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Koós M, Bőthe B, Orosz G, Potenza MN, Reid RC, Demetrovics Z. The negative consequences of hypersexuality: Revisiting the factor structure of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale and its correlates in a large, non-clinical sample. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 13:100321. [PMID: 33364331 PMCID: PMC7750154 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the growing literature about hypersexuality and its negative consequences, most studies have focused on the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), resulting in relatively few studies about the nature and the measurement of a broader spectrum of adverse consequences. Methods The aim of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequence Scale (HBCS) in a large, non-clinical population (N = 16,935 participants; females = 5854, 34.6%; Mage = 33.6, SDage = 11.1) and identify its factor structure across genders. The dataset was divided into three independent samples, taking into consideration gender ratio. The validity of the HBCS was investigated in relation to sexuality-related questions (e.g., frequency of pornography use) and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (Sample 3). Results Both the exploratory (Sample 1) and confirmatory (Sample 2) factor analyses (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0.948, RMSEA = 0.061 [90% CI = 0.059–0.062]) suggested a first-order, four-factor structure that included work-related problems, personal problems, relationship problems, and risky behavior as a result of hypersexuality. The HBCS showed adequate reliability and demonstrated reasonable associations with the examined theoretically relevant correlates, corroborating the validity of the HBCS. Conclusion Findings suggest that the HBCS may be used to assess consequences of hypersexuality. It may also be used in clinical settings to assess the severity of hypersexuality and to map potential areas of impairment, and such information may help guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Koós
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Université Artois, Université Lille, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Atelier Sherpas, F-62800 Liévin, France
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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52
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Slavin MN, Blycker GR, Potenza MN, Bőthe B, Demetrovics Z, Kraus SW. Gender-Related Differences in Associations Between Sexual Abuse and Hypersexuality. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2029-2038. [PMID: 32792283 PMCID: PMC7875089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with histories of sexual abuse may be more likely to experience sexual-related problems including hypersexuality, but gender-related differences remain unclear. AIM This online study examined sexual abuse history and hypersexuality by gender among 16,823 Hungarian adults, adjusting for age, sexual orientation, relationship status, education, employment status, and residence. METHODS An online questionnaire on one of the largest Hungarian news portals advertised this study examining sexual activities in January 2017. 3 categorizations of age-related sexual abuse were examined: child sexual abuse (CSA) occurring at age 13 and earlier (compared to no abuse), adolescent/adult sexual abuse (AASA; compared to no abuse), and CSA and AASA (CSA/AASA; compared to one age-related category of abuse or the other). OUTCOMES The outcome variable, hypersexuality, was examined as a continuous variable due to the low prevalence of clinical hypersexuality in this sample. 3 multivariate linear regression analyses adjusting for covariates aimed to predict hypersexuality from each category of abuse, along with gender and its interaction with each category. RESULTS In all models, younger age, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, male gender, single relationship status, less than full-time work, and living in a capital city were associated with hypersexuality, and education was not a significant predictor. CSA, AASA, and CSA/AASA predicted hypersexuality in both men and women. There was a significant interaction between CSA/AASA and gender, such that the relationship between CSA/AASA and hypersexuality was stronger in men than in women. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Sexual abuse at each developmental time-point may influence hypersexuality among men and women, although the cumulative impact of CSA and AASA on hypersexuality may be particularly relevant among men. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This is one of the largest studies to examine gender-related differences in the relationship between sexual abuse and hypersexuality. Nevertheless, our study is cross-sectional, and longitudinal work is needed to determine how sexual abuse affects children, adolescents, and adults throughout their lives. CONCLUSION Developmental impacts of sexual abuse may be considered in a gender-informed fashion in order to develop and optimize effective prevention and treatment strategies for hypersexuality. Slavin MN, Blycker GR, Potenza MN, et al. Gender-Related Differences in Associations Between Sexual Abuse and Hypersexuality. J Sex Med 2020;17:2029-2038.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen R Blycker
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; HäIsosam Therapy, Jamestown, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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53
