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Tilves C, Yeh HC, Maruthur N, Juraschek SP, Miller E, White K, Appel LJ, Mueller NT. Increases in Circulating and Fecal Butyrate are Associated With Reduced Blood Pressure and Hypertension: Results From the SPIRIT Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024763. [PMID: 35730613 PMCID: PMC9333372 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbially derived end products of dietary fiber fermentation. The SCFA butyrate reduces blood pressure (BP) in mouse models. The association of SCFAs, including butyrate, with BP in humans is unclear, due in part to predominantly cross-sectional analyses and different biospecimens (blood versus fecal) for SCFA measurement. Longitudinal studies including both circulating and fecal SCFAs are lacking. Methods and Results We leveraged existing data from the SPIRIT (Survivorship Promotion In Reducing IGF-1 Trial), which randomized 121 adult cancer survivors with overweight/obesity to a behavioral weight-loss intervention, metformin, or self-directed weight-loss. Of participants with baseline serum and fecal SCFAs measured (n=111), a subset had serum (n=93) and fecal (n=89) SCFA measurements 12 months later. We used Poisson regression with robust error variance to estimate baseline associations of SCFAs with hypertension, and we assessed the percent change in SCFAs from baseline with corresponding 12-month changes in BP using multiple linear regression. Baseline fecal butyrate was inversely associated with prevalent hypertension (standardized PR [95%CI]: 0.71 [0.54, 0.92]). A 10% increase in fecal butyrate from baseline was associated with decreased systolic BP (β [95%CI]: -0.56 [-1.01, -0.10] mm Hg), and a 10% increase in serum butyrate was associated with decreased systolic (β [95%CI]: -1.39 [-2.15, -0.63] mm Hg) and diastolic (β [95%CI]: -0.55 [-1.03, -0.08] mm Hg) BPs. Butyrate associations with systolic BP were linear and not modified by sex, race, or intervention arm. Conclusions Increased serum or fecal butyrate is associated with lowered BP. Butyrate may be a target for SCFA-centered BP-lowering interventions. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02431676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Tilves
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Hsin-Chieh Yeh
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Nisa Maruthur
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA
| | - Edgar Miller
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Karen White
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Noel T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
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Wang C, Deng H, Liu F, Yin Q, Xia L. The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis: focus on immune cells. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13174. [PMID: 35474231 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) play important roles in multiple organ function, homeostasis and several diseases. More recently, increasing evidences have suggested that the compositional and functional alterations of GM play a crucial role in the accumulation of foam cells and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in atherosclerosis. In particular, the effects of bacterial components and metabolites on innate and adaptive immune cells have been explored as the underlying mechanisms. Understanding the effects of GM and metabolites on immunoregulation are important for clinical therapy for atherosclerosis. Herein, we summarize the potential role of the GM (such as bacterial components lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) and GM-derived metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide and bile acids) in the immunopathology of atherosclerosis. Based on that, we further discuss the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GM-directed dietary bioactive factors such as dietary fibers, dietary polyphenols and probiotics. Because of drug-induced adverse events in anti-inflammatory therapies, personalized dietary interventions would be potential therapies for atherosclerosis, and the interactions between GM-derived products and immune cells should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hualing Deng
- Operating room, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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53
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Limosilactobacillus fermentum prevent gut-kidney oxidative damage and the rise in blood pressure in male rat offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:719-726. [PMID: 35437140 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis is a risk factor for developing arterial hypertension in offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet. Considering the antioxidant capacity of probiotic strains, this study evaluated the effects of a daily multistrain formulation with Limosilactobacillus fermentum 139, 263, and 296 on blood pressure (BP), renal function, and oxidative stress and along the gut-kidney axis in male offspring from dams fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet during pregnancy and lactation. Dams were fed a diet control or HFHC diet during pregnancy and lactation. At 100 days of age, part of the male offspring from dams fed a HFHC diet received Limosilactobacillus fermentum formulation for 4 weeks (HFHC + Lf) daily. After the 4-week intervention, BP (tail-cuff plethysmography) and urinary and biochemical variables were measured. In addition, malondialdehyde levels, enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense (thiols content) were measured in the colon and renal cortex. Male offspring from dams fed a HFHC had increased blood pressure, impaired renal function, and oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis. Administration of Limosilactobacillus fermentum reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure levels and alleviated renal function impairment and oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis in male offspring from dams fed a HFHC diet. Administration of Limosilactobacillus fermentum formulation attenuated programmed hypertension in the HFHC group through oxidative stress modulation along the gut-kidney axis.
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Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain-axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication network between gut microbes and their host. Many environmental and host-related factors affect the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis is defined as compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiota that contribute to the pathogenesis, progression and treatment responses to disease. Dysbiosis occurs when perturbations of microbiota composition and function exceed the ability of microbiota and its host to restore a symbiotic state. Dysbiosis leads to dysfunctional signaling of the MGBA, which regulates the development and the function of the host's immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. Dysbiosis-induced dysfunction of the MGBA is seen with aging and stroke, and is linked to the development of common stroke risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Changes in the gut microbiota are also seen in response to stroke, and may impair recovery after injury. This review will begin with an overview of the tools used to study the MGBA with a discussion on limitations and potential experimental confounders. Relevant MGBA components are introduced and summarized for a better understanding of age-related changes in MGBA signaling and its dysfunction after stroke. We will then focus on the relationship between the MGBA and aging, highlighting that all components of the MGBA undergo age-related alterations that can be influenced by or even driven by the gut microbiota. In the final section, the current clinical and preclinical evidence for the role of MGBA signaling in the development of stroke risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and frailty are summarized, as well as microbiota changes with stroke in experimental and clinical populations. We conclude by describing the current understanding of microbiota-based therapies for stroke including the use of pre-/pro-biotics and supplementations with bacterial metabolites. Ongoing progress in this new frontier of biomedical sciences will lead to an improved understanding of the MGBA's impact on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston (P.H., L.D.M.)
| | - Robert M Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.M.B.)
