51
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Clark DA. Mouse is the new woman? Translational research in reproductive immunology. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:651-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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52
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Seshagiri PB, Vani V, Madhulika P. Cytokines and Blastocyst Hatching. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:208-17. [PMID: 26706391 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst implantation into the uterine endometrium establishes early pregnancy. This event is regulated by blastocyst- and/or endometrium-derived molecular factors which include hormones, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, cytokines and proteases. Their coordinated expression and function are critical for a viable pregnancy. A rate-limiting event that immediately precedes implantation is the hatching of blastocyst. Ironically, blastocyst hatching is tacitly linked to peri-implantation events, although it is a distinct developmental phenomenon. The exact molecular network regulating hatching is still unclear. A number of implantation-associated molecular factors are expressed in the pre-implanting blastocyst. Among others, cytokines, expressed by peri-implantation blastocysts, are thought to be important for hatching, making blastocysts implantation competent. Pro-inflammatory (IL-6, LIF, GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-11, CSF-1) cytokines improve hatching rates; they modulate proteases (MMPs, tPAs, cathepsins and ISP1). However, functional involvement of cytokines and their specific mediation of hatching-associated proteases are unclear. There is a need to understand mechanistic roles of cytokines and proteases in blastocyst hatching. This review will assess the available knowledge on blastocyst-derived pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their role in potentially regulating blastocyst hatching. They have implications in our understanding of early embryonic loss and infertility in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatappa Vani
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pathak Madhulika
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Mannelli C, Ietta F, Avanzati AM, Skarzynski D, Paulesu L. Biological Tools to Study the Effects of Environmental Contaminants at the Feto-Maternal Interface. Dose Response 2015; 13:1559325815611902. [PMID: 26740808 PMCID: PMC4679191 DOI: 10.1177/1559325815611902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of reproductive toxicants is a major scientific challenge for human health. Prenatal life is the most vulnerable and important time span of human development. For obvious ethical reasons, in vivo models cannot be used in human pregnancy, and animal models do not perfectly reflect human physiology. This review describes the in vitro test models representative of the human feto-maternal interface and the effects of environmental chemicals with estrogen-like activity, mainly bisphenol A and para-nonylphenol, with a particular emphasis on the effects at low, nontoxic doses similar to concentrations commonly detected in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mannelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Dariusz Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Luana Paulesu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Kahyaoglu I, Yılmaz N, Timur H, Inal HA, Erkaya S. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: A relation between serum and follicular fluid levels and in-vitro fertilization outcome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cytokine 2015; 74:113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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55
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Winger EE, Reed JL, Ji X. First-trimester maternal cell microRNA is a superior pregnancy marker to immunological testing for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 110:22-35. [PMID: 25965838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients at risk of immune-mediated pregnancy complications have historically relied on the use of peripheral blood immunological assays for diagnosis and pregnancy monitoring. However, these tests often fail to identify many at-risk patients, achieving moderately predictive receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve AUCs of 0.60-0.70. We previously demonstrated that a microRNA panel comprising 30 microRNAs successfully predicts pregnancy outcome in the first trimester. In our current study we constructed a smaller, more clinically useful seven-microRNA panel from the original panel of 30 microRNAs with equivalent sensitivity and specificity. To select optimal microRNAs for a smaller panel, quantitative RT-PCR on 30 microRNAs was first performed on 48 patients (191 samples) with concurrent immunological testing: TNFα/Il-10 ratio, IFNγ/Il-10, CD56+16+%, NK 50:1 cytotoxicity and T regulatory cells. MicroRNAs were separated into clusters associated with: Th1/Th2 response; T regulatory cell percent; pregnancy risk; treatment response. Seven most differentially expressed microRNAs were selected. The seven microRNA scoring system was then applied to 39 patient samples in the first trimester of pregnancy (19 healthy deliveries, 8 miscarriages, 12 preeclampsia [7 late-onset and 5 early-onset]) and 20 samples in the preconception period (2-10 weeks before conception). Predictive value was assessed. ROC curves for the seven-microRNA panel achieved AUC 0.92 for miscarriage and 0.90 for preeclampsia (blood drawn 34.9±19.2 days post-implantation). For samples measured preconception, ROC curve analysis demonstrated AUC 0.81 for adverse pregnancy outcome. Maternal PBMC microRNA can identify high-risk patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy with improved sensitivity and specificity compared with standard immune assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Winger
- Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, 7013 Realm Dr, Ste A, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Jane L Reed
- Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, 7013 Realm Dr, Ste A, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Stanford University, Human Immune Monitoring Center, CCSR 0128, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, USA.
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56
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Intrauterine insemination of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells prior to embryo transfer improves clinical outcome for patients with repeated implantation failures. ZYGOTE 2015; 24:58-69. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryImplantation failure is a major limiting factor in assisted reproduction improvement. Dysfunction of embryo–maternal immuno-tolerance pathways may be responsible for repeated implantation failures. This fact is supported by immunotropic theory stipulating that maternal immune cells, essentially uterine CD56+ natural killer cells, are determinants of implantation success. In order to test this hypothesis, we applied endometrium immuno-modulation prior to fresh embryo transfer for patients with repeated implantation failures. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from repeated implantation failure patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology cycles. On the day of ovulation induction, cells were isolated and then cultured for 3 days and transferred into the endometrium cavity prior to fresh embryo transfer. This immunotherapy was performed on 27 patients with repeated implantation failures and compared with another 27 patients who served as controls. Implantation and clinical pregnancy were increased significantly in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell test versus control (21.54, 44.44 vs. 8.62, 14.81%). This finding suggests a clear role for endometrium immuno-modulation and the inflammation process in implantation success. Our study showed the feasibility of intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells as an effective therapy to improve clinical outcomes for patients with repeated implantation failures and who are undergoing in vitro fertilization cycles.
