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Brendolise C, Espley RV, Lin-Wang K, Laing W, Peng Y, McGhie T, Dejnoprat S, Tomes S, Hellens RP, Allan AC. Multiple Copies of a Simple MYB-Binding Site Confers Trans-regulation by Specific Flavonoid-Related R2R3 MYBs in Diverse Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1864. [PMID: 29163590 PMCID: PMC5671642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In apple, the MYB transcription factor MYB10 controls the accumulation of anthocyanins. MYB10 is able to auto-activate its expression by binding its own promoter at a specific motif, the R1 motif. In some apple accessions a natural mutation, termed R6, has more copies of this motif within the MYB10 promoter resulting in stronger auto-activation and elevated anthocyanins. Here we show that other anthocyanin-related MYBs selected from apple, pear, strawberry, petunia, kiwifruit and Arabidopsis are able to activate promoters containing the R6 motif. To examine the specificity of this motif, members of the R2R3 MYB family were screened against a promoter harboring the R6 mutation. Only MYBs from subgroups 5 and 6 activate expression by binding the R6 motif, with these MYBs sharing conserved residues in their R2R3 DNA binding domains. Insertion of the apple R6 motif into orthologous promoters of MYB10 in pear (PcMYB10) and Arabidopsis (AtMY75) elevated anthocyanin levels. Introduction of the R6 motif into the promoter region of an anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme F3'5'H of kiwifruit imparts regulation by MYB10. This results in elevated levels of delphinidin in both tobacco and kiwifruit. Finally, an R6 motif inserted into the promoter the vitamin C biosynthesis gene GDP-L-Gal phosphorylase increases vitamin C content in a MYB10-dependent manner. This motif therefore provides a tool to re-engineer novel MYB-regulated responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Brendolise
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William Laing
- Fitzherbert Science Centre, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yongyan Peng
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony McGhie
- Fitzherbert Science Centre, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Supinya Dejnoprat
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger P. Hellens
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- Mt Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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52
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Identification and Characterization of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Kohlrabi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1120-1141. [PMID: 28965308 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) is an important vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. The main edible part of kohlrabi is the swollen stem. The purple cultivars make anthocyanin mainly in the peel of the swollen stem, while in the leaf, it is limited to the midrib, but green cultivars do not. Anthocyanins are advantageous for both plants as well as humans. Two anthocyanin compounds were detected by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) only in the peel of the purple kohlrabi cultivar. Three MYBs, three bHLHs, and one WD40 TF were identified as the candidate regulatory genes in kohlrabi. There was an abundance of transcript levels for the late biosynthetic genes more specifically for BoF3'H, BoDFR, BoLDOX, and BoGST in the purple peel while scarcely detectable in other tissues for both cultivars. The expression of BoPAP2 and BoTT8 was higher in the peel of the purple cultivar than the green cultivar. The expression of BoMYBL2.2 orthologue of Arabidopsis MYBL2, a negative regulator of anthocyanins, was dramatically decreased in the purple peel. The expression of BoACO1, a key gene for ethylene biosynthesis, and BoNCED3, an important gene of the ABA pathway, was down- and upregulated, respectively, in the peel of purple kohlrabi.
