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Biofortification of crops with nutrients: factors affecting utilization and storage. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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52
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Banakar R, Alvarez Fernández Á, Abadía J, Capell T, Christou P. The expression of heterologous Fe (III) phytosiderophore transporter HvYS1 in rice increases Fe uptake, translocation and seed loading and excludes heavy metals by selective Fe transport. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:423-432. [PMID: 27633505 PMCID: PMC5362680 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many metal transporters in plants are promiscuous, accommodating multiple divalent cations including some which are toxic to humans. Previous attempts to increase the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content of rice endosperm by overexpressing different metal transporters have therefore led unintentionally to the accumulation of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Unlike other metal transporters, barley Yellow Stripe 1 (HvYS1) is specific for Fe. We investigated the mechanistic basis of this preference by constitutively expressing HvYS1 in rice under the control of the maize ubiquitin1 promoter and comparing the mobilization and loading of different metals. Plants expressing HvYS1 showed modest increases in Fe uptake, root-to-shoot translocation, seed accumulation and endosperm loading, but without any change in the uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Zn, Mn or Cu, confirming the selective transport of Fe. The concentrations of Zn and Mn in the endosperm did not differ significantly between the wild-type and HvYS1 lines, but the transgenic endosperm contained significantly lower concentrations of Cu. Furthermore, the transgenic lines showed a significantly reduced Cd uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and accumulation in the seeds. The underlying mechanism of metal uptake and translocation reflects the down-regulation of promiscuous endogenous metal transporters revealing an internal feedback mechanism that limits seed loading with Fe. This promotes the preferential mobilization and loading of Fe, therefore displacing Cu and Cd in the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Banakar
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència ForestalUniversitat de Lleida‐Agrotecnio Center LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Ána Alvarez Fernández
- Department of Plant NutritionAula Dei Experimental StationConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant NutritionAula Dei Experimental StationConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència ForestalUniversitat de Lleida‐Agrotecnio Center LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Paul Christou
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència ForestalUniversitat de Lleida‐Agrotecnio Center LleidaLleidaSpain
- ICREACatalan Institute for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
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D'Imperio M, Brunetti G, Gigante I, Serio F, Santamaria P, Cardinali A, Colucci S, Minervini F. Integrated in vitro approaches to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of silicon-biofortified leafy vegetables and preliminary effects on bone. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:217-224. [PMID: 27699650 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food industries are increasingly oriented toward new foods to improve nutritional status and/or to combat nutritional deficiency diseases. In this context, silicon biofortification could be an innovative tool for obtaining new foods with possible positive effects on bone mineralization. In this paper, an alternative and quick in vitro approach was applied in order to evaluate the potential health-promoting effects of five silicon-biofortified leafy vegetables (tatsoi, mizuna, purslane, Swiss chard and chicory) on bone mineralization compared with a commercial silicon supplement. The silicon bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the five leafy vegetables (biofortified or not) and of the supplement were assessed by applying a protocol consisting of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion coupled with a Caco-2 cell model. Silicon bioaccessibility ranged from 0.89 to 8.18 mg/L and bioavailability ranged from 111 to 206 μg/L of Si for both vegetables and supplement. Furthermore, the bioavailable fractions were tested on a human osteoblast cell model following the expression of type 1 collagen and alkaline phosphatase. The results obtained highlighted that the bioavailable fraction of biofortified purslane and Swiss chard improved the expression of both osteoblast markers compared with the supplement and other vegetables. These results underline the potentially beneficial effect of biofortified leafy vegetables and also indicate the usefulness of in vitro approaches for selecting the best vegetable with positive bone effects for further in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano D'Imperio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Basic and Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Gigante
- Department of Basic and Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Serio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Santamaria
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic and Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy.
