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Taborelli M, Polesel J, Parpinel M, Stocco C, Birri S, Serraino D, Zucchetto A. Fruit and vegetables consumption is directly associated to survival after prostate cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Taborelli
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute; Aviano (PN) Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute; Aviano (PN) Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences; Udine University; Udine Italy
| | - Carmen Stocco
- Venetian Cancer Registry; Veneto Region; Padua Italy
| | - Silvia Birri
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute; Aviano (PN) Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute; Aviano (PN) Italy
| | - Antonella Zucchetto
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute; Aviano (PN) Italy
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KRUK J, ABOUL-ENEIN H. What Are the Links of Prostate Cancer with Physical Activity and Nutrition? : A Systematic Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1558-1567. [PMID: 28053921 PMCID: PMC5207096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide a brief synthesis the current knowledge for the effects of physical activity (PA) and nutrition on PCa risk. METHODS A systematic review of English languages reviews, meta-analysis, and original articles published from 2009 to 2015 extracted from the following websites: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Health Source, Science Direct, and their references. RESULTS The review of the literature led to the selection of 12 review or meta-analysis studies and 15 lately published observational studies. Most of studies reported relationship of recreational and occupational PA and vegetables, fruits, vitamins, red/processed meats, and fats consumption with risk of PCa. Decreased risk for PCa associated with exercise was reported in seven of the ten articles on this topic. The inverse association of vegetables and/or fruit intake with PCa risk was reported in eight of 13 papers. The effect of meat/fat intake on PCa was estimated in four articles finding increased risk. There was heterogeneity between studies, and findings are inconsistent. CONCLUSION Physical activity does not significantly reduce the risk of PCa; however, vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of aggressive tumor. Besides, there is a lack of definitive evidence supporting the preventive role of diet against PCa. Due to many other benefits of regular moderate-vigorous PA and a diet high in vegetables and fruits and low in red/processed meats and fats, these lifestyle patterns may be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna KRUK
- Dept. of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland,Corresponding Author:
| | - Hassan ABOUL-ENEIN
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Kilpeläinen TP, Talala K, Raitanen J, Taari K, Kujala P, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A. Prostate Cancer and Socioeconomic Status in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:720-731. [PMID: 27777219 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) screening remains controversial. We investigated whether screening reduces the difference in prostate cancer risk by socioeconomic status (SES). In 1996-2011, a total of 72,139 men from the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer were analyzed. Outcome measures were PC incidence, mortality, and participation in screening. SES indicators were educational level, income, and home ownership status (data obtained from the Statistics Finland registry). The mean duration of follow-up was 12.7 years. Higher SES was associated with a higher incidence of low- to moderate-risk PC but with a lower risk of advanced PC. Higher education was associated with significantly lower PC mortality in both control and screening arms (risk ratio = 0.48-0.69; P < 0.05). Higher income was also associated with lower PC mortality but only in the control arm (risk ratio = 0.45-0.73; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in SES gradient by arm (Pinteraction = 0.33 and Pinteraction = 0.47 for primary vs. secondary education and primary vs. tertiary education, respectively; Pinteraction = 0.65 and Pinteraction = 0.09 for low vs. intermediate income and low vs. high income, respectively; and Pinteraction = 0.27 among home ownership status strata). Substantial gradients by SES in PC incidence and mortality were observed in the control arm. Higher SES was associated with overdiagnosis of low-risk PC and, conversely, lower risk of incurable PC and lower PC mortality. Special attention should be directed toward recruiting men with low SES to participate in population-based cancer screening.
