validated, public reference method to detect and quantify the hepatotoxins in drinking water is necessary. During this study, a method was developed to quantify cyanotoxins (eight microcystin congeners and nodularin) in water using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, bottled and tap water samples were tested for the presence of cyanotoxins. No cyanotoxins were detected in any of the collected water samples. However, quality controls and the results of a proficiency test show the validity of the method.
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98
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Liang Z, Dong CB, Liang H, Zhen YX, Zhou RL, Han YF, Liang ZQ. A microbiome study reveals the potential relationship between the bacterial diversity of a gymnastics hall and human health. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5663. [PMID: 35383217 PMCID: PMC8983745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, investigations on the microbiota of sports centers and related facilities have been carried out in some countries, which showed that Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans are important dermatoprotofungi. In China, some research on athletes and sports equipment between the fungal community and public health has made some interesting achievements. However, the bacterial group among them has not been reported. Therefore, The aim of this study was to uncover (I) gymnastic equipment is there potential pathogenic factors and (ii) is there any difference in the biomarker of bacterial in different types of gymnastic room? The samples were collected from the gymnastics halls of one university in western China and main sports equipment, including gymnastics carpets, moving barres, hoops and balls, as well as wall bars, parallel bars and horizontal bars. The 16S rDNA of all the samples was sequenced, and the analyses were performed using FaproTax, Bug base function prediction and Line Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size. A 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed abundant bacterial species biodiversity on gymnasts and apparatuses from two gymnastics halls at a university in western China. An analysis using the FaproTax and Bugbase functional prediction platforms showed that there were some opportunistic pathogens on the athletes and equipment from the Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) and Artistic Gymnastics (AG) halls, such as Staphylococcus and Corynebacteiaceae. Infectious agents associated with cancer induction and development, such as Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and Moraxellaceae, as well as microbial toxin producers with a potential impact on human health, were also detected. According to a line discriminant analysis (LDA effect size), the bacterial biomarker groups of the two gymnasiums were different at the phylum-genus level: for RG, Erysipelatoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidales, while for AG, Rhizobiales. Based on the results of the investigation, we suggest that more comprehensive consideration should be given to indoor microbial biodiversity and related public health problems in school gymnasiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liang
- Gymnastics Department, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - C B Dong
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - H Liang
- Physical Education College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Y X Zhen
- Gymnastics Department, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - R L Zhou
- Gymnastics Department, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Y F Han
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Z Q Liang
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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99
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Ahoutou MK, Yao EK, Djeha RY, Kone M, Tambosco K, Duval C, Hamlaoui S, Bernard C, Bouvy M, Marie B, Montuelle B, Troussellier M, Konan FK, Coulibaly JK, Dosso M, Humbert J, Quiblier C. Impacts of nutrient loading and fish grazing on the phytoplankton community and cyanotoxin production in a shallow tropical lake: Results from mesocosm experiments. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1278. [PMID: 35478289 PMCID: PMC9059227 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing eutrophication of water bodies in Africa due to increasing anthropogenic pressures, data are needed to better understand the responses of phytoplankton communities to these changes in tropical lakes. These ecosystems are used by local human populations for multiple purposes, including fish and drinking water production, potentially exposing these populations to health threats if, for example, an increase in toxic cyanobacterial blooms is associated with increasing eutrophication. To test the short-term response of the phytoplankton community to the addition of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen, alone or in combination) and Nile tilapia, we developed an in situ mesocosm experiment in a freshwater lagoon located near Abidjan (Ivory Coast). We found that phytoplankton growth (estimated by chlorophyll-a quantification) was highly stimulated when both nitrogen and phosphorus were added, while there was no clear evidence for such colimitation by these two nutrients when considering their concentrations in the lagoon. Phytoplankton growth was accompanied by significant changes in the diversity and composition of this community and did not lead to an increase in the proportions of cyanobacteria. However, the addition of fish to some mesocosms resulted in a drastic decrease in phytoplankton biomass and a dominance of chlorophytes in this community. Finally, these experiments showed that the addition of nitrogen, alone or combined with phosphorus, stimulated microcystin production by cyanobacteria. In addition, no evidence of microcystin accumulation in the fish was found. Taken together, these data allow us to discuss strategies for controlling cyanobacterial blooms in this tropical ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K. Ahoutou
- Institut Pasteur d'AbidjanAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé UFR EnvironnementDaloaCôte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte Duval
- MNHN, UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro‐organismesParisFrance
| | - Sahima Hamlaoui
- MNHN, UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro‐organismesParisFrance
| | - Cécile Bernard
- MNHN, UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro‐organismesParisFrance
| | - Marc Bouvy
- UMR MARBEC, IRD‐Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Benjamin Marie
- MNHN, UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro‐organismesParisFrance
| | | | | | - Felix K. Konan
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé UFR EnvironnementDaloaCôte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Quiblier
- MNHN, UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro‐organismesParisFrance
- Université Paris Cité UFR Sciences du vivantParisFrance
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100
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de Aquino Santos AS, Vilar MCP, Amorim CA, Molica RJR, do Nascimento Moura A. Exposure to toxic Microcystis via intact cell ingestion and cell crude extract differently affects small-bodied cladocerans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23194-23205. [PMID: 34799801 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly common in aquatic environments worldwide. These microorganisms cause concern due to their ability to produce cyanotoxins. Aquatic organisms, especially zooplankton, are exposed to cyanobacterial toxins by different routes, depending on the bloom phase. During cyanobacterial dominance, zooplankton is exposed to cyanotoxins through the ingestion of cyanobacterial cells, while at the bloom senescence, dissolved toxins are the most representative route. In this study, we assessed the effects of a microcystin-producing strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) on clones of the tropical small cladocerans Macrothrix spinosa (two clones) and Ceriodaphnia cornuta (one clone) exposed to intact cells and aqueous cell crude extracts. Short-term toxicity assays and life-table experiments were performed to assess the effects of the toxic M. aeruginosa on the survival and life history of the cladocerans. In the short-term toxicity assay, we found that cladocerans were more affected by intact cells. Both clones of M. spinosa were more affected when exposed to intact cells, while C. cornuta displayed about 5-fold more resistance. On the other hand, crude extracts had a low impact on cladocerans' survival. Also, we observed a significant decrease in survival, fecundity, and growth of animals exposed to sublethal and environmentally relevant concentrations of M. aeruginosa cellular biomass. However, even at high concentrations of dissolved microcystins, the crude extract did not have significant effects on the life history parameters of the cladocerans. Although they can be found during cyanobacterial bloom events, small-bodied cladocerans are still affected by toxic Cyanobacteria depending on the exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Silva de Aquino Santos
- Graduate Program in Development and Environment, Geographical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, 50740-530, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cesar Palmeira Vilar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cihelio Alves Amorim
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University - METU, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Renato José Reis Molica
- Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco - UFAPE, Av. Bom Pastor, Boa Vista, CEP 55292-270, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
| | - Ariadne do Nascimento Moura
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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