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Xia EH, Zhang HB, Sheng J, Li K, Zhang QJ, Kim C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu T, Li W, Huang H, Tong Y, Nan H, Shi C, Shi C, Jiang JJ, Mao SY, Jiao JY, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang LP, Liu YL, Liu BY, Yu Y, Shao SF, Ni DJ, Eichler EE, Gao LZ. The Tea Tree Genome Provides Insights into Tea Flavor and Independent Evolution of Caffeine Biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:866-877. [PMID: 28473262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the world's oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich (80.9%), 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeine- but not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hua Xia
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hai-Bin Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Kui Li
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qun-Jie Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Agrobiological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | - Yun Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Wei Li
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hong Nan
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cong Shi
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jiang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu-Yan Mao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jun-Ying Jiao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650204, China
| | - You-Jie Zhao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ben-Ying Liu
- National Tea Tree Germplasm Bank, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Macrogene Inc., Seoul 08511, South Korea
| | - Sheng-Fu Shao
- Jinhua International Camellia Germplasm Bank, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- Department of Tea Science, Key Lab for Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Distelberg BJ, Staack A, Elsen KD, Sabaté J. The Effect of Coffee and Caffeine on Mood, Sleep, and Health-Related Quality of Life. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2016.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Distelberg
- Counseling and Family Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Andrea Staack
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - K'dee D. Elsen
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Dietz C, Dekker M, Piqueras-Fiszman B. An intervention study on the effect of matcha tea, in drink and snack bar formats, on mood and cognitive performance. Food Res Int 2017; 99:72-83. [PMID: 28784536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matcha tea is gaining popularity throughout the world in recent years and is frequently referred to as a mood-and-brain food. Previous research has demonstrated that three constituents present in matcha tea, l-theanine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and caffeine, affect mood and cognitive performance. However, to date there are no studies assessing the effect of matcha tea itself. The present study investigates these effects by means of a human intervention study administering matcha tea and a matcha containing product. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind study, 23 consumers participated in four test sessions. In each session, participants consumed one of the four test products: matcha tea, matcha tea bar (each containing 4g matcha tea powder), placebo tea, or placebo bar. The assessment was performed at baseline and 60min post-treatment. The participants performed a set of cognitive tests assessing attention, information processing, working memory, and episodic memory. The mood state was measured by means of a Profile of Mood States (POMS). After consuming the matcha products compared to placebo versions, there were mainly significant improvements in tasks measuring basic attention abilities and psychomotor speed in response to stimuli over a defined period of time. In contrast to expectations, the effect was barely present in the other cognitive tasks. The POMS results revealed no significant changes in mood. The influence of the food matrix was demonstrated by the fact that on most cognitive performance measures the drink format outperformed the bar format, particularly in tasks measuring speed of spatial working memory and delayed picture recognition. This study suggests that matcha tea consumed in a realistic dose can induce slight effects on speed of attention and episodic secondary memory to a low degree. Further studies are required to elucidate the influences of the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dietz
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Liu ZW, Wu ZJ, Li H, Wang YX, Zhuang J. L-Theanine Content and Related Gene Expression: Novel Insights into Theanine Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis among Different Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.) Tissues and Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28439281 PMCID: PMC5383724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
L-Theanine content has tissues and cultivars specificity in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), the correlations of theanine metabolic related genes expression profiles with theanine contents were explored in this study. L-theanine contents in the bud and 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, 3rd leaf, old leaf, stem, and lateral root were determined by HPLC from three C. sinensis cultivars, namely 'Huangjinya', 'Anjibaicha', and 'Yingshuang', respectively. The theanine contents in leaves and root of 'Huangjinya' were the highest, followed by 'Anjibaicha', and 'Yingshuang'. The theanine contents in the leaves reduced as the leaf mature gradually, and in stem were the least. Seventeen genes encoding enzymes involved in theanine metabolism were identified from GenBank and our tea transcriptome database, including CsTS1, CsTS2, CsGS1, CsGS2, CsGOGAT-Fe, CsGOGAT-NAD(P)H, CsGDH1, CsGDH2, CsALT, CsSAMDC, CsADC, CsCuAO, CsPAO, CsNiR, CsNR, CsGGT1, and CsGGT3. The transcript profiles of those seventeen genes in the different tissues of three tea plant cultivars were analyzed comparatively. Among the different cultivars, the transcript levels of most selected genes in 'Huangjinya' were significantly higher than that in the 'Anjibaicha' and 'Yingshuang'. Among the different tissues, the transcript levels of CsTS2, CsGS1, and CsGDH2 almost showed positive correlation with the theanine contents, while the other genes showed negative correlation with the theanine contents in most cases. The theanine contents showed correlations with related genes expression levels among cultivars and tissues of tea plant, and were determined by the integrated effect of the metabolic related genes.
