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Bodkhe R, Marietta EV, Balakrishnan B, Luckey DH, Horwath IE, Shouche YS, Taneja V, Murray JA. Human gut-derived commensal suppresses generation of T-cell response to gliadin in humanized mice by modulating gut microbiota. Anaerobe 2020; 68:102237. [PMID: 32721554 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human intestinal tract is colonized by a large number of diverse microorganisms that play various important physiologic functions. In inflammatory gut diseases including celiac disease (CeD), a dysbiotic state of microbiome has been observed. Interestingly, this perturbed microbiome is normalized towards eubiosis in patients showing recovery after treatment. The treatment has been observed to increase the abundance of beneficial microbes in comparison to non-treated patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of Prevotella histicola or Prevotella melaninogenica, isolated from the duodenum of a treated CeD patient, on the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance to gliadin, a CeD associated subgroup of gluten proteins, in NOD.DQ8.ABo transgenic mice. Conventionally raised mice on a gluten free diet were orally gavaged with bacteria before and after injection with pepsin trypsin digested gliadin (PTD-gliadin). P. histicola suppressed the cellular response to gliadin, whereas P. melaninogenica failed to suppress an immune response against gliadin. Interestingly, tolerance to gliadin in NOD.DQ8.ABo mice may be associated with gut microbiota as mice gavaged with P melaninogenica harbored a different microbial diversity as compared to P. histicola treated mice. This study provides experimental evidence that gut microbes like P. histicola from treated patients can suppress the immune response against gliadin epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bodkhe
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; The YSS Lab, National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Eric V Marietta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - David H Luckey
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Irina E Horwath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogesh S Shouche
- The YSS Lab, National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Tang LL, Feng WZ, Cheng JJ, Gong YN. Clinical remission of ulcerative colitis after different modes of faecal microbiota transplantation: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:1025-1034. [PMID: 32388604 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, recurrent and destructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic measure in which faecal microbiota from healthy people is transplanted into patients. AIM To systematically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of treating UC with different modes of FMT. METHODS Seven databases were searched by two independent researchers and studies related to randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. RESULTS Seven studies on UC involving 431 patients were included in the analysis. The results showed that FMT had better efficacy than placebo (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.48-3.53, P = 0.0002). Subgroup analyses of influencing factors showed that frozen faeces from multiple donors delivered via the lower gastrointestinal tract had a better curative effect than placebo (OR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.59-4.79, P = 0.0003; OR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.67-5.71, P = 0.0002; and OR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.67-4.37, P < 0.0001); the difference in efficacy between mixed faeces from a single donor transplanted through the upper gastrointestinal tract and placebo was not significant(P = 0.05, P = 0.09 and P = 0.98). The analysis of side effects showed no significant difference between FMT and placebo (P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS It may be safe and effective to transplant frozen faeces from multiple donors through the lower gastrointestinal tract to treat UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Tang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Feng
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Cheng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ni Gong
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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Liu Z, Liu F, Wang W, Sun C, Gao D, Ma J, Hussain MA, Xu C, Jiang Z, Hou J. Study of the alleviation effects of a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and inulin on mice with colitis. Food Funct 2020; 11:3823-3837. [PMID: 32329478 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that has serious harmful effects on human health. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a probiotic, has a strong colonization and adhesion effect and improves the intestinal health of the host. Inulin has good anti-inflammatory effects and can promote the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the alleviating effects of L. rhamnosus 1.0320 in combination with inulin on UC, examining the resulting changes in intestinal flora. A UC model was established by having mice freely drink a 3% (w/v) dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) solution for seven days. After successful modeling, the mice were given antibiotics, L. rhamnosus 1.0320 by itself, inulin by itself, and L. rhamnosus 1.0320 combined with inulin as an intragastric intervention for 28 days. The abundance and structural changes of bacteria in the intestinal content of mice were analyzed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The study found that male BALB/c mice can successfully establish a typical model of small intestinal inflammation by freely drinking a 3% DSS solution for one week. L. rhamnosus 1.0320 combined with inulin can alleviate DSS-induced colitis, reduce the Disease Activity Index (DAI) score of the pathological damage of colon tissue, decrease myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, increase hemoglobin content, and regulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. The intestinal flora of mice is reduced after enteritis, and its structure gets disordered. The combination of L. rhamnosus 1.0320 and inulin can increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora, and increase the content of beneficial bacteria. Prebiotics promote the colonization ability of probiotics. L. rhamnosus 1.0320 combined with inulin can change the intestinal flora to relieve ulcerative colitis, providing a new theoretical basis for the study of UC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu L, Xu LZ, Zhao S, Shen ZF, Shen H, Zhan LB. Protective effect of baicalin on the regulation of Treg/Th17 balance, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in rats with ulcerative colitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5449-5460. [PMID: 32322944 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin is reported as an effective drug for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its effect on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of baicalin on Th17/Treg balance, gut microbiota community, and SCFAs levels in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced UC rat model. We found the DAI scores were significantly increased in the TNBS-treated rats, while reduced in the baicalin-treated group in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied with the alleviation of mucosal injury, the reduction of ZO-1, Occludin, and MUC2 expression. At the meanwhile, baicalin repressed the increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA, while deceased the GSH and SOD levels in colon tissue of rats treated with TNBS. On the other hand, administration of baicalin attenuated the TNBS-induced upregulations of Th17/Treg ratio, indicating a strong amelioration in the colorectal inflammation. More importantly, pyrosequencing of the V4 regions of 16S rRNA genes in rat feces revealed a deviation of the gut microbiota in response to baicalin treatment. In particular, the decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios and endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels indicated that baicalin reversed TNBS-induced gut dysbiosis OTUs. In addition, we further investigated the fecal levels of major SCFAs in rats and found that baicalin significantly resorted the fecal butyrate levels in rats treated with TNBS. The increased butyrate levels were in consistent with the higher abundance of butyrate-producing species such as Butyricimonas spp., Roseburia spp., Subdoligranulum spp., and Eubacteriu spp. in baicalin-treated group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that baicalin possibly protected rats against ulcerative colitis by regulation of Th17/Treg balance, and modulation of both gut microbiota and SCFAs. Baicalin may be used as a prebiotic agent to treat ulcerative colitis-associated inflammation and gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Zhou Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li-Bin Zhan
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Butera A, Di Paola M, Vitali F, De Nitto D, Covotta F, Borrini F, Pica R, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Giuliani A, Pronio A, Boirivant M. IL-13 mRNA Tissue Content Identifies Two Subsets of Adult Ulcerative Colitis Patients With Different Clinical and Mucosa-Associated Microbiota Profiles. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:369-380. [PMID: 31501882 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A personalized approach to therapy hold great promise to improve disease outcomes. To this end, the identification of different subsets of patients according to the prevalent pathogenic process might guide the choice of therapeutic strategy. We hypothesize that ulcerative colitis [UC] patients might be stratified according to distinctive cytokine profiles and/or to a specific mucosa-associated microbiota. METHODS In a cohort of clinically and endoscopic active UC patients and controls, we used quantitative PCR to analyse the mucosal cytokine mRNA content and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the mucosa-associated microbiota composition. RESULTS We demonstrate, by means of data-driven approach, the existence of a specific UC patient subgroup characterized by elevated IL-13 mRNA tissue content separate from patients with low IL-13 mRNA tissue content. The two subsets differ in clinical-pathological characteristics. High IL-13 mRNA patients are younger at diagnosis and have a higher prevalence of extensive colitis than low IL-13 mRNA patients. They also show more frequent use of steroid/immunosuppressant/anti-tumour necrosis factor α therapy during 1 year of follow-up. The two subgroups show differential enrichment of mucosa-associated microbiota genera with a prevalence of Prevotella in patients with high IL-13 mRNA tissue content and Sutterella and Acidaminococcus in patients with low IL-13 mRNA tissue content. CONCLUSION Assessment of mucosal IL-13 mRNA might help in the identification of a patient subgroup that might benefit from a therapeutic approach modulating IL-13. PODCAST This article has an associated podcast which can be accessed at https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/pages/podcast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Butera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Covotta
- University "Sapienza", Dept General Surgery, "P. Stefanini", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pica
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, IBD, GE Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Annamaria Pronio
- University "Sapienza", Dept General Surgery, "P. Stefanini", Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