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54
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Garcia-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, Giyose B. Staple crops biofortified with increased vitamins and minerals: considerations for a public health strategy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1390:3-13. [PMID: 27936288 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of staple crops has been proposed as a strategy to address micronutrient malnutrition, particularly with respect to insufficient intake of vitamin A, iron, zinc, and folate. The World Health Organization, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science at the New York Academy of Sciences, convened a technical consultation entitled "Staple Crops Biofortified with Vitamins and Minerals: Considerations for a Public Health Strategy" in April 2016. Participants of the consultation reviewed the definition of biofortification of staple crops, patterns of crops production, processing, consumption, seed varieties, and micronutrient stability and bioavailability, as well as farmers' adoption and acceptability of the modified crops. Also discussed were economic, environmental, safety, and equity aspects of biofortified crops, as well as legal, policy, regulatory, and ethical issues for the implementation of biofortification strategies in agriculture and nutrition. Consultation working groups identified important and emerging technical issues, lessons learned, and research priorities to better support the evidence of improved nutrition and unintended adverse effects of biofortification. This paper provides the background and rationale of the technical consultation, synopsizes the presentations, and provides a summary of the main considerations proposed by the working groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieves Garcia-Casal
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boitshepo Giyose
- Division of Nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Kumar S, Hash CT, Thirunavukkarasu N, Singh G, Rajaram V, Rathore A, Senapathy S, Mahendrakar MD, Yadav RS, Srivastava RK. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling High Iron and Zinc Content in Self and Open Pollinated Grains of Pearl Millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1636. [PMID: 27933068 PMCID: PMC5120122 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet is a multipurpose grain/fodder crop of the semi-arid tropics, feeding many of the world's poorest and most undernourished people. Genetic variation among adapted pearl millet inbreds and hybrids suggests it will be possible to improve grain micronutrient concentrations by selective breeding. Using 305 loci, a linkage map was constructed to map QTLs for grain iron [Fe] and zinc [Zn] using replicated samples of 106 pearl millet RILs (F6) derived from ICMB 841-P3 × 863B-P2. The grains of the RIL population were evaluated for Fe and Zn content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Grain mineral concentrations ranged from 28.4 to 124.0 ppm for Fe and 28.7 to 119.8 ppm for Zn. Similarly, grain Fe and Zn in open pollinated seeds ranged between 22.4-77.4 and 21.9-73.7 ppm, respectively. Mapping with 305 (96 SSRs; 208 DArT) markers detected seven linkage groups covering 1749 cM (Haldane) with an average intermarker distance of 5.73 cM. On the basis of two environment phenotypic data, two co-localized QTLs for Fe and Zn content on linkage group (LG) 3 were identified by composite interval mapping (CIM). Fe QTL explained 19% phenotypic variation, whereas the Zn QTL explained 36% phenotypic variation. Likewise for open pollinated seeds, the QTL analysis led to the identification of two QTLs for grain Fe content on LG3 and 5, and two QTLs for grain Zn content on LG3 and 7. The total phenotypic variance for Fe and Zn QTLs in open pollinated seeds was 16 and 42%, respectively. Analysis of QTL × QTL and QTL × QTL × environment interactions indicated no major epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Centre, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural UniversityBikaner, India; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru, India; Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | - Charles T Hash
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Govind Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Centre, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner, India
| | - Vengaldas Rajaram
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, India
| | - Abhishek Rathore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, India
| | | | - Mahesh D Mahendrakar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, India
| | - Rattan S Yadav
- Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding Division, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, India
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56
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Moreno JA, Díaz-Gómez J, Nogareda C, Angulo E, Sandmann G, Portero-Otin M, Serrano JCE, Twyman RM, Capell T, Zhu C, Christou P. The distribution of carotenoids in hens fed on biofortified maize is influenced by feed composition, absorption, resource allocation and storage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35346. [PMID: 27739479 PMCID: PMC5064355 DOI: 10.1038/srep35346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important dietary nutrients with health-promoting effects. The biofortification of staple foods with carotenoids provides an efficient delivery strategy but little is known about the fate and distribution of carotenoids supplied in this manner. The chicken provides a good model of human carotenoid metabolism so we supplemented the diets of laying hens using two biofortified maize varieties with distinct carotenoid profiles and compared the fate of the different carotenoids in terms of distribution in the feed, the hen's livers and the eggs. We found that after a period of depletion, pro-vitamin A (PVA) carotenoids were preferentially diverted to the liver and relatively depleted in the eggs, whereas other carotenoids were transported to the eggs even when the liver remained depleted. When retinol was included in the diet, it accumulated more in the eggs than the livers, whereas PVA carotenoids showed the opposite profile. Our data suggest that a transport nexus from the intestinal lumen to the eggs introduces bottlenecks that cause chemically-distinct classes of carotenoids to be partitioned in different ways. This nexus model will allow us to optimize animal feed and human diets to ensure that the health benefits of carotenoids are delivered in the most effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joana Díaz-Gómez
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Department of Food Technology, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmina Nogareda
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eduardo Angulo