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Student V, Vidlar A, Bouchal J, Vrbkova J, Kolar Z, Kral M, Kosina P, Vostalova J. Cranberry intervention in patients with prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy. Clinical, pathological and laboratory findings. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:559-565. [PMID: 27833172 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recently, we described an inverse association between cranberry supplementation and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) in patients with negative biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. This double blind placebo controlled study evaluates the effects of cranberry consumption on PSA values and other markers in men with PCa before radical prostatectomy. METHODS Prior to surgery, 64 patients with prostate cancer were randomized to a cranberry or placebo group. The cranberry group (n=32) received a mean 30 days of 1500 mg cranberry fruit powder. The control group (n=32) took a similar amount of placebo. Selected blood/urine markers as well as free and total phenolics in urine were measured at baseline and on the day of surgery in both groups. Prostate tissue markers were evaluated after surgery. RESULTS The serum PSA significantly decreased by 22.5% in the cranberry arm (n=31, P<0.05). A trend to down-regulation of urinary beta-microseminoprotein (MSMB) and serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, as well as upregulation of IGF-1 was found after cranberry supplementation. There were no changes in prostate tissue markers or, composition and concentration of phenolics in urine. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of a powdered cranberry fruit lowered serum PSA in patients with prostate cancer. The whole fruit contains constituents that may regulate the expression of androgen-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Student
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Vidlar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vrbkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kolar
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kral
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Menichetti J, Villa S, Magnani T, Avuzzi B, Bosetti D, Marenghi C, Morlino S, Rancati T, Van Poppel H, Salvioni R, Valdagni R, Bellardita L. Lifestyle interventions to improve the quality of life of men with prostate cancer: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:13-22. [PMID: 27931831 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving quality of life is a key issue for patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Lifestyle interventions could positively impact the quality of life of patients. However, there is no clear-cut understanding of the role of diet, exercise and risky behaviour reduction in improving the quality of life of men with PCa. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize randomized controlled trials on lifestyle in PCa patients with quality of life as main outcome. 17 trials were included. Most of them referred to exercise interventions (71%) and involved men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (47%). Exercise studies yielded the greater amount of positive results on quality of life outcomes (67%), followed by dietary interventions (50%) and combined lifestyle interventions (33%). In particular, supervised exercise programs with resistance training sessions were the ones producing greater convincing evidence for benefits on quality of life. Further studies with high methodological quality providing adequate information to develop evidence-based, personalized lifestyle interventions that can effectively ameliorate PCa-related quality of life are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Menichetti
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; Dept. of Psychology, Università Cattolica, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Villa
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Magnani
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Avuzzi
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Bosetti
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Marenghi
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Morlino
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rancati
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hein Van Poppel
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Urology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salvioni
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; Dept. of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Bellardita
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Griffiths K, Aggarwal BB, Singh RB, Buttar HS, Wilson D, De Meester F. Food Antioxidants and Their Anti-Inflammatory Properties: A Potential Role in Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer Prevention. Diseases 2016; 4:E28. [PMID: 28933408 PMCID: PMC5456284 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean-style diets caused a significant decline in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in early landmark studies. The effect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation showed that there was a significant reduction in oxidative stress in the intervention group (Mediterranean diet + Virgin Olive Oil) compared to the low-fat diet group. Conversely, the increase in oxidative stress causing inflammation is a unifying hypothesis for predisposing people to atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis, and osteoporosis. The impact of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents on cancer and cardiovascular disease, and the interventive mechanisms for the inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, invasion, metastasis, and activation of apoptosis were explored. Following the Great Oxygen Event some 2.3 billion years ago, organisms have needed antioxidants to survive. Natural products in food preservatives are preferable to synthetic compounds due to their lower volatility and stability and generally higher antioxidant potential. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, pro-oxidants and inflammation are described with examples of free radical damage based on the hydroxyl, nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Flavonoid antioxidants with 2- or 3-phenylchroman structures such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin, constituents of fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine, which may reduce coronary disease and cancer, are described. The protective effect of flavonoids on the DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals through chelation is an important mechanism, though the converse may be possible, e.g., quercetin. The antioxidant properties of carotenoids, which are dietary natural pigments, have been studied in relation to breast cancer risk and an inverse association was found with plasma concentrations: higher levels mean lower risk. The manipulation of primary and secondary human metabolomes derived especially from existing or transformed gut microbiota was explored as a possible alternative to single-agent dietary interventions for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Sustained oxidative stress leading to inflammation and thence to possibly to cancer and cardiovascular disease is described for spices and herbs, using curcumin as an example of an intervention, based on activation of transcription factors which suggest that oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and cancer are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Griffiths
- Emeritus Professor of Cancer Research, University of Wales College of Medicine, Laurel Cottage, Castleton, Cardiff CF3 2UR, UK.
| | | | - Ram B Singh
- Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Civil Lines, Moradabad, UP 244001, India.
| | - Harpal S Buttar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 , Canada.
| | - Douglas Wilson
- School Medicine Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK.