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Guo XY, Liu XJ, Hao JY. Gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis: insights on pathogenesis and treatment. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:147-159. [PMID: 32040250 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota constitute the largest reservoir of the human microbiome and are an abundant and stable ecosystem-based on its diversity, complexity, redundancy, and host interactions This ecosystem is indispensable for human development and health. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier depends on its interactions with gut microbiota. The commensal bacterial community is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC). The dysbiosis of microbes is characterized by reduced biodiversity, abnormal composition of gut microbiota, altered spatial distribution, as well as interactions among microbiota, between different strains of microbiota, and with the host. The defects in microecology, with the related metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms, play a critical role in the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa in UC. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used to treat many diseases related to gut microbiota, with the most promising outcome reported in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, followed by IBD. This review evaluated the results of various reports of FMT in UC. The efficacy of FMT remains highly controversial, and needs to be regularized by integrated management, standardization of procedures, and individualization of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Pittayanon R, Lau JT, Leontiadis GI, Tse F, Yuan Y, Surette M, Moayyedi P. Differences in Gut Microbiota in Patients With vs Without Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:930-946.e1. [PMID: 31812509 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Altering the intestinal microbiota has been proposed as a treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but there are no established associations between specific microbes and IBD. We performed a systematic review to identify frequent associations. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, through April 2, 2018 for studies that compared intestinal microbiota (from fecal or colonic or ileal tissue samples) among patients (adult or pediatric) with IBD vs healthy individuals (controls). The primary outcome was difference in specific taxa in fecal or intestinal tissue samples from patients with IBD vs controls. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess the quality of studies included in the review. RESULTS We identified 2631 citations; 48 studies from 45 articles were included in the analysis. Most studies evaluated adults with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. All 3 studies of Christensenellaceae and Coriobacteriaceae and 6 of 11 studies of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii reported a decreased amount of those organisms compared with controls, whereas 2 studies each of Actinomyces, Veillonella, and Escherichia coli revealed an increased amount in patients with Crohn's disease. For patients with ulcerative colitis, Eubacterium rectale and Akkermansia were decreased in all 3 studies, whereas E coli was increased in 4 of 9 studies. The microbiota diversity was either decreased or not different in patients with IBD vs controls. Fewer than 50% of the studies stated comparable sexes and ages of cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS In a systematic review, we found evidence for differences in abundances of some bacteria in patients with IBD vs controls, but we cannot make conclusions due to inconsistent results and methods among studies. Further large-scale studies, with better methods of assessing microbe populations, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapat Pittayanon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jennifer T Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grigorios I Leontiadis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances Tse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Surette
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Diez-Gutiérrez L, San Vicente L, R. Barrón LJ, Villarán MDC, Chávarri M. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and probiotics: Multiple health benefits and their future in the global functional food and nutraceuticals market. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Russo E, Giudici F, Fiorindi C, Ficari F, Scaringi S, Amedei A. Immunomodulating Activity and Therapeutic Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Tryptophan Post-biotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2754. [PMID: 31824517 PMCID: PMC6883404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) are grouped as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The IBD is associated to a multifaceted interplay between immunologic, microbial, genetic, and environmental factors. Nowadays, the gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been indicated as a cause in the IBD development, affecting the impaired cross-talk between GM and immune cells. Moreover, recent studies have uncovered a crucial role for bacterial post-biotics (metabolites) in the orchestration of the host immune response, as they could be messengers between the GM and the immune system. In addition, transgenic mouse models showed that SCFAs (Short Chain Fatty Acids) and Tryptophan (Trp) post-biotics play important immunomodulatory effects, regulating both innate and adaptive immune cell generation, their function and trafficking. Here, we present an overview on the main microbial post-biotics and their effects on the gut mucosa with specific emphasis on their relevance for IBD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of SCFA and Trp post-biotics on IBD through approaches based on the “immunonutrition,” defined as a modulation of the immune system provided by specific interventions that modify dietary nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Giudici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Fiorindi
- Department of Health Professions, Dietary Production Line and Nutrition, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Ficari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Scaringi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Yue B, Luo X, Yu Z, Mani S, Wang Z, Dou W. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Potential Result from the Collusion between Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immune System. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100440. [PMID: 31614539 PMCID: PMC6843348 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host health depends on the intestinal homeostasis between the innate/adaptive immune system and the microbiome. Numerous studies suggest that gut microbiota are constantly monitored by the host mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the microbial communities may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis between microbiota composition and the mucosal immune system is an effective approach to prevent and control IBD. The overall theme of this review is to summarize the research concerning the pathogenesis of IBD, with particular focus on the factors of gut microbiota-mucosal immune interactions in IBD. This is a comprehensive and in-depth report of the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system in IBD pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the further evaluation of the therapeutic strategies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhilun Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
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Park S, Chun J, Han KD, Soh H, Kang EA, Lee HJ, Im JP, Kim JS. Dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of ulcerative colitis: a nationwide population-based study. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:881-890. [PMID: 31093771 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former cigarette smokers are at risk of developing ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the impact of smoking behavior on the occurrence of UC according to the amount smoked remains elusive. We aimed to determine the relationship between smoking behavior and the risk of UC development. METHODS We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using the National Health Insurance Service database in South Korea. From January 2009 to December 2012, 23,235,771 individuals over 18 years of age who underwent a national health examination were enrolled and followed until 2016. All study participants were divided into the following 3 groups: nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers. The primary endpoint was newly developed UC. RESULTS Compared with nonsmokers, the risk of UC development was significantly higher in former smokers [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73-1.95] but significantly lower in current smokers (aHR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87-0.98). Among current smokers, individuals who stopped smoking after the baseline evaluation had a significantly higher risk of UC development than those who continued to smoke (aHR 2.42; 95% CI 2.10-2.80). The risk of UC development among former smokers was significantly associated with smoking amount and duration. Among current smokers, however, the risk of UC development was not correlated with the cumulative lifetime smoking exposure. The preventive effect of current smoking on UC development was observed only in men (aHR 0.90; 95% CI 0.84-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Compared with nonsmokers, former smokers have a significantly higher risk of UC development that may be proportional to the cumulative smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seona Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 20, Eonju-ro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06229, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hosim Soh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Eun Ae Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
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Kusakabe S, Fukushima K, Maeda T, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Fujita J, Yokota T, Shibayama H, Oritani K, Kanakura Y. Pre- and post-serial metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2019; 188:438-449. [PMID: 31566729 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human gut harbours diverse microorganisms, and gut dysbiosis has recently attracted attention because of its possible involvement in various diseases. In particular, the lack of diversity in the gut microbiota has been associated with complications of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), such as infections, acute graft-versus-host disease and relapse of primary disease, which lead to a poor prognosis. However, few studies have serially examined the composition of the intestinal microbiota after HSCT. In this study, we demonstrated, using next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, combined with uniFrac distance analysis, that the intestinal microbiota of patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT substantially differed from that of healthy controls and recipients of autologous transplants. Faecal samples were obtained daily throughout the clinical course, before and after transplantation. Notably, the proportions of Bifidobacterium and genera categorized as butyrate-producing bacteria were significantly lower in patients with allogeneic HSCT than in healthy controls. Furthermore, among allogeneic transplant recipients, a subgroup with a preserved microbiota composition showed a benign course, whereas patients with a skewed microbiota showed a high frequency of complications and mortality after transplantation. Thus, we conclude that the stability of intestinal microbiota is critically involved in outcomes of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Kusakabe
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukushima
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maeda
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yokota
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Shibayama
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kanakura
