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Marchi M, Magarini FM, Chiarenza A, Galeazzi GM, Paloma V, Garrido R, Ioannidi E, Vassilikou K, de Matos MG, Gaspar T, Guedes FB, Primdahl NL, Skovdal M, Murphy R, Durbeej N, Osman F, Watters C, van den Muijsenbergh M, Sturm G, Oulahal R, Padilla B, Willems S, Spiritus-Beerden E, Verelst A, Derluyn I. Experience of discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic: the impact of public health measures and psychological distress among refugees and other migrants in Europe. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:942. [PMID: 35538463 PMCID: PMC9090600 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionately hard impact on refugees and other migrants who are often exposed to the virus with limited means to protect themselves. We tested the hypothesis that during the COVID-19 pandemic, refugees and other migrants have suffered a negative impact on mental health and have been unjustly discriminated for spreading the disease in Europe (data collection from April to November 2020). Methods Participants in the ApartTogether Survey (N = 8297, after listwise deletion of missing items final N = 3940) provided data regarding to their difficulties to adhere to preventive recommendations against COVID-19 infection (CARE), self-perceived stigmatization (SS), and psychological distress (PD). Structural Equation Modeling was used to investigate PD as a mediator in the pathway linking CARE to SS, while adjusting for the housing and residence status. To improve confidence in the findings, single hold-out sample cross-validation was performed using a train/test split ratio of 0.8/0.2. Results In the exploratory set (N = 3159) SS was associated with both CARE (B = 0.200, p < 0.001) and PD (B = 0.455, p < 0.001). Moreover, PD was also associated with CARE (B = 0.094, p = 0.001) and mediated the effect of CARE on SS (proportion mediated = 17.7%, p = 0.001). The results were successfully replicated in the confirmation set (N = 781; total effect = 0.417, p < 0.001; proportion mediated = 29.7%, p < 0.001). Follow-up analyses also found evidence for an opposite effect (i.e., from SS to CARE, B = 0.132; p < 0.001), suggesting that there might be a vicious circle between the self-perceived stigmatization and the access to health care and the use of preventive measures against COVID-19 infection. Conclusions Refugees and other migrants who had more difficulties in accessing health care and preventive measures against COVID-19 infection experienced worse mental health and increased discrimination. These negative effects appeared to be stronger for those with more insecure housing and residence status, highlighting from one side the specific risk of insecure housing in the impact of COVID-19 upon mental health and infection protection, and for another side the need to proper housing as a strategy to prevent both COVID-19 and mental distress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13370-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 -, 41125, Modena, Italy.,Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2 -, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Maria Magarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 -, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiarenza
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 -, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 -, 41125, Modena, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2 -, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Virginia Paloma
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Garrido
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018, Seville, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Ioannidi
- Research Center for Greek Society, Academy of Athens, 15126, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Tania Gaspar
- Institute of Environmental Health/ISAMB, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nina Langer Primdahl
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Skovdal
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8, Co. Kildare, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- Department of Child Health and Parenting, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fatumo Osman
- Department of Child Health and Parenting, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 79188, Falun, Sweden
| | - Charles Watters
- Department of School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Gesine Sturm
- LCPI Laboratory, EA-4591, Department Clinique du Sujet, University of Toulouse 2, 31058, Toulouse, France
| | - Rachid Oulahal
- La Reunion University FR, DIRE research center, French Collaborative Institute on Migration, CS, 92003, 15 Av. René Cassin, Saint-Denis, Cedex 9 97400, Réunion
| | - Beatriz Padilla
- Department of Sociology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Sara Willems
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Quality and Safety Ghent, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Spiritus-Beerden
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verelst
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Dhungana Sainju K, Zaidi H, Mishra N, Kuffour A. Xenophobic Bullying and COVID-19: An Exploration Using Big Data and Qualitative Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084824. [PMID: 35457691 PMCID: PMC9024955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extant literature suggests that xenophobic bullying is intensified by isolated national or global events; however, the analysis of such occurrences is methodologically limited to the use of self-reported data. Examining disclosures of racist bullying episodes enables us to contextualize various perspectives that are shared online and generate insights on how COVID-19 has exacerbated the issue. Moreover, understanding the rationale and characteristics present in xenophobic bullying may have important implications for our social wellbeing, mental health, and inclusiveness as a global community both in the short and long term. This study employs a mixed-method approach using Big Data techniques as well as qualitative analysis of xenophobic bullying disclosures on Twitter following the spread of COVID-19. The data suggests that about half of the sample represented xenophobic bullying. The qualitative analysis also found that 64% of xenophobic bullying-related tweets referred to occasions that perpetuated racist stereotypes. Relatedly, the rationale for almost 75% of xenophobic bullying incidents was due to being Chinese or Asian. The findings of this study, coupled with anti-hate reports from around the world, are used to suggest multipronged policy interventions and considerations of how social media sites such as Twitter can be used to curb the spread of misinformation and xenophobic bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Dhungana Sainju
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. N., Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (H.Z.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Huda Zaidi
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. N., Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (H.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Niti Mishra
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, 105 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E, Canada;
| | - Akosua Kuffour
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. N., Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; (H.Z.); (A.K.)
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Chaturvedi S, Susmitha R, Nayak D, Digal G, Singh T. Stigma and Discrimination: the Twain Impact on Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9007618 DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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54
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Alkaissi A, Zaben F, Abu-Rajab M, Alkony M. Lived experiences of Palestinian patients with COVID-19: a multi-center descriptive phenomenological study of recovery journey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:470. [PMID: 35264129 PMCID: PMC8905007 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exploring lived experiences of recovered COVID-19 patients might have scientific, social, and policy relevance that can apply to the healthcare infrastructure. This multi-center descriptive phenomenological study was conducted to explore lived experiences of Palestinian patients who recovered from COVID-19. Methods This was a descriptive phenomenological study. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with patients who recovered from COVID-19 (n = 20). The interviews were transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological approach which consisted of the following steps: 1) familiarization, 2) identification of significant statements, 3) formulation of the meanings, 4) clustering the themes, 5) development of an exhaustive description of the phenomenon, 6) production of the fundamental structure, and 7) verification of the fundamental structure. Results Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 male and 6 female patients who recovered from COVID-19. The total duration of the interview time was 998 min (16.6 h). The qualitative data collected during the interviews were categorized into 5 major themes and 16 subthemes that exhaustively described the phenomenon. The major themes were relevant to: 1) emotions after learning about the infection, 2) experiencing social exclusion and stigma, 3) the experienced symptoms, 4) supportive treatments, herbs, rituals, and social support, 5) and life after recovery. Conclusion The interviewees recounted experiencing negative emotions, social exclusion, and stigma because of their infection. It may be important for mental health promotion to be an integral part of the care plan for patients with COVID-19. More studies are still needed to investigate if introducing mental healthcare providers to the care team of patients with COVID-19 can improve the experiences of the patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12868-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidah Alkaissi
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences- An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Fadi Zaben
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences- An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Abu-Rajab
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences- An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mahdia Alkony
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences- An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Stress, PTSD, and COVID-19: the Utility of Disaster Mental Health Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2022; 9:14-40. [PMID: 35223372 PMCID: PMC8860255 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-021-00253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review In the context of an ongoing, highly uncertain pandemic, disaster mental health measures can increase community capacity for resilience and well-being, support formal mental health treatment, and help address the risk for mental health reactions in high-stress occupations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on disaster mental health interventions that have been helpful both prior to and during the pandemic in a broad range of applications, including for use with high-stress occupations in an effort to mitigate risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health sequelae. Recent findings Evidence-based and evidence-informed disaster mental health interventions, frameworks, and treatments have been studied in pilot studies, non-randomized trials, and randomized clinical trials prior to and in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The studies have demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of these modalities and improved perceived support, as well as significant reductions in distress, and mental health symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Summary A disaster mental health approach to the COVID-19 pandemic can generate opportunities for prevention and support at multiple levels with timely interventions tailored for different concerns, cultures, and available resources.
