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Mihaljevic I, Popovic M, Zaja R, Smital T. Phylogenetic, syntenic, and tissue expression analysis of slc22 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:626. [PMID: 27519738 PMCID: PMC4982206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC22 protein family is a member of the SLC (Solute carriers) superfamily of polyspecific membrane transporters responsible for uptake of a wide range of organic anions and cations, including numerous endo- and xenobiotics. Due to the lack of knowledge on zebrafish Slc22 family, we performed initial characterization of these transporters using a detailed phylogenetic and conserved synteny analysis followed by the tissue specific expression profiling of slc22 transcripts. RESULTS We identified 20 zebrafish slc22 genes which are organized in the same functional subgroups as human SLC22 members. Orthologies and syntenic relations between zebrafish and other vertebrates revealed consequences of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication as shown through one-to-many orthologies for certain zebrafish slc22 genes. Tissue expression profiles of slc22 transcripts were analyzed using qRT-PCR determinations in nine zebrafish tissues: liver, kidney, intestine, gills, brain, skeletal muscle, eye, heart, and gonads. Our analysis revealed high expression of oct1 in kidney, especially in females, followed by oat3 and oat2c in females, oat2e in males and orctl4 in females. oct1 was also dominant in male liver. oat2d showed the highest expression in intestine with less noticeable gender differences. All slc22 genes showed low expression in gills, and moderate expression in heart and skeletal muscle. Dominant genes in brain were oat1 in females and oct1 in males, while the highest gender differences were determined in gonads, with dominant expression of almost all slc22 genes in testes and the highest expression of oat2a. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers the first insight into the orthology relationships, gene expression and potential role of Slc22 membrane transporters in zebrafish. Clear orthological relationships of zebrafish slc22 and other vertebrate slc22 genes were established. slc22 members are mostly highly conserved, suggesting their physiological and toxicological importance. One-to-many orthologies and differences in tissue expression patterns of zebrafish slc22 genes in comparison to human orthologs were observed. Our expression data point to partial similarity of zebrafish versus human Slc22 members, with possible compensatory roles of certain zebrafish transporters, whereas higher number of some orthologs implies potentially more diverse and specific roles of these proteins in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihaljevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Roko Zaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Alam C, Whyte-Allman SK, Omeragic A, Bendayan R. Role and modulation of drug transporters in HIV-1 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:121-143. [PMID: 27181050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that target different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This strategy is commonly referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Membrane-associated drug transporters expressed ubiquitously in mammalian systems play a crucial role in modulating ARV disposition during HIV-1 infection. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamilies have been shown to interact with ARVs, including those that are used as part of first-line treatment regimens. As a result, the functional expression of drug transporters can influence the distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection. In addition, pathological factors related to HIV-1 infection and/or ARV therapy itself can alter transporter expression and activity, thus further contributing to changes in ARV disposition and the effectiveness of HAART. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of drug transporters in regulating ARV transport in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
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Richards L, Li M, van Esch B, Garssen J, Folkerts G. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the cardiovascular system. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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54
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Liu Y, Pu QH, Wu MJ, Yu C. Proteomic analysis for the impact of hypercholesterolemia on expressions of hepatic drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:940-7. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qiang-Hong Pu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jun Wu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Feng Y, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Huo X, Liu Z, Sun P, Yang X, Sun H, Qin J, Liu K. Bezafibrate–mizoribine interaction: Involvement of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3 in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 81:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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57
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Wong CT, Wais J, Crawford DA. Prenatal exposure to common environmental factors affects brain lipids and increases risk of developing autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua Wais
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
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58
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Hotchkiss AG, Gao T, Khan U, Berrigan L, Li M, Ingraham L, Pelis RM. Organic Anion Transporter 1 Is Inhibited by Multiple Mechanisms and Shows a Transport Mode Independent of Exchange. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1847-54. [PMID: 26370539 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which drugs inhibit organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) was examined. OAT1 was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and para-aminohippurate (PAH) and 6-carboxyfluorescein were the substrates. Most compounds (10 of 14) inhibited competitively, increasing the Michaelis constant (Km) without affecting the maximal transport rate (Jmax). Others were mixed-type (lowering Jmax and increasing Km) or noncompetitive (lowering Jmax only) inhibitors. The interaction of a noncompetitive inhibitor (telmisartan) with OAT1 was examined further. Binding of telmisartan to OAT1 was observed, but translocation was not. Telmisartan did not alter the plasma membrane expression of OAT1, indicating that it lowers Jmax by reducing the turnover number. PAH transport after telmisartan treatment and its washout recovered faster in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum in the washout buffer, indicating that binding of telmisartan to OAT1 and its inhibitory effect are reversible. Together, these data suggest that telmisartan binds reversibly to a site distinct from substrate and stabilizes the transporter in a conformation unfavorable for translocation. In the absence of an exchangeable extracellular substrate, PAH efflux from CHO-OAT1 cells was relatively rapid. Telmisartan slowed PAH efflux, suggesting that some transporter-mediated efflux occurs independent of exchange. Although drug-drug interaction predictions at OAT1 assume competitive inhibition, these data show that OAT1 can be inhibited by other mechanisms, which could influence the accuracy of drug-drug interaction predictions at the transporter. Telmisartan was useful for examining how a noncompetitive inhibitor can alter OAT1 transport activity and for uncovering a transport mode independent of exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Hotchkiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tiandai Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Usman Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liam Berrigan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mansong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Leslie Ingraham
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 expressed in the small intestine, liver, brain and other organs play important roles in absorption, excretion and distribution of cationic drugs. Drug-drug interactions at OCTs may change pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug toxicity. Knowledge about physiological and biomedical functions of OCTs and the molecular mechanisms of transport and inhibition is required to anticipate drug-drug interactions and their potential biomedical impact. AREAS COVERED Current knowledge about structure, polyspecific cation binding and transport of OCTs is summarized. Tissue distributions of OCT1-3 and their presumed physiological roles in the small intestine, liver, kidney and brain are reported, and drugs that are transported by human OCT1-3 are listed. The impact of human OCTs for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antidiabetic metformin and antineoplastic platinum derivatives are discussed. In addition, interactions of drugs that are transported by OCTs observed in the kidney and liver are reported. Procedures to test novel drugs for drug-drug interactions at OCTs in vitro and in clinical studies are recommended. EXPERT OPINION When performing in vitro testing for drug-drug interactions, it must be considered that one inhibitory drug may inhibit different transported drugs with different affinities. After positive in vitro testing for drug-drug interaction, clinical tests are obligatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- a University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics , Botanik 1, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