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57
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Geisert RD, Lucy MC, Whyte JJ, Ross JW, Mathew DJ. Cytokines from the pig conceptus: roles in conceptus development in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 25436109 PMCID: PMC4247618 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of pregnancy in pigs involves maintaining progesterone secretion from the corpora lutea in addition to regulating a sensitive interplay between the maternal immune system and attachment of the rapidly expanding trophoblast for nutrient absorption. The peri-implantation period of rapid trophoblastic elongation followed by attachment to the maternal uterine endometrium is critical for establishing a sufficient placental-uterine interface for subsequent nutrient transport for fetal survival to term, but is also marked by the required conceptus release of factors involved with stimulating uterine secretion of histotroph and modulation of the maternal immune system. Many endometrial genes activated by the conceptus secretory factors stimulate a tightly controlled proinflammatory response within the uterus. A number of the cytokines released by the elongating conceptuses stimulate inducible transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) potentially regulating the maternal uterine proinflammatory and immune response. This review will establish the current knowledge for the role of conceptus cytokine production and release in early development and establishment of pregnancy in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Geisert
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Matthew C Lucy
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jeffrey J Whyte
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2356 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Daniel J Mathew
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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58
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Shelton MM, Schminkey DL, Groer MW. Relationships among prenatal depression, plasma cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 17:295-302. [PMID: 25230746 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414543821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A secondary pilot study was carried out as part of a larger parent study of thyroid function in pregnancy and postpartum. All women in the parent study (N = 631) had blood samples, demographic data, and measures of perceived stress and dysphoric moods collected between 16 and 26 weeks' gestation. The current study was completed with a subset of 105 pregnant women to examine the relationships among perceived stress, depression, plasma cortisol, and cytokines during the second trimester of pregnancy. Stress was measured using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale and dysphoric moods using the Profile of Mood States Depression/Dejection Scale. Cytokines were measured by a 12-plex analysis on a Luminex-200, and cortisol was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on stored plasma samples. Stress and depression scores were highly correlated, and depressive symptoms were inversely correlated with 3 of the 12 cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-7. Cortisol was inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13). These data support the new conceptualizations of normal pregnancy as an inflammatory state that is carefully regulated, as both excessive and inadequate inflammation are potentially hazardous to the health of the pregnancy and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna L Schminkey
- University of Virginia, School of Nursing and School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maureen W Groer
- University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, FL, USA
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Pilmis B, Jullien V, Sobel J, Lecuit M, Lortholary O, Charlier C. Antifungal drugs during pregnancy: an updated review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:14-22. [PMID: 25204341 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal prescription remains a challenge in pregnant women because of uncertainties regarding fetal toxicity and altered maternal pharmacokinetic parameters that may affect efficacy or increase maternal and fetal toxicity. We present updated data reviewing the available knowledge and current recommendations regarding antifungal prescription in pregnancy. Amphotericin B remains the first-choice parenteral drug in spite of its well-established toxicity. Topical drugs are used throughout pregnancy because of limited absorption. Recent data have clarified the teratogenic effect of high-dose fluconazole during the first trimester and provided reassuring cumulative data regarding its use at a single low dose in this key period. Recent data have also provided additional safety data on itraconazole and lipidic derivatives of amphotericin B. Regarding newer antifungal drugs, including posaconazole and echinocandins, clinical data are critically needed before considering prescription in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Pilmis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jullien
- Pharmacology Department, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm U1129, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Jack Sobel
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Infectious Diseases Department, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Infectious Diseases Department, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Charlier
- Infectious Diseases Department, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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60
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Yudin NS, Aitnazarov RB, Voevoda MI, Gerlinskaya LA, Moshkin MP. Association of polymorphism harbored by tumor necrosis factor alpha gene and sex of calf with lactation performance in cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1379-87. [PMID: 25049721 PMCID: PMC4093077 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In a majority of mammals, male infants have heavier body mass and grow faster than female infants. Accordingly, male offspring nursing requires a much greater maternal energy contribution to lactation. It is possible that the maternal-fetal immunoendocrine dialog plays an important role in female preparation for lactation during pregnancy. Immune system genes are an integral part of gene regulatory networks in lactation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine that also plays an important role in normal mammary gland development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sex of calf and/or the -824A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of TNFα gene on milk performance traits in Black Pied cattle over the course of lactation. We also studied the allele frequency differences of -824A/G variants across several cattle breeds, which were bred in different climatic conditions. The G allele frequency decreased gradually over the course of lactation events in the Black Pied dairy cattle because of a higher culling rate of cows with the G/G genotype (p<0.001). In contrast to the genotypes A/A and A/G, cows with G/G genotype showed significant variability of milk and milk fat yield subject to sex of delivered calf. Milk yield and milk fat yield were significantly higher in the case of birth of a bull calf than with a heifer calf (p<0.03). The G allele frequency varies from 48% to 58% in Grey Ukrainian and Black Pied cattle to 77% in aboriginal Yakut cattle. Our results suggest that the TNFα -824A/G gene polymorphism may have an influence on the reproductive efforts of cows over the course of lactation events depending on the sex of progeny. Allocation of resources according to sex of the calf allows optimizing the energy cost of lactation. This may be a probable reason for high G allele frequency in Yakut cattle breeding in extreme environmental conditions. Similarly, the dramatic fall in milk production after birth of a heifer calf increases the probability of culling for the cows with the G/G genotype in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Yudin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - R B Aitnazarov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - M I Voevoda
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - L A Gerlinskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - M P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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61
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Schminkey DL, Groer M. Imitating a stress response: a new hypothesis about the innate immune system's role in pregnancy. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:721-9. [PMID: 24698849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research challenges long-held hypotheses about mechanisms through which pregnancy induces maternal immune suppression or tolerance of the embryo/fetus. It is now understood that normal pregnancy engages the immune system and that the immune milieu changes with advancing gestation. We suggest that pregnancy mimics the innate immune system's response to stress, causing a sterile inflammatory response that is necessary for successful reproduction. The relationship between external stressors and immunomodulation in pregnancy has been acknowledged, but the specific mechanisms are still being explicated. Implantation and the first trimester are times of immune activation and intensive inflammation in the uterine environment. A period of immune quiescence during the second trimester allows for the growth and development of the maturing fetus. Labor is also an inflammatory event. The length of gestation and timing of parturition can be influenced by environmental stressors. These stressors affect pregnancy through neuroendocrine interaction with the immune system, specifically through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Trophoblastic cells that constitute the maternal-fetal interface appear to harness the maternal immune system to promote and maximize the reproductive success of the mother and fetus. Pregnancy is a time of upregulated innate immune responses and decreased adaptive, cell-mediated responses. The inflammatory processes of pregnancy resemble an immune response to brief naturalistic stressors: there is a shift from T helper (Th) 1 to T helper (Th) 2 dominant adaptive immunity with a concomitant shift in cytokine production, decreased proliferation of T cells, and decreased cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells. Inclusion of both murine and human studies, allows an exploration of insights into how trophoblasts influence the activity of the maternal innate immune system during gestation.