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55
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Woldesemayat AA, Ntushelo K, Modise DM. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Monsonia burkeana revealed putative genes for key metabolic pathways involved in tea quality and medicinal value. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:250. [PMID: 28330322 PMCID: PMC5116299 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monsonia (Monsonia burkeana Planch. ex Harv) is one of the most valuable tea and traditional medicinal plants used in Southern Africa. In spite of this, there is no sequence information regarding this plant in literature. To provide understanding of the naturally occurring tea and drug-specific products and the key pathways for the biosynthesis of these molecules, we sequenced the leaf transcriptome using Illumina MiSeq platform and generated 2,590,652 paired-end reads that were assembled de novo into 45,450 high-quality transcripts. Annotation of these transcripts revealed best hits for homology to discover more than 17,800 functional genes and conserved domains. A total of 93 KEGG pathways and associated genes encoded by more than 90% of the coding transcripts are responsible for the biosynthesis of these life-saving metabolites. We validated and enriched the genes by GO annotation and linked this to enzyme-powered pathways through interactive network map. Caffeine metabolism, flavonoid, phenylpropanoid and terpenoids biosynthesis and xenobiotics degradation were typical in tea quality and drug therapy. The relatedness of more than 80 gene families encoding key enzymes was shown using unrooted phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the M. burkeana leaf transcriptome gives insight into tea and drug-specific products, therefore representing basis in further investigation of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna A Woldesemayat
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, Corner of Christiaan De Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Khayalethu Ntushelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, Corner of Christiaan De Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David M Modise
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, Corner of Christiaan De Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
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56
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Samynathan R, Perisamy SK, Gandhi S, Anitha J, Sanmugam G, Padmanabhan M, Velliyur Kanniappan G. Biochemical and molecular analysis of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea from the selected P/11/15 clone. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2016; 14:69-75. [PMID: 30647599 PMCID: PMC6299898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Green tea is one of the most important beverages consumed across the world and it possesses various phytotherapeutics. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total polyphenols, catechins, amino acid content and enzymatic antioxidants are considered to be potential parameters in tea characterization. P/11/15 clone (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) was chosen to analyze the biochemical characterization and to analyze the gene expression pattern. The selected P/11/15 clone (C. sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) possess potent Polyphenol oxidase (49.62 U/mg of protein), sufficient catechin (20.75%), Polyphenol (20.01%), Peroxidase (450.08 μM of O2 formed min-1 g-1 dry weight), Catalase (1.20 μM H2O2 reduced min-1 mg-1 protein) and Super Oxide Dismutase (45.11 U/mg proteins). Flavonoid gene expression reveals ANR (1.66%) and F3H (1.02%) were up regulated in the selected P/11/15 clone. The results obtained suggest that P/11/15 clone showed adequate enzyme levels, thus an increased antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore 641021, TN, India
| | - Suresh kumar Perisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, TN 620024, India
| | - Sudhakar Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, TN 620024, India
| | - J. Anitha
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore 641021, TN, India
| | - Geetha Sanmugam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, TNAU, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Mohankumar Padmanabhan
- UPASI Tea Research Foundation, UPASI Tea Research Institute, Valparai 642 127, Coimbatore District, TN, India
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l-Theanine as a Functional Food Additive: Its Role in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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White DJ, de Klerk S, Woods W, Gondalia S, Noonan C, Scholey AB. Anti-Stress, Behavioural and Magnetoencephalography Effects of an L-Theanine-Based Nutrient Drink: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010053. [PMID: 26797633 PMCID: PMC4728665 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is an amino acid found primarily in the green tea plant. This study explored the effects of an l-theanine-based nutrient drink on mood responses to a cognitive stressor. Additional measures included an assessment of cognitive performance and resting state alpha oscillatory activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Thirty-four healthy adults aged 18–40 participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study. The primary outcome measure, subjective stress response to a multitasking cognitive stressor, was significantly reduced one hour after administration of the l-theanine drink when compared to placebo. The salivary cortisol response to the stressor was reduced three hours post-dose following active treatment. No treatment-related cognitive performance changes were observed. Resting state alpha oscillatory activity was significantly greater in posterior MEG sensors after active treatment compared to placebo two hours post-dose; however, this effect was only apparent for those higher in trait anxiety. This change in resting state alpha oscillatory activity was not correlated with the change in subjective stress response or the cortisol response, suggesting further research is required to assess the functional relevance of these treatment-related changes in resting alpha activity. These findings further support the anti-stress effects of l-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Suzanne de Klerk
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - William Woods
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Shakuntla Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Chris Noonan
- HealthGuidance, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90403-5104, USA.
| | - Andrew B Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia.