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Khan I, Ullah N, Zha L, Bai Y, Khan A, Zhao T, Che T, Zhang C. Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Cause or Consequence? IBD Treatment Targeting the Gut Microbiome. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030126. [PMID: 31412603 PMCID: PMC6789542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complex inflammatory gut pathological condition, examples of which include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which is associated with significant morbidity. Although the etiology of IBD is unknown, gut microbiota alteration (dysbiosis) is considered a novel factor involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. The gut microbiota acts as a metabolic organ and contributes to human health by performing various physiological functions; deviation in the gut flora composition is involved in various disease pathologies, including IBD. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of gut microbiota alteration in IBD and how this contributes to intestinal inflammation, as well as explore the potential role of gut microbiota-based treatment approaches for the prevention and treatment of IBD. The current literature has clearly demonstrated a perturbation of the gut microbiota in IBD patients and mice colitis models, but a clear causal link of cause and effect has not yet been presented. In addition, gut microbiota-based therapeutic approaches have also shown good evidence of their effects in the amelioration of colitis in animal models (mice) and IBD patients, which indicates that gut flora might be a new promising therapeutic target for the treatment of IBD. However, insufficient data and confusing results from previous studies have led to a failure to define a core microbiome associated with IBD and the hidden mechanism of pathogenesis, which suggests that well-designed randomized control trials and mouse models are required for further research. In addition, a better understanding of this ecosystem will also determine the role of prebiotics and probiotics as therapeutic agents in the management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lajia Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanrui Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ashiq Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tuanjie Che
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Grant LJ, Mikkelsen D, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Gidley MJ, Williams BA. Whole fruit pulp (mango) and a soluble fibre (pectin) impact bacterial diversity and abundance differently within the porcine large intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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A Bronze-Tomato Enriched Diet Affects the Intestinal Microbiome under Homeostatic and Inflammatory Conditions. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121862. [PMID: 30513801 PMCID: PMC6315348 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are debilitating chronic inflammatory disorders that develop as a result of a defective immune response toward intestinal bacteria. Intestinal dysbiosis is associated with the onset of IBD and has been reported to persist even in patients in deep remission. We investigated the possibility of a dietary-induced switch to the gut microbiota composition using Winnie mice as a model of spontaneous ulcerative colitis and chow enriched with 1% Bronze tomato. We used the near isogenic tomato line strategy to investigate the effects of a diet enriched in polyphenols administered to mild but established chronic intestinal inflammation. The Bronze-enriched chow administered for two weeks was not able to produce any macroscopic effect on the IBD symptoms, although, at molecular level there was a significant induction of anti-inflammatory genes and intracellular staining of T cells revealed a mild decrease in IL17A and IFNγ production. Analysis of the microbial composition revealed that two weeks of Bronze enriched diet was sufficient to perturb the microbial composition of Winnie and control mice, suggesting that polyphenol-enriched diets may create unfavorable conditions for distinct bacterial species. In conclusion, dietary regimes enriched in polyphenols may efficiently support IBD remission affecting the intestinal dysbiosis.
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Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G159-G170. [PMID: 29597354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amount of dietary protein is associated with intestinal disease in different vertebrate species. In humans, this is exemplified by the association between high-protein intake and fermentation metabolite concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In production animals, dietary protein intake is associated with postweaning diarrhea in piglets and with the occurrence of wet litter in poultry. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary protein contributes to intestinal problems remain largely unknown. Fermentation of undigested protein in the hindgut results in formation of fermentation products including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenolic and indolic compounds, biogenic amines, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these metabolites may cause intestinal disease. Studies addressing how different metabolites induce epithelial damage rely mainly on cell culture studies and occasionally on mice or rat models. Often, contrasting results were reported. The direct relevance of such studies for human, pig, and poultry gut health is therefore questionable and does not suffice for the development of interventions to improve gut health. We discuss a roadmap to improve our understanding of gut metabolites and microbial species associated with intestinal health in humans and production animals and to determine whether these metabolite/bacterial networks cause epithelial damage. The outcomes of these studies will dictate proof-of-principle studies to eliminate specific metabolites and or bacterial strains and will provide the basis for interventions aiming to improve gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Ijssennagger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Arie K Kies
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Chen Z, Ni W, Yang C, Zhang T, Lu S, Zhao R, Mao X, Yu J. Therapeutic Effect of Amomum villosum on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:639. [PMID: 29973876 PMCID: PMC6019447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Amomum villosum Lour., a herbaceous plant in the ginger family, has been proven to be effective in treating gastrointestinal diseases. It has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia as a legal source of Amomi Fructus. In our previous study, we demonstrated that treatment with extracts of A. villosum prevented the development and progression of intestinal mucositis. In the current study, we aimed to verify and explain the potential beneficial effects of A. villosum on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: The effect of water extracts (WEAV) and volatile oil of A. villosum (VOAV) were evaluated on the immunological role of T lymphocytes and intestinal microecology in IBD rats induced with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Body weight, food intake, colon length/weight, and disease activity index (DAI) as well as tissue damage scores were evaluated. The inflammatory response to IBD was assessed by measuring the expression of myeloperoxidase, interleukin (IL)-17 (IL-17), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The percentage of regulatory CD4+ T cells in rat spleen was measured by flow cytometry and effects on the microbial community were evaluated by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Results: All TNBS-induced rats showed typical clinical manifestations of IBD. IBD rats in the WEAV and VOAV treatment groups were effective in relieving body weight and appetite loss. Middle and high dosage of VOAV and WEAV significantly reduced the DAI, and tissue damage scores, whereas colon weight/length ratio was increase. All rats in the WEAV and VOAV groups showed significantly decreased IFN-γ levels and increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Moreover, we observed that the percentage of regulatory CD4+ T cells was significantly enhanced during treatment with WEAV. In addition, administration of WEAV and VOAV effectively inhibited the release of enterogenic endotoxin, increased short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria belonging to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria. Conclusion: Treatment with WEAV and VOAV significantly attenuated intestinal inflammation in IBD rats, which was possibly associated with its regulation on inflammatory cytokine and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells. Moreover, WEAV and VOAV may help maintaining the balance of intestinal microecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wanye Ni
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Shanhong Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojian Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Bamba S, Takahashi K, Imaeda H, Nishida A, Kawahara M, Inatomi O, Sugimoto M, Sasaki M, Andoh A. Effect of fermented vegetable beverage containing Pediococcus pentosaceus in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:74-80. [DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Bamba
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Imaeda
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Osamu Inatomi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Mitsushige Sugimoto
- Division of Endoscopy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Masaya Sasaki
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‑Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
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Murakami M, Iwamoto J, Honda A, Tsuji T, Tamamushi M, Ueda H, Monma T, Konishi N, Yara S, Hirayama T, Miyazaki T, Saito Y, Ikegami T, Matsuzaki Y. Detection of Gut Dysbiosis due to Reduced Clostridium Subcluster XIVa Using the Fecal or Serum Bile Acid Profile. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1035-1044. [PMID: 29688473 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis, especially a reduced Clostridium subcluster XIVa (XIVa), has been reported in several gastrointestinal diseases. Since XIVa is thought to be the main bacterial cluster that metabolizes bile acids (BAs) in the human intestine, we hypothesized that the BA profile in feces, and possibly in serum, could be a convenient biomarker for intestinal XIVa activity. METHODS First, blood and feces were collected from 26 healthy controls and 20 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, and the relationships among fecal microbiomes and fecal and serum BA compositions were studied. Second, serum BA compositions of 30 healthy controls and the remission and exacerbation states of 14 Crohn's disease (CD) and 12 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were compared. Fecal microbiomes were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and BA compositions were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The highest positive correlation was observed between the fecal XIVa proportion and fecal unconjugated deoxycholic acid (DCA)/(DCA+unconjugated cholic acid [CA]) (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001) or serum DCA/(DCA+CA) (r = 0.52, P < 0.001). Diurnal variation in serum XIVa candidate markers also showed that DCA/(DCA+CA) was most stable and not affected by the contraction of the gallbladder. Serum DCA/(DCA+CA) was not significantly different between remission and exacerbation states in either CD or UC patients, but was significantly reduced in those in the remission state of CD and the remission and exacerbation states of UC compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreased XIVa exhibits a strong correlation with reduced intestinal BA metabolism. Fecal and serum DCA/(DCA+CA) could be useful surrogate markers for the intestinal proportion of XIVa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Tamamushi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadakuni Monma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Yara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazaki
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ikegami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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Zeng C, Yu HL, Chen ZL, Yang XR, Xiong ZF. Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation and 5-aminosalicylic acid in management of experimental colitis in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:411-417. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i7.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in the treatment of experimental colitis in a mouse model.