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston (P.H., L.D.M.)
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55
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Kunugi H, Tikhonova M. Recent advances in understanding depressive disorder: Possible relevance to brain stimulation therapies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 270:123-147. [PMID: 35396024 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has provided novel insights into the major depressive disorder (MDD) and identified certain biomarkers of this disease. There are four main mechanisms playing a key role in the related pathophysiology, namely (1) monoamine systems dysfunction, (2) stress response, (3) neuroinflammation, and (4) neurotrophic factors alteration. Robust evidence on the decreased homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MDD supports a rationale for therapeutic stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle activating the dopamine reward system. Both activation and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in MDD and related conditions indicate usefulness of its evaluation for the disease subtyping. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines (specifically, interleukin-6) in CSF imply the role of neuroinflammation resulting in activation of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. Finally, neuroplasticity and trophic effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be related to both structural abnormalities of the brain in MDD and the underlying mechanisms of various therapies. In addition, the gut-brain interaction is pivotal, since lack of beneficial microbes confer the risk of MDD through negative effects on the dopamine system, HPA axis, and vagal nerve. All these factors may be highly relevant to treatment of MDD with contemporary brain stimulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Maria Tikhonova
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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56
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Yao J, Chen Y, Xu M. The critical role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease: A subtle focus on cardiovascular disease-NLRP3 inflammasome-angiogenesis axis. Clin Immunol 2022; 238:109013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Short-Chain Carbon Sources. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:730-742. [PMID: 35958686 PMCID: PMC9357564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, highlighting the urgent need for novel, effective therapeutics. Recent studies support the proposition that improved myocardial energetics as a result of ketone body (KB) oxidation may account for the intriguing beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with HF. Similar small molecules, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are now realized to be preferentially oxidized over KBs in failing hearts, contradicting the notion of KBs as a rescue "superfuel." In addition to KBs and SCFAs being alternative fuels, both exert a wide array of nonmetabolic functions, including molecular signaling and epigenetics and as effectors of inflammation and immunity, blood pressure regulation, and oxidative stress. In this review, the authors present a perspective supported by new evidence that the metabolic and unique nonmetabolic activities of KBs and SCFAs hold promise for treatment of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction and those with HF with preserved ejection fraction.
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58
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Amiri P, Hosseini SA, Ghaffari S, Tutunchi H, Ghaffari S, Mosharkesh E, Asghari S, Roshanravan N. Role of Butyrate, a Gut Microbiota Derived Metabolite, in Cardiovascular Diseases: A comprehensive narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:837509. [PMID: 35185553 PMCID: PMC8847574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.837509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major causes of death worldwide. Recently, new roles for intestinal microbiota in pathology and treatment of CVD have been proposed. Butyrate, a bacterial metabolite, is synthesized in the gut and performs most of its functions in there. However, researchers have discovered that butyrate could enter to portal vein and interact with various organs. Butyrate exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities, including microbiome modulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, metabolic pathways regulator, anti-angiogenesis, and antioxidant. In this article we review evidence supporting a potentially therapeutic role for butyrate in CVD and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the cardio-protective effects of butyrate from the gut and circulation to the nervous system. In summary, although butyrate exhibits a wide variety of biological activities in different pathways including energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, neural signaling, and epigenetic modulation in experimental settings, it remains unclear whether these findings are clinically relevant and whether the molecular pathways are activated by butyrate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helda Tutunchi
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shamsi Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Mosharkesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Asghari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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59
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Sun W, Du D, Fu T, Han Y, Li P, Ju H. Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:813289. [PMID: 35173696 PMCID: PMC8843083 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.813289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the final outcome of almost all forms of cardiovascular diseases, remaining the main cause of mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence is focused on the roles of gut microbial community in cardiovascular disease, but few studies have unveiled the alterations and further directions of gut microbiota in severe CHF patients. Aimed to investigate this deficiency, fecal samples from 29 CHF patients diagnosed with NYHA Class III-IV and 30 healthy controls were collected and then analyzed using bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As a result, there were many significant differences between the two groups. Firstly, the phylum Firmicutes was found to be remarkably decreased in severe CHF patients, and the phylum Proteobacteria was the second most abundant phyla in severe CHF patients instead of phylum Bacteroides strangely. Secondly, the α diversity indices such as chao1, PD-whole-tree and Shannon indices were significantly decreased in the severe CHF versus the control group, as well as the notable difference in β-diversity between the two groups. Thirdly, our result revealed a remarkable decrease in the abundance of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria including genera Ruminococcaceae UCG-004, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group, Dialister and the increased abundance of the genera in Enterococcus and Enterococcaceae with an increased production of lactic acid. Finally, the alternation of the gut microbiota was presumably associated with the function including Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, Amino acid transport and metabolism and Carbohydrate transport and metabolism through SCFA pathway. Our findings provide the direction and theoretical knowledge for the regulation of gut flora in the treatment of severe CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiju Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Debing Du
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Tongze Fu
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Center for Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ju
- Heilongjiang Vocational College of Biology Science and Technology, Harbin, China
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60
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Abstract