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56
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Fu L, Wang B, Chan PSF, Luo D, Zheng W, Ju N, Hu Y, Xiao X, Xu H, Yang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Chen P, He J, Zhu H, Tang H, Huang D, Hong Z, Ma X, Hao Y, Cai L, Yang J, Yuan J, Chen YQ, Xiao F, Wang Z, Ye S, Zou H. Associations between COVID-19 related stigma and sleep quality among COVID-19 survivors six months after hospital discharge. Sleep Med 2022; 91:273-281. [PMID: 34802891 PMCID: PMC8529895 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many COVID-19 survivors reported stigmatization after recovery. This study investigated the association between stigma (discrimination experiences, self-stigma and perceived affiliate stigma) and sleep quality among COVID-19 survivors six months after hospital discharge. METHODS Participants were recovered adult COVID-19 survivors discharged between February 1 and April 30, 2020. Medical staff of five participating hospitals approached all discharged COVID-19 period during this period. A total of 199 participants completed the telephone interview during July to September, 2020. Structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypothesize that resilience and social support would mediate the associations between stigma and sleep quality. RESULTS The results showed that 10.1% of the participants reported terrible/poor sleep quality, 26.1% reported worse sleep quality in the past week when comparing their current status versus the time before COVID-19. After adjusting for significant background characteristics, participants who had higher number of discrimination experience, perceived stronger self-stigma and stronger perceived affiliate stigma reported poorer sleep quality. Resilience and social support were positively and significantly associated with sleep quality. The indirect effect of self-stigma on sleep quality through social support and resilience was significant and negative. Perceived affiliate stigma also had a significant and negative indirect effect on sleep quality through social support and resilience. CONCLUSIONS Various types of stigma after recovery were associated with poor sleep quality among COVID-19 survivors, while social support and resilience were protective factors. Resilience and social support mediated the associations between self-stigma/perceived affiliate stigma and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paul Shing Fong Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Niu Ju
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Hu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Center for Optometry and Visual Science, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Yang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiaoling He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongqiong Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huiwen Tang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dixi Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Hao
- Department of Scientific Research, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lianying Cai
- Department of Education, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shupei Ye
- Department of Emergency, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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57
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Lin S. COVID-19 Pandemic and Im/migrants' Elevated Health Concerns in Canada: Vaccine Hesitancy, Anticipated Stigma, and Risk Perception of Accessing Care. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:896-908. [PMID: 35212825 PMCID: PMC8874751 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy has taken a toll on COVID-19 immunization globally. This study aims to characterize three COVID-19-related health concerns (i.e., vaccine hesitancy, anticipated stigma, and risk perception) in Canada and how they differ based on im/migration status and other social determinants. Data were obtained from a nationwide probability sample of the Canadian Perspective Survey Series 3 (June 15 to 21, 2020). Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between each COVID-19 concern and nativity status, while controlling for socio-demographics. Of 3522 participants aged ≥ 25 years, the estimated overall prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 16.9%, with im/migrants being greater than non-immigrants (21.5% vs. 15.5%, p < 0.001). After controlling for all covariates, im/migrants had around two-fold greater odds of all three health concerns, including risk perception of accessing care (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.89–3.15), anticipated stigma of being targeted (aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.81, 2.78) and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.57–2.52), compared to their Canadian-born peers. Among vaccine-hesitant individuals (n = 596), im/migrants reported higher concerns, than non-immigrants, on vaccine safety (71.3% vs. 49.5%), side effects (66.4% vs 47.3%) and mistrust in vaccinations (12.5% vs 6.6%) as possible reasons of vaccine refusal. For migrant justice, health authorities should ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines and other health-enhancing resources for im/migrants to mitigate their heightened fear, stigma, and mistrust of new vaccines amidst turbulent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada.
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58
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Staupe-Delgado R, Rubin O. Living through and with the global HIV/AIDS pandemic: Distinct 'pandemic practices' and temporalities. Soc Sci Med 2022; 296:114809. [PMID: 35180591 PMCID: PMC8837471 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we expand on the newly devised sociological concept of pandemic practices that emerged during the COVID-19 outbreak by applying it to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The analytical heuristic of pandemic practices distinguishes between four kinds of practices: (i) primary practices that encompass the public's direct response to the pandemic, (ii) responsive practices that encompass altered routines and social interactions, (iii) adaptive practices that encompass more elusive organisational and legal legacies and (iv) meta-practices that produce particular narratives about the pandemic dynamics that might lead to lasting socio-cultural behavioural changes. In this paper we probe further into the notion of meta-practices. The results show that the prolonged nature of the HIV/AIDS pandemic combined with the widespread stigmatisation of vulnerable groups has led to distinct social practices that fragment along socio-economic lines both internally in countries but also between high-income and low-income countries. As the COVID-19 pandemic becomes increasingly endemic, lessons learned from HIV/AIDS expose the dangers of similar fragmentations where parts of the population return to normal but where many others continue to suffer not only from adverse health outcomes but also social exclusion and stigmatisation. Thus, we argue that attention to pandemic practices, and how they produce and reinforce underlying socio-economic vulnerabilities would strengthen long-term pandemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidar Staupe-Delgado
- Roskilde University, Department of Social Sciences and Business, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Technology and Safety, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Olivier Rubin
- Roskilde University, Department of Social Sciences and Business, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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Beltran RM, Holloway IW, Hong C, Miyashita A, Cordero L, Wu E, Burris K, Frew PM. Social Determinants of Disease: HIV and COVID-19 Experiences. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:101-112. [PMID: 35107810 PMCID: PMC8808274 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The differential impact of the COVID-19 and HIV pandemics on marginalized communities has renewed calls for more robust and deeper investigation into structural and social causes of health inequities contributing to these infections, including underlying factors related to systematic racism. Using the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework, we analyzed parallel and divergent factors associated with COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS and the prevalence of disparate disease in diverse communities. We utilized PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant literature (N = 210 articles) that resulted in a review of 125 articles included in our synthesis. RECENT FINDINGS With racial health inequities as a core contributor to disease vulnerability, we also identified other factors such as economic stability, social and community support, the neighborhood and built environment, healthcare access and quality, and education access and quality as important socioecological considerations toward achieving health equity. Our review identifies structural and systematic factors that drive HIV and COVID-19 transmission. Our review highlights the importance of not solely focusing on biomedical interventions as solutions to ending HIV and COVID-19, but rather call for building a more just public health and social service safety net that meets the needs of people at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza M Beltran
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, UCLA Global HIV Prevention Research Program, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Ian W Holloway
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenglin Hong
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Miyashita
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luisita Cordero
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wu
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Burris
- UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Paula M Frew
- UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Ugidos C, López-Gómez A, Castellanos MÁ, Saiz J, González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Muñoz M. Evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma during COVID-19 lockdown among the general population in Spain. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:55-63. [PMID: 33274660 PMCID: PMC8793305 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020975802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma and discrimination have been associated with different diseases and pandemics, with negative consequences for the people who suffered them and for their communities. Currently, COVID-19 has become a new source of stigmatization. AIMS The aim of the present study is to analyze longitudinally the evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma among the general population of Spain, at three points in time throughout the confinement. METHOD Participants completed an online survey. RESULTS Results show an increase in both variables from the first to the second evaluation, and a slight decrease from the second to the third evaluation. Moreover, these changes are explained by depression, anxiety and family support. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the factors that need to be considered to reduce the perception of discrimination and the internalization of stigma, and their detrimental consequences, during an especially stressful event such as the current pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ugidos
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Department of Social, Labor and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aída López-Gómez
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Castellanos
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Saiz
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Department of Social, Labor and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara González-Sanguino
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Ausín
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñoz
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Miller WR, Malloy C, Mravec M, Sposato MF, Groves D. Nursing in the Spotlight: Talk about Nurses and the Nursing Profession on Twitter during the early COVID-19 Pandemic. Nurs Outlook 2022; 70:580-589. [PMID: 35428483 PMCID: PMC8858689 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Nurses comprise the largest portion of healthcare workers and are integral to the COVID-19 response. Twitter has become a popular platform for the public, including nurses, to engage in pandemic-related discourse. Purpose We sought to analyze the representation of the nursing profession and characterize nurses’ experiences during the pandemic from tweets published in April 2020. Methods We analyzed tweets using natural language processing, Word Adjacency Graph (WAG) Modeling, and thematic analysis. Authors independently reviewed 10% of raw tweets in each WAG-generated topic, qualitatively analyzed tweets, and identified emerging themes. Findings Six themes emerged: Support and Recognition of Nurses, Military Metaphors, Superhuman/Spiritual Metaphors, Advocacy, Personal Experiences with Nurses, and Social/Political Commentary. Public perception of nurses was positive, but nurses conveyed harsh realities of their work. Discussion Findings highlight discrepancies in nursing experiences and public perceptions of nursing. Further research should accurately identify and convey the complexities of the nursing profession.