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McKie RM, Skakoon-Sparling S, Levere D, Sezlik S, Humphreys TP. Is There Space for Our Stories? An Examination of North American and Western European Gay, Bi, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men's Non-consensual Sexual Experiences. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:1014-1025. [PMID: 32564626 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1767023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the understanding and behaviors relating to sexual consent among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) internationally. Qualitative responses were collected from 350 men ranging from 18 to 73 years of age (M = 33.37) across Canada, the United States, and Western Europe. The results of a thematic analysis indicated that participants presented challenges with negotiating sexual consent. Themes were identified from the analysis detailing participants' perceptions and interactions prior to a sexual encounter (pre), during a sexual encounter (during), and after a sexual experience (post). Subthemes addressed a variety of issues GBM may face when engaging in sexual consent negotiations (e.g., sex-role positioning, power dynamics, sexual scripts among GBM, and additional sexual settings). These findings suggest that GBM face unique sexual consent challenges prior to, during, and in response to sexual encounters. Implications for demographic-specific resources and interventions are discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Drake Levere
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
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54
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Sassover E, Weinstein A. Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view. J Behav Addict 2020; 11. [PMID: 32997646 PMCID: PMC9295215 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has been a long debated issue. While formerly the discussion was about whether to regard CSBD as a distinctive disorder, the current debate is dealing with the classification of this phenomenon. One of the prominent voices in this field considers CSBD as a behavioral addiction and proposes CSBD to be called and diagnosed as sexual addiction (SA). This present debate paper will review the existing evidence supporting this view and it will argue against it. RESULTS We have found that a great deal of the current literature is anecdotal while empirical evidence is insufficient. First, the reports about the prevalence of CSBD are contradictory. Additionally, the field mainly suffers from inconsistent defining criteria of CSBD and a consensus which symptoms should be included. As a result, the empirical evidence that does exist is mostly about some symptoms individually and not on the disorder as a whole construct. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that currently, there is not enough data supporting CSBD as a behavioral addiction. Further research has to be done, examining CSBD phenomenology as a whole construct and based on a homogeneous criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sassover
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Behavioral Science and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
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55
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Kowalewska E, Gola M, Kraus SW, Lew-Starowicz M. Spotlight on Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: A Systematic Review of Research on Women. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2025-2043. [PMID: 32943868 PMCID: PMC7478918 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s221540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW World Health Organization recently included compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) to the upcoming 11th edition of International Classification of Diseases (6C72). Despite the potential benefits of this decision (eg, the acceleration of research in the field will allow the development of effective treatments), previous research focused mainly on men, and as a result, we do not have an accurate clinical picture of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) among women. Therefore, in this systematic review, we aim to present available knowledge on this topical subject. Literature search was conducted in the guideline of PRISMA methodology. Studies were identified from multiple databases including Academic Search Ultimate, SocINDEX, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and MEDLINE. Out of a total of 10,531 articles identified and screened, 58 were included in this review. Included studies covered the following topics: prevalence and etiology of CSB, behavioral and cognitive processes involved, comorbidities, personality traits, psychosocial and interpersonal difficulties, traumatic experiences, and treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Available studies indicate that CSB symptom severity is lower in women than in men. Overall, women reported consuming pornography less often than men and exhibit lower rates of feeling urges to these materials. CSB symptoms (including problematic pornography use) have been found to be positively related to trait psychopathy, impulsivity, sensation seeking, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder, pathological buying, sexual dysfunctions, general psychopathology, child sexual abuse, while negatively related to dispositional mindfulness. SUMMARY Conclusions that can be drawn from prior studies are considerably limited. There are no accurate estimates of the CSB prevalence or severity among women, and studies have been mostly conducted on non-clinical populations, which has limited application for women diagnosed with CSBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Michal Lew-Starowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Bőthe B, Lonza A, Štulhofer A, Demetrovics Z. Symptoms of Problematic Pornography Use in a Sample of Treatment Considering and Treatment Non-Considering Men: A Network Approach. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2016-2028. [PMID: 32675049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pornography use may become problematic for 1-6% of the people and may be associated with adverse consequences leading to treatment-seeking behavior. Although the identification of the central symptoms of problematic pornography use (PPU) may inform treatment strategies, no prior study has applied the network approach to examine the symptoms of PPU. AIM To explore the network structure of PPU symptoms, identify the topological location of pornography use frequency in this network, and examine whether the structure of this network of symptoms differs between participants who considered and those who did not consider treatment. METHODS A large-scale online sample of 4,253 men (Mage = 38.33 years, SD = 12.40) was used to explore the structure of PPU symptoms in 2 distinct groups: considered treatment group (n = 509) and not-considered treatment group (n = 3,684). OUTCOMES Participants completed a self-report questionnaire about their past-year pornography use frequency and PPU measured by the short version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale. RESULTS The global structure of symptoms did not differ significantly between the considered treatment and the not-considered treatment groups. 