Hypertension is a worldwide problem with major impacts on health including morbidity and mortality, as well as consumption of health care resources. Nearly 50% of American adults have high blood pressure, and this rate is rising. Even with multiple antihypertensive drugs and aggressive lifestyle modifications, blood pressure is inadequately controlled in about 1 of 5 hypertensive individuals. This review highlights a hypothesis for hypertension that suggests alternative mechanisms for blood pressure elevation and maintenance. A better understanding of these mechanisms could open avenues for more successful treatments. The hypothesis accounts for recent understandings of the involvement of gut physiology, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation in hypertension. It includes bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and gut epithelium in the gut-brain axis that is involved in regulation of autonomic nervous system activity and blood pressure control. Dysfunction of this gut-brain axis, including dysbiosis of gut microbiota, gut epithelial dysfunction, and deranged input to the brain, contributes to hypertension via inflammatory mediators, metabolites, bacteria in the circulation, afferent information alterations, etc resulting in neuroinflammation and unbalanced autonomic nervous system activity that elevates blood pressure. This in turn negatively affects gut function and its microbiota exacerbating the problem. We focus this review on the gut-brain axis hypothesis for hypertension and possible contribution to racial disparities in hypertension. A novel idea, that immunoglobulin A-coated bacteria originating in the gut with access to the brain could be involved in hypertension, is raised. Finally, minocycline, with its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, is evaluated as a potential antihypertensive drug acting on this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce R Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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61
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Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals' Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031222. [PMID: 35163143 PMCID: PMC8835432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions of symbiotic gut microbiota are in dynamic balance with the host’s organism to maintain homeostasis. Many different factors have an impact on this relationship, including bacterial metabolites. Several substrates for their synthesis have been established, including tryptophan, an exogenous amino acid. Many biological processes are influenced by the action of tryptophan and its endogenous metabolites, serotonin, and melatonin. Recent research findings also provide evidence that gut bacteria-derived metabolites of tryptophan share the biological effects of their precursor. Thus, this review aims to investigate the biological actions of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tryptophan. We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of IPA on the health and pathophysiology of the immune, nervous, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system in mammals. IPA exhibits a similar impact on the energetic balance and cardiovascular system to its precursor, tryptophan. Additionally, IPA has a positive impact on a cellular level, by preventing oxidative stress injury, lipoperoxidation and inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Its synthesis can be diminished in the presence of different risk factors of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, protective factors, such as the introduction of a Mediterranean diet, tend to increase its plasma concentration. IPA seems to be a promising new target, linking gut health with the cardiovascular system.
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62
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Lyu B, Wang Y, Fu H, Li J, Yang X, Shen Y, Swallah MS, Yu Z, Li Y, Wang H, Yu H, Jiang L. Intake of high-purity insoluble dietary fiber from Okara for the amelioration of colonic environment disturbance caused by acute ulcerative colitis. Food Funct 2022; 13:213-226. [PMID: 34881766 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-purity insoluble dietary fiber from okara (okara-HPIDF) is a raw material with a potentially positive effect on colon health. However, the mechanisms of the effect are far from clear. In this study, okara-HPIDF and low-purity dietary fiber from okara (okara-LPDF) were fed to C57BL/6 mice with acute ulcerative colitis induced by DSS. The levels of inflammatory factors, bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bioinformatics were analyzed with the colonic tissue status. The results showed that the intake of HPIDF affected the proliferation of the key bacteria Shigella, Lactobacillus, and Peptostreptococcaceae in the PWY-2941 pathway and AEROBACTINSYN-PWY pathway, and then affected the synthesis of SCFAs, providing a positive role for colon health. However, the intake of HPIDF was unable to repair colonic injury caused by DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis mainly owing to the abundance of Shigella in the colon. This study demonstrates that the recommended intake content of HPIDF can ameliorate colonic environment disturbance caused by acute ulcerative colitis, but not enough to relieve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lyu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Hongling Fu
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yue Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Ziyue Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hansong Yu
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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63
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The Bidirectional Signal Communication of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2021:8174789. [PMID: 34970454 PMCID: PMC8714396 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8174789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a critical risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. A new concept of microbiota-gut-brain axis has been established recently, mediating the bidirectional communication between the gut and its microbiome and the brain. Alterations in bidirectional interactions are believed to be involved in the blood pressure regulation. Neuroinflammation and increased sympathetic outflow act as the descending innervation signals from the brain. Increased sympathetic activation plays a recognized role in the genesis of hypertension. The present evidence demonstrates that gut dysbiosis is associated with central nervous system neuroinflammation. However, how the gut influences the brain remains unclear. We reviewed the roles of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota and their interactions in the pathogenesis of hypertension and described the ascending signaling mechanisms behind the microbiota-gut-brain axis in detail. Additionally, the innovative prohypertensive mechanisms of dietary salt through the microbiota-gut-brain axis are summarized. The bidirectional communication mechanisms were proposed for the first time that the descending signals from the brain and the ascending connections from the gut form a vicious circle of hypertension progression, acting as a premise for hypertension therapy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the interplay behind how a high-fibre diet leads to lower blood pressure (BP) via the gut microbiome. RECENT FINDINGS Compelling evidence from meta-analyses support dietary fibre prevents the development of cardiovascular disease and reduces BP. This relation is due to gut microbial metabolites, called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived from fibre fermentation. The SCFAs acetate, propionate and butyrate lower BP in independent hypertensive models. Mechanisms are diverse but still not fully understood-for example, they include G protein-coupled receptors, epigenetics, immune cells, the renin-angiotensin system and vasculature changes. Lack of dietary fibre leads to changes to the gut microbiota that drive an increase in BP. The mechanisms involved are unknown. The intricate interplay between fibre, the gut microbiota and SCFAs may represent novel therapeutic approaches for high BP. Other gut microbiota-derived metabolites, produced when fibre intake is low, may hold potential therapeutic applications. Further translational evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudan Xu
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Zhang L, Ko CY, Zeng YM. Immunoregulatory Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota on Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Associated Hypertension. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:393-405. [PMID: 35299627 PMCID: PMC8922759 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s354742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the largest bacterial ecosystem and immune response organ of the human body. The microbiota regulates the metabolic and immune functions of the host through their metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are part of the metabolites of the gut microbiota (GM), providing energy to intestinal epithelial cells and regulating the immune system. A decrease in SCFA-producing bacteria, imbalanced effector T-helper cells (Th cells), and increasing corresponding inflammatory cytokine were found in both animal models and clinical patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension (HTN). Intervention with probiotics, prebiotics, or postbiotics in animal models simulating OSA-associated HTN restored blood pressure to normal, which allows the hypothesis that GM are involved in the pathophysiology of OSA-induced HTN patients through their metabolites' SCFAs; however, the exact regulatory mechanism is not completely clear. This review describes the potential mechanisms of SCFAs, a major metabolite of the GM, in the pathology of OSA-induced HTN, from the perspective of immune system regulation in the available studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China.,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China.,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China.,Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, 362000, People's Republic of China