METHODS Forty 6-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into either a normal group (8 rats) or a model group (32 rats). After 2 wk of feeding, the model group was continuously treated with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 d to establish an experimental colitis model. After adaptive feeding for 3 d, the model group was further randomly divided into four groups (8 rats in each group): a model control group, an FMT group, a 5-ASA group, and a combination group (FMT + 5-ASA). The FMT group, 5-ASA group, and combination group were given fecal filtrate, 5-ASA enema solution, and fecal filtrate plus 5-ASA enema solution on the 9th, 11th, and 13th days, respectively. The other two groups were given physiological salt solution enema. Mice were sacrificed on the 14th day, and blood samples were collected for interleukin-10 (IL-10) detection. Colon length was measured, and colon tissues were harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to evaluate histological index (HI).
RESULTS Compared with the model group, the 5-ASA group and the combination group achieved better curative effect. The disease activity index (DAI) score and HI score in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05), but still higher than those in the normal control group (P < 0.05). The DAI score and HI score in the FMT group were improved compared with those before treatment, but there was no significant difference between the FMT group and the model control group (P > 0.05). The level of IL-10 in the FMT group was higher than that in the model control group (P < 0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION FMT in the mouse colitis model does have a certain effect, but is still not as good as aminosalicylic acid formulations. The combined use of aminosalicylic acid formulations and FMT does not result in better results, which may be related to the treatment mode, treatment cycle and other factors.
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Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M, Peng C, Li T, Yin Y. Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29468141 PMCID: PMC5808205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Can Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
GOAL To determine the effect of the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) on active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). BACKGROUND IBD is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory intestinal disorder associated with fecal dysbiosis. Diet is a potential therapeutic option for IBD based on the hypothesis that changing the fecal dysbiosis could decrease intestinal inflammation. STUDY Pediatric patients with mild to moderate IBD defined by pediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI 10-45) or pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index (PUCAI 10-65) were enrolled into a prospective study of the SCD. Patients started SCD with follow-up evaluations at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. PCDAI/PUCAI, laboratory studies were assessed. RESULTS Twelve patients, ages 10 to 17 years, were enrolled. Mean PCDAI decreased from 28.1±8.8 to 4.6±10.3 at 12 weeks. Mean PUCAI decreased from 28.3±23.1 to 6.7±11.6 at 12 weeks. Dietary therapy was ineffective for 2 patients while 2 individuals were unable to maintain the diet. Mean C-reactive protein decreased from 24.1±22.3 to 7.1±0.4 mg/L at 12 weeks in Seattle Cohort (nL<8.0 mg/L) and decreased from 20.7±10.9 to 4.8±4.5 mg/L at 12 weeks in Atlanta Cohort (nL<4.9 mg/L). Stool microbiome analysis showed a distinctive dysbiosis for each individual in most prediet microbiomes with significant changes in microbial composition after dietary change. CONCLUSIONS SCD therapy in IBD is associated with clinical and laboratory improvements as well as concomitant changes in the fecal microbiome. Further prospective studies are required to fully assess the safety and efficacy of dietary therapy in patients with IBD.
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Kuo SM. Does Modification of the Large Intestinal Microbiome Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fermentable Fiber? Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzx004. [PMID: 30377676 PMCID: PMC6201682 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber is an inadequately understood and insufficiently consumed nutrient. This review examines the possible causal relation between fiber-induced microbiome changes and the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. To demonstrate the dominant role of fermentable plant fiber in shaping the intestinal microbiome, animal and human fiber-feeding studies are reviewed. Using culture-, PCR-, and sequencing-based microbial analyses, a higher prevalence of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera was observed from the feeding of different types of fermentable fiber. This finding was reported in studies performed on several host species including human. Health conditions and medications that are linked to intestinal microbial alterations likely also change the nutrient environment of the large intestine. The unique gene clusters of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus that enable the catabolism of plant glycans and the ability of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to reduce the colonization of proteobacteria probably contribute to their prevalence in a fiber-rich intestinal environment. The fiber-induced microbiome changes could contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Although most studies did not measure fecal microbial density or total daily fecal microbial output (colon microbial load), limited evidence suggests that the increase in intestinal commensal microbial load plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Various probiotic supplements, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, showed anti-inflammatory activity only in the presence of fiber, which promoted microbial growth as indicated by increasing plasma short-chain fatty acids. Probiotics alone or pure fiber administered under sterile conditions showed no anti-inflammatory activity. The potential mechanisms that could mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of common microbial metabolites are reviewed, but more in vivo trials are needed. Future studies including simultaneous microbial composition and load measurements are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
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75
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Ikegami T, Honda A. Reciprocal interactions between bile acids and gut microbiota in human liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:15-27. [PMID: 29150974 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) play a central role in their host's metabolism of bile acids (BAs) by regulating deconjugation, dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and epimerization reactions to generate unconjugated free BAs and secondary BAs. These BAs generated by the GM are potent signaling molecules that interact with BA receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. Each BA has a differential affinity to these receptors; therefore, alterations in BA composition by GM could modify the intensity of receptor signaling. Bile acids also act as antimicrobial agents by damaging bacterial membranes and as detergents by altering intracellular macromolecular structures. Therefore, BAs and the GM reciprocally control each other's compositions. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the mutual effects of BAs and GM on each other; we also describe their roles in the pathophysiology of liver disease progression and potential therapeutic applications of targeting this cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan.,Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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76
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Arias-Jayo N, Alonso-Saez L, Ramirez-Garcia A, Pardo MA. Zebrafish Axenic Larvae Colonization with Human Intestinal Microbiota. Zebrafish 2017; 15:96-106. [PMID: 29261035 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestine hosts a vast and complex microbial community that is vital for maintaining several functions related with host health. The processes that determine the gut microbiome composition are poorly understood, being the interaction between species, the external environment, and the relationship with the host the most feasible. Animal models offer the opportunity to understand the interactions between the host and the microbiota. There are different gnotobiotic mice or rat models colonized with the human microbiota, however, to our knowledge, there are no reports on the colonization of germ-free zebrafish with a complex human intestinal microbiota. In the present study, we have successfully colonized 5 days postfertilization germ-free zebrafish larvae with the human intestinal microbiota previously extracted from a donor and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing the composition of the transferred microbial communities that established inside the zebrafish gut. Thus, we describe for first time which human bacteria phylotypes are able to colonize the zebrafish digestive tract. Species with relevant interest because of their linkage to dysbiosis in different human diseases, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Prevotella spp., or Roseburia spp. have been successfully transferred inside the zebrafish digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Arias-Jayo
- 1 Azti, Food Quality, Safety and Identity Department, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- 3 Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Leioa, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pardo
- 1 Azti, Food Quality, Safety and Identity Department, Derio, Spain
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77
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Ohira H, Tsutsui W, Fujioka Y. Are Short Chain Fatty Acids in Gut Microbiota Defensive Players for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis? J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:660-672. [PMID: 28552897 PMCID: PMC5517538 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora (microbiota) have recently attracted attention among lipid and carbohydrate metabolism researchers. Microbiota metabolize resistant starches and dietary fibers through fermentation and decomposition, and provide short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the host. The major SCFAs acetates, propionate and butyrate, have different production ratios and physiological activities. Several receptors for SCFAs have been identified as the G-protein coupled receptor 41/free fatty acid receptor 3 (GPR41/FFAR3), GPR43/FFAR2, GPR109A, and olfactory receptor 78, which are present in intestinal epithelial cells, immune cells, and adipocytes, despite their expression levels differing between tissues and cell types. Many studies have indicated that SCFAs exhibit a wide range of functions from immune regulation to metabolism in a variety of tissues and organs, and therefore have both a direct and indirect influence on our bodies. This review will focus on SCFAs, especially butyrate, and their effects on various inflammatory mechanisms including atherosclerosis. In the future, SCFAs may provide new insights into understanding the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis, and we can expect the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohira
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wao Tsutsui
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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78