2 clusters of symptoms were identified in both groups, with the first cluster including salience, mood modification, and pornography use frequency and the second cluster including conflict, withdrawal, relapse, and tolerance. In the networks of both groups, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, and conflict appeared as central symptoms, whereas pornography use frequency was the most peripheral symptom. However, mood modification had a more central place in the considered treatment group's network and a more peripheral position in the not-considered treatment group's network. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Based on the results of the centrality analysis in the considered treatment group, targeting salience, mood modification, and withdrawal symptoms first in the treatment may be an effective way of reducing PPU. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The present study appears to be the first to analyze the symptoms of PPU using a network analytic approach. Self-reported measures of PPU and pornography use frequency might have introduced some biases. CONCLUSION The network of PPU symptoms was similar in participants who did and those who did not consider treatment because of their pornography use, with the exception of the mood modification symptom. Targeting the central symptoms in the treatments of PPU seems to be more effective than focusing on reducing pornography use. Bőthe B, Lonza A, Štulhofer A, et al. Symptoms of Problematic Pornography Use in a Sample of Treatment Considering and Treatment Non-Considering Men: A Network Approach. J Sex Med 2020;17:2016-2028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Institute of Psychology, ELTE EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anamarija Lonza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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57
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Bőthe B, Potenza MN, Griffiths MD, Kraus SW, Klein V, Fuss J, Demetrovics Z. The development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale (CSBD-19): An ICD-11 based screening measure across three languages. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:247-258. [PMID: 32609629 PMCID: PMC8939427 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is included in the eleventh edition of The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse-control disorder. AIMS The aim of the present work was to develop a scale (Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale-CSBD-19) that can reliably and validly assess CSBD based on ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. METHOD Four independent samples of 9,325 individuals completed self-reported measures from three countries (the United States, Hungary, and Germany). The psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 were examined in terms of factor structure, reliability, measurement invariance, and theoretically relevant correlates. A potential threshold was determined to identify individuals with an elevated risk of CSBD. RESULTS The five-factor model of the CSBD-19 (i.e., control, salience, relapse, dissatisfaction, and negative consequences) had an excellent fit to the data and demonstrated appropriate associations with the correlates. Measurement invariance suggested that the CSBD-19 functions similarly across languages. Men had higher means than women. A score of 50 points was found as an optimal threshold to identify individuals at high-risk of CSBD. CONCLUSIONS The CSBD-19 is a short, valid, and reliable measure of potential CSBD based on ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. Its use in large-scale, cross-cultural studies may promote the identification and understanding of individuals with a high risk of CSBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada E-mail: . Tel.: +1 438 833 3038
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Verena Klein
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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58
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Castro-Calvo J, Gil-Llario MD, Giménez-García C, Gil-Juliá B, Ballester-Arnal R. Occurrence and clinical characteristics of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD): A cluster analysis in two independent community samples. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:446-468. [PMID: 32554840 PMCID: PMC8939411 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is characterized by a persistent failure to control intense and recurrent sexual impulses, urges, and/or thoughts, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior that causes a marked impairment in important areas of functioning. Despite its recent inclusion in the forthcoming ICD-11, concerns regarding its assessment, diagnosis, prevalence or clinical characteristics remain. The purpose of this study was to identify participants displaying CSBD through a novel data-driven approach in two independent samples and outline their sociodemographic, sexual, and clinical profile. METHODS Sample 1 included 1,581 university students (females = 56.9%; Mage = 20.58) whereas sample 2 comprised 1,318 community members (females = 43.6%; Mage = 32.37). First, we developed a new composite index to assess the whole range of CSBD symptoms based on three previously validated scales. Based on this new composite index, we subsequently identified individuals with CSBD through a cluster analytic approach. RESULTS The estimated occurrence of CSBD was 10.12% in sample 1 and 7.81% in sample 2. Participants with CSBD were mostly heterosexual males, younger than respondents without CSBD, reported higher levels of sexual sensation seeking and erotophilia, an increased offline and especially online sexual activity, more depressive and anxious symptoms, and poorer self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS This research provides further evidence on the occurrence of CSBD based on an alternative data-driven approach, as well as a detailed and nuanced description of the sociodemographic, sexual, and clinical profile of adults with this condition. Clinical implications derived from these findings are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Castro-Calvo