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53
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Ding K, Pei T, Bai Z, Jia Y, Ma P, Liang Z. SmMYB36, a Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Enhances Tanshinone Accumulation and Decreases Phenolic Acid Content in Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5104. [PMID: 28698552 PMCID: PMC5506036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are two major bioactive components in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. A novel endogenous R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SmMYB36, was identified in this research. This transcript factor can simultaneously influence the content of two types of components in SmMYB36 overexpression hairy roots. SmMYB36 was mainly localized in the nucleus of onion epidermis and it has transactivation activity. The overexpression of SmMYB36 promoted tanshinone accumulation but inhibited phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The altered metabolite content was due to changed metabolic flow which was regulated by transcript expression of metabolic pathway genes. The gene transcription levels of the phenylpropanoid general pathway, tyrosine derived pathway, methylerythritol phosphate pathway and downstream tanshinone biosynthetic pathway changed significantly due to the overexpression of SmMYB36. The wide distribution of MYB binding elements (MBS, MRE, MBSI and MBSII) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated that SmMYB36 may be an effective tool to regulate metabolic flux shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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54
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Matus JT, Cavallini E, Loyola R, Höll J, Finezzo L, Dal Santo S, Vialet S, Commisso M, Roman F, Schubert A, Alcalde JA, Bogs J, Ageorges A, Tornielli GB, Arce-Johnson P. A group of grapevine MYBA transcription factors located in chromosome 14 control anthocyanin synthesis in vegetative organs with different specificities compared with the berry color locus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:220-236. [PMID: 28370629 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine organs accumulate anthocyanins in a cultivar-specific and environmentally induced manner. The MYBA1-A2 genes within the berry color locus in chromosome 2 represent the major genetic determinants of fruit color. The simultaneous occurrence of transposon insertions and point mutations in these genes is responsible for most white-skinned phenotypes; however, the red pigmentation found in vegetative organs suggests the presence of additional regulators. This work describes a genomic region of chromosome 14 containing three closely related R2R3-MYB genes, named MYBA5, MYBA6 and MYBA7. Ectopic expression of the latter two genes in grapevine hairy roots promoted anthocyanin accumulation without affecting other phenylpropanoids. Transcriptomic profiling of hairy roots expressing MYBA1, MYBA6 and MYBA7 showed that these regulators share the activation of late biosynthetic and modification/transport-related genes, but differ in the activation of the FLAVONOID-3'5'-HYDROXYLASE (F3'5'H) family. An alternatively spliced MYBA6 variant was incapable of activating anthocyanin synthesis, however, because of the lack of an MYC1 interaction domain. MYBA1, MYBA6.1 and MYBA7 activated the promoters of UDP-GLUCOSE:FLAVONOID 3-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE (UFGT) and ANTHOCYANIN 3-O-GLUCOSIDE-6″-O-ACYLTRANSFERASE (3AT), but only MYBA1 induced F3'5'H in concordance with the low proportion of tri-hydroxylated anthocyanins found in MYBA6-A7 hairy roots. This putative new color locus is related to the red/cyanidic pigmentation of vegetative organs in black- and white-skinned cultivars, and forms part of the UV-B radiation response pathway orchestrated by ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). These results demonstrate the involvement of additional anthocyanin regulators in grapevine and suggest an evolutionary divergence between the two grape color loci for controlling additional targets of the flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tomás Matus
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Cavallini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Loyola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janine Höll
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS Heidelberg), Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Laura Finezzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandrine Vialet
- INRA, UMR1083 SPO, 2 place Viala, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Roman
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Andrea Schubert
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - José Antonio Alcalde
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jochen Bogs
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg (COS Heidelberg), Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (DLR) Rheinpfalz, Breitenweg 71, Viticulture and Enology group, Neustadt/W, D-67435, Germany
- Fachhochschule Bingen, Berlinstr. 109, Bingen am Rhein, D-55411, Germany
| | - Agnès Ageorges
- INRA, UMR1083 SPO, 2 place Viala, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | | | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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55
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Bemer M, van Dijk ADJ, Immink RGH, Angenent GC. Cross-Family Transcription Factor Interactions: An Additional Layer of Gene Regulation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:66-80. [PMID: 27814969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Specific and dynamic gene expression strongly depends on transcription factor (TF) activity and most plant TFs function in a combinatorial fashion. They can bind to DNA and control the expression of the corresponding gene in an additive fashion or cooperate by physical interactions, forming larger protein complexes. The importance of protein-protein interactions between members of a particular plant TF family has long been recognised; however, a significant number of interfamily TF interactions has recently been reported. The biological implications and the molecular mechanisms involved in cross-family interactions have now started to be elucidated and the examples illustrate potential roles in the bridging of biological processes. Hence, cross-family TF interactions expand the molecular toolbox for plants with additional mechanisms to control and fine-tune robust gene expression patterns and to adapt to their continuously changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Bemer