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59
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Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones of Iran. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Genome-Wide Identification of Genes Probably Relevant to the Uniqueness of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Cultivars. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:527054. [PMID: 26543846 PMCID: PMC4620235 DOI: 10.1155/2015/527054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular beverage all over the world and a number of studies have focused on the genetic uniqueness of tea and its cultivars. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are largely undefined. In this report, based on expression data available from public databases, we performed a series of analyses to identify genes probably relevant to the uniqueness of C. sinensis and two of its cultivars (LJ43 and ZH2). Evolutionary analyses showed that the evolutionary rates of genes involved in the pathways were not significantly different among C. sinensis, C. oleifera, and C. azalea. Interestingly, a number of gene families, including genes involved in the pathways synthesizing iconic secondary metabolites of tea plant, were significantly upregulated, expressed in C. sinensis (LJ43) when compared to C. azalea, and this may partially explain its higher content of flavonoid, theanine, and caffeine. Further investigation showed that nonsynonymous mutations may partially contribute to the differences between the two cultivars of C. sinensis, such as the chlorina and higher contents of amino acids in ZH2. Genes identified as candidates are probably relevant to the uniqueness of C. sinensis and its cultivars should be good candidates for subsequent functional analyses and marker-assisted breeding.
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Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Amino Acids in Tea Infusion Coupled to Pre-column Derivatization with 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ferriday D, Bosworth ML, Lai S, Godinot N, Martin N, Martin AA, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM. Effects of eating rate on satiety: A role for episodic memory? Physiol Behav 2015; 152:389-96. [PMID: 26143189 PMCID: PMC4664113 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eating slowly is associated with a lower body mass index. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, our objective was to determine whether eating a meal at a slow rate improves episodic memory for the meal and promotes satiety. Participants (N=40) consumed a 400ml portion of tomato soup at either a fast (1.97ml/s) or a slow (0.50ml/s) rate. Appetite ratings were elicited at baseline and at the end of the meal (satiation). Satiety was assessed using; i) an ad libitum biscuit 'taste test' (3h after the meal) and ii) appetite ratings (collected 2h after the meal and after the ad libitum snack). Finally, to evaluate episodic memory for the meal, participants self-served the volume of soup that they believed they had consumed earlier (portion size memory) and completed a rating of memory 'vividness'. Participants who consumed the soup slowly reported a greater increase in fullness, both at the end of the meal and during the inter-meal interval. However, we found little effect of eating rate on subsequent ad libitum snack intake. Importantly, after 3h, participants who ate the soup slowly remembered eating a larger portion. These findings show that eating slowly promotes self-reported satiation and satiety. For the first time, they also suggest that eating rate influences portion size memory. However, eating slowly did not affect ratings of memory vividness and we found little evidence for a relationship between episodic memory and satiety. Therefore, we are unable to conclude that episodic memory mediates effects of eating rate on satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ferriday
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Matthew L Bosworth
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Samantha Lai
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Nicolas Godinot
- Behavior and Perception Group, Nestlé Research Centre, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Behavior and Perception Group, Nestlé Research Centre, Switzerland
| | - Ashley A Martin
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
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63
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Childs E. Influence of energy drink ingredients on mood and cognitive performance. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:48-59. [PMID: 25293543 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sales of energy products have grown enormously in recent years. Manufacturers claim that the products, in the form of drinks, shots, supplements, and gels, enhance physical and cognitive performance, while users believe the products promote concentration, alertness, and fun. Most of these products contain caffeine, a mild psychostimulant, as their foremost active ingredient. However, they also contain additional ingredients, e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, herbal extracts, vitamins, and minerals, often in unspecified amounts and labeled as an "energy blend." It is not clear whether these additional ingredients provide any physical or cognitive enhancement beyond that provided by caffeine alone. This article reviews the available empirical data on the interactive effects of these ingredients and caffeine on sleep and cognitive performance and suggests objectives for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Childs
- The University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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64
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Mu W, Zhang T, Jiang B. An overview of biological production of L-theanine. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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65
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Shank LM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Nelson EE, Shomaker LB, Ranzenhofer LM, Hannallah LM, Field SE, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Brady SM, Condarco T, Demidowich A, Kelly NR, Cassidy O, Simmons WK, Engel SG, Pine DS, Yanovski JA. Attentional bias to food cues in youth with loss of control eating. Appetite 2015; 87:68-75. [PMID: 25435490 PMCID: PMC4333006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that adults with binge eating may exhibit an attentional bias toward highly palatable foods, which may promote obesogenic eating patterns and excess weight gain. However, it is unknown to what extent youth with loss of control (LOC) eating display a similar bias. We therefore studied 76 youth (14.5 ± 2.3 years; 86.8% female; BMI-z 1.7 ± .73) with (n = 47) and without (n = 29) reported LOC eating. Following a breakfast to reduce hunger, youth participated in a computerized visual probe task of sustained attention that assessed reaction time to pairs of pictures consisting of high palatable foods, low palatable foods, and neutral household objects. Although sustained attentional bias did not differ by LOC eating presence and was unrelated to body weight, a two-way interaction between BMI-z and LOC eating was observed (p = .01), such that only among youth with LOC eating, attentional bias toward high palatable foods versus neutral objects was positively associated with BMI-z. These findings suggest that LOC eating and body weight interact in their association with attentional bias to highly palatable foods cues, and may partially explain the mixed literature linking attentional bias to food cues with excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Shank