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-v-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida–Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida–Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Detterbeck A, Pongrac P, Rensch S, Reuscher S, Pečovnik M, Vavpetič P, Pelicon P, Holzheu S, Krämer U, Clemens S. Spatially resolved analysis of variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain micronutrient accumulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1241-54. [PMID: 27125321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic biofortification requires knowledge on natural variation and the underlying mechanisms of micronutrient accumulation. We therefore studied diversity in grain micronutrient concentrations and spatial distribution in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a genetically tractable model cereal and an important crop with widespread cultivation. We assembled a diverse collection of barley cultivars and landraces and analysed grain micronutrient profiles in genebank material and after three independent cultivations. Lines with contrasting grain zinc (Zn) accumulation were selected for in-depth analysis of micronutrient distribution within the grain by micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (μ-PIXE). Also, we addressed association with grain cadmium (Cd) accumulation. The analysis of > 120 lines revealed substantial variation, especially in grain Zn concentrations. A large fraction of this variation is due to genetic differences. Grain dissection and μ-PIXE analysis of contrasting lines showed that differences in grain Zn accumulation apply to all parts of the grain including the endosperm. Cd concentrations exceeded the Codex Alimentarius threshold in most of the representative barley lines after cultivation in a Cd-contaminated agricultural soil. Two important conclusions for biofortification are: first, high-Zn grains contain more Zn also in the consumed parts of the grain; and second, higher micronutrient concentrations are strongly associated with higher Cd accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Detterbeck
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paula Pongrac
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Rensch
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuscher
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matic Pečovnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Vavpetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Pelicon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Holzheu
- Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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58
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Kumar J, Gupta DS, Kumar S, Gupta S, Singh NP. Current Knowledge on Genetic Biofortification in Lentil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6383-96. [PMID: 27507630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency in the human body, popularly known as "hidden hunger", causes many health problems. It presently affects >2 billion people worldwide, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Biofortification of food crop varieties is one way to combat the problem of hidden hunger using conventional plant breeding and transgenic methods. Lentils are rich sources of protein, micronutrients, and vitamins including iron, zinc, selenium, folates, and carotenoids. Lentil genetic resources including germplasm and wild species showed genetic variability for these traits. Studies revealed that a single serving of lentils could provide a significant amount of the recommended daily allowance of micronutrients and vitamins for adults. Therefore, lentils have been identified as a food legume for biofortification, which could provide a whole food solution to the global micronutrient malnutrition. The present review discusses the current ongoing efforts toward genetic biofortification in lentils using classical breeding and molecular marker-assisted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Institutes , B.P. 6299, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- AICRP on MULLaRP, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024, India
| | - Narendra Pratap Singh
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024, India
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Garcia-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, Pachón H, De-Regil LM, Centeno Tablante E, Flores-Urrutia MC. Staple crops biofortified with increased micronutrient content: effects on vitamin and mineral status, as well as health and cognitive function in the general population. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Garcia-Casal
- World Health Organization; Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; Avenue Appia 20 Geneva Geneva Switzerland 1211
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- World Health Organization; Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; Avenue Appia 20 Geneva Geneva Switzerland 1211
| | - Helena Pachón
- Emory University; Hubert Department of Global Health; 1599 Clifton Rd NE, Room 6406 Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Luz Maria De-Regil
- Micronutrient Initiative; Research and Evaluation; 180 Elgin Street, Suite 1000 Ottawa ON Canada K2P 2K3
| | | | - Monica C Flores-Urrutia
- World Health Organization; Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development; Avenue Appia 20 Geneva Geneva Switzerland 1211
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60
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Badigannavar A, Girish G, Ramachandran V, Ganapathi T. Genotypic variation for seed protein and mineral content among post-rainy season-grown sorghum genotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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61
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Nogareda C, Moreno JA, Angulo E, Sandmann G, Portero M, Capell T, Zhu C, Christou P. Carotenoid-enriched transgenic corn delivers bioavailable carotenoids to poultry and protects them against coccidiosis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:160-168. [PMID: 25846059 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are health-promoting organic molecules that act as antioxidants and essential nutrients. We show that chickens raised on a diet enriched with an engineered corn variety containing very high levels of four key carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin and lutein) are healthy and accumulate more bioavailable carotenoids in peripheral tissues, muscle, skin and fat, and more retinol in the liver, than birds fed on standard corn diets (including commercial corn supplemented with colour additives). Birds were challenged with the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella and those on the high-carotenoid diet grew normally, suffered only mild disease symptoms (diarrhoea, footpad dermatitis and digital ulcers) and had lower faecal oocyst counts than birds on the control diet. Our results demonstrate that carotenoid-rich corn maintains poultry health and increases the nutritional value of poultry products without the use of feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Nogareda