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60
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25713533 PMCID: PMC4322540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na+ coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed. Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show “transceptor” functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
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61
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Herak-Kramberger CM, Breljak D, Ljubojević M, Matokanović M, Lovrić M, Rogić D, Brzica H, Vrhovac I, Karaica D, Micek V, Dupor JI, Brown D, Sabolić I. Sex-dependent expression of water channel AQP1 along the rat nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F809-21. [PMID: 25656365 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00368.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian kidney, nonglycosylated and glycosylated forms of aquaporin protein 1 (AQP1) coexist in the luminal and basolateral plasma membranes of proximal tubule and descending thin limb. Factors that influence AQP1 expression in (patho)physiological conditions are poorly known. Thus far, only angiotensin II and hypertonicity were found to upregulate AQP1 expression in rat proximal tubule in vivo and in vitro (Bouley R, Palomino Z, Tang SS, Nunes P, Kobori H, Lu HA, Shum WW, Sabolic I, Brown D, Ingelfinger JR, Jung FF. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1575-F1586, 2009), a phenomenon that may be relevant for higher blood pressure observed in men and male experimental animals. Here we investigated the sex-dependent AQP1 protein and mRNA expression in the rat kidney by immunochemical methods and qRT-PCR in tissue samples from prepubertal and intact gonadectomized animals and sex hormone-treated gonadectomized adult male and female animals. In adult rats, the overall renal AQP1 protein and mRNA expression was ∼80% and ∼40% higher, respectively, in males than in females, downregulated by gonadectomy in both sexes and upregulated strongly by testosterone and moderately by progesterone treatment; estradiol treatment had no effect. In prepubertal rats, the AQP1 protein expression was low compared with adults and slightly higher in females, whereas the AQP1 mRNA expression was low and similar in both sexes. The observed differences in AQP1 protein expression in various experiments mainly reflect changes in the glycosylated form. The male-dominant expression of renal AQP1 in rats, which develops after puberty largely in the glycosylated form of the protein, may contribute to enhanced fluid reabsorption following the androgen- or progesterone-stimulated activities of sodium-reabsorptive mechanisms in proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirela Matokanović
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mila Lovrić
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Brzica
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vrhovac
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Karaica
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Dennis Brown
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia;
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62
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Ljubojević M, Breljak D, Herak-Kramberger CM, Anzai N, Sabolić I. Expression of basolateral organic anion and cation transporters in experimental cadmium nephrotoxicity in rat kidney. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:525-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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63
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Hazelhoff MH, Trebucobich MS, Stoyanoff TR, Chevalier AA, Torres AM. Amelioration of mercury nephrotoxicity after pharmacological manipulation of organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) with furosemide. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Furosemide improves HgCl2-induced tubule injury up-regulating Oat1 and Mrp2, thus increasing renal elimination of mercuric ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María H. Hazelhoff
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Mara S. Trebucobich
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Tania R. Stoyanoff
- Departamento de Bioquímica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste
- Corrientes
- Argentina
| | - Alberto A. Chevalier
- GIHON Laboratorios Químicos SRL
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
- Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - Adriana M. Torres
- Área Farmacología
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Rosario
- Argentina
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64
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Martovetsky G, Ahn SY, Liu HC, Richard E, Bhatnagar V, Wu W. The organic anion transporter (OAT) family: a systems biology perspective. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:83-123. [PMID: 25540139 PMCID: PMC4281586 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids). Oats are expressed in many tissues, including kidney, liver, choroid plexus, olfactory mucosa, brain, retina, and placenta. Recent metabolomics and microarray data from Oat1 [Slc22a6, originally identified as NKT (novel kidney transporter)] and Oat3 (Slc22a8) knockouts, as well as systems biology studies, indicate that this pathway plays a central role in the metabolism and handling of gut microbiome metabolites as well as putative uremic toxins of kidney disease. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, such as Hnf4α and Hnf1α, appear to regulate the expression of certain Oats in conjunction with phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Some Oats have a strong selectivity for particular signaling molecules, including cyclic nucleotides, conjugated sex steroids, odorants, uric acid, and prostaglandins and/or their metabolites. According to the "Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis," which is elaborated in detail here, Oats may function in remote interorgan communication by regulating levels of signaling molecules and key metabolites in tissues and body fluids. Oats may also play a major role in interorganismal communication (via movement of small molecules across the intestine, placental barrier, into breast milk, and volatile odorants into the urine). The role of various Oat isoforms in systems physiology appears quite complex, and their ramifications are discussed in the context of remote sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gleb Martovetsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Henry C Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erin Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Comparison of minipig, dog, monkey and human drug metabolism and disposition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 74:80-92. [PMID: 25545337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article gives an overview of the drug metabolism and disposition (ADME) characteristics of the most common non-rodent species used in toxicity testing of drugs (minipigs, dogs, and monkeys) and compares these to human characteristics with regard to enzymes mediating the metabolism of drugs and the transport proteins which contribute to the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. METHODS Literature on ADME and regulatory guidelines of relevance in drug development of small molecules has been gathered. RESULTS Non-human primates (monkeys) are the species that is closest to humans in terms of genetic homology. Dogs have an advantage due to the ready availability of comprehensive background data for toxicological safety assessment and dogs are easy to handle. Pigs have been used less than dogs and monkeys as a model in safety assessment of drug candidates. However, when a drug candidate is metabolised by aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) or cytochrome (CYP2C9-like) enzymes which are not expressed in dogs, but are present in pigs, this species may be a better choice than dogs, provided that adequate exposure can be obtained in pigs. Conversely, pigs might not be the right choice if sulfation, involving 3-phospho-adenosyl-5-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase (PAPS) is an important pathway in the human metabolism of a drug candidate. DISCUSSION In general, the species selection should be based on comparison between in vitro studies with human cell-based systems and animal-cell-based systems. Results from pharmacokinetic studies are also important for decision-making by establishing the obtainable exposure level in the species. Access to genetically humanized mouse models and highly sensitive analytical methods (accelerator mass spectrometry) makes it possible to improve the chance of finding all metabolites relevant for humans before clinical trials have been initiated and, if necessary, to include another animal species before long term toxicity studies are initiated. In conclusion, safety testing can be optimized by applying knowledge about species ADME differences and utilising advanced analytical techniques.
