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Reppucci CJ, Brown LA, Chambers AQ, Veenema AH. Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice differ in their motivation to seek social interaction versus food in the Social versus Food Preference Test. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113162. [PMID: 32877644 PMCID: PMC7655716 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we characterized the Social versus Food Preference Test, a behavioral paradigm designed to investigate the competition between the choice to seek social interaction versus the choice to seek food. We assessed how this competition was modulated by internal cues (social isolation, food deprivation), external cues (stimulus salience), sex (males, females), age (adolescents, adults), and rodent model (Wistar rats, C57BL/6 mice). We found that changes in stimulus preference in response to the internal and external cue manipulations were similar across cohorts. Specifically, social over food preference scores were reduced by food deprivation and social familiarly in Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. Interestingly, the degree of food deprivation-induced changes in stimulus investigation patterns were greater in adolescents compared to adults in Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice. Strikingly, baseline stimulus preference and investigation times varied greatly between rodent models: across manipulations, Wistar rats were generally more social-preferring and C57BL/6 mice were generally more food-preferring. Adolescent Wistar rats spent more time investigating the social and food stimuli than adult Wistar rats, while adolescent and adult C57BL/6 mice investigated the stimuli a similar amount. Social isolation did not alter behavior in the Social versus Food Preference Test. Together, our results indicate that the Social versus Food Preference Test is a flexible behavioral paradigm suitable for future interrogations of the peripheral and central systems that can coordinate the expression of stimulus preference related to multiple motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Reppucci
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, 4016 ISTB, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Leigha A Brown
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, 4016 ISTB, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Ashley Q Chambers
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, 4016 ISTB, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Alexa H Veenema
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, 4016 ISTB, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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52
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Guillaume O, Deluen M, Raffard A, Calvez O, Trochet A. Reduction in the metabolic levels due to phenotypic plasticity in the Pyrenean newt, Calotriton asper, during cave colonization. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12983-12989. [PMID: 33304510 PMCID: PMC7713917 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to theories on cave adaptation, cave organisms are expected to develop a lower metabolic rate compared to surface organisms as an adaptation to food scarcity in the subterranean environments. To test this hypothesis, we compared the oxygen consumption rates of the surface and subterranean populations of a surface-dwelling species, the newt Calotriton asper, occasionally found in caves. In this study, we designed a new experimental setup in which animals with free movement were monitored for several days in a respirometer. First, we measured the metabolic rates of individuals from the surface and subterranean populations, both maintained for eight years in captivity in a natural cave. We then tested individuals from these populations immediately after they were caught and one year later while being maintained in the cave. We found that the surface individuals that acclimated to the cave significantly reduced their oxygen consumption, whereas individuals from the subterranean population maintained in the cave under a light/dark cycle did not significantly modify their metabolic rates. Second, we compared these metabolic rates to those of an obligate subterranean salamander (Proteus anguinus), a surface aquatic Urodel (Ambystoma mexicanum), and a fish species (Gobio occitaniae) as references for surface organisms from different phyla. As predicted, we found differences between the subterranean and surface species, and the metabolic rates of surface and subterranean C. asper populations were between those of the obligate subterranean and surface species. These results suggest that the plasticity of the metabolism observed in surface C. asper was neither directly due to food availability in our experiments nor the light/dark conditions, but due to static temperatures. Moreover, we suggest that this adjustment of the metabolic level at a temperature close to the thermal optimum may further allow individual species to cope with the food limitations of the subterranean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Guillaume
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 CNRSUniversité Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
| | - Marine Deluen
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 CNRSUniversité Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
| | - Allan Raffard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 CNRSUniversité Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 CNRSUniversité Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
| | - Audrey Trochet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 CNRSUniversité Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
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53
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Videlier M, Careau V, Wilson AJ, Rundle HD. Quantifying selection on standard metabolic rate and body mass in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2020; 75:130-140. [PMID: 33196104 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Standard metabolic rate (SMR), defined as the minimal energy expenditure required for self-maintenance, is a key physiological trait. Few studies have estimated its relationship with fitness, most notably in insects. This is presumably due to the difficulty of measuring SMR in a large number of very small individuals. Using high-throughput flow-through respirometry and a Drosophila melanogaster laboratory population adapted to a life cycle that facilitates fitness measures, we quantified SMR, body mass, and fitness in 515 female and 522 male adults. We used a novel multivariate approach to estimate linear and nonlinear selection differentials and gradients from the variance-covariance matrix of fitness, SMR, and body mass, allowing traits specific covariates to be accommodated within a single model. In males, linear selection differentials for mass and SMR were positive and individually significant. Selection gradients were also positive but, despite substantial sample sizes, were nonsignificant due to increased uncertainty given strong SMR-mass collinearity. In females, only nonlinear selection was detected and it appeared to act primarily on body size, although the individual gradients were again nonsignificant. Selection did not differ significantly between sexes although differences in the fitness surfaces suggest sex-specific selection as an important topic for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Videlier
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter (Penryn Campus), Penryn TR10 9FE, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Howard D Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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54
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Kozłowski J, Konarzewski M, Czarnoleski M. Coevolution of body size and metabolic rate in vertebrates: a life-history perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1393-1417. [PMID: 32524739 PMCID: PMC7540708 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not themselves mirror one universal law of nature but instead statistically approximate the non-linearity of the relationship between MR and body mass. This 'statistical' view must be replaced with the life-history perspective that 'allows' organisms to evolve myriad different life strategies with distinct physiological features. We posit that the hypoallometric allometry of MRs (mass scaling with an exponent smaller than 1) is an indirect outcome of the selective pressure of ecological mortality on allocation 'decisions' that divide resources among growth, reproduction, and the basic metabolic costs of repair and maintenance reflected in the standard or basal metabolic rate (SMR or BMR), which are customarily subjected to allometric analyses. Those 'decisions' form a wealth of life-history variation that can be defined based on the axis dictated by ecological mortality and the axis governed by the efficiency of energy use. We link this variation as well as hypoallometric scaling to the mechanistic determinants of MR, such as metabolically inert component proportions, internal organ relative size and activity, cell size and cell membrane composition, and muscle contributions to dramatic metabolic shifts between the resting and active states. The multitude of mechanisms determining MR leads us to conclude that the quest for a single-cause explanation of the mass scaling of MRs is futile. We argue that an explanation based on the theory of life-history evolution is the best way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
| | - Marek Konarzewski
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of BiałystokCiołkowskiego 1J, 15‐245, BiałystokPoland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
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55
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Ton R, Martin TE. Nest predation and adult mortality relationships with post-natal metabolic rates and growth among songbird species. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb226563. [PMID: 32620707 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is thought to mediate the connection between environmental selection pressures and a broad array of life history tradeoffs, but tests are needed. High juvenile predation correlates with fast growth, which may be achieved via fast juvenile metabolism. Fast offspring metabolism and growth can create physiological costs later in life that should be minimized in species with low adult mortality. Yet, relationships between juvenile metabolism and mortality at offspring versus adult stages are unexplored. We found that post-natal metabolism was positively correlated with adult mortality but not nest predation rates among 43 songbird species on three continents. Nest predation, but not adult mortality, explained additional variation in growth rates beyond metabolism. Our results suggest that metabolism may not be the mechanism underlying the relationships between growth and mortality at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ton
- Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Thomas E Martin
- US Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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56
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Bech C, Christiansen MT, Kvernland P, Nygård RM, Rypdal E, Sneltorp SK, Trondrud LM, Tvedten ØG. The standard metabolic rate of a land snail (Cepaea hortensis) is a repeatable trait and influences winter survival. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 249:110773. [PMID: 32711162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic selection on physiological parameters is an underrepresented topic in studies of evolutionary biology. There is especially a lack of studies involving invertebrate organisms. We studied the repeatability of the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and the effect of individual variation in SMR on the subsequent winter survival in a terrestrial shell-bearing mollusc, the white-lipped snail (Cepaea hortensis) in mid-Norway. SMR was measured twice during the autumn and - after an experimental overwintering at controlled conditions - twice during the following spring. We found a significant repeatability of SMR over all three time periods tested, with a clear effect of time, with a high repeatability of 0.56 over 4 days during spring, 0.44 over 12 days in the autumn and 0.17 over 194 days from autumn to spring. That SMR is a repeatable physiological trait across the winter period during which a possible selection might occur, suggests that SMR could be a potential target of natural selection. We indeed found that the autumn SMR significantly influenced the probability of survival during the winter period, with a combination of a positive linear (P = .011) and a quadratic stabilizing (P = .001) effect on SMR. Our results hence support the view that metabolic rate is an important physiological component influencing the fitness of an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Bech
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Pernille Kvernland
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Randi Marie Nygård
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eline Rypdal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sara Kjeldsø Sneltorp
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Monica Trondrud
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Gjønnes Tvedten
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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57
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Pettersen AK, Hall MD, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic rate, context-dependent selection, and the competition-colonization trade-off. Evol Lett 2020; 4:333-344. [PMID: 32774882 PMCID: PMC7403701 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is linked with the pace‐of‐life, co‐varying with survival, growth, and reproduction. Metabolic rates should therefore be under strong selection and, if heritable, become less variable over time. Yet intraspecific variation in metabolic rates is ubiquitous, even after accounting for body mass and temperature. Theory predicts variable selection maintains trait variation, but field estimates of how selection on metabolism varies are rare. We use a model marine invertebrate to estimate selection on metabolic rates in the wild under different competitive environments. Fitness landscapes varied among environments separated by a few centimeters: interspecific competition selected for higher metabolism, and a faster pace‐of‐life, relative to competition‐free environments. Populations experience a mosaic of competitive regimes; we find metabolism mediates a competition‐colonization trade‐off across these regimes. Although high metabolic phenotypes possess greater competitive ability, in the absence of competitors, low metabolic phenotypes are better colonizers. Spatial heterogeneity and the variable selection on metabolic rates that it generates is likely to maintain variation in metabolic rate, despite strong selection in any single environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia.,Department of Biology Lund University Lund 221 00 Sweden
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
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58
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Pilakouta N, Killen SS, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Lindström J, Metcalfe NB, Parsons KJ. Multigenerational exposure to elevated temperatures leads to a reduction in standard metabolic rate in the wild. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:1205-1214. [PMID: 32612318 PMCID: PMC7318562 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In light of global climate change, there is a pressing need to understand and predict the capacity of populations to respond to rising temperatures. Metabolic rate is a key trait that is likely to influence the ability to cope with climate change. Yet, empirical and theoretical work on metabolic rate responses to temperature changes has so far produced mixed results and conflicting predictions.Our study addresses this issue using a novel approach of comparing fish populations in geothermally warmed lakes and adjacent ambient-temperature lakes in Iceland. This unique 'natural experiment' provides repeated and independent examples of populations experiencing contrasting thermal environments for many generations over a small geographic scale, thereby avoiding the confounding factors associated with latitudinal or elevational comparisons. Using Icelandic sticklebacks from three warm and three cold habitats, we measured individual metabolic rates across a range of acclimation temperatures to obtain reaction norms for each population.We found a general pattern for a lower standard metabolic rate (SMR) in sticklebacks from warm habitats when measured at a common temperature, as predicted by Krogh's rule. Metabolic rate differences between warm- and cold-habitat sticklebacks were more pronounced at more extreme acclimation temperatures, suggesting the release of cryptic genetic variation upon exposure to novel conditions, which can reveal hidden evolutionary potential. We also found a stronger divergence in metabolic rate between thermal habitats in allopatry than sympatry, indicating that gene flow may constrain physiological adaptation when dispersal between warm and cold habitats is possible.In sum, our study suggests that fish may diverge toward a lower SMR in a warming world, but this might depend on connectivity and gene flow between different thermal habitats. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pilakouta
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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59
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Schaeffer PJ, O'Mara MT, Breiholz J, Keicher L, Lázaro J, Muturi M, Dechmann DKN. Metabolic rate in common shrews is unaffected by temperature, leading to lower energetic costs through seasonal size reduction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191989. [PMID: 32431881 PMCID: PMC7211839 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small endothermic mammals have high metabolisms, particularly at cold temperatures. In the light of this, some species have evolved a seemingly illogical strategy: they reduce the size of the brain and several organs to become even smaller in winter. To test how this morphological strategy affects energy consumption across seasonally shifting ambient temperatures, we measured oxygen consumption and behaviour in the three seasonal phenotypes of the common shrew (Sorex araneus), which differ in size by about 20%. Body mass was the main driver of oxygen consumption, not the reduction of metabolically expensive brain mass. Against our expectations, we found no change in relative oxygen consumption with low ambient temperature. Thus, smaller body size in winter resulted in significant absolute energy savings. This finding could only partly be explained by an increase of lower cost behaviours in the activity budgets. Our findings highlight that these shrews manage to avoid one of the most fundamental and intuitive rules of ecology, allowing them to subsist with lower resource availability and successfully survive the harsh conditions of winter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond LA 70402USA
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Japhet Breiholz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lara Keicher
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Javier Lázaro
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marion Muturi
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dina K. N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78462 Konstanz, Germany
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60
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Thonis A, Ceballos RM, Tuen AA, Lovegrove BG, Levesque DL. Small Tropical Mammals Can Take the Heat: High Upper Limits of Thermoneutrality in a Bornean Treeshrew. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:199-209. [PMID: 32196407 DOI: 10.1086/708467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tropical ectotherms are generally believed to be more vulnerable to global heating than temperate species. Currently, however, we have insufficient knowledge of the thermoregulatory physiology of equatorial tropical mammals, particularly of small diurnal mammals, to enable similar predictions. In this study, we measured the resting metabolic rates (via oxygen consumption) of wild-caught lesser treeshrews (Tupaia minor, order Scandentia) over a range of ambient temperatures. We predicted that, similar to other treeshrews, T. minor would exhibit more flexibility in body temperature regulation and a wider thermoneutral zone compared with other small mammals because these thermoregulatory traits provide both energy and water savings at high ambient temperatures. Basal metabolic rate was on average 1.03±0.10 mL O2 h-1 g-1, which is within the range predicted for a 65-g mammal. We calculated the lower critical temperature of the thermoneutral zone at 31.0°C (95% confidence interval: 29.3°-32.7°C), but using metabolic rates alone, we could not determine the upper critical temperature at ambient temperatures as high as 36°C. The thermoregulatory characteristics of lesser treeshrews provide a means of saving energy and water at temperatures well in excess of their current environmental temperatures. Our research highlights the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the energetics of mammals living in high-temperature environments, specifically in the equatorial tropics, and questions the purported lack of variance in the upper critical temperatures of the thermoneutral zone in mammals, emphasizing the importance of further research in the tropics.