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioscience, Plant Developmental Systems, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioscience, Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioscience, Plant Developmental Systems, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioscience, Plant Developmental Systems, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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56
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Chen WK, Bai XJ, Cao MM, Cheng G, Cao XJ, Guo RR, Wang Y, He L, Yang XH, He F, Duan CQ, Wang J. Dissecting the Variations of Ripening Progression and Flavonoid Metabolism in Grape Berries Grown under Double Cropping System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1912. [PMID: 29176986 PMCID: PMC5686318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A double cropping system has been commercially adopted in southern China, where there is abundant sunshine and heat resources. In this viticulture system, the first growing season normally starts as a summer cropping cycle; then, the vine is pruned and forced, resulting in a second crop in winter. Due to climate differences between the summer and winter growing seasons, grape ripening progression and flavonoid metabolism vary greatly. Here, the metabolites and transcriptome of flavonoid pathways were analyzed in grapes grown under two growing seasons at different stages. Notably, the winter cropping cycle strongly increased flavonoid levels by several times in comparison to summer grapes, while the summer season took a major toll on anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation, since the winter cropping greatly triggered the expression of upstream genes in the flavonoid pathway in a coordinated expression pattern. Moreover, the ratio of VviF3'5'Hs (flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase) to VviF3'Hs (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) transcript levels correlated remarkably well with the ratio of 3'5'-substituted to 3'-substituted flavonoids, which was presumed to control the flux of intermediates into different flavonoid branches. On the other hand, the phenological phase also varied greatly in the two crops. Compared to summer cropping, winter growing season accelerated the duration from budburst to veraison, therefore advancing the onset of ripening, but also prolonging the duration of ripening progression due to the purposes to harvest high-quality grapes. The differential expression pattern of hormone-related genes between the two cropping cycles might explain this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kai Chen
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Jin Bai
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Mu-Ming Cao
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiong-Jun Cao
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Rong-Rong Guo
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
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57
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Jin W, Wang H, Li M, Wang J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yan G, Zhang H, Liu J, Zhang K. The R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 involves in anthocyanin biosynthesis and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2120-2133. [PMID: 27107393 PMCID: PMC5095807 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry is a diploid tree species and its fruit skin has rich colours from yellow to blush to dark red. The colour is closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by transcription factors that regulate the expression of multiple structural genes. However, the genetic and molecular bases of how these genes ultimately determine the fruit skin colour traits remain poorly understood. Here, our genetic and molecular evidences identified the R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 that is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry. Interestingly, we identified three functional alleles of the gene causally leading to the different colours at mature stage. Meanwhile, our experimental results of yeast two-hybrid assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 might interact with proteins PavbHLH and PavWD40, and bind to the promoter regions of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes PavANS and PavUFGT; these findings provided to a certain extent mechanistic insight into the gene's functions. Additionally, genetic and molecular evidences confirmed that PavMYB10.1 is a reliable DNA molecular marker to select fruit skin colour in sweet cherry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanmei Jin
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Maofu Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Yan
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiashen Liu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China.
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Jaegle B, Uroic MK, Holtkotte X, Lucas C, Termath AO, Schmalz HG, Bucher M, Hoecker U, Hülskamp M, Schrader A. A fast and simple LC-MS-based characterization of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway for few seed(ling)s. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:190. [PMID: 27586417 PMCID: PMC5007998 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Pro)anthocyanidins are synthesized by the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway with multi-layered regulatory control. Methods for the analysis of the flavonoid composition in plants are well established for different purposes. However, they typically compromise either on speed or on depth of analysis. RESULTS In this work we combined and optimized different protocols to enable the analysis of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway with as little as possible biological material. We chose core substances of this metabolic pathway that serve as a fingerprint to recognize alterations in the main branches of the pathway. We used a simplified sample preparation, two deuterated internal standards, a short and efficient LC separation, highly sensitive detection with tandem MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and hydrolytic release of the core substances to reduce complexity. The method was optimized for Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and seedlings. We demonstrate that one Col-0 seed/seedling is sufficient to obtain a fingerprint of the core substances of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. For comparative analysis of different genotypes, we suggest the use of 10 seed(lings). The analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants affecting steps in the pathway revealed foreseen and unexpected alterations of the pathway. For example, HY5 was found to differentially regulate kaempferol in seeds vs. seedlings. Furthermore, our results suggest that COP1 is a master regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in seedlings but not of flavonoid deposition in seeds. CONCLUSIONS When sample numbers are high and the plant material is limited, this method effectively facilitates metabolic fingerprinting with one seed(ling), revealing shifts and differences in the pathway. Moreover the combination of extracted non-hydrolysed, extracted hydrolysed and non-extracted hydrolysed samples proved useful to deduce the class of derivative from which the individual flavonoids have been released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jaegle