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66
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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67
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Hagos Y, Hundertmark P, Shnitsar V, Marada VVVR, Wulf G, Burckhardt G. Renal human organic anion transporter 3 increases the susceptibility of lymphoma cells to bendamustine uptake. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F330-8. [PMID: 25477469 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00467.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) is often associated with nephritic syndrome. Effective treatment of CLL by chlorambucil and bendamustine leads to the restoration of renal function. In this contribution, we sought to elucidate the impact of organic anion transporters (OATs) on the uptake of bendamustine and chlorambucil as a probable reason for the superior efficacy of bendamustine over chlorambucil in the treatment of CLL. We examined the effects of structural analogs of p-aminohippurate (PAH), melphalan, chlorambucil, and bendamustine, on OAT1-mediated [(3)H]PAH uptake and OAT3- and OAT4-mediated [(3)H]estrone sulfate (ES) uptake in stably transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Melphalan had no significant inhibitory effect on any OAT, whereas chlorambucil reduced OAT1-, OAT3-, and OAT4-mediated uptake of PAH or ES down to 14.6%, 16.3%, and 66.0% of control, respectively. Bendamustine inhibited only OAT3-mediated ES uptake, which was reduced down to 14.3% of control cells, suggesting that it interacts exclusively with OAT3. The IC50 value for OAT3 was calculated to be 0.8 μM. Real-time PCR experiments demonstrated a high expression of OAT3 in lymphoma cell lines as well as primary CLL cells. OAT3-mediated accumulation of bendamustine was associated with reduced cell proliferation and an increased rate of apoptosis. We conclude that the high efficacy of bendamustine in treating CLL might be partly contributed to the expression of OAT3 in lymphoma cells and the high affinity of bendamustine for this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Hagos
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Philip Hundertmark
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Volodymyr Shnitsar
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Venkata V V R Marada
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Gerald Wulf
- Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although uricosuric agents provide the most time-honoured approach to the control of hyperuricemia, their place in the armamentarium has been eclipsed by that of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review considers the potential for uricosuric agents from the perspective of recent progress in the understanding of urate transport systems. RECENT FINDINGS No new agents have yet become available, but promising new drugs are under development. Better understanding of the transporters URAT1 and ABCG2 in particular would appear to provide opportunities for more selective, better tolerated agents to increase the renal clearance of uric acid and thereby control hyperuricemia. SUMMARY Conceptually, modest inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption should provide effective relief for the millions of individuals who are now hyperuricemic and who suffer from its principal consequence, gout.
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69
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Chioukh R, Noel-Hudson MS, Ribes S, Fournier N, Becquemont L, Verstuyft C. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit methotrexate transport by renal basolateral organic anion transporter hOAT3. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2041-8. [PMID: 25239859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coadministration of methotrexate (MTX) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can result in a pharmacokinetic interaction that delays MTX elimination and subsequently increases the MTX blood concentrations. Human organic anion transporters (hOATs) are responsible for the renal tubular secretion of MTX and are thought to be involved in this drug interaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potencies of PPIs on hOAT1 and hOAT3, which are the two isoforms of OATs predominantly expressed in kidney proximal tubules. Using stably transfected cell systems that express the uptake transporters human embryonic kidney (HEK)-hOAT1 and HEK-hOAT3, we analyzed the inhibitory potencies of omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole on OAT-mediated [(3)H]estrone sulfate (ES), [(3)H]p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), and [(3)H]MTX uptake in vitro. hOAT3 is a high affinity transporter for MTX (Km = 21.17 ± 5.65 µM). Omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole inhibited [(3)H]MTX uptake in HEK-hOAT3 cells with an IC50 of 6.8 ± 1.16, 1.14 ± 0.26, and 4.45 ± 1.62 µM, respectively, and inhibited the [(3)H]ES uptake in HEK-hOAT3 cells with an IC50 of 20.59 ± 4.07, 3.96 ± 0.96, and 7.89 ± 2.31 µM, respectively. Furthermore, omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole exhibited inhibited PAH uptake on hOAT1 in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 4.32 ± 1.26, 7.58 ± 1.06, and 63.21 ± 4.74 µM, respectively). These in vitro results suggest that PPIs inhibit [(3)H]MTX transport via hOAT3 inhibition, which most likely explains the drug-drug interactions between MTX and PPIs and should be considered for other OATs substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Chioukh
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
| | - Marie-Sophie Noel-Hudson
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
| | - Sandy Ribes
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
| | - Natalie Fournier
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
| | - Celine Verstuyft
- EA 4123 Barrières Physiologiques et Réponses Thérapeutiques (R.C., M.-S.N.-H., S.R., L.B., C.V.) and EA 4529 Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Cœur et des Vaisseaux (N.F.), Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (L.B.); and Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (C.V.)