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Magnani RJ, Wirawan DN, Sawitri AAS, Mahendra IGAA, Susanti D, Utami Ds NKAD, Asanab D, Yunus JO, Setiabudi CH, Nugroho A, Widihastuti AS, Mukuan OS, Januraga PP. The short-term effects of COVID-19 on HIV and AIDS control efforts among female sex workers in Indonesia. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:21. [PMID: 35081950 PMCID: PMC8791089 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns as to its impact on other health programs. One program that appears particularly vulnerable is HIV and AIDS. We undertook an assessment of COVID-19 impact on HIV control efforts in Indonesia for a sub-population that has received little attention in the global literature—female sex workers (FSW). Methods The study was undertaken in 23 National AIDS program priority districts. Four sources of monthly data during January–July 2020 were considered. COVID-19 infection data were extracted from national and district surveillance systems. Combination prevention program outputs were reported by civil society organizations (CSOs) providing community support services to FSW. These organizations also undertook monthly scans of levels of commercial sex activity and HIV testing availability. We also considered data from an ongoing HIV community screening trial. The primary mode of analysis entailed comparisons of levels and trends of indicators from the four data series. Results Commercial sex activity was severely curtailed in April–May in many districts. While recovering to pre-COVID-19 levels in “Localization” areas, the number of active FSW in July was one-third below that in February. HIV testing service availability declined by 50% at health facilities before recovering slowly, while mobile clinic services largely ceased during April–June. Numbers of FSW reached, condoms distributed, FSW tested for HIV, HIV cases detected, and FSW starting treatment all declined precipitously in April/May but had largely recovered to pre-COVID-19 levels by July. We found only a temporary dip in treatment initiation rates among HIV positive FSW and no discernible impact on treatment retention. The HIV community screening trial data revealed significant demand for HIV testing among FSW that was not being met even before the onset of COVID-19. Conclusions COVID-19 has had at least short-run economic effects on FSW and the national response to HIV and AIDS targeting FSW. However, the effects appear to have been cushioned by community-based services and support in study districts. The findings make a compelling case for the expansion of community-based services irrespective of the future trajectory of COVID-19. As COVID-19 has not yet been contained, the trajectory of economic activity and service delivery is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Magnani
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewa Nyoman Wirawan
- Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.,Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri
- Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.,Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Gusti Agung Agus Mahendra
- Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.,Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Susanti
- Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Adi Nugroho
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. .,Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
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Khatooni M. Stigma in the Context of COVID-19 Crisis. Prof Case Manag 2022; 28:20-32. [DOI: 10.1097/ncm.0000000000000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jha S, Lahiri A. COVID-stigma on the rise: A social challenge of public health concern for India. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_409_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Okobi S, Bergeria CL, Huhn AS, Dunn KE. Evaluation of Stigma Related to Perceived Risk for Coronavirus-19 Transmission Relative to the Other Stigmatized Conditions Opioid Use and Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:803998. [PMID: 35370839 PMCID: PMC8965805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.803998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic was initially characterized by misinformation and fear related to transmission that has been previously shown to produce stigma toward persons perceived to be at risk for transmission. This study evaluated perceptions toward scenarios with variable levels of perceived risk for COVID-19 acquisition, and compared stigma to COVID-19 to depression and opioid use disorder. METHODS Respondents (N = 280) from the United States completed a web-based survey 6 months after pandemic declaration. Questions included demographics and COVID-19 misconceptions, expected response to hypothetical scenarios with variable risk for COVID-19, and the Attribution Questionnaire-9 for COVID-19, depression, and opioid use disorder. RESULTS Participants had several COVID-19 misconceptions, including that opioids increased immunity (63.6%), persons were more susceptible based upon racial/ethnic background (63.2%), and underlying health conditions did not influence risk (58.9%). Respondents were highly likely (64/100) to assume someone coughing had COVID-19 and the majority (93.5%) recommended quarantining persons with recent travel. However, the majority of respondents (>70% in all cases) also believed they would not change their COVID-19-related behavior when interacting with persons of different racial, ethnic, and age backgrounds. Finally, persons with COVID-19 engendered greater pity, less fear, less blame, less anger, and more willingness to help from respondents relative to persons with opioid use disorder. CONCLUSION Stigma ratings toward persons perceived at risk of transmitting COVID-19, collected soon after the onset of the pandemic, showed less evidence of stigma relative to persons with opioid use disorder despite pronounced misconceptions regarding COVID-19 risk. Data provide a foundation for additional research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Okobi
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cecilia L Bergeria
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew S Huhn
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Krajewska-Kułak E, Kułak-Bejda A, Kułak W, Bejda G, Łukaszuk C, Waszkiewicz N, Cybulski M, Guzowski A, Fiłon J, Aniśko P, Popławska M. Well-Being at Home During Forced Quarantine Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:846122. [PMID: 35345878 PMCID: PMC8957102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People recently or currently in forced quarantine or isolation at home have shown high levels of depression and symptoms of generalized anxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on certain aspects of people's day-to-day functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved using an online diagnostic survey including a proprietary questionnaire, the DASS 21, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. RESULTS Information about the pandemic in Poland and around the world was systematically obtained by 48.8 and 27.4% of respondents, respectively (N = 1,312). Whereas, 75.6% of respondents declared having knowledge about the number of infected people in Poland, only 28.7% declared having such knowledge about infections worldwide. Most often, respondents had obtained information online (65.9%). According to 45.7% of respondents, infection with COVID-19 is a major threat, and not enough has been done to reduce its spread in Poland (66.7%) or worldwide (56.1%). Respondents considered social distancing (68.3%), quarantining people arriving from abroad (63.4%), and wearing protective masks and/or gloves (60.4%) to be the most effective actions for combatting the pandemic. Most often, in compulsory quarantines, respondents surfed the Internet (48.8%) and experienced a lack of energy or fatigue (40.2%) and anxiety (54.9%). The severity of anxiety (mean = 4.6 points), stress (7.5 points), and depression (7.3 points) were within normal ranges, and the respondents could generally be included in the group showing mildly severe social phobia (57.9 points). CONCLUSIONS Most respondents considered infection with COVID-19 to be a major threat and feared another quarantine. During quarantine, respondents most often experienced fatigue, a lack of energy, nervousness, anxiety, anger, and sadness. Despite demonstrating anxiety, stress, and depression with severity in the normal range, respondents showed no statistically significant correlation between severity and age, gender, place of residence, or level of education. Although they also showed mildly severe social phobia, only gender, not age, place of residence, or level of education, showed a statistically significant correlation with its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Kułak
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation and Center of Early Support for Handicapped Children "Give a Chance", Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bejda
- The School of Medical Science in Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Cecylia Łukaszuk
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Cybulski
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guzowski
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Fiłon
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paulina Aniśko
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magda Popławska
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Nwakasi C, Esiaka D, Uchendu I, Bosun-Arije S. Factors Influencing Compliance with Public Health Directives and Support for Government's Actions Against COVID-19: A Nigerian Case Study. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021; 15:e01089. [PMID: 34957353 PMCID: PMC8692243 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Because COVID-19 is a novel viral pandemic, there is a dearth of research in the body of evidence that explore factors that can influence compliance with public health recommendations and Nigerian government's actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Hence, this study's aim is to address this gap to help inform policymakers and the actions of public health leaders in Nigeria. The study included a sample of 336 adult Nigerians who responded to an online Qualtrics survey. Descriptive and linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the predictors of compliance with COVID-19 public health directives and support for government's action against COVID-19 spread. Perceived risk of stigmatization, perceived threat of COVID-19, town/city, gender, and confidence in government's ability to curb the spread and impact of COVID-19 were found to be significantly associated with compliance with COVID-19 public-health directives, and support for governments action against COVID-19. Given Nigeria's weak health system and high level of poverty, there is need to ensure the public health responses to the pandemic are effective and contextually relevant. Nigerians and other concerned global health stakeholders will benefit from research that provides more information on issues of non-compliance with COVID-19 public health directives and government actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candidus Nwakasi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Darlingtina Esiaka
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Life Sciences II, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Iheanyi Uchendu
- Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Castle Ln E, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Bosun-Arije
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, All Saints, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