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain,Correspondence author. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia, 46010, Spain. Tel.: +34 963 983395; fax: +34 963 864669. E-mail:
| | - M. D. Gil-Llario
- Dpto. Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Giménez-García
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - B. Gil-Juliá
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Ballester-Arnal
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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59
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Bőthe B, Baumgartner C, Schaub MP, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. Hands-off: Study protocol of a two-armed randomized controlled trial of a web-based self-help tool to reduce problematic pornography use. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:433-445. [PMID: 32663382 PMCID: PMC8939408 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The past-year prevalence of problematic pornography use (PPU) was 1-6% in adult populations. As a result of treatment obstacles and barriers, such as unaffordable treatments, only a minority of problematic pornography users may seek treatment. Having a free, online, self-help program may overcome treatment barriers and may help those individuals who cannot receive traditional or offline treatment for PPU. Although the effectiveness of such online programs reducing substance use and problematic gambling have been reported, no prior study has examined the efficacy of an online self-help intervention aiming to reduce PPU. METHODS This two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) will examine the effectiveness of an online self-help program (Hands-off) to reduce PPU, while also considering psychopathological comorbidities. The six-week intervention condition includes six core modules developed to reduce PPU based on motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and wise social-psychological intervention techniques. The target sample size is 242 participants. Self-report questionnaires will be administered at baseline, right after the end of the intervention, at one-month, and three-month follow-ups after the end of the intervention. The primary outcome will be the level of PPU. Secondary outcomes will include pornography use frequency, pornography craving, pornography use-avoidance self-efficacy, sex mindset, sexual satisfaction, negative and positive emotions, and life satisfaction. Data will be analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis using linear mixed models. RESULTS Results will be reported at conferences and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. The participants will be sent a lay-person-friendly summary of the results via e-mail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christian Baumgartner
- Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction ISGF, Associated to the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P. Schaub
- Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction ISGF, Associated to the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Université d’Artois, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Sherpas, Lille, France
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60
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Antons S, Matthias B. Inhibitory control and problematic Internet-pornography use - The important balancing role of the insula. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:58-70. [PMID: 32359231 PMCID: PMC8935194 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diminished control over a specific behavior is a core characteristic in addictive behaviors such as problematic Internet-pornography (IP) use. First studies suggest that a hyperactivity of the impulsive system is one reason for impulsive behaviors in the context of problematic IP use. The tripartite-process theory of addiction explains neurocognitive mechanisms beyond common dual-process theories in addictive behaviors. However, the role of the reflective and interoceptive system is still unresolved. METHODS The study comprised a stop-signal task (SST) including neutral and pornographic images during fMRI and questionnaires to investigate associations between symptoms of problematic IP use, craving, and neural activity of the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive system. We examined 28 heterosexual males with varying symptom severity of problematic IP use. RESULTS Data indicates that individuals with more symptoms of problematic IP use showed better performance in the SST which was linked to decreased insula and inferior frontal gyrus activity during pornographic image processing. An increase in craving was associated with lower activity of the ventral striatum during pornographic image processing. The interoceptive system showed varying effects. Increased insula activity during inhibitory control and decreased activity during pornographic image processing were associated with higher inhibitory control performance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Effects of tolerance and motivational aspects may explain the better inhibitory control performance in individuals with higher symptom severity which was associated with differential activity of the interoceptive and reflective system. Diminished control over IP use presumably results from the interaction between the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Antons
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Brand Matthias