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Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Central Argentina: A Case Control Study Involving Self-Motivated Health Behavior Modifications after Diagnosis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070419. [PMID: 27409631 PMCID: PMC4963895 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most important non-communicable disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts low- to middle-income countries. Diet in combination with other lifestyle habits seems to modify the risk for some cancers but little is known about South Americans. Food habits of Argentinean men pre- and post-diagnosis of prostate cancer (n = 326) were assessed along with other lifestyle factors. We studied whether any of the behaviors and risk factors for prostate cancer were found in men with other cancers (n = 394), compared with control subjects (n = 629). Before diagnosis, both cases reported a greater mean consumption of meats and fats and lower intakes of fruits, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains than the controls (all p < 0.001). After diagnosis, cases significantly reduced the intake of meats and fats, and reported other dietary modifications with increased consumption of fish, fruits (including red fruits in prostate cancer), cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, and black tea (all p < 0.001). Additional lifestyle aspects significantly predominant in cases included a reduced quality of sleep, emotional stress, low physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, living in rural areas, and being exposed to environmental contaminants. Argentinian men were predisposed to modify their unhealthy dietary habits and other lifestyle factors after cancer diagnosis.
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58
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Alcántara-Montero A, Sánchez-Carnerero CI. Lifestyle and prevention of prostate cancer. Actas Urol Esp 2016; 40:412-3. [PMID: 26923033 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C I Sánchez-Carnerero
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, España
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59
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Hackshaw-McGeagh L, Lane JA, Persad R, Gillatt D, Holly JMP, Koupparis A, Rowe E, Johnston L, Cloete J, Shiridzinomwa C, Abrams P, Penfold CM, Bahl A, Oxley J, Perks CM, Martin R. Prostate cancer - evidence of exercise and nutrition trial (PrEvENT): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Trials 2016; 17:123. [PMID: 26948468 PMCID: PMC4780152 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of observational evidence suggests that nutritional and physical activity interventions are associated with beneficial outcomes for men with prostate cancer, including brisk walking, lycopene intake, increased fruit and vegetable intake and reduced dairy consumption. However, randomised controlled trial data are limited. The ‘Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial’ investigates the feasibility of recruiting and randomising men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer and eligible for radical prostatectomy to interventions that modify nutrition and physical activity. The primary outcomes are randomisation rates and adherence to the interventions at 6 months following randomisation. The secondary outcomes are intervention tolerability, trial retention, change in prostate specific antigen level, change in diet, change in general physical activity levels, insulin-like growth factor levels, and a range of related outcomes, including quality of life measures. Methods/design The trial is factorial, randomising men to both a physical activity (brisk walking or control) and nutritional (lycopene supplementation or increased fruit and vegetables with reduced dairy consumption or control) intervention. The trial has two phases: men are enrolled into a cohort study prior to radical prostatectomy, and then consented after radical prostatectomy into a randomised controlled trial. Data are collected at four time points (cohort baseline, true trial baseline and 3 and 6 months post-randomisation). Discussion The Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial aims to determine whether men with localised prostate cancer who are scheduled for radical prostatectomy can be recruited into a cohort and subsequently randomised to a 6-month nutrition and physical activity intervention trial. If successful, this feasibility trial will inform a larger trial to investigate whether this population will gain clinical benefit from long-term nutritional and physical activity interventions post-surgery. Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial (PrEvENT) is registered on the ISRCTN registry, ref number ISRCTN99048944. Date of registration 17 November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hackshaw-McGeagh
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - J Athene Lane
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - David Gillatt
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Edward Rowe
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Lyndsey Johnston
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Jenny Cloete
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Constance Shiridzinomwa
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Paul Abrams
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Chris M Penfold
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK.
| | - Amit Bahl
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK. .,University Hospital Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol, BS2 8ED, UK.