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Celiberto LS, Bedani R, Dejani NN, Ivo de Medeiros A, Sampaio Zuanon JA, Spolidorio LC, Tallarico Adorno MA, Amâncio Varesche MB, Carrilho Galvão F, Valentini SR, Font de Valdez G, Rossi EA, Cavallini DCU. Effect of a probiotic beverage consumption (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707) in rats with chemically induced colitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175935. [PMID: 28437455 PMCID: PMC5402984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some probiotic strains have the potential to assist in relieving the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. The impact of daily ingestion of a soy-based product fermented by Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 with the addition of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 on chemically induced colitis has been investigated thereof within a period of 30 days. Methods Colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium. The animals were randomly assigned into five groups: Group C: negative control; Group CL: positive control; Group CLF: DSS with the fermented product; Group CLP: DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); Group CLS: DSS with sulfasalazine. The following parameters were monitored: disease activity index, fecal microbial analyses, gastrointestinal survival of probiotic microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids concentration in the feces. At the end of the protocol the animals’ colons were removed so as to conduct a macroscopical and histopathological analysis, cytokines and nitrite quantification. Results Animals belonging to the CLF group showed fewer symptoms of colitis during the induction period and a lower degree of inflammation and ulceration in their colon compared to the CL, CLS and CLP groups (p<0.05). The colon of the animals in groups CL and CLS presented severe crypt damage, which was absent in CLF and CLP groups. A significant increase in the population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. at the end of the protocol was verified only in the CLF animals (p<0.05). This group also showed an increase in short-chain fatty acids (propionate and acetate). Furthermore, the intestinal survival of E. faecium CRL 183 and B. longum ATCC 15707 in the CLF group has been confirmed by biochemical and molecular analyzes. Conclusions The obtained results suggest that a regular intake of the probiotic product, and placebo to a lesser extent, can reduce the severity of DSS-induced colitis on rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sbaglia Celiberto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, SP, Brasil
| | - Raquel Bedani
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto. Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexandra Ivo de Medeiros
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP, Brasil
| | - José Antonio Sampaio Zuanon
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araraquara. Departametno de Fisiologia e Patologia, SP, Brasil
| | - Luis Carlos Spolidorio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Araraquara. Departametno de Fisiologia e Patologia, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Angela Tallarico Adorno
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Engenharia, São Carlos. Departamento de Hidraúlica e Saneamento, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Fábio Carrilho Galvão
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP, Brasil
| | - Sandro Roberto Valentini
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Elizeu Antonio Rossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, SP, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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79
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Schultz BM, Paduro CA, Salazar GA, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Sebastián VP, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Bueno SM. A Potential Role of Salmonella Infection in the Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28293241 PMCID: PMC5329042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a set of pathologies that result from a deregulated immune response that may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent and defined forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the etiology of IBD is not well defined, it has been suggested that environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease development and that the interaction between these two factors can trigger the pathology. Diet, medication use, vitamin D status, smoking, and bacterial infections have been proposed to influence or contribute to the onset or development of the disease in susceptible individuals. The infection with pathogenic bacteria is a key factor that can influence the development and severity of this disease. Here, we present a comprehensive review of studies performed in human and mice susceptible to IBD, which supports the notion that infection with bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, could promote the onset of IBD due to permanent changes in the intestinal microbiota, disruption of the epithelial barrier and alterations of the intestinal immune response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina A Paduro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Francisco J Salazar-Echegarai
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valentina P Sebastián
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Alvarez-Lobos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
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80
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Kataoka K. The intestinal microbiota and its role in human health and disease. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2017; 63:27-37. [PMID: 27040049 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota in human health is gaining more attention since clear changes in the composition of the intestinal bacteria or environment are seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, autoimmune disease, and some lifestyle-related illnesses. A healthy gut environment is regulated by the exquisite balance of intestinal microbiota, metabolites, and the host's immune system. Imbalance of these factors in genetically susceptible persons may promote a disease state. Manipulation of the intestinal microbiota with prebiotics, which can selectively stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria, might help to maintain a healthy intestinal environment or improve diseased one. In this review, analytical methods for identification of intestinal bacteria and an update on the correlation of the intestinal microbiota with human health and disease were discussed by introducing our recent studies to determine the prebiotic effects of a fiber-rich food in animal model and on healthy people and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Microbiology and Genetic Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
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81
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Scaldaferri F, Pecere S, Petito V, Zambrano D, Fiore L, Lopetuso LR, Schiavoni E, Bruno G, Gerardi V, Laterza L, Pizzoferrato M, Ianiro G, Stojanovic J, Poscia A, Papa A, Paroni Sterbini F, Sanguinetti M, Masucci L, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Ulcerative Colitis: Pitfalls and Promises From a First Meta-Analysis. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:402-7. [PMID: 27109966 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the results of a chronic inflammatory process deriving from disequilibrium between self-microbiota composition and immune response. METHODS New evidence, coming from Clostridium difficile infection, clearly showed that active and powerful modulation of microbiota composition by fecal microbiota composition (FMT) is safe, easy to perform, and efficacious, opening new frontiers in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. FMT has been proposed also for IBD as well as other non-gastrointestinal conditions related to intestinal microbiota dysfunctions, with good preliminary data. RESULTS In this setting, ulcerative colitis (UC) represents one of the most robust potential indications for FMT after C difficile colitis. CONCLUSIONS In the present review, we focus on FMT and its application on ulcerative colitis, clarifying mechanisms of actions and efficacy data, trough completion of a meta-analysis on available randomized, controlled trial data in UC. Because microbiota is so crucially involved in this topic, a short review of microbial alterations in UC will also be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scaldaferri
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Pecere
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - V Petito
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - D Zambrano
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - L Fiore
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - L R Lopetuso
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - E Schiavoni
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bruno
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - V Gerardi
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - L Laterza
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pizzoferrato
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ianiro
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - J Stojanovic
- Institute of Hygiene, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - A Poscia
- Institute of Hygiene, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - A Papa
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - F Paroni Sterbini
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - M Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - L Masucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cammarota
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - A Gasbarrini
- Institute of Special Pathology, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy
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Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Following Combination Therapy with Fecal Microbial Transplantation and Antibiotics for Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:116-125. [PMID: 27893543 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential therapeutic approach to restore normal intestinal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), which is associated with dysbiosis; however, treatment efficacy remains unclear. Hence, we studied the impact of antibiotic pretreatment with amoxicillin, fosfomycin, and metronidazole (AFM therapy) and FMT versus AFM alone. METHODS AFM therapy was administered to patients for 2 weeks until 2 days before FMT. Patients' spouses or relatives were selected as donor candidates. Donor fecal samples were collected on the day of administration and transferred into the patient's colon by colonoscopy within 6 hours. Microbiome analysis was performed by 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Patients with mild-to-severe active UC (combination-therapy group, n = 21; AFM monotherapy group, n = 20) were included. Thirty-six patients completed this assessment (combination-therapy group, n = 17; AFM monotherapy group, n = 19). A higher clinical response was observed after combination therapy compared with AFM monotherapy at 4 weeks after treatment. After the 2-week AFM therapy, the Bacteroidetes composition was nearly abolished. The Bacteroidetes proportion recovered in clinical responders at 4 weeks after FMT was not observed in the AFM monotherapy group. Persistent antimicrobial-associated dysbiosis found in the AFM monotherapy group was reversed by FMT. The recovery rate of Bacteroidetes at 4 weeks after FMT correlated with endoscopic severity. CONCLUSIONS FMT following antimicrobial bowel cleansing synergistically contributes to the recovery of the Bacteroidetes composition, which is associated with clinical response and UC severity. Thus, this therapeutic protocol may be useful for managing UC.