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miran Kalle Uroic
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xu Holtkotte
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Lucas
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Ole Termath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Hoecker
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Sun SS, Gugger PF, Wang QF, Chen JM. Identification of a R2R3-MYB gene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and relationships between its variation and flower color difference in lotus (Nelumbo Adans.). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2369. [PMID: 27635336 PMCID: PMC5012265 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lotus (Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo Adans.) is a highly desired ornamental plant, comprising only two extant species, the sacred lotus (N. nucifera Gaerten.) with red flowers and the American lotus (N. lutea Willd.) with yellow flowers. Flower color is the most obvious difference of two species. To better understand the mechanism of flower color differentiation, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of four key structural genes (e.g., DFR, ANS, UFGT and GST) were analyzed in two species. Our results revealed that anthocyanins were detected in red flowers, not yellow flowers. Expression analysis showed that no transcripts of GST gene and low expression level of three UFGT genes were detected in yellow flowers. In addition, three regulatory genes (NnMYB5, NnbHLH1 and NnTTG1) were isolated from red flowers and showed a high similarity to corresponding regulatory genes of other species. Sequence analysis of MYB5, bHLH1 and TTG1 in two species revealed striking differences in coding region and promoter region of MYB5 gene. Population analysis identified three MYB5 variants in Nelumbo: a functional allele existed in red flowers and two inactive forms existed in yellow flowers. This result revealed that there was an association between allelic variation in MYB5 gene and flower color difference. Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that NnMYB5 interacts with NnbHLH1, NlbHLH1 and NnTTG1, and NnTTG1 also interacts with NnbHLH1 and NlbHLH1. The over-expression of NnMYB5 led to anthocyanin accumulation in immature seeds and flower stalks and up-regulation of expression of TT19 in Arabidopsis. Therefore, NnMYB5 is a transcription activator of anthocyanin synthesis. This study helps to elucidate the function of NnMYB5 and will contribute to clarify the mechanism of flower coloration and genetic engineering of flower color in lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Frostburg, Maryland , USA
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
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Zhai R, Wang Z, Zhang S, Meng G, Song L, Wang Z, Li P, Ma F, Xu L. Two MYB transcription factors regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1275-84. [PMID: 26687179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid compounds play important roles in the modern diet, and pear fruits are an excellent dietary source of these metabolites. However, information on the regulatory network of flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruits is rare. In this work, 18 putative flavonoid-related MYB transcription factors (TFs) were screened by phylogenetic analysis and four of them were correlated with flavonoid biosynthesis patterns in pear fruits. Among these MYB-like genes, the specific functions of two novel MYB TFs, designated as PbMYB10b and PbMYB9, were further verified by both overexpression and RNAi transient assays. PbMYB10b, a PAP-type MYB TF with atypical motifs in its conserved region, regulated the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pathways by inducing the expression of PbDFR, but its function could be complemented by other MYB TFs. PbMYB9, a TT2-type MYB, not only acted as the specific activator of the proanthocyanidin pathway by activating the PbANR promoter, but also induced the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonols by binding the PbUFGT1 promoter in pear fruits. The MYBCORE-like element has been identified in both the PbUFGT1 promoter and ANR promoters in most species, but it was not found in UFGT promoters isolated from other species. This finding was also supported by a yeast one-hybrid assay and thus enhanced the likelihood of the interaction between PbMYB9 and the PbUFGT1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Geng Meng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linyan Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road NO.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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Liu H, Gao YS, Chen XJ, Chen Z, Zhou HM, Yan YB, Gong H. A single residue substitution accounts for the significant difference in thermostability between two isoforms of human cytosolic creatine kinase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21191. [PMID: 26879258 PMCID: PMC4754747 DOI: 10.1038/srep21191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) helps maintain homeostasis of intracellular ATP level by catalyzing the reversible phosphotransfer between ATP and phosphocreatine. In humans, there are two cytosolic CK isoforms, the muscle-type (M) and the brain-type (B), which frequently function as homodimers (hMMCK and hBBCK). Interestingly, these isoenzymes exhibit significantly different thermostabilities, despite high similarity in amino acid sequences and tertiary structures. In order to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, in this work, we first used domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis to search for the key residues responsible for the isoenzyme-specific thermostability. Strikingly, the