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An G, Wang X, Morris ME. Flavonoids are inhibitors of human organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1)-mediated transport. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1357-66. [PMID: 25002746 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) has been reported to be involved in the nephrotoxicity of many anionic xenobiotics. As current clinically used OAT1 inhibitors are often associated with safety issues, identifying potent OAT1 inhibitors with little toxicity is of great value in reducing OAT1-mediated drug nephrotoxicity. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds with exceptional safety records. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 18 naturally occurring flavonoids, and some of their glycosides, on the uptake of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in both OAT1-expressing and OAT1-negative LLC-PK1 cells. Most flavonoid aglycones produced substantial decreases in PAH uptake in OAT1-expressing cells. Among the flavonoids screened, fisetin, luteolin, morin, and quercetin exhibited the strongest effect and produced complete inhibition of OAT1-mediated PAH uptake at a concentration of 50 μM. Further concentration-dependent studies revealed that both morin and luteolin are potent OAT1 inhibitors, with IC50 values of <0.3 and 0.47 μM, respectively. In contrast to the tested flavonoid aglycones, all flavonoid glycosides had negligible or small effects on OAT1. In addition, the role of OAT1 in the uptake of fisetin, luteolin, morin, and quercetin was investigated and fisetin was found to be a substrate of OAT1. Taken together, our results indicate that flavonoids are a novel class of OAT1 modulators. Considering the high consumption of flavonoids in the diet and in herbal products, OAT1-mediated flavonoid-drug interactions may be clinically relevant. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the nephroprotective role of flavonoids in relation to drug-induced nephrotoxicity mediated by the OAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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71
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Structural characterization and subcellular localization of Drosophila organic solute carrier partner 1. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:11. [PMID: 24939707 PMCID: PMC4074837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Organic solute carrier partner 1 (OSCP1) is known to facilitate the transport of various organic solutes into cells and reported to play a role in cell growth and cell differentiation. Moreover, OSCP1 is known as a tumor suppressor gene that is frequently down-expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinomas and acute myeloid leukemia. However, the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear and the subcellular localization of OSCP1 has yet to be determined in detail. Results Drosophila contains a single orthologue of OSCP1 (dOSCP1) that shares 58% homology with its human counterpart. To study the expression pattern and subcellular localization of dOSCP1, we prepared a specific antibody. Subcellular localization analyses of dOSCP1 with these revealed localization in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, but no detection in cytosol. dOSCP1 signals were also detected in the nucleus, although at weaker intensity than in plasma membranes and subcellular organelles. In addition, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis with and without β-mercaptoethanol treatment revealed that recombinant dOSCP1 forms dimers and trimers in solution. The dimer form of dOSCP1 could also be detected by Western immunoblot analyses in third instar larval extracts. Conclusions The data revealed that dOSCP1 localizes not only in the plasma membrane but also in the nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. It is therefore conceivable that this protein may interact with various partners or form multimeric complexes with other proteins to play multiple roles in cells, providing clues to understanding the functions of dOSCP1 during Drosophila development.
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72
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Li Q, Shu Y. Role of solute carriers in response to anticancer drugs. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 26056583 PMCID: PMC4452062 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play critical roles in moving a variety of anticancer drugs across cancer cell membrane, thereby determining chemotherapy efficacy and/or toxicity. The retention of anticancer drugs in cancer cells is the result of net function of efflux and influx transporters. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly the efflux transporters expressing at cancer cells, conferring the chemo-resistance in various malignant tumors, which has been well documented over the past decades. However, the function of influx transporters, in particular the solute carriers (SLC) in cancer cells, has only been recently well recognized to have significant impact on cancer therapy. The SLC transporters not only directly bring anticancer agents into cancer cells but also serve as the uptake mediators of essential nutrients for tumor growth and survival. In this review, we concentrate on the interaction of SLC transporters with anticancer drugs and nutrients, and their impact on chemo-sensitivity or -resistance of cancer cells. The differential expression patterns of SLC transporters between normal and tumor tissues may be well utilized to achieve specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland USA ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland USA
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73
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Klein DM, Cherrington NJ. Organic and inorganic transporters of the testis: A review. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 4:e979653. [PMID: 26413398 PMCID: PMC4581056 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transporters have a huge impact on the toxicology and pharmacological effects of xenobiotics in addition to being implicated in several diseases. While these important proteins have been well studied in organs such as the kidney or liver, characterization of transporters in the testis is still in the early stages. Knowledge of transporter function may greatly advance the field's understanding of the physiological and toxicological processes that occur in the testis. Several foundational studies involving both organic and inorganic transporters have been critical in furthering our understanding of how the testis interacts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. This review provides an overview of how transporters function, their clinical significance, and highlights what is known for many of the important transporters in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klein
- University of Arizona; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Tucson, AZ, US
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- University of Arizona; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Tucson, AZ, US
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74
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Ingraham L, Li M, Renfro JL, Parker S, Vapurcuyan A, Hanna I, Pelis RM. A Plasma Concentration of α-Ketoglutarate Influences the Kinetic Interaction of Ligands with Organic Anion Transporter 1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:86-95. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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75
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Csordas K, Lautner-Csorba O, Semsei AF, Harnos A, Hegyi M, Erdelyi DJ, Eipel OT, Szalai C, Kovacs GT. Associations of novel genetic variations in the folate-related andARID5Bgenes with the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of high-dose methotrexate in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:410-20. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csordas
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Agnes F. Semsei
- Deparment of Genetics, Cell- and Immunbiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent Istvan University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Marta Hegyi
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Daniel J. Erdelyi
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Oliver T. Eipel
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Szalai
- Deparment of Genetics, Cell- and Immunbiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Gabor T. Kovacs
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
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Bischoff A, Bucher M, Gekle M, Sauvant C. PAH clearance after renal ischemia and reperfusion is a function of impaired expression of basolateral Oat1 and Oat3. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00243. [PMID: 24744908 PMCID: PMC3966241 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of renal plasma flow (RPF) by para‐aminohippurate (PAH) clearance leads to gross underestimation of this respective parameter due to impaired renal extraction of PAH after renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, no mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon is available. Based on our own previous studies we hypothesized that this may be due to impairment of expression of the basolateral rate limiting organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3. Thus, we investigated this phenomenon in a rat model of renal ischemia and reperfusion by determining PAH clearance, PAH extraction, PAH net secretion, and the expression of rOat1 and rOat3. PAH extraction was seriously impaired after ischemia and reperfusion which led to a threefold underestimation of RPF when PAH extraction ratio was not considered. PAH extraction directly correlated with the expression of basolateral Oat1 and Oat3. Tubular PAH secretion directly correlated with PAH extraction. Consequently, our data offer an explanation for impaired renal PAH extraction by reduced expression of the rate limiting basolateral organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3. Moreover, we show that determination of PAH net secretion is suitable to correct PAH clearance for impaired extraction after ischemia and reperfusion in order to get valid results for RPF. Determination of renal plasma flow by PAH clearance leads to gross underestimation of this respective parameter due to impaired renal extraction of PAH after renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, no mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon was available up to now. Consequently, our data offer an explanation for impaired renal PAH extraction by reduced expression of the rate limiting basolateral organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bischoff
- Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Bucher
- Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Sauvant
- Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Döring B, Petzinger E. Phase 0 and phase III transport in various organs: combined concept of phases in xenobiotic transport and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:261-82. [PMID: 24483608 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and hydrolyses, and phase II metabolism for synthesis. With this concept, biological membrane barriers obstructing the accessibility of metabolism sites in the cells for drugs were not considered. The concept of two phases was extended to a concept of four phases when drug transporters were detected that guided drugs and drug metabolites in and out of the cells. In particular, water soluble or charged drugs are virtually not able to overcome the phospholipid membrane barrier. Drug transporters belong to two main clusters of transporter families: the solute carrier (SLC) families and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) carriers. The ABC transporters comprise seven families with about 20 carriers involved in drug transport. All of them operate as pumps at the expense of ATP splitting. Embedded in the former phase concept, the term "phase III" was introduced by Ishikawa in 1992 for drug export by ABC efflux pumps. SLC comprise 52 families, from which many carriers are drug uptake transporters. Later on, this uptake process was referred to as the "phase 0 transport" of drugs. Transporters for xenobiotics in man and animal are most expressed in liver, but they are also present in extra-hepatic tissues such as in the kidney, the adrenal gland and lung. This review deals with the function of drug carriers in various organs and their impact on drug metabolism and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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78
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Cressman AM, Petrovic V, Piquette-Miller M. Inflammation-mediated changes in drug transporter expression/activity: implications for therapeutic drug response. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:69-89. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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79
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Fisel P, Renner O, Nies AT, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E. Solute carrier transporter and drug-related nephrotoxicity: the impact of proximal tubule cell models for preclinical research. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:395-408. [PMID: 24397389 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.876990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The final excretion step of several drugs is facilitated by membrane transporters of the Solute carrier (SLC) family expressed in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Membrane transporters contribute substantially to the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs and play important roles in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Different cell models have been applied as tools for the assessment of nephrotoxic effects caused by drugs. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview over clinically relevant SLC transporters involved in the renal elimination of drug agents and their specific role in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Most widely applied cell models are described and their advantages and limitations are outlined. EXPERT OPINION In vitro cell culture models (e.g., continuous and primary renal cell lines, polarized cell monolayers) represent valuable tools for early assessment of the nephrotoxic potential of drugs. Since SLC transporters contribute to drug excretion in a large part, in vitro cell culture models might be very helpful to study transport pathways and/or potential drug-drug interactions at an early stage of the drug development process to predict nephrotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Fisel
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Auerbachstrasse 125, Stuttgart, 70376 , Germany
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Pastor CM, Müllhaupt B, Stieger B. The Role of Organic Anion Transporters in Diagnosing Liver Diseases by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:675-84. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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81
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Hou Z, Matherly LH. Biology of the major facilitative folate transporters SLC19A1 and SLC46A1. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:175-204. [PMID: 24745983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the biology of the major facilitative membrane folate transporters, the reduced folate carrier (RFC), and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Folates are essential vitamins, and folate deficiency contributes to a variety of heath disorders. RFC is ubiquitously expressed and is the major folate transporter in mammalian cells and tissues. PCFT mediates intestinal absorption of dietary folates. Clinically relevant antifolates such as methotrexate (MTX) are transported by RFC, and the loss of RFC transport is an important mechanism of MTX resistance. PCFT is abundantly expressed in human tumors and is active under pH conditions associated with the tumor microenvironment. Pemetrexed (PMX) is an excellent substrate for PCFT as well as for RFC. Novel tumor-targeted antifolates related to PMX with selective membrane transport by PCFT over RFC are being developed. The molecular picture of RFC and PCFT continues to evolve relating to membrane topology, N-glycosylation, energetics, and identification of structurally and functionally important domains and amino acids. The molecular bases for MTX resistance associated with loss of RFC function, and for the rare autosomal recessive condition, hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM), attributable to mutant PCFT, have been established. From structural homologies to the bacterial transporters GlpT and LacY, homology models were developed for RFC and PCFT, enabling new mechanistic insights and experimentally testable hypotheses. RFC and PCFT exist as homo-oligomers, and evidence suggests that homo-oligomerization of RFC and PCFT monomeric proteins may be important for intracellular trafficking and/or transport function. Better understanding of the structure and function of RFC and PCFT should facilitate the rational development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer as well as for HFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
Organic anions and cations (OAs and OCs, respectively) comprise an extraordinarily diverse array of compounds of physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological importance. The kidney, primarily the renal proximal tubule, plays a critical role in regulating the plasma concentrations of these organic electrolytes and in clearing the body of potentially toxic xenobiotics agents, a process that involves active, transepithelial secretion. This transepithelial transport involves separate entry and exit steps at the basolateral and luminal aspects of renal tubular cells. Basolateral and luminal OA and OC transport reflects the concerted activity of a suite of separate proteins arranged in parallel in each pole of proximal tubule cells. The cloning of multiple members of several distinct transport families, the subsequent characterization of their activity, and their subcellular localization within distinct regions of the kidney, now allows the development of models describing the molecular basis of the renal secretion of OAs and OCs. New information on naturally occurring genetic variation of many of these processes provides insight into the basis of observed variability of drug efficacy and unwanted drug-drug interactions in human populations. The present review examines recent work on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Pelis
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Translational Sciences, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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83
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Volk C. OCTs, OATs, and OCTNs: structure and function of the polyspecific organic ion transporters of the SLC22 family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wmts.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Volk
- Department of Natural Sciences; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences; Rheinbach Germany
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84
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Chan T, Li Z, Zheng J, Cheung FSG, Zhu L, Zhou F. Inhibitory effects of apigenin and kaempferol on the essential solute carrier transporters. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:115-121. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of apigenin and kaempferol on the uptake of several important solute carrier (SLC) transporters.