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61
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Videlier M, Rundle HD, Careau V. Sex-Specific Among-Individual Covariation in Locomotor Activity and Resting Metabolic Rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2019; 194:E164-E176. [PMID: 31738101 DOI: 10.1086/705678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A key endeavor in evolutionary physiology is to identify sources of among- and within-individual variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Although males and females often differ in whole-organism RMR due to sexual size dimorphism, sex differences in RMR sometimes persist after conditioning on body mass, suggesting phenotypic differences between males and females in energy-expensive activities contributing to RMR. One potential difference is locomotor activity, yet its relationship with RMR is unclear and different energy budget models predict different associations. We quantified locomotor activity (walking) over 24 h and RMR (overnight) in 232 male and 245 female Drosophila melanogaster that were either mated or maintained as virgins between two sets of measurements. Accounting for body mass, sex, and reproductive status, RMR and activity were significantly and moderately repeatable (RMR: R=0.33±0.06; activity: R=0.58±0.03). RMR and activity were positively correlated among (rind=0.26±0.09) but not within (re=0.05±0.06) individuals. Moreover, activity varied throughout the day and between the sexes. Partitioning our analysis by sex and activity by time of day revealed that all among-individual correlations were positive and significant in males but nonsignificant or even significantly negative in females. Such differences in the RMR-activity covariance suggest fundamental differences in how the sexes manage their energy budget.
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62
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Jerde CL, Kraskura K, Eliason EJ, Csik SR, Stier AC, Taper ML. Strong Evidence for an Intraspecific Metabolic Scaling Coefficient Near 0.89 in Fish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31616308 PMCID: PMC6763608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an example of applying the evidential approach to statistical inference, we address one of the longest standing controversies in ecology, the evidence for, or against, a universal metabolic scaling relationship between metabolic rate and body mass. Using fish as our study taxa, we curated 25 studies with measurements of standard metabolic rate, temperature, and mass, with 55 independent trials and across 16 fish species and confronted this data with flexible random effects models. To quantify the body mass - metabolic rate relationship, we perform model selection using the Schwarz Information Criteria (ΔSIC), an established evidence function. Further, we formulate and justify the use of ΔSIC intervals to delineate the values of the metabolic scaling relationship that should be retained for further consideration. We found strong evidence for a metabolic scaling coefficient of 0.89 with a ΔSIC interval spanning 0.82 to 0.99, implying that mechanistically derived coefficients of 0.67, 0.75, and 1, are not supported by the data. Model selection supports the use of a random intercepts and random slopes by species, consistent with the idea that other factors, such as taxonomy or ecological or lifestyle characteristics, may be critical for discerning the underlying process giving rise to the data. The evidentialist framework applied here, allows for further refinement given additional data and more complex models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Jerde
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Samantha R. Csik
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mark L. Taper
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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63
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Besler NK, Broders HG. Combinations of reproductive, individual, and weather effects best explain torpor patterns among female little brown bats ( Myotis lucifugus). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5158-5171. [PMID: 31110669 PMCID: PMC6509385 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterothermic mammals can use torpor, a state of metabolic suppression, to conserve energy during times of limited food and poor environmental conditions. Females may use torpor throughout gestation and lactation; however, there are associated physiological and ecological costs with potential fitness consequences. Previous studies have controlled for, but not quantified the impact of interindividual variation on torpor patterns and understanding this may provide insight on why certain thermoregulatory responses are employed. The objective of this study was to identify and quantitatively characterize the intrinsic variables and weather conditions that best explain variation in torpor patterns among individual female little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. We used temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters affixed to females to measure skin temperature patterns of 35 individuals roosting in bat boxes in the spring and summer. We used Bayesian multi-model inference to rank a priori-selected models and variables based on their explanatory power. Reproductive condition and interindividual effects best explained torpor duration and depth, and weather best explained torpor frequency. Of the reproductive conditions, lactating females used torpor for the shortest durations and at shallower depths (i.e., smallest drop in minimum T sk), while females in early spring (i.e., not-obviously-pregnant) used torpor for the longest and deepest. Among individuals, the greatest difference in effects on duration occurred between pregnant individuals, suggesting interindividual variation within reproductive condition. Increases in precipitation and wind were associated with a higher probability of torpor use. Our results provide further support that multiple variables explain torpor patterns and highlight the importance of including individual effects when studying thermoregulatory patterns in heterothermic species. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c04tj85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Besler
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Hugh G. Broders
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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64
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Geiser F, Wen J, Sukhchuluun G, Chi QS, Wang DH. Precocious Torpor in an Altricial Mammal and the Functional Implications of Heterothermy During Development. Front Physiol 2019; 10:469. [PMID: 31068837 PMCID: PMC6491829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammals and birds are altricial, small and naked at birth/hatching. They attain endothermic thermoregulation at a fraction of their adult size at a vulnerable stage with high heat loss when many could profit from using torpor for energy conservation. Nevertheless, detailed data on the interrelations between torpor expression and development of endothermic thermoregulation are currently restricted to <0.1% of extant endotherms. We investigated at what age and body mass (BM) desert hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii), wild-caught in Inner Mongolia and born in autumn/early winter when environmental temperatures in the wild begin to decrease, are able to defend their body temperature (Tb) at an ambient temperature (Ta) of ∼21°C and how soon thereafter they could express torpor. Measurements of surface temperatures via infrared thermometer and thermal camera show that although neonate hamsters (BM 0.9 ± 0.1 g) cooled rapidly to near Ta, already on day 15 (BM 5.5 ± 0.2 g) they could defend a high and constant Tb. As soon as day 16 (BM 5.8 ± 0.2 g), when their maximum activity metabolism (measured as oxygen consumption) approached maxima measured in vertebrates, animals were able to enter torpor for several hours with a reduction of metabolism by >90%, followed by endothermic arousal. Over the next weeks, torpor depth and duration decreased together with a reduction in resting metabolic rate at Ta 30–32°C. Our data show that development of endothermy and torpor expression in this altricial hamster is extremely fast. The results suggest that precocious torpor by juvenile hamsters in autumn and winter is an important survival tool in their vast and harsh Asian desert habitats, but likely also for many other small mammals and birds worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Geiser
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gansukh Sukhchuluun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Mammalian Ecology Laboratory, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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65