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Ligo VAC, Chang CM, Yi H. Contested solidarity and vulnerability in social media-based public responses to COVID-19 policies of mobility restrictions in Singapore: a qualitative analysis of temporal evolution. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2232. [PMID: 34879835 PMCID: PMC8652376 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobility restriction is the most effective measure to control the spread of infectious disease at its early stage, especially if a cure and vaccine are not available. When control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) required strong precautionary measures, lockdowns were necessarily implemented in countries around the globe. Public health risk communication about the justification and scope of a lockdown was challenging as it involved a conflict between solidarity and individual liberty and a trade-off between various values across groups with different socioeconomic statuses. In the study, we examined public responses to the government-announced "circuit breaker" (a local term for lockdown) at four-time points in Singapore: (1) entry, (2) extension, (3) exit of lockdown 'phase 1' and (4) entry of lockdown 'phase 2'. METHODS We randomly collected 100 comments from the relevant articles on new organisations' Facebook and Instagram pages and conducted preliminary coding. Later, additional random 20 comments were collected to check the data saturation. Content analysis was focused on identifying themes that emerged from the responses across the four-time points. RESULTS At the entry, public support for the lockdown was prevalent; yet most responses were abstract with uncertainty. At six weeks of lockdown, initial public responses with uncertainty turned into salient narratives of their lived experiences and hardship with lockdown and unmasking of societal weaknesses caused by COVID-19. At the entry to phase 2, responses were centred on social-economic impact, disparity, and lockdown burnout with the contested notion of continuing solidarity. A temporal pattern was seen in the rationalisation of the lockdown experience from trust, anxiety, attribution of pandemic and lockdown, blaming of non-compliant behaviours, and confusion. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated a temporal evolution of public responses from solidarity, attribution of the sustained pandemic, increasing ambiguity towards strong precautionary measures, concerns about economic hardship and mental well-being to worsened social vulnerability, where the government's restrictive policies were questioned with anxiety and confusion. Public health risk communication in response to COVID-19 should be transparent and address health equity and social justice to enhance individual and collective responsibility in protecting the public from the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Alvern Cueco Ligo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Mun Chang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huso Yi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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Miah MS, Mamun MR, Hasan SMM, Sarker MGF, Miah MS, Khan MGU, Kabir A, Haque MA, Chowdhury NMRA. COVID‐19 transmission flow through the stigmatization process in Bangladesh: A qualitative study. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2021. [PMID: 37520895 PMCID: PMC9015364 DOI: 10.1002/lim2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahgahan Miah
- Department of Anthropology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - Md. Razib Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Health Systems Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - S. M. Murshid Hasan
- Department of Society and Health Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Mahidol University Salaya Thailand
| | | | - Muhammad Salim Miah
- Department of Anthropology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - Md. Gias Uddin Khan
- Department of Economics Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Kabir
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia
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Winwood JJ, Fitzgerald L, Gardiner B, Hannan K, Howard C, Mutch A. Exploring the Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living with HIV (PLHIV): A Scoping Review. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:4125-4140. [PMID: 34019203 PMCID: PMC8137806 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the clinical impact of COVID-19 has been central to emerging research in the HIV field, but in focusing on the biomedical, researchers must not overlook the socially embedded nature of HIV and the potential social impacts of this new pandemic on PLHIV. We conducted a scoping review to explore emerging research examining the social impacts of COVID-19 on PLHIV in OECD countries over the first 12 months of the pandemic. Twenty articles were identified and included for review. Key themes included: impacts on HIV care access/telehealth; stress and mental health; social isolation and loneliness; food insecurity; changes to sexual behaviour; changes to substance use; impacts on income, education and employment; and racial and social inequality. Results from this review can help guide research into areas where it is needed to help minimise the negative social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Winwood
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Lisa Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Bernard Gardiner
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Kate Hannan
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Chris Howard
- Queensland Positive People (QPP), 21 Manilla St, East Brisbane, QLD, 4169, Australia
| | - Allyson Mutch
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Social and Behavioral Impacts of COVID-19 on People Living with HIV: Review of the First Year of Research. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 19:54-75. [PMID: 34826067 PMCID: PMC8617547 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic brought unprecedented social change with the most severe impacts on the most vulnerable populations, including people living with HIV (PLWH). This review examined findings from empirical studies of social and behavioral impacts of COVID-19 on PLWH in the first year of the pandemic. Recent Findings Impacts of COVID-19 on PLWH fit within an HIV syndemics framework, with overlapping COVID-19 and HIV comorbid conditions concerning mental health and structural inequality. Early impacts of COVID-19 on social isolation, emotional distress, stigma, and substance use varied across studies with few consistent patterns. Structural inequalities, particularly impacts on food security and housing stability, were observed more consistently and globally. Summary COVID-19 intersects with HIV infection along with multiple interlocking comorbidities that are best characterized and understood within a syndemics framework.
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Perez-Brumer A, Hill D, Andrade-Romo Z, Solari K, Adams E, Logie C, Silva-Santisteban A. Vaccines for all? A rapid scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine access for Venezuelan migrants in Latin America. J Migr Health 2021; 4:100072. [PMID: 34778855 PMCID: PMC8572154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The entangled health and economic crises fueled by COVID-19 have exacerbated the challenges facing Venezuelan migrants. There are more than 5.6 million Venezuelan migrants globally and almost 80% reside throughout Latin America. Given the growing number of Venezuelan migrants and COVID-19 vulnerability, this rapid scoping review examined how Venezuelan migrants are considered in Latin American COVID-19 vaccination strategies. Material and Methods We conducted a three-phased rapid scoping review of documents published until June 18, 2021: Peer-reviewed literature search yielded 142 results and 13 articles included in analysis; Gray literature screen resulted in 68 publications for full-text review and 37 were included; and official Ministry of Health policies in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru were reviewed. Guided by Latin American Social Medicine (LASM) approach, our analysis situates national COVID-19 vaccination policies within broader understandings of health and disease as affected by social and political conditions. Results Results revealed a heterogeneous and shifting policy landscape amid the COVID-19 pandemic which strongly juxtaposed calls to action evidenced in literature. Factors limiting COVID-19 vaccine access included: tensions around terminologies; ambiguous national and regional vaccine policies; and pervasive stigmatization of migrants. Conclusions Findings presented underscore the extreme complexity and associated variability of providing access to COVID-19 vaccines for Venezuelan migrants across Latin America. By querying the timely question of how migrants and specifically Venezuelan migrants access vaccinations findings contribute to efforts to both more equitably respond to COVID-19 and prepare for future pandemics in the context of displaced populations. These are intersectional and evolving crises and attention must also be drawn to the magnitude of Venezuelan mass migration and the devastating impact of COVID-19 in the region. Integration of Venezuelan migrants into Latin American vaccination strategies is not only a matter of social justice, but also a pragmatic public health strategy necessary to stop COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Perez-Brumer
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 5th Floor, Room 554, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - David Hill
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 5th Floor, Room 554, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Zafiro Andrade-Romo
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 5th Floor, Room 554, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Karla Solari
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sexuality, AIDS and Society, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima Peru
| | - Ellithia Adams
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 5th Floor, Room 554, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Carmen Logie
- Factor Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
| | - Alfonso Silva-Santisteban
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sexuality, AIDS and Society, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima Peru
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Gilbert M, Chang HJ, Ablona A, Salway T, Ogilvie G, Wong J, Campeau L, Worthington C, Grace D, Grennan T. Partner number and use of COVID-19 risk reduction strategies during initial phases of the pandemic in British Columbia, Canada: a survey of sexual health service clients. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2021; 112:973-983. [PMID: 34731488 PMCID: PMC8565172 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Initial public health guidance related to sex and COVID-19 infection focused on reducing partner number. We characterized individuals having a higher partner number during the initial phases of the pandemic. Methods In British Columbia, the initial wave of COVID-19 cases was from March 14 to May 19, 2020, followed by gradual lifting of public health restrictions. We conducted an e-mail survey of existing sexual health service clients during the period of July 23 to August 4, 2020. We used bivariate logistic regression to examine the association between the reported number of sexual partners since the start of the pandemic and key variables (level of significance p < 0.01). Results Of the 1196 clients in our final sample, 42% reported 2+ partners since the start of the pandemic, with higher odds among participants who were men who have sex with men, and single or in open relationships prior to the pandemic. This group was more likely to perceive stigma associated with having sex during the pandemic, and had the highest use of strategies to reduce risk of COVID-19 infection during sexual encounters (mainly focused on reducing/avoiding partners, such as masturbation, limiting sex to a “bubble”, and not having sex). Conclusion Sexual health service clients in BC with 2+ partners during the initial phases of BC’s pandemic used strategies to reduce their risk of COVID-19 infection during sex. Our study provides support for a harm reduction approach to guidance on COVID-19 risk during sex, and highlights the need for further research on stigma related to having sex during the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.17269/s41997-021-00566-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gilbert
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada. .,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chang
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Aidan Ablona
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Travis Salway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Wong
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laurence Campeau
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine Worthington
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Troy Grennan
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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75
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Hegarty P, Rollins J. Viral forgetting, or how to have ignorance in a syndemic. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2021; 23:1545-1558. [PMID: 34511039 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1974560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper argues for the concept of viral forgetting to understand how and why the lessons of HIV were not easy to remember in the context of COVID. Building on recently drawn analogies between the two epidemics, we argue that new normative injunctions to 'flatten the curve' and 'stay at home' individualise responses to COVID that make memory of the first decade of HIV vital in recent viral times. Individualistic responses, including those that bind individuals to social identity groups, obscure the ways in which effective care for others and the self requires a recognition of the partiality of community, the inevitability of vulnerability, and a complex interpretation of scientific evidence and human ontology. We draw on Eve Sedgwick's thinking about ignorance and power to critique how political leadership in 2020, particularly in the USA, created chaos that suggested that an individualist masculine response to the epidemic was the only thing that could save us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegarty