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, Campus Delivery 1570, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lisa M Ranzenhofer
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louise M Hannallah
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara E Field
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tania Condarco
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, 4502 E. 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 700 1st Ave S, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Saito E, Inoue M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Noda M, Iso H, Tsugane S. Association of green tea consumption with mortality due to all causes and major causes of death in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:512-518.e3. [PMID: 25900254 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the association between green tea consumption and mortality due to all causes, cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, injuries, and other causes of death in a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan. METHODS We studied 90,914 Japanese (aged between 40 and 69 years) recruited between 1990 and 1994. After 18.7 years of follow-up, 12,874 deaths were reported. The association between green tea consumption and risk of all causes and major causes of mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality among men who consumed green tea compared with those who drank less than 1 cup/day were 0.96 (0.89-1.03) for 1-2 cups/day, 0.88 (0.82-0.95) for 3-4 cups/day, and 0.87 (0.81-0.94) for more than 5 cups/day (P for trend <.001). Corresponding hazard ratios for women were 0.90 (0.81-1.00), 0.87 (0.79-0.96), and 0.83 (0.75-0.91; P for trend <.001). Green tea was inversely associated with mortality from heart disease in both men and women and mortality from cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease in men. No association was found between green tea and total cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS This prospective study suggests that the consumption of green tea may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality and the three leading causes of death in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Saito
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka-fu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Syce DV. A Cup of Black Tea Does Not Modify Heart Rate Variability. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Vedanathan Syce
- Department of Physiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Pondicherry, India
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Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Riby LM, Haskell-Ramsay CF. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2563-76. [PMID: 25761837 PMCID: PMC4480845 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests interactive effects of the tea components caffeine and L-theanine on behaviour, yet no data exists exploring the impact of the two on cerebral blood flow (CBF). OBJECTIVES The current placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study examined the effects of caffeine and L-theanine on CBF and extended previous cognitive and mood findings by using lower doses than previous studies of a similar methodology, which more closely reflect the ratios present in tea. METHODS Twelve habitual consumers and 12 non-habitual consumers of caffeine each received 75 mg caffeine, 50 mg L-theanine, 75 mg caffeine plus 50 mg L-theanine, and placebo in a counterbalanced order across four separate visits. CBF was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy with cognition and mood assessed at baseline and 30 min post-dose. Salivary caffeine and peripheral haemodynamics were co-monitored. RESULTS Caffeine reduced oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb), increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), improved performance on attention tasks and increased overall mood ratings. Increases in deoxy-Hb following caffeine were more pronounced in non-consumers. Some evidence for increased deoxy-Hb remained when caffeine was combined with L-theanine, but this effect was attenuated and the effects of caffeine on oxy-Hb, cognition and mood were eradicated. CONCLUSIONS Combining L-theanine with caffeine, at levels and ratios equivalent to one to two cups of tea, eliminated the vasoconstrictive effect and behavioural effects of caffeine. This supports previous findings of an interaction between these substances, despite a lack of effects of L-theanine in isolation. However, at the levels tested here, this did not lead to a positive impact on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L. Dodd
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - D. O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - L. M. Riby
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - C. F. Haskell-Ramsay
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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Nunes AR, Alves MG, Moreira PI, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. Can Tea Consumption be a Safe and Effective Therapy Against Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Neurodegeneration? Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:475-89. [PMID: 25977676 PMCID: PMC4428023 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204220539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that is rapidly increasing and has become a major public health problem. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is the most common type, accounting for up to 90-95% of the new diagnosed DM cases. The brain is very susceptible to glucose fluctuations and hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress (OS). It is well known that DM and the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases are associated. Tea, Camellia sinensis L., is one of the most consumed beverages. It contains several phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, methylxanthines (mainly caffeine) and L-theanine that are often reported to be responsible for tea's health benefits, including in brain. Tea phytochemicals have been reported to be responsible for tea's significant antidiabetic and neuroprotective properties and antioxidant potential. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of tea has positive effects on DM-caused complications and protects the brain against oxidative damage, contributing to an improvement of the cognitive function. Among the several reported benefits of tea consumption, those related with neurodegenerative diseases are of great interest. Herein, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of tea consumption and tea phytochemicals on DM and how their action can counteract the severe brain damage induced by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Nunes