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Seymour RS, Hu Q, Snelling EP, White CR. Interspecific scaling of blood flow rates and arterial sizes in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.199554. [PMID: 30877224 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.199554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This meta-study investigated the relationships between blood flow rate (Q̇; cm3 s-1), wall shear stress (τw; dyn cm-2) and lumen radius (r i; cm) in 20 named systemic arteries of nine species of mammals, ranging in mass from 23 g mice to 652 kg cows, at rest. In the dataset, derived from 50 studies, lumen radius varied between 3.7 µm in a cremaster artery of a rat and 11.2 mm in the aorta of a human. The 92 logged data points of [Formula: see text] and r i are described by a single second-order polynomial curve with the equation: [Formula: see text] The slope of the curve increased from approximately 2 in the largest arteries to approximately 3 in the smallest ones. Thus, da Vinci's rule ([Formula: see text]) applies to the main arteries and Murray's law ([Formula: see text]) applies to the microcirculation. A subset of the data, comprising only cephalic arteries in which [Formula: see text] is fairly constant, yielded the allometric power equation: [Formula: see text] These empirical equations allow calculation of resting perfusion rates from arterial lumen size alone, without reliance on theoretical models or assumptions on the scaling of wall shear stress in relation to body mass. As expected, [Formula: see text] of individual named arteries is strongly affected by body mass; however, [Formula: see text] of the common carotid artery from six species (mouse to horse) is also sensitive to differences in whole-body basal metabolic rate, independent of the effect of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Qiaohui Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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66
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The origin and maintenance of metabolic allometry in animals. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:598-603. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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67
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Harianto J, Carey N, Byrne M. respR—An R package for the manipulation and analysis of respirometry data. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Januar Harianto
- Discipline of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Medical SciencesThe University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Maria Byrne
- Discipline of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Medical SciencesThe University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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68
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Careau V, Beauchamp PP, Bouchard S, Morand-Ferron J. Energy metabolism and personality in wild-caught fall field crickets. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:173-181. [PMID: 30465808 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Standard metabolic rate (SMR) is known to be highly variable across levels of biological organisation (e.g., species, populations, among individuals, within individuals). Some of the variation in SMR can be attributed to factors such as diet, temperature, and body mass, yet much of the residual variation in SMR remains unexplained. Intuitively, we can expect SMR to co-vary with "personality", but the rapidly accumulating empirical evidence on this topic remains equivocal. The goal of this study was to test for a link between SMR and a behavioural syndrome at the among-individual level in wild-caught fall field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus). Paired measurements of SMR and two behavioural traits were repeatedly taken over a two-month period, thus allowing to estimate the among-individual correlations (rind) separately from the residual (within-individual) correlations. The two behavioural traits (latency to exit a refuge in a novel environment and "freezing" time following a stressful stimulus) were significantly and moderately repeatable and were found to be part of a syndrome, as indicated by a strong and positive among-individual correlation (rind = 0.82 ± 0.27). Yet, only latency to exit was significantly and positively correlated with SMR (rind = 0.45 ± 0.21), suggesting that the link between boldness and SMR may be driven by individual differences in responses to novelty and not to simulated predatory cues. Since we found that bold individuals (short latency to exit) consistently had a lower SMR than shy individuals (long latency to exit), our results go against the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis. Instead, our results suggest the presence of constrains in the energy budgets of crickets, which generated an allocation trade-off between energy spent on physical activity vs. maintenance costs (SMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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69
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Khaliq I, Hof C. Testing the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis: basal metabolic rates of endotherms decrease with increasing upper and lower critical temperatures. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5725. [PMID: 30402344 PMCID: PMC6215442 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic critical temperatures define the range of ambient temperatures where endotherms are able to minimize energy allocation to thermogenesis. Examining the relationship between metabolic critical temperatures and basal metabolic rates (BMR) provides a unique opportunity to gain a better understanding of how animals respond to varying ambient climatic conditions, especially in times of ongoing and projected future climate change. We make use of this opportunity by testing the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory, which hypothesizes that the maximum amount of heat a species can dissipate constrains its energetics. Specifically, we test the theory’s implicit prediction that BMR should be lower under higher metabolic critical temperatures. We analysed the relationship of BMR with upper and lower critical temperatures for a large dataset of 146 endotherm species using regression analyses, carefully accounting for phylogenetic relationships and body mass. We show that metabolic critical temperatures are negatively related with BMR in both birds and mammals. Our results confirm the predictions of the HDL theory, suggesting that metabolic critical temperatures and basal metabolic rates respond in concert to ambient climatic conditions. This implies that heat dissipation capacities of endotherms may be an important factor to take into account in assessments of species’ vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khaliq
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Pakistan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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70
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Harrison JF. Approaches for testing hypotheses for the hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolic rate in animals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R879-R894. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolism [larger organisms have lower mass-specific metabolic rates (MR/g)] is nearly universal for interspecific comparisons among animals, yet we lack an agreed upon explanation for this pattern. If physiological constraints on the function of larger animals occur and limit MR/g, these should be observable as direct constraints on animals of extant species and/or as evolved responses to compensate for the proposed constraint. There is evidence for direct constraints and compensatory responses to O2 supply constraint in skin-breathing animals, but not in vertebrates with gas-exchange organs. The duration of food retention in the gut is longer for larger birds and mammals, consistent with a direct constraint on nutrient uptake across the gut wall, but there is little evidence for evolving compensatory responses to gut transport constraints in larger animals. Larger placental mammals (but not marsupials or birds) show evidence of greater challenges with heat dissipation, but there is little evidence for compensatory adaptations to enhance heat loss in larger endotherms, suggesting that metabolic rate (MR) more generally balances heat loss for thermoregulation in endotherms. Size-dependent patterns in many molecular, physiological, and morphological properties are consistent with size-dependent natural selection, such as stronger selection for neurolocomotor performance and growth rate in smaller animals and stronger selection for safety and longevity in larger animals. Hypometric scaling of MR very likely arises from different mechanisms in different taxa and conditions, consistent with the diversity of scaling slopes for MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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71
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Polverino G, Santostefano F, Díaz-Gil C, Mehner T. Ecological conditions drive pace-of-life syndromes by shaping relationships between life history, physiology and behaviour in two populations of Eastern mosquitofish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14673. [PMID: 30279465 PMCID: PMC6168454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts variation in behaviour and physiology among individuals to be associated with variation in life history. Thus, individuals on the "fast" end of POLS continuum grow faster, exhibit higher metabolism, are more risk prone, but die earlier than ones on the "slow" end. Empirical support is nevertheless mixed and modelling studies suggested POLS to vary along selection gradients. Therefore, including ecological variation when testing POLS is vastly needed to determine whether POLS is a fixed construct or the result of specific selection processes. Here, we tested POLS predictions between and within two fish populations originating from different ecological conditions. We observed opposing life histories between populations, characterized by differential investments into growth, fecundity, and functional morphology under identical laboratory conditions. A slower life history was, on average, associated with boldness (latency to emergence from a refuge), high activity (short freezing time and long distance travelled), and increased standard metabolism. Correlation structures among POLS traits were not consistent between populations, with the expression of POLS observed in the slow-growing but not in the fast-growing population. Our results suggest that POLS traits can evolve independently from one another and that their coevolution depends upon specific ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Polverino