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66
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Konopelski P, Chabowski D, Aleksandrowicz M, Kozniewska E, Podsadni P, Szczepanska A, Ufnal M. Indole-3-propionic acid, a tryptophan-derived bacterial metabolite, increases blood pressure via cardiac and vascular mechanisms in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R969-R981. [PMID: 34755563 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00142.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that gut bacteria-derived metabolites interact with the cardiovascular system and alter blood pressure (BP) in mammals. Here, we evaluated the effect of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut bacteria-derived metabolite of tryptophan, on the circulatory system. Arterial BP, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters were recorded in male, anesthetized, 12-wk-old Wistar-Kyoto rats at baseline and after intravenous administration of either IPA or vehicle. In additional experiments, rats were pretreated with prazosin or pentolinium to evaluate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in cardiovascular responses to IPA. IPA's concentrations were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The reactivity of endothelium-intact and -denuded mesenteric resistance arteries was tested. Cells' viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were performed on cultured cardiomyocytes. IPA increased BP with a concomitant bradycardic response but no significant change in QTc interval. The pretreatment with prazosin and pentolinium reduced the hypertensive response. ECHO showed increased contractility of the heart after the administration of IPA. Ex vivo, IPA constricted predilated and endothelium-denuded mesenteric resistance arteries and increased metabolic activity of cardiomyocytes. IPA increases BP via cardiac and vascular mechanisms in rats. Furthermore, IPA increases cardiac contractility and metabolic activity of cardiomyocytes. Our study suggests that IPA may act as a mediator between gut microbiota and the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Konopelski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Aleksandrowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozniewska
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Podsadni
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szczepanska
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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67
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Wu Y, Xu H, Tu X, Gao Z. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Gut Microbiota Origin in Hypertension. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730809. [PMID: 34650536 PMCID: PMC8506212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and its development involves multiple mechanisms. Gut microbiota has been reported to be closely linked to hypertension. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-the metabolites of gut microbiota-participate in hypertension development through various pathways, including specific receptors, immune system, autonomic nervous system, metabolic regulation and gene transcription. This article reviews the possible mechanisms of SCFAs in regulating blood pressure and the prospects of SCFAs as a target to prevent and treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
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68
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Yu Z, Han J, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhou L, Wang M, Zhang R, Jin X, Zhang G, Wang C, Xu T, Xie M, Wang X, Zhou X, Jiang H. Oral Supplementation With Butyrate Improves Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via a Gut-Brain Neural Circuit. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:718674. [PMID: 34631821 PMCID: PMC8495014 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.718674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by the intestinal microbiota, plays a protective role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but the mechanisms involved in this process remain unelucidated. We aimed to explore the effect of butyrate on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through the gut-brain neural circuit. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group (sham), I/R group (I/R), I/R+ butyrate group (butyrate), and I/R+ butyrate+ vagotomy group (vagotomy). The rats were treated with sodium butyrate for 4 weeks, and the gut-brain neural circuit was investigated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Results: Butyrate treatment significantly reduced the infarct size and decreased the expression of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared with the values found for the I/R group. In addition, the I/R-induced increases in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were attenuated by butyrate. However, the above-mentioned protective effects were diminished by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The RNA sequencing results also revealed that the butyrate-induced protective changes at the cardiac transcription level were reversed by vagotomy. An analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) and the detection of norepinephrine (NE) showed that butyrate significantly inhibited the I/R-induced autonomic imbalance, but this inhibition was not observed in the vagotomy group. Butyrate treatment also suppressed the neural activity of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and both of these effects were lost after vagotomy. Conclusions: Butyrate treatment significantly improves myocardial I/R injury via a gut-brain neural circuit, and this cardioprotective effect is likely mediated by suppression of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiapeng Han
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guocheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyou Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjie Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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69
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Jaworska K, Koper M, Ufnal M. Gut microbiota and renin-angiotensin system: a complex interplay at local and systemic levels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G355-G366. [PMID: 34405730 PMCID: PMC8486428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00099.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a potent biological modulator of many physiological and pathological states. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including the local gastrointestinal RAS (GI RAS), emerges as a potential mediator of microbiota-related effects. The RAS is involved in cardiovascular system homeostasis, water-electrolyte balance, intestinal absorption, glycemic control, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and aging-related processes. Ample evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the microbiome and RAS. On the one hand, gut bacteria and their metabolites may modulate GI and systemic RAS. On the other hand, changes in the intestinal habitat caused by alterations in RAS may shape microbiota metabolic activity and composition. Notably, the pharmacodynamic effects of the RAS-targeted therapies may be in part mediated by the intestinal RAS and changes in the microbiome. This review summarizes studies on gut microbiota and RAS physiology. Expanding the research on this topic may lay the foundation for new therapeutic paradigms in gastrointestinal diseases and multiple systemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koper
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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70