| | - Jon Oxley
- Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Claire M Perks
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Richard Martin
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
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Brenes Bermúdez FJ, Alcántara Montero A. [Early detection or screening in the prevention of prostate cancer?]. Semergen 2016; 43:100-108. [PMID: 26960257 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men in the developed world and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA, behind lung cancer. In Europe, it is the third leading cause of cancer death in men (after lung and colorectal cancers). The role of PC screening is currently being questioned. The following article summarises the most relevant epidemiological aspects of PC, as well as major clinical trials of PC screening, and recommendations of the various medical scientific associations on whether or not to screen for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Brenes Bermúdez
- Centro de Salud Llefiá, Badalona (Barcelona), España; Grupo de Trabajo de Nefrourología SEMERGEN, España
| | - A Alcántara Montero
- Centro de Salud José María Álvarez, Don Benito (Badajoz), España; Grupo de Trabajo de Nefrourología SEMERGEN, España.
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de Amorim Ribeiro IC, da Costa CAS, da Silva VAP, Côrrea LBNS, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Flaxseed reduces epithelial proliferation but does not affect basal cells in induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1201-1210. [PMID: 26857761 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of a flaxseed-based diet on the histoarchitecture of the prostate of normal Wistar rats and of rats with induced BPH. METHODS The study included four experimental groups of ten animals each: casein control group (CCG), who were fed a casein-based diet; flaxseed control group (FCG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet; hyperplasia-induced casein group (HICG), who were fed a casein-based diet; and hyperplasia-induced flaxseed group (HIFG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet. Hyperplasia was induced by the subcutaneous implantation of silicone pellets containing testosterone propionate. After 20 weeks, the rats were euthanized and their prostate fixed in buffered formalin. Tissue sections were stained with HE, picrosirius red and immunostained for nuclear antigen p63. Histomorphometric analysis evaluated the epithelial thickness, epithelial area, individual luminal area, and total area of prostatic alveoli. RESULTS The mean epithelial thickness obtained for HIFG and HICG was 16.52 ± 1.65 and 20.58 ± 2.86 µm, respectively. The mean epithelial thickness in HICG was greater than that in the other groups tested. HIFG had a smaller epithelial thickness and lower percentage of papillary projections in the prostatic alveoli. No significant difference was observed between CCG and FCG. The total area and mean alveolar area showed no significant differences between the groups. The number of cells immunostained for p63 was not significantly different between the groups evaluated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that flaxseed has a protective effect on the prostate epithelium in BPH-induced animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Cely de Amorim Ribeiro
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alves Pereira da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Lanna Beatriz Neves Silva Côrrea
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alves Chagas
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
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Bylsma LC, Alexander DD. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer. Nutr J 2015; 14:125. [PMID: 26689289 PMCID: PMC4687294 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a significant public health concern among men in the U.S. and worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have generally produced inconclusive results for dietary risk factors for prostate cancer, including consumption of red and processed meats. We aimed to update a previous meta-analysis of prospective cohorts of red and processed meats and prostate cancer with the inclusion of new and updated cohort studies, as well as evaluate meat cooking methods, heme iron, and heterocyclic amine (HCA) intake exposure data. A comprehensive literature search was performed and 26 publications from 19 different cohort studies were included. Random effects models were used to calculate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) for high vs. low exposure categories. Additionally, meta-regression analyses and stratified intake analyses were conducted to evaluate dose-response relationships. The SRREs for total prostate cancer and total red meat consumption, fresh red meat consumption, and processed meat consumption were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.92-1.12), 1.06 (95% CI: 0.97-1.16), and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.10), respectively. Analyses were also conducted for the outcomes of non-advanced, advanced, and fatal prostate cancer when sufficient data were available, but these analyses did not produce significant results. No significant SRREs were observed for any of the meat cooking methods, HCA, or heme iron analyses. Dose-response analyses did not reveal significant patterns of associations between red or processed meat and prostate cancer. In conclusion, the results from our analyses do not support an association between red meat or processed consumption and prostate cancer, although we observed a weak positive summary estimate for processed meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Bylsma
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dominik D Alexander
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- EpidStat Institute, Bothell, WA, USA.
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