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, 12587, Germany. .,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
| | - Francesca Santostefano
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Carlos Díaz-Gil
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, 07190, Spain.,Laboratori d'Investigacions Marines i Aqüicultura (LIMIA), Balearic Government, Port d'Andratx, 07157, Spain
| | - Thomas Mehner
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, 12587, Germany
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72
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Boratyński Z, Koskela E, Mappes T, Mills SC, Mokkonen M. Maintenance costs of male dominance and sexually antagonistic selection in the wild. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBIOResearch Center in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesUniversity of Porto, Vairão Vairão Portugal
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Esa Koskela
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Suzanne C. Mills
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE Papetoai, Moorea French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence “CORAIL” Corail France
| | - Mikael Mokkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Department of BiologyKwantlen Polytechnic University Surrey British Columbia Canada
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73
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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74
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Dupoué A, Brischoux F, Lourdais O. Climate and foraging mode explain interspecific variation in snake metabolic rates. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2108. [PMID: 29142118 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy cost of self-maintenance is a critical facet of life-history strategies. Clarifying the determinant of interspecific variation in metabolic rate (MR) at rest is important to understand and predict ecological patterns such as species distributions or responses to climatic changes. We examined variation of MR in snakes, a group characterized by a remarkable diversity of activity rates and a wide distribution. We collated previously published MR data (n = 491 observations) measured in 90 snake species at different trial temperatures. We tested for the effects of metabolic state (standard MR (SMR) versus resting MR (RMR)), foraging mode (active versus ambush foragers) and climate (temperature and precipitation) while accounting for non-independence owing to phylogeny, body mass and thermal dependence. We found that RMR was 40% higher than SMR, and that active foragers have higher MR than species that ambush their prey. We found that MR was higher in cold environments, supporting the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis. We also found an additive and positive effect of precipitation on MR suggesting that lower MR in arid environments may decrease dehydration and energetic costs. Altogether, our findings underline the complex influences of climate and foraging mode on MR and emphasize the relevance of these facets to understand the physiological impact of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tours 44-45, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lourdais
- CEBC-CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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75
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Garland T, Albuquerque RL. Locomotion, Energetics, Performance, and Behavior: A Mammalian Perspective on Lizards, and Vice Versa. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:252-266. [PMID: 28859413 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Animals are constrained by their abilities and by interactions with environmental factors, such as low ambient temperatures. These constraints range from physical impossibilities to energetic inefficiencies, and may entail trade-offs. Some of the constraints related to locomotion and activity metabolism can be illustrated through allometric comparisons of mammals and lizards, as representative terrestrial vertebrate endotherms and ectotherms, respectively, because these lineages differ greatly in aerobic metabolic capacities, resting energetic costs, and thermoregulatory patterns. Allometric comparisons are both useful and unavoidable, but "outlier" species (unusual for their clade) can also inform evolutionary scenarios, as they help indicate extremes of possible adaptation within mammalian and saurian levels of organization. We compared mammals and lizards for standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximal oxygen consumption during forced exercise (VO2max), net (incremental) cost of transport (NCT), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), daily movement distance (DMD), daily energy expenditure (DEE) during the active season, and the ecological cost of transport (ECT = percentage of DEE attributable to locomotion). (Snakes were excluded because their limbless locomotion has no counterpart in terrestrial mammals.) We only considered lizard SMR, VO2max, NCT, MAS, and sprint speed data if measured at 35-40 °C. On average, MAS is ∼7.4-fold higher in mammals, whereas SMR and VO2max are ∼6-fold greater, but values for all three of these traits overlap (or almost overlap) between mammals and lizards, a fact that has not previously been appreciated. Previous studies show that sprint speeds are similar for smaller mammals and lizards, but at larger sizes lizards are not as fast as some mammals. Mammals move ∼6-fold further each day than lizards, and DMD is by far the most variable trait considered here, but their NCT is similar. Mammals exceed lizards by ∼11.4-fold for DEE. On average for both lineages, the ECT is surprisingly low, somewhat higher for lizards, and positively allometric. If a lizard and mammal of 100 g body mass were both to move their entire DMD at their MAS, they could do so in ∼21 and 17 min, respectively, thus de-emphasizing the possible importance of time constraints. We conclude that ecological-energetic constraints related to locomotion are relatively more likely to occur in large, carnivorous lizards. Overall, our comparisons support the idea that the (gradual) evolution of mammalian endothermy did not necessarily require major changes in locomotor energetics, performance, or associated behaviors. Instead, we speculate that the evolution of thermoregulatory responses to low temperatures (e.g., shivering) may have been a key and "difficult" step in this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
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76
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Grémillet D, Lescroël A, Ballard G, Dugger KM, Massaro M, Porzig EL, Ainley DG. Energetic fitness: Field metabolic rates assessed via 3D accelerometry complement conventional fitness metrics. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Grémillet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier ‐ EPHE Montpellier France
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute and DST/NRF Excellence Centre at the University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Amélie Lescroël
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier ‐ EPHE Montpellier France
- Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma CA USA
| | | | - Katie M. Dugger
- U.S. Geological Survey Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Melanie Massaro
- School of Environmental Sciences Institute of Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury Australia
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77
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Fabio-Braga AP, Klein W. Temperature and circadian effects on metabolic rate of South American echimyid rodents, Trinomys setosus and Clyomys bishopi (Rodentia: Echimyidae). ZOOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.35.e24572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the lowest level of metabolic activity capable to sustain homeostasis in an endotherm and is an important tool to compare metabolic rates of different species. Echimyidae is the most specious family within caviomorph rodents, however, little is known about the biology of its species, such as Trinomys setosus (Desmarest, 1817) and Clyomys bishopi (Ávila-Pires & Wutke, 1981), a ground and an underground dwelling echimyid, respectively. The ambient temperature and circadian effects on metabolic rate were evaluated through closed-system respirometry for these two species, as well as the circadian effects on CO2 production and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Trinomys setosus and C. bishopi showed the lowest metabolic rates (0.56 ± 0.02 mLO2.h-1.g-1 and 0.53 ± 0.03 mLO2.h-1.g-1, respectively) at 32 °C and during the light phase. Under laboratory conditions, T. setosus showed metabolic rate variation compatible with nocturnal activity, whereas C. bishopi activity cycle remains unclear. Both species showed BMR lower than expected by allometric regressions for rodents.