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Joe Rollins
- Political Science, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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76
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Garcia‐Iglesias J, Ledin C. 'Who cares if you're poz right now?': Barebackers, HIV and COVID-19. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021; 43:1981-1995. [PMID: 34499352 PMCID: PMC8652445 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic poses new challenges for communities built around certain sexual practices, and some of which have responded by using their previous experiences of HIV. In this article, we undertake an online ethnography of a popular Anglo-American barebackers' forum to understand how HIV and COVID-19 converge and how these men negotiate COVID-19 risk by adapting previous sexual and disease prevention strategies. Barebackers, aka gay men who eroticise condomless anal intercourse, provide a relevant group to consider given their longstanding negotiation of HIV. We explore processes of responsibility, risk management and pleasure during the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that their experiences of both the AIDS crisis and the current context of HIV frame their decisions around COVID-19. We focus on how responsibility and desire shape discussions of bathhouses and the survival of barebackers' sexual practices during and after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chase Ledin
- Centre for Biomedicine, Self and SocietyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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77
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Rothmüller B. The grip of pandemic mononormativity in Austria and Germany. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2021; 23:1573-1590. [PMID: 34314288 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1943534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How distancing requirements in the COVID-19 pandemic transformed intimate relationships is under-researched. Against the backdrop of research on the HIV pandemic, the paper departs from the assumption that decreased legitimacy of intimate arrangements and subjective worry about the likeliness of infection may reduce the frequency of multiple sexual contact and intimate well-being during the pandemic. Based on findings from a quantitative study which included measures of risk perception, frequency of contact with sexual partners and communities, concealment, as well as relationship quality in Austria and Germany, this paper examines sexual behaviour in association with relationship status and sexual identity. Analysing data from a convenience sample of 4,709 respondents, of whom 24 per cent identified as LGBQA+, 2 per cent as non-binary, and 6 per cent as consensually non-monogamous, bivariate analysis found significant differences in social distancing, frequency of contact with sexual communities and satisfaction with current sex life. Text analysis of the survey's open-ended responses indicates monogamisation due to declined legitimacy of less conventional intimate arrangements during the pandemic. Findings point to the importance of the sexual morality that defined pandemic experiences in times of HIV for understanding normative pressure on intimate life during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rothmüller
- Department of Social Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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78
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Di Y, Li A, Li H, Wu P, Yang S, Zhu M, Zhu T, Liu X. Stigma toward Wuhan people during the COVID-19 epidemic: an exploratory study based on social media. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1958. [PMID: 34715825 PMCID: PMC8554505 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stigma associated with infectious diseases is common and causes various negative effects on stigmatized people. With Wuhan as the center of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, its people were likely to be the target of stigmatization. To evaluate the severity of stigmatization toward Wuhan people and provide necessary information for stigma mitigation, this study aimed to identify the stigmatizing attitudes toward Wuhan people and trace their changes as COVID-19 progresses in China by analyzing related posts on social media. Methods We collected 19,780 Weibo posts containing the keyword ‘Wuhan people’ and performed a content analysis to identify stigmatizing attitudes in the posts. Then, we divided our observation time into three periods and performed repeated-measures ANOVA to compare the differences in attitudes during the three periods. Results The results showed that stigma was mild, with 2.46% of related posts being stigmatizing. The percentages of stigmatizing posts differed significantly during the three periods. The percentages of ‘Infectious’ posts and ‘Stupid’ posts were significantly different for the three periods. The percentage of ‘Irresponsible’ posts was not significantly different for the three periods. After government interventions, stigma did not decrease significantly, and stigma with the ‘Infectious’ attitude even increased. It was not until the government interventions took effect that stigma significantly reduced. Conclusions This study found that stigma toward Wuhan people included diverse attitudes and changed at different periods. After government interventions but before they took effect, stigma with the ‘Infectious’ attitude increased. After government interventions took effect, general stigma and stigmas with ‘Infectious’ and ‘Stupid’ attitudes decreased. This study constituted an important endeavor to understand the stigma toward Wuhan people in China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Implications for stigma reduction and improvement of the public’s perception during different periods of epidemic control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazheng Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peijing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Simin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Tingshao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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79
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Hall A, Joseph O, Devlin S, Kerman J, Schmitt J, Ridgway JP, McNulty MC. "That same stigma...that same hatred and negativity:" a qualitative study to understand stigma and medical mistrust experienced by people living with HIV diagnosed with COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1066. [PMID: 34649501 PMCID: PMC8515148 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 and HIV epidemics have exacerbated existing inequities among vulnerable groups and severely impacted communities of color. People living with HIV (PLWH), who may already face stigma or discrimination, are at risk of experiencing further stigma as a result of COVID-19, which can result in medical mistrust. METHODS We performed qualitative interviews between June and August 2020 among 32 PLWH, including 10 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. A majority of participants perceived themselves as having an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their HIV status. RESULTS Of those who tested positive for COVID-19, the majority regarded their HIV diagnosis as having a more profound impact on their lives but found similarities between COVID-19 stigma and HIV-related stigma. Many participants also expressed mistrust. CONCLUSIONS These results can be used to better understand the perspectives of PLWH during the COVID-19 pandemic and have important implications for potential COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and future health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Hall
- University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Olivier Joseph
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 924 E. 57th Street #104, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Samantha Devlin
- University of Chicago Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jared Kerman
- University of Chicago Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jessica Schmitt
- University of Chicago Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jessica P. Ridgway
- University of Chicago Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Moira C. McNulty
- University of Chicago Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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80
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Strengthening the Collection and Use of Disaggregated Data to Understand and Monitor the Risk and Burden of COVID-19 Among Racialized Populations. CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION 2021; 48:201-216. [PMID: 34629702 PMCID: PMC8488075 DOI: 10.1007/s42650-021-00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the risk and burden of COVID-19 infections are not equally distributed across population subgroups and that racialized communities are experiencing disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality rates. However, due to the absence of large-scale race-based data, it is impossible to measure the extent to which immigrant and racialized communities are experiencing the pandemic and the impact of measures taken (or not) to mitigate these impacts, especially at a local level. To address this issue, the Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership partnered with the Collaborative Critical Research for Equity and Transformation in Health lab at the University of Ottawa and the Canadians of African Descent Health Organization to implement a project to build local organizational capacities to understand, monitor, and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant and racialized populations. This research note describes the working framework used for this project, proposed indicators for measuring the determinants of health among immigrant and racialized populations, and the data gaps we encountered. Recommendations are made to policymakers, and community and health stakeholders at all levels on how to collect and use data to address COVID-19 health inequities, including data collection strategies aimed at community engagement in the collection of disaggregated data, improving methods for collecting and analyzing data on immigrants and racialized groups and policies to enable and enhance data disaggregation. Résumé Des plus en plus d'études montrent que le risque et le fardeau des infections à la COVID-19 ne sont pas également répartis dans la population et que les communautés racialisées connaissent des taux de morbidité et de mortalité disproportionnellement plus élevés. Cependant, en raison de l'absence de données ventilés selon le statut ethnique, il est impossible de mesurer comment les communautés immigrantes et racialisées vivent la pandémie et quel est l'impact des mesures prises (ou non) pour atténuer ces effets, surtout à un niveau local. Pour résoudre ce problème, le Partenariat local pour l'immigration d'Ottawa (PLIO) s'est associé au Laboratoire de recherche critique collaborative pour l'équité et la transformation en santé (CO-CREATH) de l'Université d'Ottawa et l'Organisation de la santé des Canadiens d'ascendance africaine (CADHO) aux fins de mettre en œuvre un projet visant à renforcer les capacités organisationnelles locales pour comprendre, surveiller et atténuer l'impact de la pandémie de la COVID-19 sur les populations immigrantes et racialisées. Cette note de recherche décrit le cadre de travail utilisé pour ce projet, les indicateurs proposés pour mesurer les déterminants de la santé chez les populations immigrantes et racialisées, et les lacunes que nous avons identifiés dans les données existants. Des recommandations sont faites aux décideurs politiques et aux acteurs communautaires et de la santé à tous les niveaux sur comment collecter et utiliser les données pour remédier aux inégalités en matière de santé liées à la COVID-19. Ces recommandations font référence aux stratégies de collecte de données visant à impliquer les communautés, à l'amélioration des méthodes de collecte et d'analyse des données sur les immigrants et les groupes racialisés, et aux politiques nécessaires pour permettre et améliorer la désagrégation des données selon le statut ethnique.