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62
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Melford SE, Taylor AH, Konje JC. Of mice and (wo)men: factors influencing successful implantation including endocannabinoids. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:415-28. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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63
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Yoshinaga K, PrabhuDas M, Davies C, White K, Caron K, Golos T, Fazleabas A, Paria B, Mor G, Paul S, Ye X, Dey SK, Spencer T, Roberts RM. Interdisciplinary collaborative team for blastocyst implantation research: inception and perspectives. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:1-11. [PMID: 24286196 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaga
- Fertility and Infertility Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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An integrated approach based on multiplexed protein array and iTRAQ labeling for in-depth identification of pathways associated to IVF outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77303. [PMID: 24146976 PMCID: PMC3797768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of high-throughput protein quantification methodologies has enabled the comprehensive characterization by longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of biological fluids under physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, the simultaneous investigation of cytokines and growth factors signaling pathways and their associated downstream effectors by integrated multiplexed approaches offers a powerful strategy to gain insights into biological networks and processes in living systems. A growing body of research indicates that bioactive molecules of human reproductive fluids, including human follicular fluid (hFF), may affect oocyte quality, fertilization and embryo development, thus potentially influencing the physiopathology of pregnancy-related conditions. In this work, an iTRAQ labeling strategy has been complemented with a multiplexed protein array approach to analyze hFFs with the aim to investigate biological processes and pathways related to in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome. The iTRAQ labeling strategy lead to the quantification of 89 proteins, 30 of which were differentially expressed in hFFs with successful compared to unsuccessful IVF outcome. The targeted study, based on multiplexed antibody protein arrays, allowed the simultaneous quantification of 27 low abundance proteins, including growth factors, chemokines and cytokines endowed with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity. A significant number of differentially regulated proteins were involved in biological functions related to blood coagulation, acute phase response signaling and complement system. Overall, the present results provide an integrated overview of protein changes in hFFs associated to IVF outcome, thus improving current knowledge in reproductive medicine and fertility research.
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65
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Gulic T, Laskarin G, Redzovic A, Eminović S, Haller H, Rukavina D. The significance of heat-shock protein gp96 and its receptors' CD91 and Toll-like receptor 4 expression at the maternal foetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:10-23. [PMID: 23755898 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Differences in the expression of gp96 and its receptors were analysed in normal and pathological human pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistology and immunofluorescence of sections from decidual part of term placenta, first trimester normal decidua, missed abortion and blighted ovum decidua were performed together with reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. RESULTS In missed abortion, gp96 was intensively stained, when compared to normal early pregnancy. The intensity of CD91 and TLR4 was higher in the first trimester pregnancy and blighted ovum, when compared to missed abortion. Decidual part of the term placenta is invaded with gp96⁺ , CD91⁺ and TLR4+ trophoblast. Progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) decreased the frequency of TLR4⁺ T lymphocytes, CD91⁺ T, natural killer (NK) and mature dendritic cells after an 18-h culture. Decidual mononuclear cells (DMCs) treated with PIBF down-regulated CD91, TLR4 and gp96 gene expression. CONCLUSION The presence of gp96, CD91 and TLR4 at the maternal-foetal interface provides a molecular basis for their interaction, particularly in the absence of PIBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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66
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Vialard F, El Sirkasi M, Tronchon V, Boudjenah R, Molina-Gomes D, Bergere M, Mauduit C, Wainer R, Selva J, Benahmed M. Tumor necrosis factor-308 polymorphism increases the embryo implantation rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2774-83. [PMID: 23906902 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do TNF-308 and -238 polymorphisms impact the embryo implantation rate after in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women without female infertility factor? SUMMARY ANSWER The presence of the TNF-308A allele is associated with high implantation and multiple pregnancy rates in women without known infertility factors after ovarian hyperstimulation with exogenous FSH. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN Multiple pregnancies are frequent after the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Single embryo transfer (SET) has been proposed as a simple way to prevent these risks. However, the extension of SET indications to patients not selected based on specific criteria is controversial because of reduced pregnancy rates. To date, the predictive value of the parameters used for SET (age, gynecological history of the patient and uterine characteristics) allows a pregnancy rate of ~30%. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The potential predictive value of TNF polymorphisms (-308, rs1800629 and -238, rs361525) on implantation rate was evaluated in 424 women requiring IVF due to male fertility factors. This cohort retrospective study was conducted over 4 years in University-affiliated hospitals. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, METHODS The entire patient group included 424 women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) due to male fertility factors without the contribution of any female factor. From among this group, a selected patient group included 120 women with a normal karyotype, age under 38 years, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (Day-3 FSH) levels below 10 IU/l, a long agonist desensitization protocol associated with recombinant FSH treatment and a Caucasian background. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The TNF-238 polymorphism was not associated with implantation rate. In contrast, the presence of the TNF-308A allele was associated with increased Day 3-E2 levels as well as higher implantation and multiple pregnancy rates after fresh embryo transfer in women from the entire and selected patient groups. Moreover, in the selected patient group, the presence of the TNF-308A allele was also associated with a decrease in the miscarriage rate. The benefit of the TNF-308A allele in predicting implantation rates was not observed after the use of frozen embryos. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Future studies are needed to evaluate whether the TNF-308A allele might also be a biomarker in women with infertility factors. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDING The TNF-308A allele may represent a good candidate for a potential predictive, non-invasive biomarker in the SET strategy. However, its impact should be evaluated in prospective studies. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST This study was conducted with financial support from the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Organon France for a FARO (Fond d'Aide à la Recherche Organon) fellowship (to V.T.) and CHU Nice PHRC (PHRC 09-279).There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vialard
- Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France