METHODS: Various SLC transporters including the essential human organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT2, OAT3 and OAT4 as well as the important organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and OCTN2, were over-expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, a well-established cell model of transporter studies. Transport uptake assay was performed 24 h after the transfection. The transport activity was assessed with the uptake of previously determined transporter model substrates and the inhibitory effect of apigenin and kaempferol was evaluated with the substrate uptake in the presence of 10 μmol/L of each compound. Uptake measurements with varying concentrations of inhibitors (ranged from 0.0001 to 50 μmol/L) were performed to further characterize the inhibitory potency of apigenin and kaempferol. The IC50 value (the concentration that inhibits 50% of the transporter function) of each compound was then calculated by the nonlinear regression model of Graphpad Prism 6.0 software.
RESULTS: Our data indicated that apigenin could potently inhibit the uptake of estrone-3-sulfate (ES) mediated by the HEK-293 cells expressing OAT2, OAT3 and OAT4 as well as the L-ergothioneine uptake via OCTN1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Among these transporters, the most prominent inhibition of apigenin was observed in the case of OAT3. Kaempferol showed significant inhibitory effects on the uptake of ES mediated through OAT2 and OAT3. Impaired L-ergothioneine uptake due to the presence of kaempferol was also observed in OCTN1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Similar to apigenin, kaempferol showed the most potent inhibitory effect on OAT3 as well. To further assess the inhibitory potencies of these two compounds on the uptake of ES mediated by OAT3-expressing HEK-293 cells, their IC50 values were then determined. Both chemicals showed pronounced inhibitory potencies on OAT3 with the IC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 μmol/L (P < 0.01) for apigenin and kaempferol, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Both apigenin and kaempferol are potent inhibitors of OAT3; precautions will be necessary when co-administrating them with drugs that are substrates of OAT3.
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85
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Ishikawa T, Aw W, Kaneko K. Metabolic Interactions of Purine Derivatives with Human ABC Transporter ABCG2: Genetic Testing to Assess Gout Risk. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1347-60. [PMID: 24287461 PMCID: PMC3854015 DOI: 10.3390/ph6111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, excess purine nucleosides are removed from the body by breakdown in the liver and excretion from the kidneys. Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Two-thirds of uric acid in the human body is normally excreted through the kidney, whereas one-third undergoes uricolysis (decomposition of uric acid) in the gut. Elevated serum uric acid levels result in gout and could be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Recent studies have shown that human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 plays a role of renal excretion of uric acid. Two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), i.e., 421C>A (major) and 376C>T (minor), in the ABCG2 gene result in impaired transport activity, owing to ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation and truncation of ABCG2, respectively. These genetic polymorphisms are associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Allele frequencies of those SNPs are significantly higher in Asian populations than they are in African and Caucasian populations. A rapid and isothermal genotyping method has been developed to detect the SNP 421C>A, where one drop of peripheral blood is sufficient for the detection. Development of simple genotyping methods would serve to improve prevention and early therapeutic intervention for high-risk individuals in personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Ishikawa
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-1145, Japan.
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86
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Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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87
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Xu F, Li Z, Zheng J, Gee Cheung FS, Chan T, Zhu L, Zhuge H, Zhou F. The inhibitory effects of the bioactive components isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis on the cellular uptake mediated by the essential solute carrier transporters. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4205-11. [PMID: 24018852 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters (SLCs), in particular the organic anion transporters (OATs), OAT polypeptides (OATPs), and organic cation transporters (OCTs/OCTNs), are the important membrane proteins responsible for the cellular influx of various drugs. Baicalein (BA), baicalin (BG), and wogonin (WG) are the three major bioactive components of Scutellaria baicalensis. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of BA, BG, and WG on the cellular uptake of specific substrates mediated by the essential SLCs in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Our data demonstrated that BA and WG significantly inhibit the OAT1-, OAT3-, and OATP1B3-mediated uptake; BG effectively reduces the influx of substrates of OAT3, OAT4, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1; WG is a potent inhibitor of OCT3. Our further kinetic analysis derived the IC50 values of these compounds with pronounced inhibitory effects on SLCs, particularly the inhibitions of WG on OAT1 and OCT3 and that of BA and WG on OAT3. Our study comprehensively evaluated the inhibitory effects of three bioactive components of Scutellaria baicalensis on the uptake of specific substrates mediated by the essential SLC transporters, which suggested that precautions will be needed when coadministrating drugs with Scutellaria baicalensis so as to prevent the unfavorable drug-drug/herb interactions in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Municipal Women and Children, Health Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
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88
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Motohashi H, Nakao Y, Masuda S, Katsura T, Kamba T, Ogawa O, Inui KI. Precise comparison of protein localization among OCT, OAT, and MATE in human kidney. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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89