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Garcia-Gutierrez E, Cotter PD. Relevance of organ(s)-on-a-chip systems to the investigation of food-gut microbiota-host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:463-488. [PMID: 34591726 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ever greater understanding of the composition and function of the gut microbiome has provided new opportunities with respect to understanding and treating human disease. However, the models employed for in vitro and in vivo animal studies do not always provide the required insights. As a result, one such alternative in vitro cell culture based system, organ-on-a-chip technology, has recently attracted attention as a means of obtaining data that is representative of responses in humans. Organ-on-a-chip systems are designed to mimic the interactions of different tissue elements that were missing from traditional two-dimensional tissue culture. While they do not traditionally include a microbiota component, organ-on-a-chip systems provide a potentially valuable means of characterising the interactions between the microbiome and human tissues with a view to providing even greater accuracy. From a dietary perspective, these microbiota-organ-on-a-chip combinations can help researchers to predict how the consumption of specific foods and ingredients can impact on human health and disease. We provide an overview of the relevance and interactions of the gut microbiota and the diet in human health, we summarise the components involved in the organ-on-a-chip systems, how these systems have been employed for microbiota based studies and their potential relevance to study the interplay between food-gut microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Moorepark, Ireland
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71
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Cookson TA. Bacterial-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: Mechanisms for the Treatment of Hypertension via the Gut. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:721393. [PMID: 34485420 PMCID: PMC8414577 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.721393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. As more research into the gut microbiome emerges, we are finding increasing evidence to support that these microbes may have significant positive and negative effects on blood pressure and associated disorders. The bacterial-derived metabolites that are produced in the gut are capable of widespread effects to several tissue types and organs in the body. It is clear that the extensive metabolic function that is lost with gut dysbiosis is unlikely to be replenished with a single metabolite or bacterial strain. Instead, combinations of bacteria and concomitant therapies will provide a more well-rounded solution to manage hypertension. The bioactive molecules that are recognized in this review will inform on ideal characteristics of candidate bacteria and provide direction for future research on the gut microbiome in hypertension.
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72
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Poll BG, Xu J, Gupta K, Shubitowski TB, Pluznick JL. Olfactory receptor 78 modulates renin but not baseline blood pressure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15017. [PMID: 34549531 PMCID: PMC8455973 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidney as well as the peripheral vasculature, and is activated by gut microbial metabolites. We previously reported that Olfr78 plays a role in renin secretion in isolated glomeruli, and that Olfr78 knockout (KO) mice have lower plasma renin activity. We also noted that in anesthetized mice, Olfr78KO appeared to be hypotensive. In this study, we used radiotelemetry to determine the role of Olfr78 in chronic blood pressure regulation. We found that the blood pressure of Olfr78KO mice is not significantly different than that of their WT counterparts at baseline, or on high- or low-salt diets. However, Olfr78KO mice have depressed heart rates on high-salt diets. We also report that Olfr78KO mice have lower renin protein levels associated with glomeruli. Finally, we developed a mouse where Olfr78 was selectively knocked out in the JGA, which phenocopied the lower renin association findings. In sum, these experiments suggest that Olfr78 modulates renin, but does not play an active role in blood pressure regulation at baseline, and is more likely activated by high levels of short chain fatty acids or hypotensive events. This study provides important context to our knowledge of Olfr78 in BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Poll
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tyler B. Shubitowski
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineRochesterMichiganUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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73
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Tomasova L, Grman M, Ondrias K, Ufnal M. The impact of gut microbiota metabolites on cellular bioenergetics and cardiometabolic health. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:72. [PMID: 34266472 PMCID: PMC8281717 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the host in controlling the energy homeostasis in mammals. On the one hand, to thrive, gut bacteria exploit nutrients digested by the host. On the other hand, the host utilizes numerous products of gut bacteria metabolism as a substrate for ATP production in the colon. Finally, bacterial metabolites seep from the gut into the bloodstream and interfere with the host’s cellular bioenergetics machinery. Notably, there is an association between alterations in microbiota composition and the development of metabolic diseases and their cardiovascular complications. Some metabolites, like short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine, are considered markers of cardiometabolic health. Others, like hydrogen sulfide and nitrite, demonstrate antihypertensive properties. Scientific databases were searched for pre-clinical and clinical studies to summarize current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota metabolites in the regulation of mammalian bioenergetics and discuss their potential involvement in the development of cardiometabolic disorders. Overall, the available data demonstrates that gut bacteria products affect physiological and pathological processes controlling energy and vascular homeostasis. Thus, the modulation of microbiota-derived metabolites may represent a new approach for treating obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tomasova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Marian Grman
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Ondrias
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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74
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Poll BG, Cheema MU, Pluznick JL. Gut Microbial Metabolites and Blood Pressure Regulation: Focus on SCFAs and TMAO. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:275-284. [PMID: 32490748 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the gut microbiome play a key role in blood pressure regulation, and changes in the production of gut microbial metabolites are likely to be a key mechanism. Known gut microbial metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, which can signal via G-protein-coupled receptors, and trimethylamine-N oxide. In this review, we provide an overview of gut microbial metabolites documented thus far to play a role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Poll
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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75
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Fu C, Zhang X. The Neuroprotective Effect of Tea Polyphenols on the Regulation of Intestinal Flora. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123692. [PMID: 34204244 PMCID: PMC8233780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the general compounds of natural polyhydroxyphenols extracted in tea. Although a large number of studies have shown that TPs have obvious neuroprotective and neuro repair effects, they are limited due to the low bioavailability in vivo. However, TPs can act indirectly on the central nervous system by affecting the “microflora–gut–brain axis”, in which the microbiota and its composition represent a factor that determines brain health. Bidirectional communication between the intestinal microflora and the brain (microbe–gut–brain axis) occurs through a variety of pathways, including the vagus nerve, immune system, neuroendocrine pathways, and bacteria-derived metabolites. This axis has been shown to influence neurotransmission and behavior, which is usually associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss that TPs and their metabolites may provide benefits by restoring the imbalance of intestinal microbiota and that TPs are metabolized by intestinal flora, to provide a new idea for TPs to play a neuroprotective role by regulating intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Taizhou Biomedical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 317000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Junmin Li
- Taizhou Biomedical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 317000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chengxin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.F.); (X.Z.)