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Yu N, Yang J, Guo Y, Fang J, Yin T, Luo J, Li X, Li W, Zhao Q, Zou Y, Xu W. Intrauterine Administration of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Improves Endometrial Receptivity in Mice with Embryonic Implantation Dysfunction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:24-33. [PMID: 23909917 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yue Guo
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jianye Fang
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Tailang Yin
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jing Luo
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Xing Li
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Li
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Qinghong Zhao
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yujie Zou
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Wangming Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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68
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Park S, Koh SE, Hur CY, Lee WD, Lim J, Lee YJ. Comparison of human first and third trimester placental mesenchymal stem cell. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:242-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeyoung Park
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine; Konkuk University, 4-12 Hwayangdong; Seoul; Korea
| | | | - Won-Don Lee
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jinho Lim
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Young-Jay Lee
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
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69
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Rajaei S, Mirahmadian M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Tavakoli M, Zonoobi M, Dabbagh A, Zarnani AH. Effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with repeated implantation failure. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:906-11. [PMID: 22616713 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.683062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is a worldwide health problem that imposes a great deal of cost on patients and health care system. Vitamin D(3) has been proposed to have positive impact on the process of implantation. The present study was performed to compare the effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with RIF and healthy fertile controls. Whole endometrial cells (WECs) and endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from RIF and normal fertile women were treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The levels of IL-10, TGF-β, IFNγ, Il-6, IL-8 and IL-17 in culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA. Also, ability of the cells from both groups to produce 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was evaluated and compared. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) down-regulated cytokine production in WECs from both groups except for IL-8 which was upraised. Similar trends were also observed in ESCs except up-regulation of TGF-β in RIF group. Endometrial cells of both groups had comparable capacity to produce 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Based on the minimal differential immunoregulatory effect of vitamin D(3) on endometrial cells from RIF and control women, it may be suggested that circulating levels of maternal vitamin D(3) be the subject of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rajaei
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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70
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Simon A, Laufer N. Assessment and treatment of repeated implantation failure (RIF). J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:1227-39. [PMID: 22976427 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is determined when embryos of good quality fail to implant following several in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles. Implantation failure is related to either maternal factors or embryonic causes. Maternal factors include uterine anatomic abnormalities, thrombophilia, non-receptive endometrium and immunological factors. Failure of implantation due to embryonic causes is associated with either genetic abnormalities or other factors intrinsic to the embryo that impair its ability to develop in utero, to hatch and to implant. New methods of time-lapse imaging of embryos and assessment of their metabolic functions may improve selection of embryos for transfer, and subsequent outcomes for IVF patients, as well as for those diagnosed with RIF. This review discusses the various causes associated with RIF and addresses appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Ein Kerem, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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71
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Kverka M, Ulcova-Gallova Z, Bartova J, Cibulka J, Bibkova K, Micanova Z, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Sperm cells induce distinct cytokine response in peripheral mononuclear cells from infertile women with serum anti-sperm antibodies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44172. [PMID: 22952917 PMCID: PMC3432089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anti-sperm antibodies in can markedly reduce the likelihood of natural conception. The etiology of this anti-sperm immunity in human females is unknown. We compared the cytokine response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infertile patients with or without anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) and fertile women. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We cultivated the PBMCs together with sperm antigens (whole cells or cell lysate), and screened the supernatants for 40 cytokines by antibody array. When stimulated with whole sperm cells, the PBMCs from patients with ASA produce less IL-3, IL-11, IL-13, ICAM-1, GCSF and more IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12p70 as compared to healthy women. PBMCs from patients with ASA produce typically less IL-13, IL-7, IL-17 and MIG, and more MIP-1β and IL-8, as compared to PBMCs from patients without ASA. In response to sperm cell lysate, PBMCs from infertile women without ASA respond initially by increase in production of growth factors (GCSF, GM-CSF and PDGF-BB) followed by increase in chemokines (e.g. IL-8, MCP-1 and MIP-1β). CONCLUSIONS Cellular immune responses to sperm antigens, measured by production of cytokines, differ among infertile women with ASA, infertile women without ASA and healthy women. This difference could play an important role in the initial steps of the infertility pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Kverka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Ulcova-Gallova
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jirina Bartova
- Institute of Dental Research, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cibulka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Bibkova
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Micanova
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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72
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Molecular aspects of implantation failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1943-50. [PMID: 22683339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite expanding global experience with advanced reproductive technologies, the majority of IVF attempts do not result in a successful pregnancy, foremost as a result of implantation failure. The process of embryo implantation, a remarkably dynamic and precisely controlled molecular and cellular event, appears inefficient in humans and is poorly understood. However, insights gained from clinical implantation failure, early pregnancy loss, and emerging techologies that enable molecular interrogation of endometrial-embryo interactions are unravelling this major limiting step in human reproduction. We review current molecular concepts thought to underlie implantation failure, consider the contribution of embryonic and endometrial factors, and discuss the clinical value of putative markers of impaired endometrial receptivity. Finally we highlight the nature of the dialogue between the maternal endometrium and the implanting embryo and discuss the concept of natural embryo selection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular Genetics of Human Reproductive Failure.