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81
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Ozturk A. Stigmatization spreads faster than the virus. Viruses do not discriminate, and neither should we." Combatting the stigmatization surrounding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:2030-2034. [PMID: 33931855 PMCID: PMC8242440 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the most important problems of the last century. Epidemics have caused the stigmatization of managers, healthcare professionals, and those likely to be infected throughout history. Although many infectious diseases caused stigmas both in the past and today, a new name is added to the list of epidemics in various regions in the world each year and the masses become alerted. The latest disease added to the list is the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Today, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has influenced the whole world, the risk of social stigmatization reappears. In this context, it is very important to take the necessary measures to prevent stigmatization and to plan the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Ozturk
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartin, Turkey
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82
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Li T, Bu H, Duan W. A brief measure of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma on COVID-19: A study with a sample from China. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 180:110993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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83
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Pulerwitz J, Thirumurthy H, Tolley EE, van der Straten A. Mitigating the COVID-19 challenges to HIV prevention efforts in Africa: A socio-behavioral perspective. Glob Public Health 2021; 16:1786-1789. [PMID: 34555304 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1980601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary, the authors highlight how the COVID-19 pandemic has a range of negative effects on HIV prevention in Africa, both well documented HIV service interruptions and less well appreciated effects of the socio-structural context that put people at risk of HIV (e.g. loss of earnings, stigma). The authors call on the global community to unpack and address these factors as the pandemic surges in Africa. They point to best practices and tools from decades of socio-behavioural research and programming responses in the HIV field that can be applied to COVID-19 efforts, including for vaccines being rolled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pulerwitz
- HIV and AIDS Program, Population Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth E Tolley
- Behavioral, Epidemiological & Clinical Sciences, FHI 360, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ariane van der Straten
- Astra Consulting, Kensington, CA, USA.,Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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84
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Health-related quality of life and mental well-being of healthy and diseased persons in 8 countries: Does stringency of government response against early COVID-19 matter? SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100913. [PMID: 34522763 PMCID: PMC8426285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our study aimed to (1) assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental well-being of healthy and diseased persons in the general population during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) examine the relationship between HRQoL and mental well-being and individual characteristics and government response against COVID-19, as measured by the stringency index. Methods A web-based survey was administered to a cohort of persons from the general population of eight countries: Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (US) from April 22 to May 5 and May 26 to June 1, 2020. Country-level stringency indices were adopted from the COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Primary outcomes were HRQoL, measured using the EQ-5D-5L, and mental well-being, measured using the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being (WHO-5). Findings 21,354 respondents were included in the study. Diseased respondents had lower EQ-5D-5L and WHO-5 scores compared to healthy respondents. Younger respondents had lower WHO-5 scores than older respondents. The stringency index had a stronger association with the EQ-5D-5L and WHO-5 among diseased respondents compared to healthy respondents. Increasing stringency was associated with an increase in EQ-5D-5L scores but a decrease in the WHO-5 index. Conclusion The stringency of government response is inversely related to HRQoL and mental well-being with a small positive relation with HRQoL and strong negative relation with mental well-being. The magnitude of effects differed for healthy and diseased persons and by age but was most favourable for diseased and older persons. Persons with chronic conditions scored lower on EQ-5D-5L and WHO-5 domains, resulting in worse HRQoL and mental well-being. An age gradient was found where younger persons had worse mental well-being than older persons. Stringency of government response had opposite patterns for HRQoL and mental well-being. The magnitude of effects of stringency differed for healthy and diseased persons but was most favourable for diseased persons. Not feeling protected against COVID-19 had the one of the most negative association with mental well-being
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85
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Stephenson R, Walsh AR, Chavanduka TMD, Sallabank G, Horvath KJ, Castel AD, Bonar EE, Hightow-Weidman L, Bauermeister JA, Sullivan PS. Widespread closure of HIV prevention and care services places youth at higher risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249740. [PMID: 34506488 PMCID: PMC8432816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central to measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV is understanding the role of loss of access to essential HIV prevention and care services created by clinic and community-based organization closures. In this paper, we use a comprehensive list of HIV prevention services in four corridors of the US heavily impacted by HIV, developed as part of a large RCT, to illustrate the potential impact of service closure on LGBTQ+ youth. METHODS We identified and mapped LGBTQ+ friendly services offering at least one of the following HIV-related services: HIV testing; STI testing; PrEP/PEP; HIV treatment and care; and other HIV-related services in 109 counties across four major interstate corridors heavily affected by HIV US Census regions: Pacific (San Francisco, CA to San Diego, CA); South-Atlantic (Washington, DC to Atlanta, GA); East-North-Central (Chicago, IL to Detroit, MI); and East-South-Central (Memphis, TN to New Orleans, LA). RESULTS There were a total of 831 LGBTQ+ youth-friendly HIV service providers across the 109 counties. There was a range of LGBTQ+ youth-friendly HIV-service provider availability across counties (range: 0-14.33 per 10,000 youth aged 13-24 (IQR: 2.13), median: 1.09); 9 (8.26%) analyzed counties did not have any LGBTQ+ youth-friendly HIV service providers. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the correlation between county HIV prevalence and LGBTQ+ youth-friendly HIV service provider density was 0.16 (p = 0.09), suggesting only a small, non-statistically significant linear relationship between a county's available LGBTQ+ youth-friendly HIV service providers and their HIV burden. CONCLUSIONS As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we must find novel, affordable ways to continue to provide sexual health, mental health and other support services to LGBTQ+ youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Stephenson
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alison R. Walsh
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Tanaka M. D. Chavanduka
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gregory Sallabank
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Keith J. Horvath
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Castel
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lisa Hightow-Weidman
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Bauermeister
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Patrick S. Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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86
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Chew CC, Lim XJ, Chang CT, Rajan P, Nasir N, Low WY. Experiences of social stigma among patients tested positive for COVID-19 and their family members: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1623. [PMID: 34488693 PMCID: PMC8419662 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social stigma against persons infected with COVID-19 is not uncommon. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experience of social stigma among COVID-19 positive patients and their family members. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted between April to June 2020 in Malaysia. Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 for at least 1 month and their family members who were tested with negative results, Malaysian and aged 18–65 years old were purposively sampled. Cold call method was employed to recruit patients while their family members were recruited by their recommendations. Telephone interviews were conducted with the participants after obtaining their verbal consent. Results A total of 18 participants took part in this study. Three themes emerged from the interviews: (Ι) experience of stigmatization, (ΙΙ) perspective on disease disclosure, and (ΙΙΙ) suggestion on coping and reducing stigma. The participants expressed their experiences of being isolated, labelled, and blamed by the people surrounding them including the health care providers, neighbours, and staff at the service counters. Some respondents expressed their willingness to share their experience with others by emphasizing the importance of taking preventive measure in order to stop the chain of virus transmission and some of them chose to disclose this medical history for official purpose because of fear and lack of understanding among the public. As suggested by the respondents, the approaches in addressing social stigma require the involvement of the government, the public, health care provider, and religious leader. Conclusion Individuals recovered from COVID-19 and their families experienced social stigma. Fear and lack of public understanding of the COVID-19 disease were the key factors for non-disclosure. Some expressed their willingness to share their experience as they perceived it as method to increase public awareness and thereby reducing social stigma. Multifaceted approaches with the involvement of multiple parties including the government, non-governmental organization as well as the general public were recommended as important measures to address the issues of social stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii-Chii Chew
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Bainun, Level 4, Ambulatory Care Centre (ACC), Jalan Raja Ashman Shah, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Jie Lim
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Bainun, Level 4, Ambulatory Care Centre (ACC), Jalan Raja Ashman Shah, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Tao Chang
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Bainun, Level 4, Ambulatory Care Centre (ACC), Jalan Raja Ashman Shah, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Philip Rajan
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Bainun, Level 4, Ambulatory Care Centre (ACC), Jalan Raja Ashman Shah, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.,Otolaryngology Department, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Nordin Nasir
- Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Wah-Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cassiani-Miranda CA, Campo-Arias A, Tirado-Otálvaro AF, Botero-Tobón LA, Upegui-Arango LD, Rodríguez-Verdugo MS, Botero-Tobón ME, Arismendy-López YA, Robles-Fonnegra WA, Niño L, Scoppetta O. Stigmatisation associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2021; 67:728-736. [PMID: 33161822 PMCID: PMC7655501 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020972445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the fear of infection increases and, with it, the stigma-discrimination, which makes it an additional problem of the epidemic. However, studies about stigma associated with coronavirus are scarce worldwide. AIMS To determine the association between stigmatisation and fear of COVID-19 in the general population of Colombia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 1,687 adults between 18 and 76 years old (M = 36.3; SD = 12.5), 41.1% health workers, filled out an online questionnaire on Stigma-Discrimination and the COVID-5 Fear Scale, adapted by the research team. RESULTS The proportion of high fear of COVID-19 was 34.1%; When comparing the affirmative answers to the questionnaire on stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19, it was found that the difference was significantly higher in the general population compared to health workers in most of the questions evaluated, which indicates a high level of stigmatisation in that group. An association between high fear of COVID-19 and stigma was evidenced in 63.6% of the questions in the questionnaire. CONCLUSION Stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19 is frequent in the Colombian population and is associated with high levels of fear towards said disease, mainly people who are not health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, UDES Neuroscience Research Group Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA)
| | - Adalberto Campo-Arias
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, Health Psychology and Psychiatry Research Group, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Tirado-Otálvaro
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Faculty of Nursing, Care Research Group, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Luz Dary Upegui-Arango
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - María Soledad Rodríguez-Verdugo
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Mental Health and Addiction Department, Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, México
| | | | - Yinneth Andrea Arismendy-López
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, UDES Neuroscience Research Group Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA)
| | | | - Levinson Niño
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Center for Innovation Culture and Society (CENICS)
| | - Orlando Scoppetta
- Faculty of Psychology, GAEM Group (Research Methods Applied to Behavioral Sciences), Universidad Católica de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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88
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Kalichman SC, El-Krab R, Shkembi B, Kalichman MO, Eaton LA. Prejudicial beliefs and COVID-19 disruptions among sexual minority men living with and not living with HIV in a high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence area. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:1310-1317. [PMID: 33956159 PMCID: PMC8135944 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound health and social impacts. COVID-19 also affords opportunities to study the emergence of prejudice as a factor in taking protective actions. This study investigated the association of COVID-19 concerns, prejudicial beliefs, and personal actions that involve life disruptions among people not living with and people living with HIV. 338 Black/African American men not living with HIV who reported male sex partners and 148 Black/African American men living with HIV who reported male sex partners completed a confidential survey that measured COVID-19 concern, COVID-19 prejudice, and personal action and institutionally imposed COVID-19 disruptions. Participants reported having experienced multiple social and healthcare disruptions stemming from COVID-19, including reductions in social contacts, canceling medical appointments, and inability to access medications. Mediation analyses demonstrated that COVID-19 concerns and COVID-19 prejudice were associated with personal action disruptions, indicating that these social processes are important for understanding how individuals modified their lives in response to COVID-19. It is imperative that public health efforts combat COVID-19 prejudice as these beliefs undermine investments in developing healthcare infrastructure to address COVID-19 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C Kalichman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Renee El-Krab
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bruno Shkembi
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Moira O Kalichman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lisa A Eaton
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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89
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Traditional Gender Differences Create Gaps in the Effect of COVID-19 on Psychological Distress of Japanese Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168656. [PMID: 34444404 PMCID: PMC8391574 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused Japanese workers psychological distress through crises of health, economics, and social relationships. To assess whether these effects are amplified by the gender bias that exists in Japan, we examined male and female worker’s psychological distress and difficulties during the pandemic. An online “COVID-19-related difficulties” questionnaire, based on item response theory, gathered responses from 3464 workers in October and November 2020. The workers’ psychological distress was found concerned to be significantly worse than before the pandemic. Basic stressors related to infection anxiety, economic anxiety, and restrictions on social interactions and outings. Men’s and women’s experiences of difficulties were consistent with traditional gender roles in Japan: men were more likely to face job-related stressors, such as economic insecurity and work-style changes; women were more likely to face non-job-related stressors, such as increased living costs and reduced social interactions. Policymakers and employers should consider the association between gender differences and industry types, and implement measures to strengthen the acceptability of mental health care.