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76
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Cheng Y, Liu J, Ling Z. Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7929-7959. [PMID: 33955288 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1920884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiotics-live microorganisms with potential mental health benefits, which can modulate the microbiota-gut-brain-axis via immune, humoral, neural, and metabolic pathways-are emerging as novel therapeutic options for the effective treatment of psychiatric disorders Recently, microbiome studies have identified numerous putative psychobiotic strains, of which short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria have attracted special attention from neurobiologists. Recent studies have highlighted that SCFAs-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium have a very specific function in various psychiatric disorders, suggesting that these bacteria can be potential novel psychobiotics. SCFAs, potential mediators of microbiota-gut-brain axis, might modulate function of neurological processes. While the specific roles and mechanisms of SCFAs-producing bacteria of microbiota-targeted interventions on neuropsychiatric disease are largely unknown. This Review summarizes existing knowledge on the neuroprotective effects of the SCFAs-producing bacteria in neurological disorders via modulating microbiota-gut-brain axis and illustrate their possible mechanisms by which SCFAs-producing bacteria may act on these disorders, which will shed light on the SCFAs-producing bacteria as a promising novel source of psychobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Microbe & Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Genetically determined hypertensive phenotype affects gut microbiota composition, but not vice versa. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1790-1799. [PMID: 34397627 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests reciprocal crosstalk between the host and gut bacteria. This study evaluated the interaction between gut microbiota and arterial blood pressure (BP) in rats. METHODS Continuous telemetry recordings of BP were started in 7-week-old normotensive Wistar--Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Two weeks later, half of the WKY and SHR were subjected to cross-transplantation of fecal matter, with stools harvested from either WKY or SHR and BP measurements until the age of 14 weeks. The composition of gut bacteria was assessed through analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. The concentration of microbiota-derived metabolites was evaluated using HPLC-MS. RESULTS There was a significant difference between WKY and SHR in the composition of gut bacteria at the start and end of the study. This was accompanied by significant histological differences in the colon. SHR, but not WKY, showed a gradual increase in BP throughout the experiment. For both WKY and SHR, there was no significant difference in BP or metabolic parameters between animals receiving fecal transplantation from either SHR or WKY. CONCLUSION Genetically induced hypertension in SHR is associated with alterations in the composition of gut bacteria and histological morphology of the colon. An inter-strain fecal transplant does not affect BP and does not produce long-term changes in gut bacteria composition. We propose that the impact of the host genotype and/or phenotype on the gut bacteria may be greater than the impact of the gut bacteria on the host BP.
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Canale MP, Noce A, Di Lauro M, Marrone G, Cantelmo M, Cardillo C, Federici M, Di Daniele N, Tesauro M. Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041162. [PMID: 33915885 PMCID: PMC8066853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic syndrome. High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for AH and CV diseases. Vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, extracellular volume expansion, inflammation, and an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AH, induced by Western diet. Gut dysbiosis in AH is associated with reduction of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: acetate, butyrate and propionate, which activate different pathways, causing vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, salt and water retention and a consequent high blood pressure. Moreover, increased trimethylamine N-oxide and lipopolysaccharides trigger chronic inflammation, which contributes to endothelial dysfunction and target organs damage. Additionally, a high salt-intake diet impacts negatively on gut microbiota composition. A bidirectional neuronal pathway determines the “brain–gut” axis, which, in turn, influences blood pressure levels. Then, we discuss the possible adjuvant novel treatments related to gut microbiota modulation for AH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Canale
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Annalisa Noce
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2982 (M.T.)
| | - Manuela Di Lauro
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Giulia Marrone
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- PhD School of Applied Medical, Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cantelmo
- School of Specialization in Geriatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2982 (M.T.)