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra and Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Branca M. Silva
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:790-802. [PMID: 25400063 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in many sports is at least partially dependent on motor control, coordination, decision-making, and other cognitive tasks. This review summarizes available evidence about the ingestion of selected nutrients or isolated compounds (dietary constituents) and potential acute effects on motor skill and/or cognitive performance in athletes. Dietary constituents discussed include branched-chain amino acids, caffeine, carbohydrate, cocoa flavanols, Gingko biloba, ginseng, guarana, Rhodiola rosea, sage, L-theanine, theobromine, and tyrosine. Although this is not an exhaustive list, these are perhaps the most researched dietary constituents. Caffeine and carbohydrate have the greatest number of published reports supporting their ability to enhance acute motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. At this time, there is insufficient published evidence to substantiate the use of any other dietary constituents to benefit sports-related motor skill or cognitive performance. The optimal dose and timing of caffeine and carbohydrate intake promoting enhanced motor skill and cognitive performance remain to be identified. Valid, reliable, and sensitive batteries of motor skills and cognitive tests should be developed for use in future efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois, USA
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Chen X, Su L, Wu D, Wu J. Application of recombinant Bacillus subtilis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase to the production of l-theanine. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Camfield DA, Stough C, Farrimond J, Scholey AB. Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:507-22. [PMID: 24946991 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on 11 randomized placebo-controlled human studies of acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate, administered alone or in combination with caffeine, on cognitive function and mood. The outcome measures of mood were alertness, calmness, and contentedness, derived from the Bond-Lader scales, and state anxiety, from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Cognitive measures assessed were attentional switch, intersensory attention, and rapid visual information processing. Standardized mean differences between placebo and treatment groups are presented for each study and outcome measure. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted when data were available for three or more studies. Evidence of moderate effect sizes in favor of combined caffeine and L-theanine in the first 2 hours postdose were found for outcome measures Bond-Lader alertness, attentional switching accuracy, and, to a lesser extent, some unisensory and multisensory attentional outcomes. Moderator analysis of caffeine and L-theanine doses revealed trends toward greater change in effect size for caffeine dose than for L-theanine dose, particularly during the first hour postdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Australia
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Milton RM, Kelly-Rehm M, Brahm N, Fox MD. Hypertension in an Adolescent Secondary to Performance-Enhancement Supplement Use. J Pharm Technol 2014; 30:81-86. [PMID: 34860875 DOI: 10.1177/8755122513503790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the effects of performance-enhancing supplements and caffeine on the blood pressure (BP) of an adolescent male. Case Summary: An adolescent male presented to his primary care provider for a preseason athletic physical. On physical exam, his BP was 162/90, exceeding the 99th percentile for his age. It had been elevated during the previous 2 yearly physicals. He was referred to the Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Clinic for follow-up. Illegal substance use and renal trauma were ruled out. During the evaluation, the patient acknowledged using energy drinks and performance-enhancing supplements, the majority of which were caffeine-based. His intention was to continue the use of supplements, so lisinopril was initiated. On follow-up, however, the patient reported supplement discontinuation, intermittent medication adherence, and lower home-based BP readings. He was subsequently lost to follow-up. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse drug event was probable. Discussion: When working with adolescent patients, it is particularly important to conduct an in-depth interview reflecting lifestyle choices. Use of performance-enhancing supplements and caffeine for adolescent athletes has been well reported in the literature. Adolescent use of supplements may be driven by misguided beliefs and lack of knowledge about potentially detrimental health effects, such as altered heart rate and elevated BP. Little evidence-based research is available to provide treatment guidance for clinicians regarding potential effects. Conclusions: A thorough patient history, including specific questions probing for any recent or chronic use of nutritional supplements, including energy drinks, will help identify substances that may contribute to BP variations. Even mild BP elevations in adolescents should lead clinicians to further investigate supplement use and include specific questions on any product use within the past 24 hours, several days, or longer. Adolescents may not consider the potential for adverse health effects when ingesting performance-enhancing supplements or energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark D Fox
- The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Zhu QW, Luo YP. Identification of miRNAs and their targets in tea (Camellia sinensis). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 14:916-23. [PMID: 24101208 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs playing a crucial role in plant growth and development, as well as stress responses. Among them, some are highly evolutionally conserved in the plant kingdom, this provide a powerful strategy for identifying miRNAs in a new species. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important commercial beverage crops in the world, but only a limited number of miRNAs have been identified. In the present study, a total of 14 new C. sinensis miRNAs were identified by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis from 47452 available C. sinensis ESTs. These miRNAs potentially target 51 mRNAs, which can act as transcription factors, and participate in stress response, transmembrane transport, and signal transduction. Analysis of gene ontology (GO), based on these targets, suggested that 37 biological processes were involved, such as oxidation-reduction process, stress response, and transport. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis inferred that the identified miRNAs took part in 13 metabolic networks. Our study will help further understanding of the essential roles of miRNAs in C. sinensis growth and development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-wu Zhu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Keenan EK, Tiplady B, Priestley CM, Rogers PJ. Naturalistic Effects of Five Days of Bedtime Caffeine Use on Sleep, Next-Day Cognitive Performance, and Mood. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014; 4:13-20. [PMID: 24868491 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2011.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Disruptive effects of caffeine on sleep have previously been reported, although measures of next-day mood and performance have rarely been included. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of caffeine on sleep and associated next-day effects in a naturalistic field setting. Methods: Nineteen participants (daily caffeine intake 0-141 mg), assessed as good sleepers, took part in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2-week crossover study to assess the effects of bedtime caffeine use (250 mg) on sleep and next-day cognitive performance and mood, which were assessed on a mobile phone in the morning and afternoon. Sleep was assessed objectively (actiwatch) and subjectively (sleep diary). Results: Caffeine's effects on sleep were largely restricted to the first day of administration, with actigraphically measured reduced sleep efficiency, increased activity score and fragmentation index, decreased self-rated sleep quality, and an increased occurrence of participants waking early; only decreased sleep efficiency remained over the week. Effects on next-day performance and mood were evident over the whole week, although despite disrupting sleep, accuracy on a working memory task was higher after caffeine than placebo administration. Conclusions: Caffeine disrupted sleep, although when assessing next-day performance, which may have been affected by the presence of residual caffeine, performance appeared better after caffeine compared to placebo, although this was most likely due to prevention of the effects of overnight withdrawal from caffeine rather than representing a net benefit. Furthermore, partial tolerance developed to the effects of caffeine on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Keenan
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Tiplady
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom
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Einöther SJ, Martens VE. Acute effects of tea consumption on attention and mood. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1700S-1708S. [PMID: 24172303 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea has historically been associated with mood and performance benefits, such as relaxation and concentration. This review summarizes the research on the acute effects of tea, and its ingredients theanine and caffeine, on attention and mood. Consistent with abundant research on the benefits of caffeine, the performance benefits of tea were identified in a number of studies, with particularly consistent evidence for improved attention. Tea consumption also consistently improved self-reported alertness and arousal, whereas effects on pleasure or relaxation were less consistent. In addition to the research on caffeine in real-life performance, 2 recent studies have provided a broader perspective on tea's effects on psychological function in that they showed beneficial effects in related areas such as work performance and creativity. These studies showed the validity of laboratory findings by supporting the idea that tea consumption has acute benefits on both mood and performance in real-life situations.
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Lardner AL. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:145-55. [PMID: 23883567 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theanine (n-ethylglutamic acid), a non-proteinaceous amino acid component of green and black teas, has received growing attention in recent years due to its reported effects on the central nervous system. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it exerts a variety of neurophysiological and pharmacological effects. Its most well-documented effect has been its apparent anxiolytic and calming effect due to its up-regulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters and possible modulation of serotonin and dopamine in selected areas. It has also recently been shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. An increasing number of studies demonstrate a neuroprotective effects following cerebral infarct and injury, although the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Theanine also elicits improvements in cognitive function including learning and memory, in human and animal studies, possibly via a decrease in NMDA-dependent CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and increase in NMDA-independent CA1-LTP. Furthermore, theanine administration elicits selective changes in alpha brain wave activity with concomitant increases in selective attention during the execution of mental tasks. Emerging studies also demonstrate a promising role for theanine in augmentation therapy for schizophrenia, while animal models of depression report positive improvements following theanine administration. A handful of studies are beginning to examine a putative role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and theoretical extrapolations to a therapeutic role for theanine in other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and bipolar disorder are discussed.
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Vuong QV. Epidemiological Evidence Linking Tea Consumption to Human Health: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:523-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.594184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kilel E, Faraj A, Wanyoko J, Wachira F, Mwingirwa V. Green tea from purple leaf coloured tea clones in Kenya- their quality characteristics. Food Chem 2013; 141:769-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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80
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Physiological effects of L-theanine on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecules 2013; 18:13175-87. [PMID: 24284483 PMCID: PMC6270322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been consumed as the most popular drink in East Asia for centuries, and is believed to have a wide range of health benefits. l-Theanine, the major component of the free amino acids in green tea, has been reported to display neuronal protection and tumor inhibition in vitro, but its physiological effects on animal development and behavior remain elusive. In this report, we used Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as a model organism to investigate the physiological effects of l-theanine. Flies were fed with three different concentrations of theanine as a dietary supplement after eclosion, and were examined for a variety of physiological parameters at different time points. We found theanine treatment results in significantly increased locomotion and courtship ability, and decreased resistance against wet and dry starvation in males, but not in females. Furthermore, theanine application diminished UV tolerance in females, but not in males. However, we did not perceive distinguishable effect of theanine on animal development, life span, weight, and tolerance of heat and anoxia. This work represents the first comprehensive physiological investigation of l-theanine at the whole animal level, and shall shed light on the mechanistic study of theanine in the future.