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90
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Stoto MA, Rothwell C, Lichtveld M, Wynia MK. A National Framework to Improve Mortality, Morbidity, and Disparities Data for COVID-19 and Other Large-Scale Disasters. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:S93-S100. [PMID: 34314219 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate data on COVID-19 cases and COVID-19‒related deaths are essential for making decisions with significant health, economic, and policy implications. A new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine proposes a uniform national framework for data collection to more accurately quantify disaster-related deaths, injuries, and illnesses. This article describes how following the report's recommendations could help improve the quality and timeliness of public health surveillance data during pandemics, with special attention to addressing gaps in the data necessary to understand pandemic-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Stoto
- Michael A. Stoto is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC, and the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Charles Rothwell is retired and was formerly with the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. Maureen Lichtveld is with the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Matthew K. Wynia is with the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Charles Rothwell
- Michael A. Stoto is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC, and the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Charles Rothwell is retired and was formerly with the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. Maureen Lichtveld is with the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Matthew K. Wynia is with the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Maureen Lichtveld
- Michael A. Stoto is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC, and the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Charles Rothwell is retired and was formerly with the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. Maureen Lichtveld is with the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Matthew K. Wynia is with the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Matthew K Wynia
- Michael A. Stoto is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC, and the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Charles Rothwell is retired and was formerly with the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. Maureen Lichtveld is with the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Matthew K. Wynia is with the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
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91
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Silhol R, Geidelberg L, Mitchell KM, Mishra S, Dimitrov D, Bowring A, Béhanzin L, Guédou F, Diabaté S, Schwartz S, Billong SC, Njindam IM, Levitt D, Mukandavire C, Maheu-Giroux M, Rönn MM, Dalal S, Vickerman P, Baral S, Alary M, Boily MC. Assessing the Potential Impact of Disruptions Due to COVID-19 on HIV Among Key and Lower-Risk Populations in the Largest Cities of Cameroon and Benin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 87:899-911. [PMID: 33657058 PMCID: PMC8191475 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic indirectly impacts HIV epidemiology in Central/West Africa. We estimated the potential impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to HIV prevention/treatment services and sexual partnerships on HIV incidence and HIV-related deaths among key populations including female sex workers (FSW), their clients, men who have sex with men, and overall. SETTING Yaoundé (Cameroon) and Cotonou (Benin). METHODS We used mathematical models of HIV calibrated to city population-specific and risk population-specific demographic/behavioral/epidemic data. We estimated the relative change in 1-year HIV incidence and HIV-related deaths for various disruption scenarios of HIV prevention/treatment services and decreased casual/commercial partnerships, compared with a scenario without COVID-19. RESULTS A 50% reduction in condom use in all partnerships over 6 months would increase 1-year HIV incidence by 39%, 42%, 31%, and 23% among men who have sex with men, FSW, clients, and overall in Yaoundé, respectively, and 69%, 49%, and 23% among FSW, clients, and overall, respectively, in Cotonou. Combining a 6-month interruption of ART initiation and 50% reduction in HIV prevention/treatment use would increase HIV incidence by 50% and HIV-related deaths by 20%. This increase in HIV infections would be halved by a simultaneous 50% reduction in casual and commercial partnerships. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in condom use after COVID-19 would increase infections among key populations disproportionately, particularly FSW in Cotonou, who need uninterrupted condom provision. Disruptions in HIV prevention/treatment services have the biggest impacts on HIV infections and deaths overall, only partially mitigated by equal reductions in casual/commercial sexual partnerships. Maintaining ART provision must be prioritized to minimize short-term excess HIV-related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Silhol
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Geidelberg
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M. Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anna Bowring
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luc Béhanzin
- National School of Public Health and Epidemiological Surveillance workers, Parakou University, Bénin
| | - Fernand Guédou
- Free STI clinic, Cotonou Communal Health Center, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Souleymane Diabaté
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices, Québec University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheree Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Serge C. Billong
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Daniel Levitt
- HIV/AIDS Heath Equity and Rights, CARE USA, New York, NY
| | - Christinah Mukandavire
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Minttu M. Rönn
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shona Dalal
- Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michel Alary
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices, Québec University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Boily
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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92
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Ju Y, Liu J, Ng RMK, Liu B, Wang M, Chen W, Huang M, Yang A, Shu K, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Liao M, Liu J, Zhang Y. Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with cured coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) one month post-discharge. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1915576. [PMID: 34992752 PMCID: PMC8725742 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1915576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can place an immense psychological strain on the infected patient. The psychological distress can linger after the initial recovery from the infection. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of provisional post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with cured COVID-2019. Methods: The baseline survey was conducted from 10 to 25 February 2020 in patients with COVID-19 in a designated hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics were acquired, and depression and anxiety levels were assessed, using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, respectively. A follow-up survey was conducted 1 month post-discharge. PTSD symptoms were measured by the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6) and patients' perception of supportive care during hospitalization was investigated using a self-developed questionnaire. Results: In total, 114 patients completed both the baseline and follow-up surveys. Of these, 41 (36.0%) met the cut-off score for provisional PTSD diagnosis according to the IES-6. Female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 4.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-14.37], educational level of high school or below (OR = 15.49, 95% CI 1.13-212.71), higher anxiety levels (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-1.61) and lower perceptions of emotional support during hospitalization (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.96) predicted a higher risk for provisional PTSD. Conclusions: PTSD is commonly seen in patients with COVID-19 1 month post-discharge. Female patients, and patients with lower educational levels, higher anxiety levels and lower perceptions of emotional support during hospitalization may be more likely to develop PTSD in the near future. Enhancing emotional support during hospitalization could help to prevent PTSD in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ju
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Roger M. K. Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, Kowloon Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kongliang Shu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Administrative Office, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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93
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Yoeli H. The psychosocial implications of social distancing for people with COPD: some exploratory issues facing a uniquely marginalised group during the COVID-19 pandemic. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2021; 19:298-307. [PMID: 34149318 PMCID: PMC8200791 DOI: 10.1057/s41285-021-00166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an illness associated with intersectional poverty and stigma in old age; people with COPD are susceptible to anxiety, loneliness and isolation. People with COPD who contract COVID-19 are at high risk of serious complications, intensive medical needs and death and are, therefore, required to socially distance particularly assiduously. This paper offers an embodied phenomenological analysis of the emerging theoretical literature exploring the impact of social distancing upon people with COPD. Firstly, people with COPD are aware of how respiratory illness feels, are anxious about COVID-19 and afraid of being denied care. Future research might consider how people with COPD may be susceptible to "coronaphobia" and mental health consequences of the pandemic. Secondly, COPD tends to affect older people within the most intersectionally marginalised socioeconomic groups. Future research should remain mindful that people with COPD may be among the most lonely and least able to access health and social care services online than others. Thirdly, pandemics are known to intensify pre-existing social stigmas. Researchers and practitioners alike should be conscious that people with COPD may become increasingly stigmatised, especially those from intersectionally disadvantaged minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yoeli
- Department of Anthropology, Institute for Medical Humanities, University of Durham, Caedmon Building, Leazes Road, Durham, DH1 1SZ UK
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94
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BOUKOURA ME, SARANTAKI A. COVID-19 Pandemic and Birth Experience. The Monopoly of Caesarean Sections. A Critical Realist Review. MAEDICA 2021; 16:274-280. [PMID: 34621351 PMCID: PMC8450653 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With over a million people infected, the global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been growing at an accelerating degree. The rising mortality rate warrants identification and protection of the vulnerable populations in society. Despite the increasing number of published studies on COVID-19 in pregnancy, there are insufficient good-quality data to draw unbiased conclusions with regard to the severity of the disease or specific complications of COVID-19 with reference to the mode of delivery, vertical/peripartum transmission, and complications in neonates, born by infected pregnant women. Data on maternal and perinatal outcomes of women infected with the SARS-CoV-2 are limited to a handful of case reports and series. The sample sizes are small and findings are diverse. Regarding the mode of delivery in women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, many studies conclude that the rates of Caesarean Section (CS) are higher in these women, despite the guidelines for vaginal labour. The aim of this critical realist review (CRR) is to investigate this phenomenon as well as the role of midwives in birth experience of women with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eleni BOUKOURA
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Antigoni SARANTAKI
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