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany,Corresponding author. General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, Duisburg, 47057, Germany. Tel.: +49 203 3792541; fax: +49 203 3791846. E-mail:
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61
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Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. High-Frequency Pornography Use May Not Always Be Problematic. J Sex Med 2020; 17:793-811. [PMID: 32033863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, variable-centered analytic approaches showed positive, weak-to-moderate associations between frequency of pornography use (FPU) and problematic pornography use (PPU). However, person-centered studies are sparse in the literature, and these could provide insight into whether there are individuals who use pornography frequently and do not experience problems or whether there are individuals with comparable high-frequency use who differ on reported experiencing of negative consequences. AIM The aims of the present study were (i) to identify profiles of pornography use based on FPU and PPU by applying a person-centered analytic approach and (ii) to examine whether the identified profiles could be distinguished based on theoretically relevant demographic and psychological constructs. METHODS Latent profile analyses were conducted on 3 nonclinical samples recruited from general websites and a pornography site (study 1: N = 14,006; study 2: N = 483; study 3: N = 672). RESULTS Results were consistent across all studies. 3 distinct pornography-use profiles emerged: nonproblematic low-frequency pornography use (68-73% of individuals), nonproblematic high-frequency pornography use (19-29% of individuals), and problematic high-frequency use (3-8% of individuals). Nonproblematic and problematic high-frequency-use groups showed differences in several constructs (ie, hypersexuality, depressive symptoms, boredom susceptibility, self-esteem, uncomfortable feelings regarding pornography, and basic psychological needs). CLINICAL TRANSLATION FPU should not be considered as a sufficient or reliable indicator of PPU because the number of people with nonproblematic high-frequency use was 3-6 times higher than that with problematic high-frequency use. These results suggest that individuals with PPU use pornography frequently; however, FPU may not always be problematic. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Self-report cross-sectional methods have possible biases that should be considered when interpreting findings (eg, underreporting or overreporting). However, the present research included 3 studies and involved large community samples and visitors of a pornography website. The present study is the first that empirically investigated pornography-use profiles with a wide range of correlates using both severity of PPU and FPU as profile indicators on specific and general samples. CONCLUSION The present study is a first step in the differentiated examination of pornography-use profiles, taking into consideration both PPU and FPU, and it provides a foundation for further clinical and large-scale studies. Different psychological mechanisms may underlie the development and maintenance of FPU with or without PPU, suggesting different treatment approaches. Therefore, the present results may guide clinical work when considering reasons for seeking treatment for PPU. Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, et al. High-Frequency Pornography Use May Not Always Be Problematic. J Sex Med 2020;17:793-811.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Substance Abuse Center, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Studer J, Marmet S, Wicki M, Gmel G. Cybersex use and problematic cybersex use among young Swiss men: Associations with sociodemographic, sexual, and psychological factors. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:794-803. [PMID: 31868514 PMCID: PMC7044587 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cybersex use (CU) is highly prevalent in Switzerland's population, particularly among young men. CU may have negative consequences if it gets out of control. This study estimated prevalence of CU, frequency of CU (FCU), and problematic CU (PCU) and their correlates. METHODS A non-selective sample of young Swiss men (N = 5,332, mean age = 25.45) completed a questionnaire assessing FCU and PCU, sociodemographics (age, linguistic region, and education), sexuality (being in a relationship, number of sexual partners, and sexual orientation), dysfunctional coping (denial, self-distraction, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame), and personality traits (aggression/hostility, sociability, anxiety/neuroticism, and sensation seeking). Associations were tested using hurdle and negative binomial regression models. RESULTS At least monthly CU was reported by 78.6% of participants. CU was associated positively with post-secondary schooling (vs. primary schooling), German-speaking (vs. French-speaking), homosexuality, bisexuality (vs. heterosexuality), more than one sexual partner (vs. one), dysfunctional coping (except denial), and all personality traits except sociability, but negatively with being in a relationship (vs. not), age, and sociability. FCU was associated positively with homosexuality, bisexuality, no or more than one sexual partner, dysfunctional coping (except denial), and all personality traits except sociability, but negatively with age, being in a relationship, and sociability. PCU was associated positively with bisexuality, four or more sexual partners, dysfunctional coping, and all personality traits except sociability, but negatively with German-speaking and sociability. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS CU should be viewed in light of its associations with sociodemographic, sexual, and psychological factors. Healthcare professionals should consider these aspects to adapt their interventions to patients' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Marmet
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wicki
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research Department, Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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63