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81
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82
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Brunyé TT, Mahoney CR, Giles GE, Rapp DN, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Learning to relax: Evaluating four brief interventions for overcoming the negative emotions accompanying math anxiety. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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83
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Giesbrecht T, Rycroft J, Rowson M, De Bruin E. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 13:283-90. [DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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84
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Owen GN, Parnell H, De Bruin EA, Rycroft JA. The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 11:193-8. [DOI: 10.1179/147683008x301513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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85
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Heatherley SV. Caffeine withdrawal, sleepiness, and driving performance: What does the research really tell us? Nutr Neurosci 2013; 14:89-95. [DOI: 10.1179/147683011x13019262348785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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86
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Sun L, Tian X, Gou L, Ling X, Wang L, Feng Y, Yin X, Liu Y. Beneficial synergistic effects of concurrent treatment with theanine and caffeine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:562-9. [PMID: 23826680 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theanine and caffeine, 2 naturally occurring components in tea, have repeatedly been shown to deliver unique cognitive benefits when consumed in combination. In this study, we assessed the beneficial synergistic effects of concurrent treatment with theanine and caffeine against cerebral damage in rats. Theanine and caffeine had no effect on physiological variables, including pH, partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2), mean arterial blood pressure, plasma glucose, or regional cerebral blood flow. Treatment with theanine (1 mg/kg body mass, intraperitoneal injection) alone significantly reduced cerebral infarction induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, but caffeine (10 mg/kg, intravenous administration) alone only had a marginal effect. However, the combination of theanine plus caffeine resulted in a significant reduction of cerebral infarction and brain edema compared with theanine monotherapy. Meanwhile, increased malondialdehyde levels as well as decreased superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione levels observed in the cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion were significantly ameliorated by the combination therapy. Furthermore, the elevated inflammatory response levels observed in the cortex after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion were markedly attenuated by the combined treatment. Thus, it is suggested that the neuroprotective potential of a combination therapy with theanine and caffeine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is partly ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Sun
- Xuzhou Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, China
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87
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Abstract
Research into the cognitive and mood effects of caffeine in human subjects has highlighted some fairly robust and well-accepted effects. However, the majority of these studies have focused on caffeine in isolation; whilst caffeine is normally consumed in the form of plant-derived products and extracts that invariably contain other potentially bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to consider the possible mechanisms of action of co-occurring phytochemicals, and any epidemiological evidence suggesting that they contribute to potential health benefits ascribed to caffeine. Intervention studies to date that have been conducted to explore the effects on brain function of the non-caffeine components in caffeine-bearing plants (coffee, tea, cocoa, guaraná), either alone or in combination with caffeine, will also be summarised. Research is beginning to accumulate showing independent effects for several of the phytochemicals that co-occur with caffeine, and/or a modulation of the effects of caffeine when it is co-consumed with these naturally concomitant phytochemicals. The present review highlights that more research aimed at understanding the effects of these compounds is needed and, more importantly, the synergistic relationship that they may have with caffeine.
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88
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Siamwala JH, Dias PM, Majumder S, Joshi MK, Sinkar VP, Banerjee G, Chatterjee S. l-Theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:595-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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89
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SHIMIZU Y, IMAOKA M, YANO S, SAWARAGI Y, TAKAGI K, WAKAYAMA M. Sensitive Enzymatic Method for the Quantification of Theanine, a Principal Umami Component of Commercial Tea Beverages. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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90
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Yoto A, Motoki M, Murao S, Yokogoshi H. Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses. J Physiol Anthropol 2012; 31:28. [PMID: 23107346 PMCID: PMC3518171 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-theanine, an amino acid contained in green tea leaves, is known to block the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and has been considered to cause anti-stress effects by inhibiting cortical neuron excitation. Both L-theanine and caffeine, which green tea contains, have been highlighted for their beneficial effects on cognition and mood. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered L-theanine or caffeine on mental task performance and physiological activities under conditions of physical or psychological stress in humans. Fourteen participants each underwent three separate trials, in which they orally took either L-theanine + placebo, caffeine + placebo, or placebo only. RESULTS The results after the mental tasks showed that L-theanine significantly inhibited the blood-pressure increases in a high-response group, which consisted of participants whose blood pressure increased more than average by a performance of a mental task after placebo intake. Caffeine tended to have a similar but smaller inhibition of the blood-pressure increases caused by the mental tasks. The result of the Profile of Mood States after the mental tasks also showed that L-theanine reduced the Tension-Anxiety scores as compared with placebo intake. CONCLUSIONS The findings above denote that L-theanine not only reduces anxiety but also attenuates the blood-pressure increase in high-stress-response adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yoto
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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91
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Alramadhan E, Hanna MS, Hanna MS, Goldstein TA, Avila SM, Weeks BS. Dietary and botanical anxiolytics. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:RA40-8. [PMID: 22460105 PMCID: PMC3560823 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs used to treat anxiety have many negative side effects including addiction, depression, suicide, seizures, sexual dysfunction, headaches and more. Anxiolytic medications do not restore normal levels of neurotransmitters but instead manipulate the brain chemistry. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse allowing serotonin to remain in the area of activity for a longer period of time but does not correct the lack of serotonin production. Benzodiazepines, such as Valium and Xanax®, stimulate GABA receptors, thus mimicking the calming effects of GABA but again do not fix the lack of GABA production. Often, the brain becomes accustomed to these medications and they often lose their effectiveness, requiring higher doses or different drugs. In contrast to anxiolytic drugs, there are herbs and nutrients which can stimulates neurotransmitter synthesis and more naturally effect and even adjust brain chemistry in the absence of many of the side effects experienced with drugs. Therefore this paper explores several herbal and nutritional approaches to the treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alramadhan