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Castro PR, Bittencourt LFF, Larochelle S, Andrade SP, Mackay CR, Slevin M, Moulin VJ, Barcelos LS. GPR43 regulates sodium butyrate-induced angiogenesis and matrix remodeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1066-H1079. [PMID: 33356962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00515.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) derived from microbiota and is involved in a range of cell processes in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations of sodium butyrate (NaBu) were shown to be proangiogenic. However, the mechanisms associated with these effects are not yet fully known. Here, we investigated the contribution of the SCFA receptor GPR43 in the proangiogenic effects of local treatment with NaBu and its effects on matrix remodeling using the sponge-induced fibrovascular tissue model in mice lacking the Gpr43 gene (Gpr43-KO) and the wild-type (WT) mice. We demonstrated that NaBu (0.2 mM intraimplant) treatment enhanced the neovascularization process, blood flow, and VEGF levels in a GPR43-dependent manner in the implants. Moreover, NaBu was able to modulate matrix remodeling aspects of the granulation tissue such as proteoglycan production, collagen deposition, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in vivo, besides increasing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 levels in the fibrovascular tissue, in a GPR43-dependent manner. Interestingly, NaBu directly stimulated L929 murine fibroblast migration and TGF-β1 and collagen production in vitro. GPR43 was found to be expressed in human dermal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Overall, our findings evidence that the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 contributes to the effects of low dose of NaBu in inducing angiogenesis and matrix remodeling during granulation tissue formation. These data provide important insights for the proposition of new therapeutic approaches based on NaBu, beyond the highly explored intestinal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer purposes, as a local treatment to improve tissue repair, particularly, by modulating granulation tissue components.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show the contribution of the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 in the effects of low dose of sodium butyrate (NaBu) on stimulating angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling in a model of granulation tissue formation in mice. We also show that human dermal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells express the receptor GPR43. These data provide important insights for the use of NaBu in local therapeutic approaches applicable to tissue repair in sites other than the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Felipe Fernandes Bittencourt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, GMBC, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ishimwe JA, Akinleye A, Johnson AC, Garrett MR, Sasser JM. Gestational gut microbial remodeling is impaired in a rat model of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:125-136. [PMID: 33491590 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00121.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a progressive hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 2%-8% of pregnancies globally. Preexisting chronic hypertension is a major risk factor associated with developing preeclampsia, and growing evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiome in the development of preeclampsia. However, neither alterations in the gut microbiome associated with preeclampsia nor the mechanisms involved are fully understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that normal gestational maternal gut microbiome remodeling is impaired in the Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rat model of superimposed preeclampsia. Gut microbiome profiles of pregnant Dahl S, normal pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD), and matched virgin controls were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline; during early, middle, and late pregnancy; and 1-wk postpartum. Dahl S rats had significantly higher abundance in Proteobacteria, and multiple genera were significantly different from SD rats at baseline. The pregnant SD displayed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and genera such as Helicobacter, but these were not different between pregnant and virgin Dahl S rats. By late pregnancy, Dahl S rats had significantly lower α-diversity and Firmicutes compared with their virgin Dahl S controls. β-diversity was significantly different among groups (P < 0.001). KEGG metabolic pathways including those associated with short-chain fatty acids were different in Dahl S pregnancy but not in SD pregnancy. These results reveal an association between chronic hypertension and gut microbiome dysbiosis which may hinder pregnancy-specific remodeling in the gut microbial composition during superimposed preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Adesanya Akinleye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ashley C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jennifer M Sasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Poll BG, Xu J, Jun S, Sanchez J, Zaidman NA, He X, Lester L, Berkowitz DE, Paolocci N, Gao WD, Pluznick JL. Acetate, a Short-Chain Fatty Acid, Acutely Lowers Heart Rate and Cardiac Contractility Along with Blood Pressure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:39-50. [PMID: 33414131 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced almost exclusively by the gut microbiota and are an essential mechanism by which gut microbes influence host physiology. Given that SCFAs induce vasodilation, we hypothesized that they might have additional cardiovascular effects. In this study, novel mechanisms of SCFA action were uncovered by examining the acute effects of SCFAs on cardiovascular physiology in vivo and ex vivo. Acute delivery of SCFAs in conscious radiotelemetry-implanted mice results in a simultaneous decrease in both mean arterial pressure and heart rate (HR). Inhibition of sympathetic tone by the selective β-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist atenolol blocks the acute drop in HR seen with acetate administration, yet the decrease in mean arterial pressure persists. Treatment with tyramine, an indirect sympathomimetic, also blocks the acetate-induced acute drop in HR. Langendorff preparations show that acetate lowers HR only after long-term exposure and at a smaller magnitude than seen in vivo. Pressure-volume loops after acetate injection show a decrease in load-independent measures of cardiac contractility. Isolated trabecular muscle preparations also show a reduction in force generation upon SCFA treatment, though only at supraphysiological concentrations. These experiments demonstrate a direct cardiac component of the SCFA cardiovascular response. These data show that acetate affects blood pressure and cardiac function through parallel mechanisms and establish a role for SCFAs in modulating sympathetic tone and cardiac contractility, further advancing our understanding of the role of SCFAs in blood pressure regulation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acetate, a short-chain fatty acid, acutely lowers heart rate (HR) as well as mean arterial pressure in vivo in radiotelemetry-implanted mice. Acetate is acting in a sympatholytic manner on HR and exerts negative inotropic effects in vivo. This work has implications for potential short-chain fatty acid therapeutics as well as gut dysbiosis-related disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Poll
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Seungho Jun
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Jason Sanchez
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Nathan A Zaidman
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Xiaojun He
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Laeben Lester
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Wei Dong Gao
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology (B.G.P., J.X., J.S., N.Z., J.L.P.), Division of Cardiology (S.J., N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (X.H., L.L., W.D.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.B.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (N.P.)
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Pakhomov N, Baugh JA. The role of diet-derived short-chain fatty acids in regulating cardiac pressure overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H475-H486. [PMID: 33306446 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00573.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern world whose increasing prevalence is associated with "Western" diet and sedentary lifestyles. Of particular concern is the increasing burden of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that involves complex pathophysiology and is difficult to treat. Pressure overload caused by hypertension (HTN) is the predominant driver of cardiac injury, left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis that progresses to diastolic dysfunction and ultimately HFpEF. Although pharmacological control of blood pressure may affect the degree of pressure overload, such therapies are largely ineffective in established HFpEF, and there is a need to modulate the festering inflammatory and fibrotic response to injury to halt and perhaps reverse pathology. An emerging literature indicates potentially important links between the gut microbiota, dietary soluble fiber, and microbiota-derived metabolites that modulate blood pressure and the immune response. In particular, high-fiber diets demonstrate protective properties in systemic hypertension and left-sided cardiac pathology, and this action is closely associated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial action of SCFAs in immunity and the systemic circulation could potentially be applied to the treatment of hypertension and the cardiac damage it causes. In this review, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of SCFAs, with an emphasis on mechanisms that are involved in cardiac responses to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Pakhomov
- UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John A Baugh
- UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102982. [PMID: 33003455 PMCID: PMC7601560 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular health. In this review, we discuss how gut microbiota and gut metabolites can affect hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertensive patients were shown to have lower alpha diversity, lower abundance of SCFA-producing microbiota, and higher abundance of gram-negative bacteria, which are a source of LPS. Animal studies point towards a direct role for SCFAs in blood pressure regulation and show that LPS has pro-inflammatory effects. Translocation of LPS into the systemic circulation is a consequence of increased gut permeability. Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease, is influenced by the gut microbiota through multiple pathways. Many studies have focused on the pro-atherogenic role of TMAO, however, it is not clear if this is a causal factor. In addition, gut microbiota play a key role in bile acid metabolism and some interventions targeting bile acid receptors tend to decrease atherosclerosis. Concluding, gut microbiota affect hypertension and atherosclerosis through many pathways, providing a wide range of potential therapeutic targets. Challenges ahead include translation of findings and mechanisms to humans and development of therapeutic interventions that target cardiovascular risk by modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.