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78
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Energetic trade-offs and feedbacks between behavior and metabolism influence correlations between pace-of-life attributes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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79
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Ballesteros FJ, Martinez VJ, Luque B, Lacasa L, Valor E, Moya A. On the thermodynamic origin of metabolic scaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1448. [PMID: 29362491 PMCID: PMC5780499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and shape of metabolic scaling has been controversial since Kleiber found that basal metabolic rate of animals seemed to vary as a power law of their body mass with exponent 3/4, instead of 2/3, as a surface-to-volume argument predicts. The universality of exponent 3/4 -claimed in terms of the fractal properties of the nutrient network- has recently been challenged according to empirical evidence that observed a wealth of robust exponents deviating from 3/4. Here we present a conceptually simple thermodynamic framework, where the dependence of metabolic rate with body mass emerges from a trade-off between the energy dissipated as heat and the energy efficiently used by the organism to maintain its metabolism. This balance tunes the shape of an additive model from which different effective scalings can be recovered as particular cases, thereby reconciling previously inconsistent empirical evidence in mammals, birds, insects and even plants under a unified framework. This model is biologically motivated, fits remarkably well the data, and also explains additional features such as the relation between energy lost as heat and mass, the role and influence of different climatic environments or the difference found between endotherms and ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Ballesteros
- Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, Parque Científico de la Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Vicent J Martinez
- Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, Parque Científico de la Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Bartolo Luque
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Estadística, ETSI Aeronauticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Lacasa
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Enric Valor
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Universitat de València-CSIC, Parque Científico de la Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
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80
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Lee JB, Kim JH. Decreased thermal sweating of central sudomotor mechanism in African and Korean men. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23091. [PMID: 29341311 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tropical natives sweat less and preserve more body fluid than temperate natives, tolerating heat stress. However, the mechanisms involved in such sweating reduction have not been fully elucidated. We examined the sudomotor responses of men of African (n = 36) and Korean (n = 41) ancestry during hot water (43 °C) leg immersion (central sudomotor response). Correlations between mean body temperature, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and sweat rate were also examined. METHODS All procedures were done in an automated climate chamber. Local skin temperatures and BMR were measured and mean body temperature was calculated. Sweating activities which include evaporative loss rate, sweat onset time, sweat rate, sweat volume, and whole-body sweat loss volume were examined. RESULTS In the heat load test, Africans showed lower mean body and local skin temperatures than Koreans before and after heating. Before and after heating, BMR declined significantly in Africans, while that of Koreans declined less. Local sweat onset time increased more in Africans than in Koreans. Local evaporative loss rate, local sweat volume, local sweat rate, and whole body sweat loss volume were reduced in Africans compared with Koreans. There were positive associations of mean body temperature and resting BMR with mean sweat rate. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we observed a larger reduction of sudomotor activity in tropical Africans than in temperate Koreans, which was associated with their lower mean body temperature and lower resting BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea.,College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
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81
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Pettersen AK, Marshall DJ, White CR. Understanding variation in metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/1/jeb166876. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Metabolic rate reflects an organism's capacity for growth, maintenance and reproduction, and is likely to be a target of selection. Physiologists have long sought to understand the causes and consequences of within-individual to among-species variation in metabolic rates – how metabolic rates relate to performance and how they should evolve. Traditionally, this has been viewed from a mechanistic perspective, relying primarily on hypothesis-driven approaches. A more agnostic, but ultimately more powerful tool for understanding the dynamics of phenotypic variation is through use of the breeder's equation, because variation in metabolic rate is likely to be a consequence of underlying microevolutionary processes. Here we show that metabolic rates are often significantly heritable, and are therefore free to evolve under selection. We note, however, that ‘metabolic rate’ is not a single trait: in addition to the obvious differences between metabolic levels (e.g. basal, resting, free-living, maximal), metabolic rate changes through ontogeny and in response to a range of extrinsic factors, and is therefore subject to multivariate constraint and selection. We emphasize three key advantages of studying metabolic rate within a quantitative genetics framework: its formalism, and its predictive and comparative power. We make several recommendations when applying a quantitative genetics framework: (i) measuring selection based on actual fitness, rather than proxies for fitness; (ii) considering the genetic covariances between metabolic rates throughout ontogeny; and (iii) estimating genetic covariances between metabolic rates and other traits. A quantitative genetics framework provides the means for quantifying the evolutionary potential of metabolic rate and why variance in metabolic rates within populations might be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Pettersen
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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82
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Metabolic rate evolves rapidly and in parallel with the pace of life history. Nat Commun 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29295982 PMCID: PMC5750215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rates and life history strategies are both thought to set the “pace of life”, but whether they evolve in tandem is not well understood. Here, using a common garden experiment that compares replicate paired populations, we show that Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations that evolved a fast-paced life history in high-predation environments have consistently higher metabolic rates than guppies that evolved a slow-paced life history in low-predation environments. Furthermore, by transplanting guppies from high- to low-predation environments, we show that metabolic rate evolves in parallel with the pace of life history, at a rapid rate, and in the same direction as found for naturally occurring populations. Together, these multiple lines of inference provide evidence for a tight evolutionary coupling between metabolism and the pace of life history. The ‘pace of life’ depends on both metabolic rate and life history traits; however, whether these evolve similarly in response to the environment is not clear. Here, Auer et al. show parallel evolution of metabolic rate and a suite of life history traits in response to predator environment in Trinidadian guppies.
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83
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Auer SK, Anderson GJ, McKelvey S, Bassar RD, McLennan D, Armstrong JD, Nislow KH, Downie HK, McKelvey L, Morgan TAJ, Salin K, Orrell DL, Gauthey A, Reid TC, Metcalfe NB. Nutrients from salmon parents alter selection pressures on their offspring. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:287-295. [PMID: 29243313 PMCID: PMC5814727 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can modify their surrounding environment, but whether these changes are large enough to feed back and alter their evolutionary trajectories is not well understood, particularly in wild populations. Here we show that nutrient pulses from decomposing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parents alter selection pressures on their offspring with important consequences for their phenotypic and genetic diversity. We found a strong survival advantage to larger eggs and faster juvenile metabolic rates in streams lacking carcasses but not in streams containing this parental nutrient input. Differences in selection intensities led to significant phenotypic divergence in these two traits among stream types. Stronger selection in streams with low parental nutrient input also decreased the number of surviving families compared to streams with high parental nutrient levels. Observed effects of parent-derived nutrients on selection pressures provide experimental evidence for key components of eco-evolutionary feedbacks in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Ronald D Bassar
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA
| | - Darryl McLennan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John D Armstrong
- Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Marine Scotland-Science, Pitlochry, PH16 5LB, UK
| | - Keith H Nislow
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Helen K Downie
- Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Marine Scotland-Science, Pitlochry, PH16 5LB, UK
| | - Lynn McKelvey
- Cromarty Firth Fishery Trust, Inverness, IV2 3HF, UK
| | - Thomas A J Morgan
- Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Marine Scotland-Science, Pitlochry, PH16 5LB, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Danielle L Orrell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alice Gauthey
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Thomas C Reid
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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84
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Monternier PA, Teulier L, Drai J, Bourguignon A, Collin-Chavagnac D, Hervant F, Rouanet JL, Roussel D. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency is upregulated during fasting in two major oxidative tissues of ducklings. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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85