difference in thermostability was found to principally arise from one single residue substitution at position 36 (Pro in hBBCK vs. Leu in hMMCK). We then engaged the molecular dynamics simulations to study the molecular mechanism. The calculations imply that the P36L substitution introduces additional local interactions around residue 36 and thus further stabilizes the dimer interface through a complex interaction network, which rationalizes the observation that hMMCK is more resistant to thermal inactivation than hBBCK. We finally confirmed this molecular explanation through thermal inactivation assays on Asp36 mutants that were proposed to devastate the local interactions and thus the dimer associations in both isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Hai-Meng Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haipeng Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Miller JC, Chezem WR, Clay NK. Ternary WD40 Repeat-Containing Protein Complexes: Evolution, Composition and Roles in Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1108. [PMID: 26779203 PMCID: PMC4703829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants, like mammals, rely on their innate immune system to perceive and discriminate among the majority of their microbial pathogens. Unlike mammals, plants respond to this molecular dialog by unleashing a complex chemical arsenal of defense metabolites to resist or evade pathogen infection. In basal or non-host resistance, plants utilize signal transduction pathways to detect "non-self," "damaged-self," and "altered-self"- associated molecular patterns and translate these "danger" signals into largely inducible chemical defenses. The WD40 repeat (WDR)-containing proteins Gβ and TTG1 are constituents of two independent ternary protein complexes functioning at opposite ends of a plant immune signaling pathway. They are also encoded by single-copy genes that are ubiquitous in higher plants, implying the limited diversity and functional conservation of their respective complexes. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the evolutionary history of these WDR-containing ternary complexes, their repertoire and combinatorial interactions, and their downstream effectors and pathways in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi C. Miller
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - William R. Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole K. Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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Zhou H, Peng Q, Zhao J, Owiti A, Ren F, Liao L, Wang L, Deng X, Jiang Q, Han Y. Multiple R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors Involved in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Peach Flower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1557. [PMID: 27818667 PMCID: PMC5073212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation is responsible for flower coloration in peach. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of eight flavonoid-related R2R3-MYB transcription factors, designated PpMYB10.2, PpMYB9, PpMYBPA1, Peace, PpMYB17, PpMYB18, PpMYB19, and PpMYB20, respectively, in peach flower transcriptome. PpMYB10.2 and PpMYB9 are able to activate transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, whilst PpMYBPA1 and Peace have a strong activation on the promoters of proanthocyanin (PA) biosynthetic genes. PpMYB17-20 show a strong repressive effect on transcription of flavonoid pathway genes such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation in peach flower is coordinately regulated by a set of R2R3-MYB genes. In addition, PpMYB9 and PpMYB10.2 are closely related but separated into two groups, designated MYB9 and MYB10, respectively. PpMYB9 shows a strong activation on the PpUGT78A2 promoter, but with no effect on the promoter of PpUGT78B (commonly called PpUFGT in previous studies). In contrast, PpMYB10.2 is able to activate the PpUFGT promoter, but not for the PpUGT78A2 promoter. Unlike the MYB10 gene that is universally present in plants, the MYB9 gene is lost in most dicot species. Therefore, the PpMYB9 gene represents a novel group of anthocyanin-related MYB activators, which may have diverged in function from the MYB10 genes. Our study will aid in understanding the complex mechanism regulating floral pigmentation in peach and functional divergence of the R2R3-MYB gene family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianbo Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Albert Owiti
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fei Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuepeng Han,
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64
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Albert NW. Subspecialization of R2R3-MYB Repressors for Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Regulation in Forage Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1165. [PMID: 26779194 PMCID: PMC4689181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of anthocyanin pigments and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) is regulated by MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor complexes in all angiosperms studied to date. Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 were isolated from Trifolium repens and encode R2R3-MYBs that antagonize the activity of MBW activation complexes. These two genes are conserved in other legume species, and form two sub-clades within the larger anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin clade of MYB repressors. However, unlike petunia and Arabidopsis, these R2R3-MYB repressors do not prevent ectopic accumulation of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins. Instead, they are expressed when anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins are being synthesized, and provide feedback regulation to MBW complexes. This feedback occurs because Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 are themselves regulated by MBW complexes. Tr-MYB133 is regulated by MBW complexes containing anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB proteins (Tr-RED LEAF), while Tr-MYB134 is regulated by complexes containing the proanthocyanidin R2R3-MYBs (Tr-MYB14). Other features of the MBW gene regulation networks are also conserved within legumes, including the ability for the anthocyanin MBW complexes to activate the expression of the AN1/TT8 clade bHLH factor. The regulation of Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 by distinct, pathway-specific MBW complexes has resulted in subspecialization for controlling anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin synthesis.