- Department of Animal Production, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose A Moreno
- Department of Animal Production, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eduardo Angulo
- Department of Animal Production, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, J. W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Portero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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62
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Melash AA, Mengistu DK, Aberra DA. Linking Agriculture with Health through Genetic and Agronomic Biofortification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2016.75029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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63
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Messias RDS, Galli V, Silva SDDAE, Schirmer MA, Rombaldi CV. Micronutrient and functional compounds biofortification of maize grains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:123-39. [PMID: 24915397 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.649314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maize, in addition to being the main staple food in many countries, is used in the production of hundreds of products. It is rich in compounds with potential benefits to health, such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamin E, and minerals that act as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Many of these compounds have been neglected thus far in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, deficiencies in the precursors of vitamin A and some minerals, such as iron and zinc, in maize, in association with the great genetic variability in its cultivars and our genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic knowledge of this species make targeted biofortification strategies for maize promising. This review discusses the potential of the main microconstituents found in maize with a focus on studies aimed at biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael da Silva Messias
- a EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396 , Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970, Pelotas , RS , Brazil
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64
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Matusiewicz M, Kosieradzka I, Sobczak-Filipiak M, Zuk M, Szopa J. Transgenic flax overexpressing polyphenols as a potential anti-inflammatory dietary agent. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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65
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Blasco B, Graham NS, Broadley MR. Antioxidant response and carboxylate metabolism in Brassica rapa exposed to different external Zn, Ca, and Mg supply. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:16-24. [PMID: 25544655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) malnutrition are common deficiencies in many developed and developing countries, resulting in a widespread health problem. Biofortification of food crops is an agricultural strategy that can be used to increase the levels of these elements in the edible portions of crops. Deficiency or toxicity of these cations in soils reduces plant growth, crop yield, and the quality of plant foodstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external Zn, Ca, and Mg supply on accumulation and distribution of this elements as well as antioxidant response and organic acid composition of Brassica rapa ssp. trilocularis line R-o-18. Plants were grown at low Zn (0.05 μM Zn) and high Zn (500 μM Zn), low Ca (0.4 mM) and high Ca (40 mM), and low Mg (0.2 mM), and high Mg (20 mM) to simulate deficiency and toxicity conditions. Larger shoot biomass reductions were observed under high Zn, Ca and Mg treatments, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total ascorbate (AA) showed a marked increase in these treatments. Therefore, Brassica plants might be more sensitive to excess of these elements in the nutrient solution. The translocation factor (TF) and distribution coefficient (DC) values of Zn, Ca, and Mg indicated higher translocation and accumulation in deficient conditions. High biosynthesis and citrate content in Brassica plants may be associated mainly with a high-nutrient solution extraction ability of these plants. These results provide background data, which will be used to characterize TILLING mutants to study the effects of mutations in genes involved in regulating Zn, Ca, and Mg distribution and accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Blasco
- School of Biosciences, Plant & Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil S Graham
- School of Biosciences, Plant & Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Broadley
- School of Biosciences, Plant & Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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66
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Hefferon KL. Nutritionally enhanced food crops; progress and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3895-914. [PMID: 25679450 PMCID: PMC4346933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past decade with respect to the application of biotechnology to generate nutritionally improved food crops. Biofortified staple crops such as rice, maize and wheat harboring essential micronutrients to benefit the world's poor are under development as well as new varieties of crops which have the ability to combat chronic disease. This review discusses the improvement of the nutritional status of crops to make a positive impact on global human health. Several examples of nutritionally enhanced crops which have been developed using biotechnological approaches will be discussed. These range from biofortified crops to crops with novel abilities to fight disease. The review concludes with a discussion of hurdles faced with respect to public perception, as well as directions of future research and development for nutritionally enhanced food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Hefferon
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
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67