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Witting L. The natural selection of metabolism and mass selects allometric transitions from prokaryotes to mammals. Theor Popul Biol 2017; 117:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Tidwell TR, Søreide K, Hagland HR. Aging, Metabolism, and Cancer Development: from Peto's Paradox to the Warburg Effect. Aging Dis 2017; 8:662-676. [PMID: 28966808 PMCID: PMC5614328 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical advances made over the last century have increased our lifespan, but age-related diseases are a fundamental health burden worldwide. Aging is therefore a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, all increasing in prevalence. However, huge inter-individual variations in aging and disease risk exist, which cannot be explained by chronological age, but rather physiological age decline initiated even at young age due to lifestyle. At the heart of this lies the metabolic system and how this is regulated in each individual. Metabolic turnover of food to energy leads to accumulation of co-factors, byproducts, and certain proteins, which all influence gene expression through epigenetic regulation. How these epigenetic markers accumulate over time is now being investigated as the possible link between aging and many diseases, such as cancer. The relationship between metabolism and cancer was described as early as the late 1950s by Dr. Otto Warburg, before the identification of DNA and much earlier than our knowledge of epigenetics. However, when the stepwise gene mutation theory of cancer was presented, Warburg's theories garnered little attention. Only in the last decade, with epigenetic discoveries, have Warburg's data on the metabolic shift in cancers been brought back to life. The stepwise gene mutation theory fails to explain why large animals with more cells, do not have a greater cancer incidence than humans, known as Peto's paradox. The resurgence of research into the Warburg effect has given us insight to what may explain Peto's paradox. In this review, we discuss these connections and how age-related changes in metabolism are tightly linked to cancer development, which is further affected by lifestyle choices modulating the risk of aging and cancer through epigenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia R. Tidwell
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevaåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevaåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne R. Hagland
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevaåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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87
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Pettersen AK, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic rate covaries with fitness and the pace of the life history in the field. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0323. [PMID: 27226476 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate reflects the 'pace of life' in every organism. Metabolic rate is related to an organism's capacity for essential maintenance, growth and reproduction-all of which interact to affect fitness. Although thousands of measurements of metabolic rate have been made, the microevolutionary forces that shape metabolic rate remain poorly resolved. The relationship between metabolic rate and components of fitness are often inconsistent, possibly because these fitness components incompletely map to actual fitness and often negatively covary with each other. Here we measure metabolic rate across ontogeny and monitor its effects on actual fitness (lifetime reproductive output) for a marine bryozoan in the field. We also measure key components of fitness throughout the entire life history including growth rate, longevity and age at the onset of reproduction. We found that correlational selection favours individuals with higher metabolic rates in one stage and lower metabolic rates in the other-individuals with similar metabolic rates in each developmental stage displayed the lowest fitness. Furthermore, individuals with the lowest metabolic rates lived for longer and reproduced more, but they also grew more slowly and took longer to reproduce initially. That metabolic rate is related to the pace of the life history in nature has long been suggested by macroevolutionary patterns but this study reveals the microevolutionary processes that probably generated these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences/Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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88
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Auer SK, Killen SS, Rezende EL. Resting vs. active: a meta-analysis of the intra- and inter-specific associations between minimum, sustained, and maximum metabolic rates in vertebrates. Funct Ecol 2017; 31:1728-1738. [PMID: 28979057 PMCID: PMC5600087 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in aerobic capacity has far reaching consequences for the physiology, ecology, and evolution of vertebrates. Whether at rest or active, animals are constrained to operate within the energetic bounds determined by their minimum (minMR) and sustained or maximum metabolic rates (upperMR). MinMR and upperMR can differ considerably among individuals and species but are often presumed to be mechanistically linked to one another. Specifically, minMR is thought to reflect the idling cost of the machinery needed to support upperMR. However, previous analyses based on limited datasets have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the generality and strength of their association. Here we conduct the first comprehensive assessment of their relationship, based on a large number of published estimates of both the intra‐specific (n = 176) and inter‐specific (n = 41) phenotypic correlations between minMR and upperMR, estimated as either exercise‐induced maximum metabolic rate (VO2max), cold‐induced summit metabolic rate (Msum), or daily energy expenditure (DEE). Our meta‐analysis shows that there is a general positive association between minMR and upperMR that is shared among vertebrate taxonomic classes. However, there was stronger evidence for intra‐specific correlations between minMR and Msum and between minMR and DEE than there was for a correlation between minMR and VO2max across different taxa. As expected, inter‐specific correlation estimates were consistently higher than intra‐specific estimates across all traits and vertebrate classes. An interesting exception to this general trend was observed in mammals, which contrast with birds and exhibit no correlation between minMR and Msum. We speculate that this is due to the evolution and recruitment of brown fat as a thermogenic tissue, which illustrates how some species and lineages might circumvent this seemingly general association. We conclude that, in spite of some variability across taxa and traits, the contention that minMR and upperMR are positively correlated generally holds true both within and across vertebrate species. Ecological and comparative studies should therefore take into consideration the possibility that variation in any one of these traits might partly reflect correlated responses to selection on other metabolic parameters.
A lay summary is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
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89
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Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Maréchal L, Semple S, Majolo B, MacLarnon A. Metabolic strategies in wild male Barbary macaques: evidence from faecal measurement of thyroid hormone. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0168. [PMID: 27095269 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection is expected to favour the evolution of flexible metabolic strategies, in response to environmental conditions. Here, we use a non-invasive index of basal metabolic rate (BMR), faecal thyroid hormone (T3) levels, to explore metabolic flexibility in a wild mammal inhabiting a highly seasonal, challenging environment. T3 levels of adult male Barbary macaques in the Atlas Mountains, Morocco, varied markedly over the year; temporal patterns of variation differed between a wild-feeding and a provisioned group. Overall, T3 levels were related to temperature, foraging time (linked to food availability) and intensity of mating activity, and were higher in the provisioned than in the wild-feeding group. In both groups, T3 levels began to increase markedly one month before the start of the mating season, peaking four to six weeks into this period, and at a higher level in the wild-feeding group. Our results suggest that while both groups demonstrate marked metabolic flexibility, responding similarly to ecological and social challenges, such flexibility is affected by food availability. This study provides new insights into the way Barbary macaques respond to the multiple demands of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laëtitia Maréchal
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN67TS, UK Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Interdisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK
| | - Stuart Semple
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Interdisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK
| | | | - Ann MacLarnon
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Interdisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK
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90
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Zachut M, Moallem U. Consistent magnitude of postpartum body weight loss within cows across lactations and the relation to reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3143-3154. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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91
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Sukhotin A, Fokina N, Ruokolainen T, Bock C, Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Does the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism explain the size dependence of metabolic rate in marine mussels? J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1423-1434. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
According to the Membrane Pacemaker Theory of metabolism (MPT) allometric scaling of metabolic rate in animals is determined by the composition of cellular and mitochondrial membranes that changes with body size in a predictable manner. MPT has been elaborated from interspecific comparisons in mammals. It projects that the degree of unsaturation of membrane phospholipids decreases in larger organisms, thereby lowering ion permeability of the membranes and making cellular and thus whole animal metabolism more efficient. Here we tested the applicability of the MPT to a marine ectotherm, the mussel Mytilus edulis at the intraspecific level. We determined effects of body mass on whole organism, tissue and cellular oxygen consumption rates, on heart rate, metabolic enzyme activities and on the lipid composition of membranes. In line with allometric patterns the organismal functions and processes such as heart rate, whole animal respiration rate and phospholipid contents showed a mass-dependent decline. However, the allometry of tissue and cellular respiration and activity of metabolic enzymes was poor; fatty acid unsaturation of membrane phospholipids of gill tissue was independent of animal size. It is thus conceivable that most of the metabolic allometry observed at the organismal level is determined by systemic functions. These whole organism patterns may be supported by energy savings associated with growing cell size but not by structural changes in membranes. Overall, the set of processes contributing to metabolic allometry in ectotherms may differ from that operative in mammals and birds, with a reduced involvement of the mechanisms proposed by the MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sukhotin
- White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Fokina
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ruokolainen
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Christian Bock
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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92