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65
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Analysis of the DNA-Binding Activities of the Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Family by One-Hybrid Experiments in Yeast. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141044. [PMID: 26484765 PMCID: PMC4613820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of growth and development of all living organisms is a complex and dynamic process that requires the harmonious expression of numerous genes. Gene expression is mainly controlled by the activity of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins called transcription factors (TFs). Amongst the various classes of eukaryotic TFs, the MYB superfamily is one of the largest and most diverse, and it has considerably expanded in the plant kingdom. R2R3-MYBs have been extensively studied over the last 15 years. However, DNA-binding specificity has been characterized for only a small subset of these proteins. Therefore, one of the remaining challenges is the exhaustive characterization of the DNA-binding specificity of all R2R3-MYB proteins. In this study, we have developed a library of Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYB open reading frames, whose DNA-binding activities were assayed in vivo (yeast one-hybrid experiments) with a pool of selected cis-regulatory elements. Altogether 1904 interactions were assayed leading to the discovery of specific patterns of interactions between the various R2R3-MYB subgroups and their DNA target sequences and to the identification of key features that govern these interactions. The present work provides a comprehensive in vivo analysis of R2R3-MYB binding activities that should help in predicting new DNA motifs and identifying new putative target genes for each member of this very large family of TFs. In a broader perspective, the generated data will help to better understand how TF interact with their target DNA sequences.
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66
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Xu W, Dubos C, Lepiniec L. Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:176-85. [PMID: 25577424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely known for the colors they confer to plant tissues, their contribution to plant fitness and health benefits, and impact on food quality. As convenient biological markers, flavonoids have been instrumental in major genetic and epigenetic discoveries. We review recent advances in the characterization of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis, with a special focus on the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WDR) protein complexes. These proteins are well conserved in higher plants. They participate in different types of controls ranging from fine-tuned transcriptional regulation by environmental factors to the initiation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by positive regulatory feedback. The MBW protein complexes provide interesting models for investigating developmentally or environmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Xu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- INRA and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) SupAgro-M, Université Montpellier 2 (UM2), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
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67
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Yoshida K, Ma D, Constabel CP. The MYB182 protein down-regulates proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis in poplar by repressing both structural and regulatory flavonoid genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:693-710. [PMID: 25624398 PMCID: PMC4348771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees in the genus Populus (poplar) contain phenolic secondary metabolites including the proanthocyanidins (PAs), which help to adapt these widespread trees to diverse environments. The transcriptional activation of PA biosynthesis in response to herbivory and ultraviolet light stress has been documented in poplar leaves, and a regulator of this process, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB134, has been identified. MYB134-overexpressing transgenic plants show a strong high-PA phenotype. Analysis of these transgenic plants suggested the involvement of additional MYB transcription factors, including repressor-like MYB factors. Here, MYB182, a subgroup 4 MYB factor, was found to act as a negative regulator of the flavonoid pathway. Overexpression of MYB182 in hairy root culture and whole poplar plants led to reduced PA and anthocyanin levels as well as a reduction in the expression of key flavonoid genes. Similarly, a reduced accumulation of transcripts of a MYB PA activator and a basic helix-loop-helix cofactor was observed in MYB182-overexpressing hairy roots. Transient promoter activation assays in poplar cell culture demonstrated that MYB182 can disrupt transcriptional activation by MYB134 and that the basic helix-loop-helix-binding motif of MYB182 was essential for repression. Microarray analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that down-regulated targets of MYB182 also include shikimate pathway genes. This work shows that MYB182 plays an important role in the fine-tuning of MYB134-mediated flavonoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yoshida
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
| | - Dawei Ma
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
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68
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Zhou H, Lin-Wang K, Liao L, Gu C, Lu Z, Allan AC, Han Y. Peach MYB7 activates transcription of the proanthocyanidin pathway gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, but not anthocyanidin reductase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:908. [PMID: 26579158 PMCID: PMC4620396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of natural phenolic compounds that have a great effect on both flavor and nutritious value of fruit. It has been shown that PA synthesis is regulated by R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) via activation of PA-specific pathway genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a MYB gene designated PpMYB7 in peach. The peach PpMYB7 represents a new group of R2R3-MYB genes regulating PA synthesis in plants. It is able to activate transcription of PpLAR1 but not PpANR, and has a broader selection of potential bHLH partners compared with PpMYBPA1. Transcription of PpMYB7 can be activated by the peach basic leucine-zipper 5 TF (PpbZIP5) via response to ABA. Our study suggests a transcriptional network regulating PA synthesis in peach, with the results aiding the understanding of the functional divergence between R2R3-MYB TFs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Mt Albert Research CentreAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Ziqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Mt Albert Research CentreAuckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuepeng Han,