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73
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Jaiswal MK, Mallers TM, Larsen B, Kwak-Kim J, Chaouat G, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. V-ATPase upregulation during early pregnancy: a possible link to establishment of an inflammatory response during preimplantation period of pregnancy. Reproduction 2012; 143:713-25. [PMID: 22454532 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various mechanisms exist to prevent a potentially deleterious maternal immune response that results in compromising survival of semiallogeneic fetus. In pregnancy, there is a necessary early preimplantation inflammatory stage followed by a postimplantation anti-inflammatory stage. Thus, there is a biphasic 'immune response' observed during the course of pregnancy. We provide the evidence that capacitation of sperm induced the expression of a2 isoform of V-ATPase (ATP6V0A2 referred to as a2V), leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif), Il1b, and Tnf in the sperm. Capacitated sperm also released cleaved N-terminal domain of a2V-ATPase (a2NTD), which upregulates the gene expression of Lif, Il1b, Tnf, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (Ccl2 (Mcp1)) in the uterus. Unfertilized eggs had low a2V expression, but after fertilization, the expression of a2V increased in zygotes. This increased level of a2V expression was maintained in preimplantation embryos. Seminal plasma was necessary for upregulation of a2V expression in preimplantation embryos, as mating with seminal vesicle-deficient males failed to elicit an increase in a2V expression in preimplantation embryos. The infiltration of macrophages into the uterus was significantly increased after insemination of both sperm and seminal plasma during the preimplantation period of pregnancy. This dynamic infiltration into the uterus corresponded with the uterine a2V expression through the induction of Ccl2 expression. Furthermore, the polarization ratio of M1:M2 (pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory) macrophages in the uterus fluctuated from a ratio of 1.60 (day 1) to 1.45 (day 4) when female mice were inseminated with both sperm and seminal plasma. These data provide evidence that exposure to semen may initiate an inflammatory milieu by inducing a2V and cytokine/chemokine expression, which triggers the influx of macrophages into the preimplantation uterus during the onset of pregnancy and ultimately leads to successful pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Interaction of the conceptus and endometrium to establish pregnancy in mammals: role of interleukin 1β. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:825-38. [PMID: 22382391 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Implantation and the establishment of pregnancy in mammals involves an intricate interplay of hormones, cytokines, growth factors, proteins, lipids, ions and the extracellular matrix between the uterine epithelium, stroma, immune cells and the conceptus trophectoderm. The divergent nature of implantation in the mouse, human and pig provides not only an interesting contrast in the establishment of pregnancy and early embryonic development but also intriguing similarities with regard to early endometrial-conceptus signaling. An interesting pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in a number of mammalian species during the period of implantation is interleukin-1β (IL1B). The presence of IL1B might be involved with immunotolerance at the maternal-placental interface and has been proposed as one of the mediators in placental viviparity. The production of IL1B and other proinflammatory cytokines might play a role in establishing pregnancy through modulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NFKB) system in a number of species. A model for the regulation of cellular progesterone receptor expression and NFKB activation for endometrial receptivity and conceptus attachment is continuing to evolve and is discussed in the present review.
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75
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Effects of acupuncture on Th1, th2 cytokines in rats of implantation failure. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:893023. [PMID: 22315633 PMCID: PMC3270570 DOI: 10.1155/2012/893023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to explore the effect of acupuncture on Th1, Th2 cytokines in rats of implantation failure. Early pregnant rats were randomized into normal group (N), implantation failure group (M), acupuncture group (A), progestin group (H). The model was established with mifepristone. Samples of serum, endometrium were collected on Day 5, 6 and 8 of pregnancy. Compared with group M, the number of embryos was significantly higher in groups N, A and H; IL-1β, IL-2 protein in serum and endometrium were significantly lower in groups N, A and H, while IL-4, IL-10 were significantly higher in groups N, A and H; the endometrial IL-2, IL-4 mRNA were significantly lower in groups N, A and H, while IL-1β, IL-10 mRNA were significantly higher in groups N, A and H. Acupuncture could improve the poor receptive state of endometrium due to mifepristone by promoting Th2 cytokines secretion and inhibiting Th1 cytokines to improve blastocyst implantation.