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Briat JF, Dubos C, Gaymard F. Iron nutrition, biomass production, and plant product quality. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:33-40. [PMID: 25153038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges in modern agriculture is increasing biomass production, while improving plant product quality, in a sustainable way. Of the minerals, iron (Fe) plays a major role in this process because it is essential both for plant productivity and for the quality of their products. Fe homeostasis is an important determinant of photosynthetic efficiency in algae and higher plants, and we review here the impact of Fe limitation or excess on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. We also discuss the agronomic, plant breeding, and transgenic approaches that are used to remediate Fe deficiency of plants on calcareous soils, and suggest ways to increase the Fe content and bioavailability of the edible parts of crops to improve human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Briat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Christian Dubos
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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68
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Hu J, Zhao Q, Cheng X, Selomulya C, Bai C, Zhu X, Li X, Xiong H. Antioxidant activities of Se-SPI produced from soybean as accumulation and biotransformation reactor of natural selenium. Food Chem 2014; 146:531-7. [PMID: 24176378 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A study to compare the uptake, translocation, and distribution of selenium (Se) in soybean planted in natural seleniferous soil in Fengcheng city of China was conducted to clarify the relationship between the Se content levels of soybean proteins and their radical scavenging activity. The data showed that the total Se content in different parts of soybean plants varied with the growth periods. The selenoprotein (Se-SPI) content increased remarkably with the increase of Se content in seleniferous soils. The Se-SPI content obtained from the region with the highest Se level was almost 18 times higher than that of the control group, while antioxidant activities were about 4-fold compared to the control, suggesting that Se played a positive role in enhancing the antioxidant activity of Se-SPI. The increase in the Se level also led to changes in amino acids composition, but with nearly no effects on the subunit composition of soybean Se-SPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, China; Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Jiangxi 330029, China
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69
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Borrill P, Connorton JM, Balk J, Miller AJ, Sanders D, Uauy C. Biofortification of wheat grain with iron and zinc: integrating novel genomic resources and knowledge from model crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:53. [PMID: 24600464 PMCID: PMC3930855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat, like many other staple cereals, contains low levels of the essential micronutrients iron and zinc. Up to two billion people worldwide suffer from iron and zinc deficiencies, particularly in regions with predominantly cereal-based diets. Although wheat flour is commonly fortified during processing, an attractive and more sustainable solution is biofortification, which requires developing new varieties of wheat with inherently higher iron and zinc content in their grains. Until now most studies aimed at increasing iron and zinc content in wheat grains have focused on discovering natural variation in progenitor or related species. However, recent developments in genomics and transformation have led to a step change in targeted research on wheat at a molecular level. We discuss promising approaches to improve iron and zinc content in wheat using knowledge gained in model grasses. We explore how the latest resources developed in wheat, including sequenced genomes and mutant populations, can be exploited for biofortification. We also highlight the key research and practical challenges that remain in improving iron and zinc content in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes CentreNorwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East AngliaNorwich, UK
| | | | | | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes CentreNorwich, UK
- National Institute of Agricultural BotanyCambridge, UK
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70
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Farré G, Blancquaert D, Capell T, Van Der Straeten D, Christou P, Zhu C. Engineering complex metabolic pathways in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:187-223. [PMID: 24579989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering can be used to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways in plants or introduce new metabolic capabilities in order to increase the production of a desirable compound or reduce the accumulation of an undesirable one. In practice, there are several major challenges that need to be overcome, such as gaining enough knowledge about the endogenous pathways to understand the best intervention points, identifying and sourcing the most suitable metabolic genes, expressing those genes in such a way as to produce a functional enzyme in a heterologous background, and, finally, achieving the accumulation of target compounds without harming the host plant. This article discusses the strategies that have been developed to engineer complex metabolic pathways in plants, focusing on recent technological developments that allow the most significant bottlenecks to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Farré
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
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71
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A question of balance: achieving appropriate nutrient levels in biofortified staple crops. Nutr Res Rev 2013; 26:235-45. [PMID: 24134863 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422413000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biofortification of staple crops with vitamins is an attractive strategy to increase the nutritional quality of human food, particularly in areas where the population subsists on a cereal-based diet. Unlike other approaches, biofortification is sustainable and does not require anything more than a standard food-distribution infrastructure. The health-promoting effects of vitamins depend on overall intake and bioavailability, the latter influenced by food processing, absorption efficiency and the utilisation or retention of the vitamin in the body. The bioavailability of vitamins in nutritionally enriched foods should ideally be adjusted to achieve the dietary reference intake in a reasonable portion. Current vitamin biofortification programmes focus on the fat-soluble vitamins A and E, and the water-soluble vitamins C and B9 (folate), but the control of dosage and bioavailability has been largely overlooked. In the present review, we discuss the vitamin content of nutritionally enhanced foods developed by conventional breeding and genetic engineering, focusing on dosage and bioavailability. Although the biofortification of staple crops could potentially address micronutrient deficiency on a global scale, further research is required to develop effective strategies that match the bioavailability of vitamins to the requirements of the human diet.