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Mandíková J, Volková M, Pávek P, Česnek M, Janeba Z, Kubíček V, Trejtnar F. Interactions with selected drug renal transporters and transporter-mediated cytotoxicity in antiviral agents from the group of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Toxicology 2013; 311:135-46. [PMID: 23856525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) possess antiviral and antiproliferative activities. However, several clinically important ANPs may cause renal injury, most likely due to their active accumulation in the renal tubular cells. The goal of this study was to investigate in vitro relationships between the affinity of several structurally related potent ANPs to selected human transporters and their cytotoxicity. SLC (solute carrier family) transporters (hOAT1, hOCT2, hCNT2, hCNT3) and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters (MDR1, BCRP), which are typically expressed in the kidney, were included in the study. The transport and toxic parameters of the tested compounds were compared to those of two clinically approved ANPs, adefovir and tenofovir. Transport studies with transiently transfected cells were used as the main method in the experiments. Most of the ANPs studied showed the potency to interact with hOAT1. GS-9191, a double prodrug of PMEG, displayed an affinity for hOAT1 comparable with that of adefovir and tenofovir. No significant interaction of the tested ANPs with hOCT2, hCNT2 and hCNT3 was observed. Only GS-9191 was found to be a strong inhibitor for both MDR1 and BCRP. PMEO-DAPy showed the potency to interact with MDR1. Most of the tested substances caused a significant decrease in cellular viability in the cells transfected with hOAT1. Only with the exclusion of GS-9191, a relatively lipophilic compound, did the in vitro cytotoxicity of the ANPs closely correspond to their potential to interact with hOAT1. The increased cytotoxicity of the studied ANPs found in OAT1 transfected cells was effectively reduced by OAT inhibitors probenecid and quercetin. The higher cytotoxicity of the compounds with affinity to hOAT1 proved in the inhibitory experiments evidences that ANPs are not only inhibitors but also substrates of hOAT1. Any clear relationship between the potency of ANPs to inhibit the studied efflux transporters and their cytotoxicity was not demonstrated. In conclusion, the study documented that among the studied transporters hOAT1 seems to be the decisive determinant for renal handling in most of the tested ANPs. This transporter may also play an important role in the mechanism of their potential cytotoxic effects. These facts are in good accordance with previous findings in the clinically used ANPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mandíková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
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90
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Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Transporter biology in drug approval: Regulatory aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:711-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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91
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Breljak D, Brzica H, Sweet DH, Anzai N, Sabolic I. Sex-dependent expression of Oat3 (Slc22a8) and Oat1 (Slc22a6) proteins in murine kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1114-26. [PMID: 23389457 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00201.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mouse kidney, organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3, Slc22a8) was previously localized to the basolateral membrane (BLM) of proximal tubule (PT), thick ascending limb of Henle, macula densa, distal tubule, and cortical collecting duct. However, the specificity of anti-Oat3 antibodies (Oat3-Ab) used in these studies was not properly verified. Moreover, the sex-dependent expression of mOat3, and of the functionally similar transporter mOat1 (Slc22a6), in the mouse kidney has been studied at mRNA level, whereas their protein expression is poorly documented. Here we investigated 1) specificity of Oat3-Abs by using Oat3 knockout (KO) mice, 2) cell localization of renal mOat3 with a specific mOat3-Ab, 3) sex-dependent expression of renal mOat3 and mOat1 proteins, and 4) hormone(s) responsible for observed sex differences. As previously shown, an Oat3-Ab against the rat protein stained the BLM of various nephron segments in wild-type (WT) mice, but the same staining pattern was noted along the nephron of Oat3 KO mice. However, the mOat3-Ab exclusively stained the BLM of PT in WT mice, where it colocalized with the mOat1 protein, whereas no staining of Oat3 protein was noted in the kidney of Oat3 KO mice. The expression of mOat3 protein was lower in male mice, upregulated by castration, and downregulated by testosterone treatment. The expression of mOat1 protein was stronger in males, downregulated by castration, and upregulated by testosterone treatment. Thus, at the protein level, mOat3 and mOat1 exhibit sex-dependent expression with an opposite pattern; mOat3 is female dominant due to androgen inhibition, while mOat1 is male dominant due to androgen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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93
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Tomczak J, Wasilewska A, Milewski R. Urine NGAL and KIM-1 in children and adolescents with hyperuricemia. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1863-9. [PMID: 23673972 PMCID: PMC3722436 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that urine levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are enhanced in pediatric patients with hyperuricemia. METHODS The study included 88 children and adolescents (60 males, 28 females) with a median age of 16 (range 11-18.5) years who had been referred to our department to rule out or confirm hypertension. The subjects were divided into two groups: the hyperuricemic (HU) group comprising 59 subjects with hyperuricemia (defined as serum uric acid >4.8 and >5.5 mg/dl in girls and boys, respectively) and the reference group comprising 29 patients with normouricemia. Urine NGAL and KIM-1 levels were evaluated using a commercially available kit. RESULTS Concentrations of the examined biomarkers [urine NGAL, NGAL/creatinine (cr.) ratio, urine KIM-1, KIM-1/cr. ratio] were increased in the HU group compared with the reference group (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations between the serum uric acid and urine NGAL/cr. ratio (R = 0.67, p < 0.001) and the urine KIM-1/cr. ratio (R = 0.36, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression models, serum uric acid, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol accounted for more than 49 % of the variation in the NGAL/cr. ratio (R = 0.702, p < 0.001). In the second model, serum uric acid, gender, age and systolic blood pressure accounted for more than 36 % of the variation in the KIM-1/cr. ratio (R = 0.604, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that male, obese, hypertensive adolescents with hyperuricemia have higher urine NGAL and KIM-1 levels relative to a reference group with normouricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Tomczak
- Department of Paediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Paediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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94
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Ashraf T, Kis O, Banerjee N, Bendayan R. Drug Transporters At Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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95
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The promiscuous binding of pharmaceutical drugs and their transporter-mediated uptake into cells: what we (need to) know and how we can do so. Drug Discov Today 2012. [PMID: 23207804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A recent paper in this journal sought to counter evidence for the role of transport proteins in effecting drug uptake into cells, and questions that transporters can recognize drug molecules in addition to their endogenous substrates. However, there is abundant evidence that both drugs and proteins are highly promiscuous. Most proteins bind to many drugs and most drugs bind to multiple proteins (on average more than six), including transporters (mutations in these can determine resistance); most drugs are known to recognise at least one transporter. In this response, we alert readers to the relevant evidence that exists or is required. This needs to be acquired in cells that contain the relevant proteins, and we highlight an experimental system for simultaneous genome-wide assessment of carrier-mediated uptake in a eukaryotic cell (yeast).