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83
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Involvement of Reduced Microbial Diversity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:6951091. [PMID: 28074093 PMCID: PMC5198157 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6951091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of studies have been conducted to study the microbial profiles in inflammatory conditions. A common phenomenon in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the reduction of the diversity of microbiota, which demonstrates that microbial diversity negatively correlates with disease severity in IBD. Increased microbial diversity is known to occur in disease remission. Species diversity plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal ecosystem as well as normal ecological function. A reduction in microbial diversity corresponds to a decrease in the stability of the ecosystem and can impair ecological function. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and prebiotics, which aim to modulate the microbiota and restore its normal diversity, have been shown to be clinically efficacious. In this study, we hypothesized that a reduction in microbial diversity could play a role in the development of IBD.
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84
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Zhou Y, Chen H, He H, Du Y, Hu J, Li Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Nie Y. Increased Enterococcus faecalis infection is associated with clinically active Crohn disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5019. [PMID: 27684872 PMCID: PMC5265965 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the relationship between the abundance of pathogenic gut microbes in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and disease severity.We collected clinical data and fecal samples from 47 therapy-naive Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 67 patients with Crohn disease (CD), and 48 healthy volunteers. Bacteria levels of Fusobacterium species (spp), enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (B fragilis), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E coli), and Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis) were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to test associations between bacterial content and clinical parameters.Compared to healthy controls, the levels of both Fusobacterium spp and E faecalis were significantly increased in the feces of patients with IBD (P < 0.01). B fragilis levels were higher (P < 0.05) and E faecalis levels lower (P < 0.05) in patients with CD compared to those with UC. Increased E faecalis colonization in CD associated positively with disease activity (P = 0.015), Crohn disease activity index (CDAI; R = 0.3118, P = 0.0108), and fecal calprotectin (P = 0.016).E faecalis and Fusobacterium spp are significantly enriched in patients with IBD, and increased E faecalis infection is associated with clinically active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Hanchang He
- The First People's Foshan Hospital, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong
| | - Yanlei Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Yingfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Yuyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Ye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Correspondence: Yuqiang Nie, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China (e-mail: ); Ye Chen, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China (e-mail: )
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
- Correspondence: Yuqiang Nie, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou 510180, P. R. China (e-mail: ); Ye Chen, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China (e-mail: )
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Rivière A, Selak M, Lantin D, Leroy F, De Vuyst L. Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:979. [PMID: 27446020 PMCID: PMC4923077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 930] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing amount of evidence linking certain disorders of the human body to a disturbed gut microbiota, there is a growing interest for compounds that positively influence its composition and activity through diet. Besides the consumption of probiotics to stimulate favorable bacterial communities in the human gastrointestinal tract, prebiotics such as inulin-type fructans (ITF) and arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) can be consumed to increase the number of bifidobacteria in the colon. Several functions have been attributed to bifidobacteria, encompassing degradation of non-digestible carbohydrates, protection against pathogens, production of vitamin B, antioxidants, and conjugated linoleic acids, and stimulation of the immune system. During life, the numbers of bifidobacteria decrease from up to 90% of the total colon microbiota in vaginally delivered breast-fed infants to <5% in the colon of adults and they decrease even more in that of elderly as well as in patients with certain disorders such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, allergies, and regressive autism. It has been suggested that the bifidogenic effects of ITF and AXOS are the result of strain-specific yet complementary carbohydrate degradation mechanisms within cooperating bifidobacterial consortia. Except for a bifidogenic effect, ITF and AXOS also have shown to cause a butyrogenic effect in the human colon, i.e., an enhancement of colon butyrate production. Butyrate is an essential metabolite in the human colon, as it is the preferred energy source for the colon epithelial cells, contributes to the maintenance of the gut barrier functions, and has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that the butyrogenic effects of ITF and AXOS are the result of cross-feeding interactions between bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (clostridial cluster IV) and Anaerostipes, Eubacterium, and Roseburia species (clostridial cluster XIVa). These kinds of interactions possibly favor the co-existence of bifidobacterial strains with other bifidobacteria and with butyrate-producing colon bacteria in the human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
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Matijašić M, Meštrović T, Perić M, Čipčić Paljetak H, Panek M, Vranešić Bender D, Ljubas Kelečić D, Krznarić Ž, Verbanac D. Modulating Composition and Metabolic Activity of the Gut Microbiota in IBD Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17040578. [PMID: 27104515 PMCID: PMC4849034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy intestine represents a remarkable interface where sterile host tissues come in contact with gut microbiota, in a balanced state of homeostasis. The imbalance of gut homeostasis is associated with the onset of many severe pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic gastrointestinal disorder increasing in incidence and severely influencing affected individuals. Despite the recent development of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics, the current scientific knowledge of specific triggers and diagnostic markers to improve interventional approaches in IBD is still scarce. In this review we present and discuss currently available and emerging therapeutic options in modulating composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota in patients affected by IBD. Therapeutic approaches at the microbiota level, such as dietary interventions alone or with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, administration of antibiotics, performing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the use of nematodes, all represent a promising opportunities towards establishing and maintaining of well-being as well as improving underlying IBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Matijašić
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Polyclinic "Dr. Zora Profozić", Bosutska 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mihaela Perić
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hana Čipčić Paljetak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marina Panek
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Darija Vranešić Bender
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dina Ljubas Kelečić
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Željko Krznarić
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Du Z, Hudcovic T, Mrazek J, Kozakova H, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Kostovcik M, Kverka M. Development of gut inflammation in mice colonized with mucosa-associated bacteria from patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:32. [PMID: 26697117 PMCID: PMC4687314 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in the intestinal microbial community (i.e. dysbiosis) or presence of the microbes with deleterious effects on colonic mucosa has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. However the role of microbiota in induction and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC) has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS Three lines of human microbiota-associated (HMA) mice were established by gavage of colon biopsy from three patients with active UC. The shift in microbial community during its transferring from humans to mice was analyzed by next-generation sequencing using Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Spontaneous or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and microbiota composition profiling in germ-free mice and HMA mice over 3-4 generations were assessed to decipher the features of the distinctive and crucial events occurring during microbial colonization and animal reproduction. RESULTS None of the HMA mice developed colitis spontaneously. When treated with DSS, mice in F4 generation of one line of colonized mice (aHMA) developed colitis. Compared to the DSS-resistant earlier generations of aHMA mice, the F4 generation have increased abundance of Clostridium difficile and decrease abundance of C. symbiosum in their cecum contents measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION In our study, mucosa-associated microbes of UC patients were not able to induce spontaneous colitis in gnotobiotic BALB/c mice but they were able to increase the susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis, once the potentially deleterious microbes found a suitable niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Du
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrazek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Kostovcik
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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88
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Intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:761-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Babickova J, Gardlik R. Pathological and therapeutic interactions between bacteriophages, microbes and the host in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11321-11330. [PMID: 26525290 PMCID: PMC4616208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is a dynamic system of interactions between the host and its microbes. Under physiological conditions, a fine balance and mutually beneficial relationship is present. Disruption of this balance is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Whether an altered microbiome is the consequence or the cause of IBD is currently not fully understood. The pathogenesis of IBD is believed to be a complex interaction between genetic predisposition, the immune system and environmental factors. In the recent years, metagenomic studies of the human microbiome have provided useful data that are helping to assemble the IBD puzzle. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in IBD, host-microbe interactions and therapeutic possibilities using bacteria in IBD. Moreover, an outlook on the possible contribution of bacteriophages in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD is provided.