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84
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Yang F, Chen H, Gao Y, An N, Li X, Pan X, Yang X, Tian L, Sun J, Xiong X, Xing Y. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and hypertension: Mechanism and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110503. [PMID: 34321175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is an growing emerging health issue around across the world. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of dysbacteriosis in HTN and its underlying mechanism. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are novel metabolites of intestinal flora, exert substantial regulatory effects on HTN, providing an exciting avenue for novel therapies for this disease. They function primarily by activating transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors and inhibiting histone acetylation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the complex interaction between SCFAs and gut microbiota composition to lower blood pressure by regulating the brain-gut and kidney-gut axes, and the role of high-salt diet, immune system, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mechanism in the development of HTN. Furthermore, we also discuss the various treatment strategies for HTN, including diet, antibiotics, probiotics, fecal microflora transplantation, and traditional Chinese medicine. In conclusion, manipulation of SCFAs opens new avenues to improve treatment of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hengwen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandu Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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Yang JJ, Pham MT, Rahim AR, Chuang TH, Hsieh MF, Huang CM. Mouse Abdominal Fat Depots Reduced by Butyric Acid-Producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1180. [PMID: 32756446 PMCID: PMC7465043 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated rece ptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is known to induce the differentiation of adipocytes. This study aimed to investigate the probiotic effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced PPAR-γ activation and abdominal fat depots. Incubation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with media of L. mesenteroides EH-1, a butyric acid-producing strain, significantly reduced the amounts of lipid droplets. The oral administration of L. mesenteroides EH-1 produced large amounts (>1 mM) of butyric acid in cecum and attenuated the HFD-induced upregulation of PPAR-γ and accumulation of abdominal fats in mice. The combination of 2% glucose with L. mesenteroides EH-1 increased the production of butyric acid and potentiated the probiotic activity of L. mesenteroides EH-1 against the formation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as abdominal fats in HFD-fed mice. The inhibition of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) by its antagonist, GLPG-0974, markedly diminished the probiotic effects of L. mesenteroides EH-1 plus glucose on the suppression of HFD-induced PPAR-γ and abdominal fats. Besides demonstrating the probiotic value of L. mesenteroides EH-1, our results highlight the possible therapy targeting the butyric acid-activated Ffar2 pathway to reduce abdominal fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jackson Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Minh Tan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Adelia Riezka Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
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O'Connor KM, Lucking EF, Cryan JF, O'Halloran KD. Bugs, breathing and blood pressure: microbiota-gut-brain axis signalling in cardiorespiratory control in health and disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:4159-4179. [PMID: 32652603 DOI: 10.1113/jp280279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is clear evidence of physiological effects of the gut microbiota on whole-body function in health and disease. Microbiota-gut-brain axis signalling is recognised as a key player in behavioural disorders such as depression and anxiety. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota affects neurocontrol networks responsible for homeostatic functions that are essential for life. We consider the evidence suggesting the potential for the gut microbiota to shape cardiorespiratory homeostasis. In various animal models of disease, there is an association between cardiorespiratory morbidity and perturbed gut microbiota, with strong evidence in support of a role of the gut microbiota in the control of blood pressure. Interventions that target the gut microbiota or manipulate the gut-brain axis, such as short-chain fatty acid supplementation, prevent hypertension in models of obstructive sleep apnoea. Emerging evidence points to a role for the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the control of breathing and ventilatory responsiveness, relevant to cardiorespiratory disease. There is also evidence for an association between the gut microbiota and disease severity in people with asthma and cystic fibrosis. There are many gaps in the knowledge base and an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms by which gut health and dysbiosis contribute to cardiorespiratory control. Nevertheless, there is a growing consensus that manipulation of the gut microbiota could prove an efficacious adjunctive strategy in the treatment of common cardiorespiratory diseases, which are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric F Lucking
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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87
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Takahashi T, Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Shimizu T, Kubota N, Tsukinoki K. Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061745. [PMID: 32545166 PMCID: PMC7353249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-46-822-8866
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88
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Valeric acid lowers arterial blood pressure in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 877:173086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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89
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Onyszkiewicz M, Jaworska K, Ufnal M. Short chain fatty acids and methylamines produced by gut microbiota as mediators and markers in the circulatory system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:166-175. [PMID: 31948289 PMCID: PMC7016413 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219900898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that gut microbiota-derived products affect the circulatory system functions. For instance, short chain fatty acids, that are the products of dietary fiber bacterial fermentation, have been found to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Trimethylamine, a gut bacteria metabolite of carnitine and choline, has recently emerged as a potentially toxic molecule for the circulatory system. To enter the bloodstream, microbiota products cross the gut–blood barrier, a multilayer system of the intestinal wall. Notably, experimental and clinical studies show that cardiovascular diseases may compromise function of the gut–blood barrier and increase gut-to-blood penetration of microbiota-derived molecules. Hence, the bacteria products and the gut–blood barrier may be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we review research on the cardiovascular effects of microbiota-produced short chain fatty acids and methylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
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