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96
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Brandoni A, Hazelhoff MH, Bulacio RP, Torres AM. Expression and function of renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6387-6397. [PMID: 23197884 PMCID: PMC3508633 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i44.6387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive jaundice occurs in patients suffering from cholelithiasis and from neoplasms affecting the pancreas and the common bile duct. The absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs are impaired during this pathology. Prolonged cholestasis may alter both liver and kidney function. Lactam antibiotics, diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, several antiviral drugs as well as endogenous compounds are classified as organic anions. The hepatic and renal organic anion transport pathways play a key role in the pharmacokinetics of these compounds. It has been demonstrated that acute extrahepatic cholestasis is associated with increased renal elimination of organic anions. The present work describes the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression and function of the renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis, such as multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1, organic anion transporter 3, bilitranslocase, bromosulfophthalein/bilirubin binding protein, organic anion transporter 1 and sodium dependent bile salt transporter. The modulation in the expression of renal organic anion transporters constitutes a compensatory mechanism to overcome the hepatic dysfunction in the elimination of organic anions.
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97
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Shi YW, Wang CP, Wang X, Zhang YL, Liu L, Wang RW, Ye JF, Hu LS, Kong LD. Uricosuric and nephroprotective properties of Ramulus Mori ethanol extract in hyperuricemic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:896-904. [PMID: 22967667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ramulus Mori, the branch of Morus alba, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to treat gout and hyperuricemia. AIM OF THIS STUDY To evaluate the uricosuric and nephroprotective effects of ethanol extract of Ramulus Mori (ERM) and explore its possible mechanisms in hyperuricemic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLC analysis was employed to determine the main constituents. Hyperuricemia was induced by potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg) in male mice. ERM (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) was orally administered to hyperuricemic and normal mice for 7 days. Serum and urine levels of uric acid, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Simultaneously, renal mRNA and protein levels of mouse urate transporter 1 (mURAT1), glucose transporter 9 (mGLUT9), organic anion transporter 1 (mOAT1) and organic cation/carnitine transporters (mOCT1/2, mOCTN1/2) were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting methods. RESULTS ERM mainly contained mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, resveratrol, 7-hydroxycumarin and morin. ERM significantly reduced serum urate levels and increased 24h-urine urate excretion and fractional excretion of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice. It effectively restored oxonate-induced expression alteration of renal mURAT1, mGLUT9 and mOAT1, resulting in urate excretion enhancement. Moreover, ERM decreased serum creatinine and BUN levels and increased creatinine clearance, and up-regulated expression of mOCT1/2 and mOCTN1/2, contributing to kidney function improvement in this model. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ERM exerts the uricosuric and nephroprotective actions by the regulation of these renal organic ion transporters in hyperuricemic mice, and provide scientific support for the empirical use of Ramulus Mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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98
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Wang L, Sweet DH. Renal organic anion transporters (SLC22 family): expression, regulation, roles in toxicity, and impact on injury and disease. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 15:53-69. [PMID: 23054972 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic solute flux across the basolateral and apical membranes of renal proximal tubule cells is a key process for maintaining systemic homeostasis. It represents an important route for the elimination of metabolic waste products and xenobiotics, as well as for the reclamation of essential compounds. Members of the organic anion transporter (OAT, SLC22) family expressed in proximal tubules comprise one pathway mediating the active renal secretion and reabsorption of organic anions. Many drugs, pesticides, hormones, heavy metal conjugates, components of phytomedicines, and toxins are OAT substrates. Thus, through transporter activity, the kidney can be a target organ for their beneficial or detrimental effects. Detailed knowledge of the OATs expressed in the kidney, their membrane targeting, substrate specificity, and mechanisms of action is essential to understanding organ function and dysfunction. The intracellular processes controlling OAT expression and function, and that can thus modulate kidney transport capacity, are also critical to this understanding. Such knowledge is also providing insight to new areas such as renal transplant research. This review will provide an overview of the OATs for which transport activity has been demonstrated and expression/function in the kidney observed. Examples establishing a role for renal OATs in drug clearance, food/drug-drug interactions, and renal injury and pathology are presented. An update of the current information regarding the regulation of OAT expression is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410 N 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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99
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Staud F, Cerveny L, Ceckova M. Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy; effect of ABC and SLC transporters on drug transport across the placenta and fetal drug exposure. J Drug Target 2012; 20:736-63. [PMID: 22994411 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.716847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy is often inevitable for medical treatment of the mother, the fetus or both. The knowledge of drug transport across placenta is, therefore, an important topic to bear in mind when deciding treatment in pregnant women. Several drug transporters of the ABC and SLC families have been discovered in the placenta, such as P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, or organic anion/cation transporters. It is thus evident that the passage of drugs across the placenta can no longer be predicted simply on the basis of their physical-chemical properties. Functional expression of placental drug transporters in the trophoblast and the possibility of drug-drug interactions must be considered to optimize pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the expression and function of ABC and SLC transporters in the trophoblast. Furthermore, we put this data into context with medical conditions that require maternal and/or fetal treatment during pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes, HIV infection, fetal arrhythmias and epilepsy. Proper understanding of the role of placental transporters should be of great interest not only to clinicians but also to pharmaceutical industry for future drug design and development to control the degree of fetal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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100
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Evaluation of chinese-herbal-medicine-induced herb-drug interactions: focusing on organic anion transporter 1. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:967182. [PMID: 22988478 PMCID: PMC3440032 DOI: 10.1155/2012/967182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is increasing exponentially. Many patients utilize CHMs concomitantly with prescription drugs in great frequency. Herb-drug interaction has hence become an important focus of study. Transporter-mediated herb-drug interactions have the potential to seriously influence drug efficacy and toxicity. Since organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) is crucial in renal active secretion and drug-drug interactions, the possibility of modulation of OAT1-mediated drug transport should be seriously concerned. Sixty-three clinically used CHMs were evaluated in the study. An hOAT1-overexpressing cell line was used for the in vitro CHMs screening, and the effective candidates were administered to Wistar rats to access renal hemodynamics. The regulation of OAT1 mRNA expression was also examined for further evidence of CHMs affecting OAT1-mediated transport. Among all the 63 CHMs, formulae Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (GZ) and Chia Wei Hsiao Yao San (CW) exhibited significant inhibitions on hOAT1-mediated [3H]-PAH uptake in vitro and PAH clearance and net secretion in vivo. Moreover, GZ showed concentration-dependent manners both in vitro and in vivo, and the decrease of rOAT1 mRNA expression indicated that GZ not only inhibited function of OAT1 but also suppressed expression of OAT1.
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