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90
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Nguyen TLA, Vieira-Silva S, Liston A, Raes J. How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research? Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1-16. [PMID: 25561744 PMCID: PMC4283646 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of the human gut is gaining broad attention owing to its association with a wide range of diseases, ranging from metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity and type 2 diabetes) to autoimmune diseases (such as inflammatory bowel disease and type 1 diabetes), cancer and even neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). Having been increasingly used in biomedical research, mice have become the model of choice for most studies in this emerging field. Mouse models allow perturbations in gut microbiota to be studied in a controlled experimental setup, and thus help in assessing causality of the complex host-microbiota interactions and in developing mechanistic hypotheses. However, pitfalls should be considered when translating gut microbiome research results from mouse models to humans. In this Special Article, we discuss the intrinsic similarities and differences that exist between the two systems, and compare the human and murine core gut microbiota based on a meta-analysis of currently available datasets. Finally, we discuss the external factors that influence the capability of mouse models to recapitulate the gut microbiota shifts associated with human diseases, and investigate which alternative model systems exist for gut microbiota research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Loan Anh Nguyen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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91
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Verbeke KA, Boobis AR, Chiodini A, Edwards CA, Franck A, Kleerebezem M, Nauta A, Raes J, van Tol EAF, Tuohy KM. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:42-66. [PMID: 26156216 PMCID: PMC4501371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R. Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- Formerly ILSI Europe, Box 6, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 83, BE-1200, Brussels, Belgium; now European Commission, Research Executive Agency (REA) Unit B2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine A. Edwards
- Human Nutrition School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven; VIB, Leuven; DBIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kieran M. Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Cianci R, Bibbò S, Gasbarrini A, Currò D. The involvement of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: potential for therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 149:191-212. [PMID: 25561343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past recent years, a great number of studies have been directed toward the evaluation of the human host-gut microbiota interaction, with the goal to progress the understanding of the etiology of several complex diseases. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease are well supported by literature data and have been widely accepted by the research community. The concomitant implementation of high-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze and characterize the composition of the intestinal microbiota has reinforced the view that inflammatory bowel disease results from altered interactions between gut microbes and the mucosal immune system and has raised the possibility that some form of modulation of the intestinal microbiota may constitute a potential therapeutic basis for the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the changes of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease, focusing the attention on its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease, and to review and discuss the therapeutic potential to modify the intestinal microbial population with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University, School of Medicine and Surgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Cockburn DW, Orlovsky NI, Foley MH, Kwiatkowski KJ, Bahr CM, Maynard M, Demeler B, Koropatkin NM. Molecular details of a starch utilization pathway in the human gut symbiont Eubacterium rectale. Mol Microbiol 2015; 95:209-30. [PMID: 25388295 PMCID: PMC4437465 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eubacterium rectale is a prominent human gut symbiont yet little is known about the molecular strategies this bacterium has developed to acquire nutrients within the competitive gut ecosystem. Starch is one of the most abundant glycans in the human diet, and E. rectale increases in vivo when the host consumes a diet rich in resistant starch, although it is not a primary degrader of this glycan. Here we present the results of a quantitative proteomics study in which we identify two glycoside hydrolase 13 family enzymes, and three ABC transporter solute-binding proteins that are abundant during growth on starch and, we hypothesize, work together at the cell surface to degrade starch and capture the released maltooligosaccharides. EUR_21100 is a multidomain cell wall anchored amylase that preferentially targets starch polysaccharides, liberating maltotetraose, whereas the membrane-associated maltogenic amylase EUR_01860 breaks down maltooligosaccharides longer than maltotriose. The three solute-binding proteins display a range of glycan-binding specificities that ensure the capture of glucose through maltoheptaose and some α1,6-branched glycans. Taken together, we describe a pathway for starch utilization by E. rectale DSM 17629 that may be conserved among other starch-degrading Clostridium cluster XIVa organisms in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell W. Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicole I. Orlovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Matthew H. Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kurt J. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Constance M. Bahr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mallory Maynard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nicole M. Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, is characterized by a dysregulated immune reaction. UC is associated with fecal dysbiosis. Human and animal studies support the fact that the gastrointestinal microbiome may trigger the intestinal immune response, resulting in UC. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), by changing the gastrointestinal microbiome of patients with UC, may be a therapeutic option. METHODS Four patients with moderate symptoms defined by the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index were enrolled in a prospective, open-label study of FMT via nasogastric tube in pediatric UC (US Food and Drug Administration IND 14942). After the donor and patient evaluation, patients received FMT with follow-up evaluations at 2, 6, and 12 weeks after transplantation. Study subjects were maintained on their pretransplant medications. The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index score, C-reactive protein, and stool calprotectin were completed during each study visit. RESULTS Four patients with UC were enrolled (all boys). Ages ranged from 13 to 16 years. Patients tolerated FMT without adverse effects. None of the patients clinically improved with FMT, nor were there any significant changes in stool calprotectin or laboratory values, including C-reactive protein, albumin, and hematocrit. Three individuals received additional standard medical therapies before the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS This study, although showing that single-dose FMT via nasogastric tube is well tolerated in active pediatric UC, did not show any clinical or laboratory benefit.
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Lu B, Yu WG, Yan J, Wu GD, Li L. Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on isolated colonic smooth muscle from rats with experimental ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4907-4914. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i32.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on isolated colonic smooth muscle from rats with experimental ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: Seventeen Wistar rats were randomly divided into either a normal group (six rats) or a model group (eleven rats). The normal group was given distilled water, while the model group was given distilled water containing 3% dextran sulfate 5000. The body mass of the rats and the character of the stool were observed every day, and the disease active index (DIA) was scored. Nine days later, all the rats were killed to observe the changes of the gross morphology and the pathologic changes of the colon under a microscope by taking tissue specimens from serious lesion sites for HE staining. Meanwhile, colonic smooth muscle was isolated to observe the effect of muscimol, a receptor agonist of the GABA and GABAA, bicuculline, an antagonist of the GABAA, and baclofen, a receptor antagonist of the GABAB on the isolated colonic smooth muscle using isometric tension as an indicator.
RESULTS: After four days of treatment with dextran sulfate 5000, the character of the stool of rats in the model group changed, with 30% of rats showing loose stool and 70% showing diarrhea. After six days, about 40% of rats had obvious bloody stool and an obvious decrease in activity and eating. In rats of the normal group, gross pathological examination revealed that the colon had no adhesion, the mucosa had mild hyperemia but no ulcers; microscopic pathological examination revealed intact tissue structure and regularly arranged glands. In rats of the model group, the number of glands decreased, the tissue structure was disorderly, the mucosa was erosive, bleeding, necrotic, and had large deep ulcers. Compared with the normal group, the DIA (3.83 ± 2.74 vs 1.23 ± 1.62, P < 0.05) and histopathologic score (2.52 ± 1.36 vs 0.41 ± 0.74, P < 0.05) were increased significantly in the model group. Treatment with GABA significantly inhibited the independent contraction activities of the isolated colonic smooth muscle from rats of both the normal and model groups (P < 0.05). Treatment with GABA at 0.01 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L resulted in inhibition rates of 20.00% ± 0.02% and 67.60% ± 0.03%, respectively, for the normal group, and 19.50% ± 0.02% and 64.50% ± 0.05% for the model group. There were no significant differences in the above inhibition rates between the two groups (P > 0.05). Treatment with 0.01 mmol/L bicuculline increased the contractile tension of the isolated colonic smooth muscle of the rats (1.25 g ± 0.03 g vs 0.77 g ± 0.04 g, P < 0.05), but treatment with 0.01 mmol/L muscimol or 0.01 mmol/L baclofen decreased the contractile tension significantly (0.38 g ± 0.03 g vs 0.75 g ± 0.06 g, P < 0.05; 0.45 g ± 0.05 g vs 0.75 g ± 0.04 g, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: GABA has inhibitory effects on the contraction of the isolated colonic smooth muscle of rats. There exist GABAA and GABAB in the isolated colonic smooth muscle of rats, and GABA has inhibitory effects on the muscle contraction when acting on GABAA, but has stimulating effects when acting on GABAB.