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69
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Rahim MA, Busatto N, Trainotti L. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruits. PLANTA 2014; 240:913-29. [PMID: 24827911 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB10.1 and MYB10.3, with bHLH3, are the likely regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruit. MYB10.1/2/3 forms a cluster on the same genomic fragment where the Anther color ( Ag ) trait is located. Anthocyanins are bioactive compounds responsible for the pigmentation of many plant parts such as leaves, flowers, fruits and roots, and have potential benefits to human health. In peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], peel color is a key determinant for fruit quality and is regulated by flavonoids including anthocyanins. The R2R3 MYB transcription factors (TFs) control the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes with the help of co-activators belonging to the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40 repeat families. In the peach genome six MYB10-like and three bHLH-like TFs were identified as candidates to be the regulators of the anthocyanin accumulation, which, in yellow flesh fruits, is highest in the peel, abundant in the part of the mesocarp surrounding the stone and lowest in the mesocarp. The expression of MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 correlates with anthocyanin levels of different peach parts. They also have positive correlation with the expression of key structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway, such as CHS, F3H, and UFGT. Functions of peach MYB10s were tested in tobacco and shown to activate key genes in the anthocyanin pathway when bHLHs were co-expressed as partners. Overexpression of MYB10.1/bHLH3 and MYB10.3/bHLH3 activated anthocyanin production by up-regulating NtCHS, NtDFR and NtUFGT while other combinations were not, or much less, effective. As three MYB10 genes are localized in a genomic region where the Ag trait, responsible for anther pigmentation, is localized, it is proposed they are key determinant to introduce new peach cultivars with higher antioxidant level and pigmented fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahim
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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70
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Stracke R, Holtgräwe D, Schneider J, Pucker B, Rosleff Sörensen T, Weisshaar B. Genome-wide identification and characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:249. [PMID: 25249410 PMCID: PMC4180131 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R2R3-MYB genes comprise one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plants, playing regulatory roles in plant-specific developmental processes, metabolite accumulation and defense responses. Although genome-wide analysis of this gene family has been carried out in some species, the R2R3-MYB genes in Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (sugar beet) as the first sequenced member of the order Caryophyllales, have not been analysed heretofore. RESULTS We present a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of the MYB genes from Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (sugar beet) which is the first species of the order Caryophyllales with a sequenced genome. A total of 70 R2R3-MYB genes as well as genes encoding three other classes of MYB proteins containing multiple MYB repeats were identified and characterised with respect to structure and chromosomal organisation. Also, organ specific expression patterns were determined from RNA-seq data. The R2R3-MYB genes were functionally categorised which led to the identification of a sugar beet-specific clade with an atypical amino acid composition in the R3 domain, putatively encoding betalain regulators. The functional classification was verified by experimental confirmation of the prediction that the R2R3-MYB gene Bv_iogq encodes a flavonol regulator. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first step towards cloning and functional dissection of the role of MYB transcription factor genes in the nutritionally and evolutionarily interesting species B. vulgaris. In addition, it describes the flavonol regulator BvMYB12, being the first sugar beet R2R3-MYB with an experimentally proven function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Stracke
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Daniela Holtgräwe
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Boas Pucker
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Thomas Rosleff Sörensen
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
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71
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Gesell A, Yoshida K, Tran LT, Constabel CP. Characterization of an apple TT2-type R2R3 MYB transcription factor functionally similar to the poplar proanthocyanidin regulator PtMYB134. PLANTA 2014; 240:497-511. [PMID: 24923676 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The apple MdMYB9 gene encodes a positive regulator of proanthocyanidin synthesis that activates anthocyanidin reductase promoters from apple and poplar via interaction with basic helix-loop-helix proteins. The regulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs, condensed tannins) is of great importance in food plants due to the many benefits of PAs in the human diet. Two candidate flavonoid MYB regulators, MdMYB9 and MdMYB11, were cloned from apple (Malus × domestica) based on their similarity to known MYB PA regulators. Transcript accumulation of both MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 was induced by high light and wounding, similar to the poplar (Populus spp) PA regulator PtMYB134. In transient activation assays with various basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) co-regulators, MdMYB9 activated apple and poplar anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) promoters, while MdMYB11 showed no activity. Potential transcription factor binding elements were found within several ANR promoters, and the importance of the bHLH binding site (E-box) on ANR promoter activation was demonstrated via mutational analysis. The ability of MdMYB9 and PtMYB134 to reciprocally activate ANR promoters from both apple and poplar and to partner with heterologous bHLH co-factors from these plants confirms the high degree of conservation of PA regulatory complexes across species. The similarity in apple and poplar PA regulation suggests that regulatory genes from poplar could be effectively employed for metabolic engineering of the PA pathway in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gesell