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Problematic and Non-Problematic Pornography Use Among LGBTQ Adolescents: a Systematic Literature Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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64
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Antons S, Trotzke P, Wegmann E, Brand M. Interaction of craving and functional coping styles in heterosexual males with varying degrees of unregulated Internet-pornography use. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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65
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Role of Personality Characteristics and Sexual Orientation in the Risk for Sexual Addiction Among Israeli Men: Validation of a Hebrew Sex Addiction Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMen having sex with men are known to exhibit heightened sexual activity. This raises the conjecture that different sexual orientations exhibit different levels of sex addiction risk, which is also affected by personality. The present study examined the prevalence of the sex addiction risk within the context of sexual orientation and personality in Israeli men while also validating the Hebrew Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (HBYSAS). Results based on 177 participants showed that the HBYSAS is appropriate for assessing the risk for sex addiction in Israeli men. Furthermore, results showed that sex addiction risk varied with individuals’ sexual orientation while being modestly associated with higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness.
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Fuss J, Briken P, Stein DJ, Lochner C. Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prevalence and associated comorbidity. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:242-248. [PMID: 31079471 PMCID: PMC7044559 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) will be included in ICD-11 as an impulse-control disorder. CSBD also shares clinical features with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) and behavioral addictions. There has been relatively little systematic investigation of CSBD in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the paradigmatic compulsive disorder. We aimed to determine prevalence of CSBD in OCD, and its associated sociodemographic and clinical features, including associated comorbidity, to learn more about the nature of CSBD. METHODS Adult outpatients with current OCD (N = 539) participated in this study. The Structured Clinical Interview for OCSDs was used to diagnose OCSDs (Tourette's syndrome, compulsive shopping, pathological gambling, kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, self-injurious behavior, and CSBD). Prevalence rates of OCSDs in male versus female patients as well as comorbid disorders in OCD patients with and without CSBD were compared. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence of CSBD was 5.6% in patients with current OCD and significantly higher in men than women. OCD patients with and without CSBD were similar in terms of age, age of onset of OCD, present OCD illness severity, as well as educational background. Lifetime prevalence rates of several mood, obsessive-compulsive, and impulse-control disorders were considerably elevated in patients with lifetime CSBD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A substantive number of OCD patients suffered from CSBD. CSBD in OCD was more likely comorbid with other mood, obsessive-compulsive, and impulse-control disorders, but not with disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors. This finding supports conceptualization of CSBD as a compulsive-impulsive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fuss
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dan J. Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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67
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Engel J, Kessler A, Veit M, Sinke C, Heitland I, Kneer J, Hartmann U, Kruger THC. Hypersexual behavior in a large online sample: Individual characteristics and signs of coercive sexual behavior. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:213-222. [PMID: 31120318 PMCID: PMC7044561 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the high prevalence of perceived problems relating to symptoms of hypersexual disorder (HD), important aspects remain underinvestigated. This study examines symptoms of depression, symptoms of problematic cybersex, and coercive sexual behavior in a large online sample from a German-speaking population. METHODS In an online survey, N = 1,194 (n = 564 women) participated in this study and completed measures including self-report questionnaires to assess depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), HD (HBI-19), symptoms of problematic cybersex (s-IATsex), as well as questions characterizing participants sexually, including fantasies and actual sexual coercive behaviors. RESULTS Men reported increased levels of HD symptom severity, pornography consumption, masturbation, and partnered sexual activity. Moreover, 59% of men and 18% of women reported fantasies of sexual coercion, whereas 21% of men and 4% of women reported acts of sexual coercion. Moderated regression analyses showed that symptoms of depression as well as sexual coercive fantasies and behaviors were associated with levels of HD symptom severity. Problematic cybersex, total sexual outlet (TSO), pornography consumption, and number of sexual partners were also associated with HD symptom severity. Interaction effects indicated that, in women, the connection of TSO as well as pornography was more strongly associated with levels of HD symptom severity than in men. CONCLUSIONS This survey indicated that levels of HD symptom severity are often associated with severe intra- and interpersonal difficulties. Furthermore, the amount of sexual activity seems to be more strongly connected to levels of HD symptom severity in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Engel
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Corresponding author: Jannis Engel; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Phone: +49 511 532 2631; Fax: +49 511 8407; E-mail:
| | - Andrea Kessler
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Veit
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Kneer
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tillmann H. C. Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Bőthe B, Koós M, Tóth-Király I, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Investigating the Associations Of Adult ADHD Symptoms, Hypersexuality, and Problematic Pornography Use Among Men and Women on a Largescale, Non-Clinical Sample. J Sex Med 2019; 16:489-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, Griffiths MD, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Revisiting the Role of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Problematic Sexual Behaviors. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:166-179. [PMID: 29913087 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1480744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity and compulsivity are transdiagnostic features associated with clinically relevant aspects of psychiatric disorders, including addictions. However, little research has investigated how impulsivity and compulsivity relate to hypersexuality and problematic pornography use. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate (a) self-reported impulsivity and compulsivity with respect to hypersexuality and problematic pornography use and (b) the similarities and possible differences between hypersexuality and problematic pornography use in these domains. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) in a large community sample (N = 13,778 participants; female = 4,151, 30.1%), results indicated that impulsivity (β = .28, β = .26) and compulsivity (β = .23, β = .14) were weakly related to problematic pornography use among men and women, respectively. Impulsivity had a stronger relationship (β = .41, β = .42) with hypersexuality than did compulsivity (β = .21, β = .16) among men and women, respectively. Consequently, impulsivity and compulsivity may not contribute as substantially to problematic pornography use as some scholars have proposed. On the other hand, impulsivity might have a more prominent role in hypersexuality than in problematic pornography use. Future research should examine further social and situational factors associated with problematic pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University and Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - István Tóth-Király
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University and Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- b Institute of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Marc N Potenza
- c School of Medicine, Yale University
- d Connecticut Mental Health Center
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- e Psychology Department, International Gaming Research Unit , Nottingham Trent University
| | - Gábor Orosz
- b Institute of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- f Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology , Hungarian Research Centre for Natural Sciences
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Bőthe B, Kovács M, Tóth-Király I, Reid RC, Griffiths MD, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. The Psychometric Properties of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory Using a Large-Scale Nonclinical Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:180-190. [PMID: 30028633 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1494262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The conceptualization of hypersexuality has begun to converge as a result of proposed diagnostic criteria. However, its measurement is still diverse. The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) is one of the most appropriate scales used to assess hypersexuality, but further examination is needed to test its psychometric properties among different clinical and nonclinical groups, including samples outside of the United States. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability and the generalizability of HBI and to determine a cutoff score on a large, diverse, online, nonclinical sample (N = 18,034 participants; females = 6132; 34.0%; Mage = 33.6 years, SDage = 11.1). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability indices provided support for the structure of the HBI and demonstrated excellent reliability. Employing latent profile analysis (LPA), seven classes emerged, but they could not be reliably distinguished by objective sexuality-related characteristics. Moreover, it was not possible to determine an adequate cutoff score, most likely due to the low prevalence rate of hypersexuality in the population. HBI can be reliably used to measure the extent of hypersexual urges, fantasies, and behavior; however, objective indicators and a clinical interview are essential to claim that a given individual may exhibit features of problematic sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University; and Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Márton Kovács
- b Institute of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - István Tóth-Király
- a Doctoral School of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University; and Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Rory C Reid
- c Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - Gábor Orosz
- e Institute of Psychology , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University; and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Research Centre for Natural Sciences