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76
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Calleja-Agius J, Jauniaux E, Muttukrishna S. Placental villous expression of TNFα and IL-10 and effect of oxygen tension in euploid early pregnancy failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67:515-25. [PMID: 22243719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The objective was to investigate placental inflammation in chromosomally normal miscarriages in vivo and in vitro. METHOD OF STUDY Chorionic villous tissue was collected from missed miscarriages and normal gestation-matched controls and cultured at 6 and 20% O(2) concentrations. Tissue was karyotyped. Flowcytometric bead arrays and real-time PCR were carried out for protein and gene expression studies. RESULTS The levels of TNFα and IL-10 were significantly (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05) higher, and the levels of TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 were significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) lower in culture conditioned medium of villous explants of miscarriages compared to control group. Villous tissue homogenates from miscarriages contained significantly (P < 0.005) lower levels of TNF-R1. There was a significant O(2) -dependent increase in the secretion of IL-10 (P < 0.01) and decrease in TNFα/IL-10 ratio (P < 0.005) in the culture medium in both groups. CONCLUSION Increased levels of TNFα and decreased levels of receptors in miscarriage villous tissue confirm an excessive placental inflammation in miscarriage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Calleja-Agius
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, UK.
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77
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Regulation of non-classical major histocompatability complex class I mRNA expression in bovine embryos. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 91:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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78
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Koldehoff M, Katzorke T, Wisbrun NC, Propping D, Wohlers S, Bielfeld P, Steckel NK, Beelen DW, Elmaagacli AH. Modulating impact of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone on the maturation and function of hematopoietic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0910520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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79
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Borbely AU, Fontenele-Neto JD, Vidsiunas AK, Gomes SZ, Hoshida MS, de Oliveira SF, Bevilacqua E. Ectoplacental Cone Induces Resistance to Apoptosis in High Doses of Interferon (IFN)-γ-Treated Decidual Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:73-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Girardi G, Prohászka Z, Bulla R, Tedesco F, Scherjon S. Complement activation in animal and human pregnancies as a model for immunological recognition. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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81
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Calleja-Agius J, Muttukrishna S, Pizzey AR, Jauniaux E. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:83.e8-16. [PMID: 21514552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate circulating and intracellular levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with threatened miscarriage (TM) and subsequent outcome. STUDY DESIGN Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptors 1 and 2, TNFα, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukins (IL) -6 and -10 were measured by flow cytometric bead assays in 80 women with TM: 53 women with normal outcome and 27 women who miscarried. Fluorescent antibody labeling was also performed on whole blood in a subgroup of 27 women of TM: 16 women with normal outcome and 11 women who miscarried. RESULTS Monocyte expression of TNFα and circulating levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-R1 were significantly lower, whereas circulating levels of TNFα/IL-10, IFNγ/IL-10, and TNFα/IL-6 ratios were significantly higher, in women with TM who subsequently miscarried, compared with the women with normal outcome. CONCLUSION An increased Th1 type of immune response, which was similar to that observed in preterm delivery, was found in TM cases that were complicated by a subsequent miscarriage.
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82
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Wehrum MJ, Buhimschi IA, Salafia C, Thung S, Bahtiyar MO, Werner EF, Campbell KH, Laky C, Sfakianaki AK, Zhao G, Funai EF, Buhimschi CS. Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:411.e1-411.e11. [PMID: 21316642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize serum angiogenic factor profile of women with complete placenta previa and determine if invasive trophoblast differentiation characteristic of accreta, increta, or percreta shares features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed gestational age-matched serum samples from 90 pregnant women with either complete placenta previa (n = 45) or uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 45). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor, and soluble form of fms-like-tyrosine-kinase-1 were immunoassayed. VEGF and phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity was surveyed in histological specimens relative to expression of vimentin and cytokeratin-7. RESULTS Women with previa and invasive placentation (accreta, n = 5; increta, n = 6; percreta, n = 2) had lower systemic VEGF (invasive previa: median 0.8 [0.02-3.4] vs control 6.5 [2.7-10.5] pg/mL, P = .02). VEGF and phosphotyrosine immunostaining predominated in the invasive extravillous trophoblasts that coexpressed vimentin and cytokeratin-7, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition feature and tumorlike cell phenotype. CONCLUSION Lower systemic free VEGF and a switch of the interstitial extravillous trophoblasts to a metastable cell phenotype characterize placenta previa with excessive myometrial invasion.