- Department of Biology & Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Box 3020, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
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Koyama K, Numata M, Nakajima I, Goto-Yamamoto N, Matsumura H, Tanaka N. Functional characterization of a new grapevine MYB transcription factor and regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4433-49. [PMID: 24860184 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new regulator of proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in grapes was found by screening genes coordinately expressed with PA accumulation under different light conditions using a substantially improved method of serial analysis of gene expression (SuperSAGE). This R2R3-MYB transcription factor, VvMYBPAR, shows high protein sequence similarity with PA biosynthesis-regulating plant MYBs, such as VvMYBPA2 and TRANSPARENT TESTA2. Its transcript levels were relatively high in the skins of young berries, whereas the levels were higher in the seeds and at a maximum around veraison. In addition to its response to modified light conditions, the gene responded to abscisic acid application in the skins of cultured berries. Among the PA-specific branch genes, this transcript profile was not correlated with that of VvANR and VvLAR1 but was closely related to that of VvLAR2, suggesting different regulation of PA-specific branch genes from that of a known PA regulator, VvMYBPA2. The PA-specific regulation of VvMYBPAR was confirmed by VvMYBPAR constitutive expression in Arabidopsis in which the transgene specifically induced PA biosynthetic genes and resulted in PA accumulation in plants grown on sucrose-supplemented media to induce anthocyanin synthesis. A transient reporter assay using grapevine cells showed that VvMYBPAR activated the promoters on PA-specific branch genes and candidate genes associated with modification and transport of monomeric PA precursors, as well as the promoters of VvCHS3 and VvF3'5'Hd in the common flavonoid pathway, but not that of VvUFGT on the anthocyanin-specific branch. This new factor suggests the polygenic regulation of PA biosynthesis in grapes by closely related MYB transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Koyama
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Mineyo Numata
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ikuko Nakajima
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Nami Goto-Yamamoto
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Research Institute of Human and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-4-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Xu W, Lepiniec L, Dubos C. New insights toward the transcriptional engineering of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28736. [PMID: 24721726 PMCID: PMC4091501 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that play important roles throughout the plant life cycle and have potential human health beneficial properties. Flavonols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs or condensed tannins) are the three main class of flavonoids found in Arabidopsis thaliana. We have previously shown that PA biosynthesis (occurring exclusively in seeds) involves the transcriptional activity of four different ternary protein complexes composed of different R2R3-MYB and bHLH factors together with TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1), a WD repeat containing protein. We have also identified their direct targets, the late biosynthetic genes. In this study, we have further investigated the transcriptional capacity of the MBW complexes through transactivation assays in moss protoplast and overexpression in Arabidopsis siliques. Results provide new information for biotechnological engineering of PA biosynthesis, as well as new insights into the elucidation of the mechanisms that govern the interactions between MBW complexes and the DNA motifs they can target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Xu
- INRA; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- INRA; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- INRA; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences; RD10; Versailles, France
- Correspondence to: Christian Dubos,
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Hyun TK, Lee S, Rim Y, Kumar R, Han X, Lee SY, Lee CH, Kim JY. De-novo RNA sequencing and metabolite profiling to identify genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel). PLoS One 2014; 9:e88292. [PMID: 24505466 PMCID: PMC3914977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel, KB) on ripening is usually consumed as fresh fruit, whereas the unripe KB has been widely used as a source of traditional herbal medicine. Such a stage specific utilization of KB has been assumed due to the changing metabolite profile during fruit ripening process, but so far molecular and biochemical changes during its fruit maturation are poorly understood. To analyze biochemical changes during fruit ripening process at molecular level, firstly, we have sequenced, assembled, and annotated the transcriptome of KB fruits. Over 4.86 Gb of normalized cDNA prepared from fruits was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq™ 2000, and assembled into 43,723 unigenes. Secondly, we have reported that alterations in anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are the major factors facilitating variations in these stages of fruits. In addition, up-regulation of F3'H1, DFR4 and LDOX1 resulted in the accumulation of cyanidin derivatives during the ripening process of KB, indicating the positive relationship between the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and the anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, the ability of RcMCHI2 (R. coreanus Miquel chalcone flavanone isomerase 2) gene to complement Arabidopsis transparent testa 5 mutant supported the feasibility of our transcriptome library to provide the gene resources for improving plant nutrition and pigmentation. Taken together, these datasets obtained from transcriptome library and metabolic profiling would be helpful to define the gene-metabolite relationships in this non-model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hyun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggil Rim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Lai Y, Li H, Yamagishi M. A review of target gene specificity of flavonoid R2R3-MYB transcription factors and a discussion of factors contributing to the target gene selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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