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Barneche DR, White CR, Marshall DJ. Temperature effects on mass‐scaling exponents in colonial animals: a manipulative test. Ecology 2016; 98:103-111. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego R. Barneche
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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93
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Alton LA, Condon C, White CR, Angilletta MJ. Colder environments did not select for a faster metabolism during experimental evolution of
Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 71:145-152. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. Alton
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Current Address: School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Catriona Condon
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287
| | - Craig R. White
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Current Address: School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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94
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Polverino G, Bierbach D, Killen SS, Uusi-Heikkilä S, Arlinghaus R. Body length rather than routine metabolic rate and body condition correlates with activity and risk-taking in juvenile zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:2251-2267. [PMID: 27615803 PMCID: PMC6849769 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the following hypotheses were explored using zebrafish Danio rerio: (1) individuals from the same cohort differ consistently in activity and risk-taking and (2) variation in activity and risk-taking is linked to individual differences in metabolic rate, body length and body condition. To examine these hypotheses, juvenile D. rerio were tested for routine metabolic rate and subsequently exposed to an open field test. Strong evidence was found for consistent among-individual differences in activity and risk-taking, which were overall negatively correlated with body length, i.e. larger D. rerio were found to be less active in a potentially dangerous open field and a similar trend was found with respect to a more direct measure of their risk-taking tendency. In contrast, routine metabolic rate and body condition were uncorrelated with both activity and risk-taking of juvenile D. rerio. These findings suggest that body length is associated with risk-related behaviours in juvenile D. rerio for which larger, rather than smaller, individuals may have a higher risk of predation, while the role for routine metabolic rate is relatively limited or non-existent, at least under the conditions of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Polverino
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Muggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Muggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - S S Killen
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - S Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Muggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - R Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Muggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
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95
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Arnold PA, Cassey P, White CR. Functional traits in red flour beetles: the dispersal phenotype is associated with leg length but not body size nor metabolic rate. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Arnold
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland4072 Australia
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia5005 Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland4072 Australia
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria3800 Australia
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96
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Levesque DL, Nowack J, Stawski C. Modelling mammalian energetics: the heterothermy problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40665-016-0022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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97
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Douhard F, Lemaître JF, Rauw WM, Friggens NC. Allometric scaling of the elevation of maternal energy intake during lactation. Front Zool 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27418939 PMCID: PMC4944469 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most mammals, lactating mothers dramatically increase their food intake after parturition and reach a peak intake rate after a certain time while their offspring continue to grow. A common view, perpetuated by the metabolic theory of ecology, is that the allometric scaling of maternal metabolic rate with body mass limits the changes in energy intake and expenditure. Therefore these potential effects of metabolic scaling should be reflected in the elevation of maternal energy intake during lactation. To test this hypothesis, we collected published data on 24 species (13 domesticated) and established scaling relationships for several characteristics of the patterns of energy intake elevation (amplitude of the elevation, time to peak, and cumulative elevation to peak). Results A curvilinear allometric scaling relationship with maternal body mass (in double-logarithmic space) was found for the amplitude of maternal energy intake elevation, similarly to what has been observed for scaling relationships of basal metabolic rate in non-breeding mammals. This result indirectly supports the metabolic theory of ecology. However, this curvilinear allometric scaling does not seem to drive the scaling relationships found for the other characteristics of maternal energy intake. Both the duration and shape of the energy intake patterns showed substantial variation independently of species’ body mass. Conclusions Data available for a few mammals, mostly domesticated, provides little evidence for the hypothesis that a single law of metabolic scaling governs the elevation of maternal energy intake after parturition. Obtaining further food intake data in wild species will be crucial to unravel the general mechanisms underlying variation in this unique adaptation of mammalian females. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0164-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Douhard
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Wendy M Rauw
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas C Friggens
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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98
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Williams CM, Szejner-Sigal A, Morgan TJ, Edison AS, Allison DB, Hahn DA. Adaptation to Low Temperature Exposure Increases Metabolic Rates Independently of Growth Rates. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:62-72. [PMID: 27103615 PMCID: PMC4930064 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic cold adaptation is a pattern where ectotherms from cold, high-latitude, or -altitude habitats have higher metabolic rates than ectotherms from warmer habitats. When found, metabolic cold adaptation is often attributed to countergradient selection, wherein short, cool growing seasons select for a compensatory increase in growth rates and development times of ectotherms. Yet, ectotherms in high-latitude and -altitude environments face many challenges in addition to thermal and time constraints on lifecycles. In addition to short, cool growing seasons, high-latitude and - altitude environments are characterized by regular exposure to extreme low temperatures, which cause ectotherms to enter a transient state of immobility termed chill coma. The ability to resume activity quickly after chill coma increases with latitude and altitude in patterns consistent with local adaptation to cold conditions. We show that artificial selection for fast and slow chill coma recovery among lines of the fly Drosophila melanogaster also affects rates of respiratory metabolism. Cold-hardy fly lines, with fast recovery from chill coma, had higher respiratory metabolic rates than control lines, with cold-susceptible slow-recovering lines having the lowest metabolic rates. Fast chill coma recovery was also associated with higher respiratory metabolism in a set of lines derived from a natural population. Although their metabolic rates were higher than control lines, fast-recovering cold-hardy lines did not have faster growth rates or development times than control lines. This suggests that raised metabolic rates in high-latitude and -altitude species may be driven by adaptation to extreme low temperatures, illustrating the importance of moving "Beyond the Mean".
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Williams
- *Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building No. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Andre Szejner-Sigal
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Theodore J Morgan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David B Allison
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
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99
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Roulin A, Randin CF. Barn owls display larger black feather spots in cooler regions of the British Isles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Building Biophore; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christophe F. Randin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Building Biophore; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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100
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McClelland GTW, McKechnie AE, Chown SL. Basal Metabolic Rate of the Black-Faced Sheathbill (Chionis minor): Intraspecific Variation in a Phylogenetically Distinct Island Endemic. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:141-50. [PMID: 27082724 DOI: 10.1086/685411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate is a fundamental characteristic of all organisms. It covaries most significantly with activity, body mass, seasonality, and temperature. Nonetheless, substantial additional variation in metabolic rate, especially either resting rate or basal rate, is associated with a range of factors including phylogenetic position, ecological distinctiveness, range position, and diet. Understanding this variation is a key goal of physiological ecology. The black-faced sheathbill is a phylogenetically distinct, high-latitude, island-endemic bird occurring exclusively on several archipelagos in the southern Indian Ocean. Here we examined the idea that the unique phylogenetic position and ecology of the black-faced sheathbill may lead to a basal metabolic rate (BMR) different from that predicted by its body mass. When compared with BMR data available for all birds and a subset of island species, it was clear that the BMR of the black-faced sheathbill on subantarctic Marion Island, estimated at 15°C using indirect calorimetry (2.370 ± 0.464 W, mean ± SD; n = 22), for a group of birds with a mean mass of 459 ± 64 g, is no different from that expected based on body mass. However, variation in BMR, associated with habitat use and diet, even when correcting for variation in mass, was found. Sheathbills foraging year-round in comparatively resource-rich king penguin colonies have a higher BMR (2.758 ± 0.291 W, n = 12) than sheathbills that split their foraging between rockhopper penguin colonies and the intertidal zone (2.047 ± 0.303 W, n = 10), which are poorer in resources. Because these populations coexist at relatively small spatial extents (the entire island is 290 km(2)), other factors seem unlikely as causes of this variation.
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