- Department of Biology Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
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92
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Zhang X, Xu F, Gao Y, Wu J, Sun Y, Zeng X. Optimising the extraction of tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and theanine from summer green tea by using response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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93
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Foxe JJ, Morie KP, Laud PJ, Rowson MJ, de Bruin EA, Kelly SP. Assessing the effects of caffeine and theanine on the maintenance of vigilance during a sustained attention task. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Jang HS, Jung JY, Jang IS, Jang KH, Kim SH, Ha JH, Suk K, Lee MG. L-theanine partially counteracts caffeine-induced sleep disturbances in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:217-21. [PMID: 22285321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
L-theanine has been reported to inhibit the excitatory effects of caffeine. The present study examined the effects of L-theanine on caffeine-induced sleep disturbances in rats. Rats received the following drug pairings: saline and saline (Control), 7.5 mg/kg caffeine and saline, or 7.5 mg/kg of caffeine followed by various doses of L-theanine (22.5, 37.5, 75, or 150 mg/kg). Vigilance states were divided into: wakefulness (W), transition to slow-wave sleep (tSWS), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). Caffeine significantly increased the duration of W and decreased the duration of SWS and REMS compared to the Control. Although L-theanine failed to reverse the caffeine-induced W increase, at 22.5 and 37.5 mg/kg (but not at 75 and 150 mg/kg), it significantly reversed caffeine-induced decreases in SWS. In conclusion, low doses of L-theanine can partially reverse caffeine-induced reductions in SWS; however, effects of L-theanine on caffeine-induced insomnia do not appear to increase dose-dependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Soo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 2-101 Dongin-dong, Jung-gu Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A new class of beverages called relaxation drinks advertises calming effects and an easy way to wind down when life gets stressful. This article examines these drinks in the context of their use in adolescents. METHODS A review of the literature relevant to relaxation drinks and their functional ingredients was conducted. RESULTS The beverages contain ingredients such as melatonin, valerian, kava, tryptophan, and other products traditionally thought to play a role in sleep, sedation, or neurocognitive function. Studies of the efficacy and safety of these supplements are limited and many have significant methodological limitations. Despite appropriate warnings placed on the labels of relaxation drinks, marketing is cleverly designed to appeal to young consumers and often evokes the experiences produced by alcohol and drug use. CONCLUSION Although moderate consumption of these beverages by healthy individuals is likely safe, an objective reduction in stress is improbable and associated adverse effects are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Stacy
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Uxbridge, Massachusetts 01569, USA.
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96
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Smith JE, Lawrence AD, Diukova A, Wise RG, Rogers PJ. Storm in a coffee cup: caffeine modifies brain activation to social signals of threat. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:831-40. [PMID: 21972425 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, an adenosine A₁ and A(2A) receptor antagonist, is the most popular psychostimulant drug in the world, but it is also anxiogenic. The neural correlates of caffeine-induced anxiety are currently unknown. This study investigated the effects of caffeine on brain regions implicated in social threat processing and anxiety. Participants were 14 healthy male non/infrequent caffeine consumers. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, they underwent blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an emotional face processing task 1 h after receiving caffeine (250 mg) or placebo in two fMRI sessions (counterbalanced, 1-week washout). They rated anxiety and mental alertness, and their blood pressure was measured, before and 2 h after treatment. Results showed that caffeine induced threat-related (angry/fearful faces > happy faces) midbrain-periaqueductal gray activation and abolished threat-related medial prefrontal cortex wall activation. Effects of caffeine on extent of threat-related amygdala activation correlated negatively with level of dietary caffeine intake. In concurrence with these changes in threat-related brain activation, caffeine increased self-rated anxiety and diastolic blood pressure. Caffeine did not affect primary visual cortex activation. These results are the first to demonstrate potential neural correlates of the anxiogenic effect of caffeine, and they implicate the amygdala as a key site for caffeine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Smith
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
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97
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Mitchell E, Slettenaar M, vd Meer N, Transler C, Jans L, Quadt F, Berry M. Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:816-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Vuong QV, Bowyer MC, Roach PD. L-Theanine: properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1931-9. [PMID: 21735448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a non-protein amino acid that occurs naturally in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and contributes to the favourable taste of tea. It is also associated with effects such as the enhancement of relaxation and the improvement of concentration and learning ability. It is also linked with health benefits including the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease, the promotion of weight loss and enhanced performance of the immune system. Thus, there has been a significant rise in the demand for theanine. While theanine has been chemically and biologically synthesised, techniques to isolate theanine from natural sources remain an important area of research. In this review article, the properties and health benefits of theanine are summarised and the synthesis and isolation of theanine are reviewed and discussed. Future perspectives for the isolation of theanine from natural sources are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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99
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Higashiyama A, Htay HH, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Kapoor MP. Effects of l-theanine on attention and reaction time response. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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100
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to L-theanine from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (tea) and improvement of cognitive function (ID 1104, 1222, 1600, 1601, 1707, 1935, 2004, 2005), alleviation of psychological stress (ID 159. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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