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Ballester-Arnal R, Castro-Calvo J, Gil-Julia B, Giménez-García C, Gil-Llario MD. A Validation Study of the Spanish Version of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI): Paper-and-Pencil Versus Online Administration. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:283-302. [PMID: 30657020 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1518886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypersexuality is a problematic behavior characterized by the combination of an excessive sexual desire and the pathological inability to control it. This study presents the psychometric properties of the Spanish paper-and-pencil and online versions of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI), one of the most popular scales to assess this issue. A total of 2,250 participants (1,070 men) completed a translated version of the HBI (1,450 in paper-and-pencil; 800 online). The exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors that explained 67.53% of total variance for the HBI paper-and-pencil version. This factor structure was confirmed in the HBI online version through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Factorial, structural, scalar and error variance-invariance according to gender was also confirmed through multigroup CFA. Reliability of the total score and subscales ranged between .89 and .96. Likewise, correlations with other related scales were positive and significant (r between .511 and .743). Temporal stability one year after the first application was .77 (paper-and-pencil format) and .68 (online version). These results support the reliability and validity of the HBI and justify its use in the assessment of hypersexuality in Spanish-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ballester-Arnal
- a Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universiat , Jaume I , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Calvo
- a Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universiat , Jaume I , Castellón , Spain
- b Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg , Esch-sur-Alzette , Luxembourg
| | - Beatriz Gil-Julia
- c Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos , Universitat de València , Estudi General , Spain
| | - Cristina Giménez-García
- a Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universiat , Jaume I , Castellón , Spain
| | - María Dolores Gil-Llario
- d Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación , Universitat de València , Estudi General, Spain
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Shimoni L, Dayan M, Cohen K, Weinstein A. The contribution of personality factors and gender to ratings of sex addiction among men and women who use the Internet for sex purpose. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1015-1021. [PMID: 30378460 PMCID: PMC6376399 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sex addiction is characterized by excessive sexual activity on the Internet. We have investigated the contribution of the Big Five personality factors and sex differences to sex addiction. METHODS A total of 267 participants (186 males and 81 females) were recruited from Internet sites that are used for finding sexual partners. Participants' mean age was 31 years (SD = 9.8). They filled in the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), the Big Five Index, and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS Men have shown higher scores of sex addiction than women (Cohen's d = 0.40), they were more open to experiences (Cohen's d = 0.42), and they were less neurotic than women (Cohen's d = 0.67). Personality factors contributed significantly to the variance of sex addiction [F(5, 261) = 6.91, p < .001, R2 = .11]. Openness to experience (β = 0.18) and neuroticism (β = 0.15) had positive correlations with SAST scores, whereas conscientiousness (β = -0.21) had a negative correlation with SAST scores, and personality traits explained 11.7% of the variance. A parallel moderation model of the effect of gender and personality traits on sex addiction explained 19.6% of the variance and it has indicated that conscientiousness had a negative correlation with SAST scores. Greater neuroticism was associated with higher scores of SAST in men but not in women. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed higher scores of sex addiction among males compared to females. Personality factors together with gender contributed to 19.6% of the variance of ratings of sex addiction. Among men, neuroticism was associated with greater propensity for sex addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Shimoni
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Moria Dayan
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Koby Cohen
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel,Corresponding author: Aviv Weinstein; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel 40700, Israel; Phone: +972 3 9076555; Fax: +972 3 9066629; E-mails: ;
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Efrati Y, Gola M. Understanding and predicting profiles of compulsive sexual behavior among adolescents. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1004-1014. [PMID: 30378458 PMCID: PMC6376392 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This two-study research was designed to define and predict profiles of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) among non-clinical population of adolescents, and aimed to fill gaps in the current research. METHODS In Study 1 (N = 1,182), we examined the profiles of CSB among adolescents using latent profile analysis. Results revealed the following three clusters: abstainers, sexual fantasizers, and individuals with CSB. In Study 2 (N = 618), we replicated this classification and examined differences between the clusters in Big Five personality traits, locus of control, attachment orientations, loneliness, age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), residence quality, use of pornography, and sex-related online activities. RESULTS Adolescents classified into different clusters significantly differed in personality traits, loneliness, age, SES, use of pornography, and sex-related online activities. Specifically, individuals with CSB had external locus of control, anxious attachment, greater loneliness, higher frequency of pornography use, and more sex-related online activities than the other groups. DISCUSSION The current research expands the knowledge about CSB by providing a more individualized approach to understanding CSB among adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Efrati
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Education and Society and Culture, Beit-Berl Collage, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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