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Chen WX, Ren LH, Shi RH. Enteric microbiota leads to new therapeutic strategies for ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15657-15663. [PMID: 25400449 PMCID: PMC4229530 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a leading form of inflammatory bowel disease that involves chronic relapsing or progressive inflammation. As a significant proportion of UC patients treated with conventional therapies do not achieve remission, there is a pressing need for the development of more effective therapies. The human gut contains a large, diverse, and dynamic population of microorganisms, collectively referred to as the enteric microbiota. There is a symbiotic relationship between the human host and the enteric microbiota, which provides nutrition, protection against pathogenic organisms, and promotes immune homeostasis. An imbalance of the normal enteric microbiota composition (termed dysbiosis) underlies the pathogenesis of UC. A reduction of enteric microbiota diversity has been observed in UC patients, mainly affecting the butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which can repress pro-inflammatory cytokines. Many studies have shown that enteric microbiota plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities, which can benefit UC patients. Therefore, manipulation of the dysbiosis is an attractive approach for UC therapy. Various therapies targeting a restoration of the enteric microbiota have shown efficacy in treating patients with active and chronic forms of UC. Such therapies include fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, helminth therapy, and dietary polyphenols, all of which can alter the abundance and composition of the enteric microbiota. Although there have been many large, randomized controlled clinical trials assessing these treatments, the effectiveness and safety of these bacteria-driven therapies need further evaluation. This review focuses on the important role that the enteric microbiota plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and discusses new therapeutic strategies targeting the enteric microbiota for UC.
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Rook GAW, Raison CL, Lowry CA. Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:319-56. [PMID: 24997041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the immune system is an important function of the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence suggests that modern living conditions cause the gut microbiota to deviate from the form it took during human evolution. Contributing factors include loss of helminth infections, encountering less microbial biodiversity, and modulation of the microbiota composition by diet and antibiotic use. Thus the gut microbiota is a major mediator of the hygiene hypothesis (or as we prefer, "Old Friends" mechanism), which describes the role of organisms with which we co-evolved, and that needed to be tolerated, as crucial inducers of immunoregulation. At least partly as a consequence of reduced exposure to immunoregulatory Old Friends, many but not all of which resided in the gut, high-income countries are undergoing large increases in a wide range of chronic inflammatory disorders including allergies, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases. Depression, anxiety and reduced stress resilience are comorbid with these conditions, or can occur in individuals with persistently raised circulating levels of biomarkers of inflammation in the absence of clinically apparent peripheral inflammatory disease. Moreover poorly regulated inflammation during pregnancy might contribute to brain developmental abnormalities that underlie some cases of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. In this chapter we explain how the gut microbiota drives immunoregulation, how faulty immunoregulation and inflammation predispose to psychiatric disease, and how psychological stress drives further inflammation via pathways that involve the gut and microbiota. We also outline how this two-way relationship between the brain and inflammation implicates the microbiota, Old Friends and immunoregulation in the control of stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Wang ZK, Yang YS, Chen Y, Yuan J, Sun G, Peng LH. Intestinal microbiota pathogenesis and fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14805-14820. [PMID: 25356041 PMCID: PMC4209544 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pathogenesis of IBD involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals. However, there are still no definitive microbial pathogens linked to the onset of IBD. The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are indeed disturbed in IBD patients. The special alterations of gut microbiota associated with IBD remain to be evaluated. The microbial interactions and host-microbe immune interactions are still not clarified. Limitations of present probiotic products in IBD are mainly due to modest clinical efficacy, few available strains and no standardized administration. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may restore intestinal microbial homeostasis, and preliminary data have shown the clinical efficacy of FMT on refractory IBD or IBD combined with Clostridium difficile infection. Additionally, synthetic microbiota transplantation with the defined composition of fecal microbiota is also a promising therapeutic approach for IBD. However, FMT-related barriers, including the mechanism of restoring gut microbiota, standardized donor screening, fecal material preparation and administration, and long-term safety should be resolved. The role of intestinal microbiota and FMT in IBD should be further investigated by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses combined with germ-free/human flora-associated animals and chemostat gut models.
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99
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Guo M, Huang K, Chen S, Qi X, He X, Cheng WH, Luo Y, Xia K, Xu W. Combination of metagenomics and culture-based methods to study the interaction between ochratoxin a and gut microbiota. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:314-23. [PMID: 24973096 PMCID: PMC4833112 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota represent an important bridge between environmental substances and host metabolism. Here we reported a comprehensive study of gut microbiota interaction with ochratoxin A (OTA), a major food-contaminating mycotoxin, using the combination of metagenomics and culture-based methods. Rats were given OTA (0, 70, or 210 μg/kg body weight) by gavage and fecal samples were collected at day 0 and day 28. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and both 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing (two main methods of metagenomics) were performed. The results indicated OTA treatment decreased the within-subject diversity of the gut microbiota, and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased considerably. Changes in functional genes of gut microbiota including signal transduction, carbohydrate transport, transposase, amino acid transport system, and mismatch repair were observed. To further understand the biological sense of increased Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus selective medium was used to isolate Lactobacillus species from fecal samples, and a strain with 99.8% 16S rRNA similarity with Lactobacillus plantarum strain PFK2 was obtained. Thin-layer chromatography showed that this strain could absorb but not degrade OTA, which was in agreement with the result in metagenomics that no genes related to OTA degradation increased. In conclusion, combination of metagenomics and culture-based methods can be a new strategy to study intestinal toxicity of toxins and find applicable bacterial strains for detoxification. When it comes to OTA, this kind of mycotoxin can cause compositional and functional changes of gut microbiota, and Lactobacillus are key genus to detoxify OTA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Guo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Qi
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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Terán-Ventura E, Aguilera M, Vergara P, Martínez V. Specific changes of gut commensal microbiota and TLRs during indomethacin-induced acute intestinal inflammation in rats. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:1043-54. [PMID: 24566169 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gut microbiota is a contributing factor in the development and maintenance of intestinal inflammation, although precise cause-effect relationships have not been established. We assessed spontaneous changes of gut commensal microbiota and toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated host-bacterial interactions in a model of indomethacin-induced acute enteritis in rats. METHODS Male Spague-Dawley rats, maintained under conventional conditions, were used. Enteritis was induced by systemic indomethacin administration. During the acute phase of inflammation, animals were euthanized and ileal and ceco-colonic changes evaluated. Inflammation was assessed through disease activity parameters (clinical signs, macroscopic/microscopic scores and tissue levels of inflammatory markers). Microbiota (ileal and ceco-colonic) was characterized using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and analysis of 16s rDNA polymorphism. Host-bacterial interactions were assessed evaluating the ratio of bacterial adherence to the intestinal wall (FISH) and expression of TLRs 2 and 4 (RT-PCR). RESULTS After indomethacin, disease activity parameters increased, suggesting an active inflammation. Total bacterial counts were similar in vehicle- or indomethacin-treated animals. However, during inflammation the relative composition of the microbiota was altered. This dysbiotic state was characterized by an increase in the counts of Bacteroides spp., Enterobacteriaceae (in ileum and cecum-colon) and Clostridium spp. (in ileum). Bacterial wall adherence significantly increased during inflammation. In animals with enteritis, TLR-2 and -4 were up-regulated both in the ileum and the ceco-colonic region. CONCLUSIONS Gut inflammation implies qualitative changes in GCM, with simultaneous alterations in host-bacterial interactions. These observations further support a potential role for gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Terán-Ventura
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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