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83
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Rigato PO, Fusaro AE, Victor JR, Sato MN. Maternal immunization to modulate the development of allergic response and pathogen infections. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:141-56. [PMID: 20635979 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent experimental approaches of preventive strategies regarding allergy and infections by pathogens, particularly in early childhood, by targeting maternal immunomodulation. Basic research is essential to understand maternal vaccination as a strategy to control allergic disease and bacterial and viral infections; thus, providing support for future translational research. The environmental stimuli and host genetic factors, along with maternal influences in early life when immune systems are developing and during postnatal life, are essential for the decision between tolerance induction or allergen sensitization. Maternal immunomodulation strategies should serve as a challenge when attempting to halt the spread of allergy responses and viral infections, until the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system of the neonates are competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ordonhez Rigato
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM56, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Prédio II, Av Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 500, 3 masculine andar, 05403-05000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Horká P, Jarošová R, Malíčková K, Janatková I, Marečková H, Zima T, Kalousová M. Intracellular Cytokine Production in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: A Comparison of Values in Infertile and Fertile Women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:466-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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85
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Laskarin G, Redzovic A, Srsen Medancic S, Rukavina D. Regulation of NK-cell function by mucins via antigen-presenting cells. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:541-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peng B, Koga K, Cardenas I, Aldo P, Mor G. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells by human endometrial endothelial cells induces proinflammatory cytokine production. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:12-9. [PMID: 20219062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Apoptosis is a normal constituent of trophoblast turnover in the placenta; however in some cases, this process is related to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. Recognition and engulfment of these apoptotic trophoblast cells is important for clearance of dying cells. The aim of this study was to show the cross talk between human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) and apoptotic trophoblast cells in an in vitro coculture model and its effect on cytokine production by HEECs. METHOD OF STUDY Fluorescent-labeled HEECs were cocultured with fluorescent-labeled apoptotic human trophoblast cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show the interaction between these two types of cells. Cytokine profiles were determined using multiplex analysis. RESULTS HEECs are capable to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. This activity is inhibited by the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin B. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells induced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by HEECs. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that HEECs have an ability to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated an inflammatory response of HEECs after phagocytosing the apoptotic trophoblast cells. This event may contribute to the inflammatory response in both normal pregnancy and pathologic pregnancy such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Bechi N, Ietta F, Romagnoli R, Jantra S, Cencini M, Galassi G, Serchi T, Corsi I, Focardi S, Paulesu L. Environmental levels of para-nonylphenol are able to affect cytokine secretion in human placenta. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:427-31. [PMID: 20194071 PMCID: PMC2854774 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) is a metabolite of alkylphenols widely used in the chemical industry and manufacturing. It accumulates in the environment, where it acts with estrogen-like activity. We previously showed that p-NP acts on human placenta by inducing trophoblast differentiation and apoptosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of p-NP on cytokine secretion in human placenta. METHODS In vitro cultures of chorionic villous explants from human placenta in the first trimester of pregnancy were treated with p-NP (10(13), 10(11), and 10(9) M) in 0.1% ethanol as vehicle. Culture medium was collected after 24 hr and assayed by specific immunoassays for the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). RESULTS p-NP modulated cytokine secretion by inducing the release of GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-4, and IL-10, with a maximum effect at 10(11) M. It reduced the release of TNF-alpha at 10(13) M, whereas levels of IL-2 and IL-5 remained below the detection limit. IL-6 and IL-8 levels were 1001,000 times higher than those of other cytokines, and they were not affected by p-NP. We observed significant differences from controls (ethanol alone) only for GM-CSF and IL-10. CONCLUSION An unbalanced cytokine network at the maternal--fetal interface may result in implantation failure, pregnancy loss, or other complications. The effects of extremely low doses of p-NP on the placental release of cytokines raise considerable concerns about maternal exposure to this endocrine disruptor during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silke Jantra
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Cencini
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Hospital, Campostaggia, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Serchi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Rheumatology Unit and
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luana Paulesu
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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88
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Ietta F, Bechi N, Romagnoli R, Bhattacharjee J, Realacci M, Di Vito M, Ferretti C, Paulesu L. 17{beta}-Estradiol modulates the macrophage migration inhibitory factor secretory pathway by regulating ABCA1 expression in human first-trimester placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E411-8. [PMID: 20173014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00522.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Successful pregnancy involves a series of events, most of them mediated by hormones and cytokines. Estrogens, besides being important for placental growth and embryo development, have a marked effect on the immune system exerting either pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous studies suggest that estrogens directly affect cellular function, including cytokine production. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in pregnancy, particularly during the earlier stages of placentation. Since reports on mice have shown that estrogens modulate MIF, herein we investigated the effect of estrogens on human placental MIF. By using an in vitro model of first-trimester chorionic villous explants, we found that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) was able to modulate the release of MIF in a dose-dependent manner (10(-12) vs. 10(-9) M, P < 0.05; 10(-9) vs. 10(-5) M, P < 0.05; 10(-12) vs. 10(-5) M, P < 0.001). Unlike MIF release, no significant change in tissue MIF protein or MIF mRNA was observed. We showed evidence that E(2) concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-5) M) act on placental tissue downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein A1, a membrane transporter involved in MIF secretion. These findings emphasize the mutual cooperation between hormones and cytokines and suggest that increasing estrogen levels with advancing gestation may have a major role in regulating placental MIF secretion.
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89
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Sher G, Keskintepe L, Keskintepe M, Maassarani G, Tortoriello D, Brody S. Genetic analysis of human embryos by metaphase comparative genomic hybridization (mCGH) improves efficiency of IVF by increasing embryo implantation rate and reducing multiple pregnancies and spontaneous miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:1886-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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90
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Bulla R, Bossi F, Agostinis C, Radillo O, Colombo F, De Seta F, Tedesco F. Complement production by trophoblast cells at the feto-maternal interface. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 82:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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91
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Shao R, Nutu M, Karlsson-Lindahl L, Benrick A, Weijdegård B, Lager S, Egecioglu E, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Billig H. Downregulation of cilia-localized Il-6Rα by 17β-estradiol in mouse and human fallopian tubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C140-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00047.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The action of interleukin-6 (IL-6) impacts female reproduction. Although IL-6 was recently shown to inhibit cilia activity in human fallopian tubes in vitro, the molecular mechanisms underlying IL-6 signaling to tubal function remain elusive. Here, we investigate the cellular localization, regulation, and possible function of two IL-6 receptors (IL-6Rα and gp130) in mouse and human fallopian tubes in vivo. We show that IL-6Rα is restricted to the cilia of epithelial cells in both mouse and human fallopian tubes. Exogenous 17β-estradiol (E2), but not progesterone (P4), causes a time-dependent decrease in IL-6Rα expression, which is blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI-182,780. Exposure of different ER-selective agonists propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl-trisphenol or 2,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile demonstrated an ER subtype-specific regulation of IL-6Rα in mouse fallopian tubes. In contrast to IL-6Rα, gp130 was detected in tubal epithelial cells in mice but not in humans. In humans, gp130 was found in the muscle cells and was decreased in the periovulatory and luteal phases during the reproductive cycles, indicating a species-specific expression and regulation of gp130 in the fallopian tube. Expression of tubal IL-6Rα and gp130 in IL-6 knockout mice was found to be normal; however, E2 treatment increased IL-6Rα, but not gp130, in IL-6 knockout mice when compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, expression levels of IL-6Rα, but not gp130, decreased in parallel with estrogenic accelerated oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC) transport in mouse fallopian tubes. Our findings open the posibility that cilia-specific IL-6Rα may play a role in the regulation of OCC transport and suggest an estrogen-regulatory pathway of IL-6Rα in the fallopian tube.