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95
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Li L, Wang J, Leng A, Nicholas S, Maitland E, Liu R. Will COVID-19 Vaccinations End Discrimination against COVID-19 Patients in China? New Evidence on Recovered COVID-19 Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050490. [PMID: 34064737 PMCID: PMC8150813 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: By April 2021, over 160 million Chinese have been vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study analyzed the impact of vaccination on discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients and the determinants of discrimination among intended vaccinated people. (2) Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 associated discrimination from nine provinces in China. Pearson chi-square tests and a multivariate ordered logistic regression analyzed the determinants of COVID-19-related discrimination. (3) Results: People who intended to be COVID-19 vaccinated displayed a high level of discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients, with only 37.74% of the intended vaccinated without any prejudice and 34.11% displaying severe discrimination. However, vaccinations reduced COVID-19-related discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients from 79.76% to 62.26%. Sex, age, education level, occupation, geographical region, respondents' awareness of vaccine effectiveness and infection risk, and COVID-19 knowledge score had a significant influence on the COVID-19 related discrimination (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Vaccination significantly reduced COVID-19 associated discrimination, but discrimination rates remained high. Among the intended vaccinated respondents, females, the older aged, people with high school and above education level, retirees, migrant workers, and residents in central China were identified as key targets for information campaigns to reduce COVID-19 related discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Business Administration, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce, Nanjing 211168, China;
| | - Jian Wang
- Dong Fureng Economic and Social Development School, Wuhan University, Beijing 100010, China;
- Center for Health Economics and Management at School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Anli Leng
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Institute of Governance, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Stephen Nicholas
- Australian National Institute of Management and Commerce, Eveleigh, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia;
- Research Institute for International Strategies, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China
- School of Economics, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, China
- School of Management, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, China
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Maitland
- School of Management, University of Liverpool, Chatham Building, Chatham Street, Liverpool L69 7ZH, UK;
| | - Rugang Liu
- School of Health Policy & Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence:
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96
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Cloete A, North A, Ramlagan S, Schmidt T, Makola L, Chikovore J, Skinner D, Reddy SP. "… It is like it has come up and stole our lives from us" The first 21 days: A rapid qualitative assessment of how different sectors of society experienced the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa. SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES OPEN 2021; 4:100167. [PMID: 34927060 PMCID: PMC8665353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined how different sectors of society experienced the first 21 days of the stay-at-home lockdown following the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa. This rapid qualitative assessment was conducted remotely with 60 key and community informants from different socio-cultural and economic backgrounds in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Atlas.ti.8 was used to facilitate qualitative data analysis. Data revealed how the lockdown exacerbated social inequalities for the poor and marginalised. Fear of infection, and food and income insecurity were common concerns mentioned in key and community informant interviews. Despite the social and economic distress, the data also point to a narrative of social responsibility, resilience and social cohesion. The social responsibility and cohesion demonstrated by South African communities should be drawn upon to invoke community resilience, even in the absence of physical proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allanise Cloete
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | - Alicia North
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | - Shandir Ramlagan
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | - Tenielle Schmidt
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | | | - Jeremiah Chikovore
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | - Donald Skinner
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
| | - Sasiragha Priscilla Reddy
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University (NMU), South Africa
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97
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Brekke JP. Informing hard-to-reach immigrant groups about COVID-19—Reaching the Somali population in Oslo. JOURNAL OF REFUGEE STUDIES 2021:feab053. [PMCID: PMC8136018 DOI: 10.1093/jrs/feab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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98
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Feinberg IZ, Owen-Smith A, O'Connor MH, Ogrodnick MM, Rothenberg R, Eriksen MP. Strengthening Culturally Competent Health Communication. Health Secur 2021; 19:S41-S49. [PMID: 33961489 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable refugee communities are disproportionately affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; existing longstanding health inequity in these communities is exacerbated by ineffective risk communication practices about COVID-19. Culturally and linguistically appropriate health communication following health literacy guidelines is needed to dispel cultural myths, social stigma, misinformation, and disinformation. For refugee communities, the physical, mental, and social-related consequences of displacement further complicate understanding of risk communication practices grounded in a Western cultural ethos. We present a case study of Clarkston, Georgia, the "most diverse square mile in America," where half the population is foreign born and majority refugee. Supporting marginalized communities in times of risk will require a multipronged, systemic approach to health communication including: (1) creating a task force of local leaders and community members to deal with emergent issues; (2) expanding English-language education and support for refugees; (3) including refugee perspectives on risk, health, and wellness into risk communication messaging; (4) improving cultural competence and health literacy training for community leaders and healthcare providers; and (5) supporting community health workers. Finally, better prepared public health programs, including partnerships with trusted community organizations and leadership, can ensure that appropriate and supportive risk communication and health education and promotion are in place long before the next emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Z Feinberg
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ashli Owen-Smith
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary Helen O'Connor
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michelle M Ogrodnick
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael P Eriksen
- Iris Z. Feinberg, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor and Associate Director, and Michelle M. Ogrodnick, MA, is a 2CI Fellow, Adult Literacy Research Center, Department of Learning Sciences College of Education and Human Development; Ashli Owen-Smith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, and Richard Rothenberg, MD, MPH, and Michael P. Eriksen, ScD, are Regents' Professors, School of Public Health; all at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Mary Helen O'Connor, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of English, and Director, Center for Community Engagement, at Perimeter College, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
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Cordie A, AbdAllah M, Vergori A, Kharono B, Karkouri M, Esmat G. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and coronavirus disease 2019; impact on vulnerable populations and harnessing lessons learnt from HIV programmes. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100857. [PMID: 33680476 PMCID: PMC7912358 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can act as a dual prong attack against management of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); it induces harm on both individual and national levels. People living with HIV may show rapid deterioration in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as a result of physiological or psychological vulnerability. Additionally, the spread of COVID-19-especially in low- and middle-income countries-may limit HIV control measures, delivery and linkage to HIV care and prevention. Attention should be given to pregnant women and the LGBTQI+ community for their higher susceptibility to poor outcomes. Engagement of both governmental and non-governmental organizations is encouraged for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cordie
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. AbdAllah
- Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. Vergori
- HIV/AIDS Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L.Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Kharono
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M. Karkouri
- Association de Lutte Contre le Sida/Coalition Plus, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - G. Esmat
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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100
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Manik MJ, Natalia S, Theresia. Social stigma towards nurses taking care of patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia: A mixed-methods study. BELITUNG NURSING JOURNAL 2021; 7:98-106. [PMID: 37469947 PMCID: PMC10353578 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The condition of the Indonesians' unpreparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and fear. The public's fears of COVID-19 cases have led to a negative stigma. As part of health workers in disaster management's main pillars in health services, nurses are most vulnerable to infection and not free from the stigma. Objective This study aimed to describe the social stigma against nurses taking care of patients with COVID-19 and experiencing suspected or probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. Methods This study was a mixed-method study using a sequential explanatory design-participant selection model. The selection of respondents used the convenience sampling technique. The number of respondents in the quantitative stage was 118 respondents. For qualitative data, selected participants were respondents with a stigma score of more than 21 nurses and willing to continue the interview process. There were 11 participants in the qualitative stage. This study used the modified Stigma Scale of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalog for quantitative data and four semi-structured questions to obtain qualitative data. Quantitative data were processed in descriptive statistics, and a thematic analysis was performed to analyze the qualitative data. Results The highest stigma score of 118 respondents was 37, and the lowest score was zero. The stigma score had a mean of 12.28 (SD ± 7.9). The higher the score obtained leads to a higher level of stigma received. From a total of 11 participants interviewed, four main themes emerged: rejection, feeling down and afraid, sources of support, and professional vigilance. Conclusion The social stigma experienced by nurses comes from colleagues and society and impacts psychological distress. Support from families and colleagues strengthens nurses in facing social stigma. Nevertheless, nurses uphold the values to remain grateful and carry out professional responsibilities in taking care of patients. Nurses should be provided with psychological support and be prepared for disasters to provide excellent health services and reduce adverse mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siska Natalia
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Theresia
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia
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