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92
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McEwan M, Lins RJ, Munro SK, Vincent ZL, Ponnampalam AP, Mitchell MD. Cytokine regulation during the formation of the fetal-maternal interface: focus on cell-cell adhesion and remodelling of the extra-cellular matrix. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:241-9. [PMID: 19487153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of human pregnancy requires the orchestration of substantial cell differentiation and tissue remodelling processes in the context of a complex dialogue between the receptive endometrium and the implanting blastocyst, and is therefore dependent upon a complex sequence of signalling events. Cytokines play an important role in each step of implantation, modulating expression of adhesion molecules on both the fetal and maternal surfaces, regulating expression of the proteases that remodel the extra-cellular matrix, and promoting invasion and differentiation of trophoblasts. Here we review the role of cytokines in regulating the establishment of the fetal-maternal interface, with a particular focus on regulation of the functional expression of CAMs, the ECM and of the proteinases that modulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda McEwan
- The Liggins Institute and National Research Centre for Growth and Reproduction, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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93
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Fraccaroli L, Alfieri J, Larocca L, Calafat M, Roca V, Lombardi E, Ramhorst R, Leirós CP. VIP modulates the pro-inflammatory maternal response, inducing tolerance to trophoblast cells. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:116-26. [PMID: 19133995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Successful embryo implantation is followed by a local pro-inflammatory and Th1 response, subsequently controlled by a Th2 response. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has anti-inflammatory effects and promotes tolerogenic/Th2 responses while favouring embryonic development. We investigated the potential regulatory role of VIP on human trophoblast cells, maternal pro-inflammatory responses and trophoblast-maternal leukocyte interactions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested VIP effects directly on a trophoblast cell line (Swan 71 cells) and after co-culture with maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as models of the feto-maternal dialogue. We also co-cultured maternal and paternal PBMCs to test effects of endogenous VIP on maternal alloresponses. KEY RESULTS Swan 71 cells express VPAC(1) receptors and VIP induced their proliferation and the expression of leukaemia inhibitor factor, a pro-implantatory marker. After interaction with trophoblast cells, VIP increased Foxp3, the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells within maternal PBMCs and transforming growth factor beta expression. Also, during the trophoblast-maternal PBMCs interaction, VIP reduced pro-inflammatory mediators [interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, nitric oxide], while increasing IL-10. Trophoblast cells produced VIP which dose-dependently suppressed allomaternal responses, accompanied by reduced expression of the T cell transcription factor, T-bet. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Vasoactive intestinal peptide induced pro-implantatory markers and trophoblast cell proliferation, while controlling the initial pro-inflammatory response, by increasing maternal regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As an autocrine regulatory peptide VIP might contribute to fetal survival through two mechanisms; a direct trophic effect on trophoblast cells and an immunomodulatory effect that favours tolerance to fetal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fraccaroli
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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94
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Liszewska E, Reinaud P, Billon-Denis E, Dubois O, Robin P, Charpigny G. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling during embryo development in sheep: involvement in prostaglandin synthesis. Endocrinology 2009; 150:422-34. [PMID: 18772233 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) pathway during early pregnancy in sheep. LPA was detected in the uteri of early-stage pregnant ewes. Using quantitative RT-PCR, the expression of autotaxin, the LPA-generating enzyme, was found in the endometrium and conceptus. In the latter autotaxin, transcript levels were low on d 12-14 and increased on d 15-16, in parallel with the level of LPA. Autotaxin was localized in the luminal epithelium and superficial glands of the endometrium and in trophectoderm cells of the conceptus. The expression of G protein-coupled receptors for LPA was also examined in the ovine conceptus. LPA receptor LPAR1 and LPAR3 transcripts were expressed during early pregnancy and displayed a peak on d 14, whereas the highest level of protein for both receptors was observed at d 17. LPAR1 was localized in cellular membranes and nuclear compartments of the trophectoderm cells, whereas LPAR3 was revealed only in membranes. LPA activated phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2 in ovine trophectoderm-derived cells. Moreover, the bioactive lipid increased the proliferation of trophectoderm cells in culture, as shown by thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Furthermore, LPA induced changes to the organization of beta-actin and alpha-tubulin, suggesting a role for it in rearrangement of trophectoderm cells cytoskeleton. Because a link had previously been established between prostaglandin and LPA pathways, we analyzed the effect of LPA on prostaglandin synthesis. LPA induced an increase in the release of prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin E2, with no significant modifications to cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha and prostaglandin synthase-2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest a new role for LPA-mediated signaling in the ovine conceptus at the time of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liszewska
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy en Josas, France
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95
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Boomsma CM, Kavelaars A, Eijkemans MJC, Amarouchi K, Teklenburg G, Gutknecht D, Fauser BJCM, Heijnen CJ, Macklon NS. Cytokine profiling in endometrial secretions: a non-invasive window on endometrial receptivity. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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96
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Clark DA, Coulam CB. Introduction to special issue on implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:282-3. [PMID: 17674184 PMCID: PMC3455007 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Clark
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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