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72
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Berman J, Zhu C, Pérez-Massot E, Arjó G, Zorrilla-López U, Masip G, Banakar R, Sanahuja G, Farré G, Miralpeix B, Bai C, Vamvaka E, Sabalza M, Twyman RM, Bassié L, Capell T, Christou P. Can the world afford to ignore biotechnology solutions that address food insecurity? PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:5-19. [PMID: 23430566 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered (GE) crops can be used as part of a combined strategy to address food insecurity, which is defined as a lack of sustainable access to safe and nutritious food. In this article, we discuss the causes and consequences of food insecurity in the developing world, and the indirect economic impact on industrialized countries. We dissect the healthcare costs and lost productivity caused by food insecurity, and evaluate the relative merits of different intervention programs including supplementation, fortification and the deployment of GE crops with higher yields and enhanced nutritional properties. We provide clear evidence for the numerous potential benefits of GE crops, particularly for small-scale and subsistence farmers. GE crops with enhanced yields and nutritional properties constitute a vital component of any comprehensive strategy to tackle poverty, hunger and malnutrition in developing countries and thus reduce the global negative economic effects of food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Berman
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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73
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Bodnar AL, Proulx AK, Scott MP, Beavers A, Reddy MB. Iron bioavailability of maize hemoglobin in a Caco-2 cell culture model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7349-7356. [PMID: 23834908 DOI: 10.1021/jf3020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize ( Zea mays ) is an important staple crop in many parts of the world but has low iron bioavailability, in part due to its high phytate content. Hemoglobin is a form of iron that is highly bioavailable, and its bioavailability is not inhibited by phytate. It was hypothesized that maize hemoglobin is a highly bioavailable iron source and that biofortification of maize with iron can be accomplished by overexpression of maize globin in the endosperm. Maize was transformed with a gene construct encoding a translational fusion of maize globin and green fluorescent protein under transcriptional control of the maize 27 kDa γ-zein promoter. Iron bioavailability of maize hemoglobin produced in Escherichia coli and of stably transformed seeds expressing the maize globin-GFP fusion was determined using an in vitro Caco-2 cell culture model. Maize flour fortified with maize hemoglobin was found to have iron bioavailability that is not significantly different from that of flour fortified with ferrous sulfate or bovine hemoglobin but is significantly higher than unfortified flour. Transformed maize grain expressing maize globin was found to have iron bioavailability similar to that of untransformed seeds. These results suggest that maize globin produced in E. coli may be an effective iron fortificant, but overexpressing maize globin in maize endosperm may require a different strategy to increase bioavailable iron content in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L Bodnar
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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74
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Masip G, Sabalza M, Pérez-Massot E, Banakar R, Cebrian D, Twyman RM, Capell T, Albajes R, Christou P. Paradoxical EU agricultural policies on genetically engineered crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:312-324. [PMID: 23623240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
European Union (EU) agricultural policy has been developed in the pursuit of laudable goals such as a competitive economy and regulatory harmony across the union. However, what has emerged is a fragmented, contradictory, and unworkable legislative framework that threatens economic disaster. In this review, we present case studies highlighting differences in the regulations applied to foods grown in EU countries and identical imported products, which show that the EU is undermining its own competitiveness in the agricultural sector, damaging both the EU and its humanitarian activities in the developing world. We recommend the adoption of rational, science-based principles for the harmonization of agricultural policies to prevent economic decline and lower standards of living across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Masip
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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75
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Dissecting plant iron homeostasis under short and long-term iron fluctuations. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1292-307. [PMID: 23680191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of information on the different aspects of iron homeostasis in plants has been obtained during the last decade. However, there is no clear road-map integrating the relationships between the various components. The principal aim of the current review is to fill this gap. In this context we discuss the lack of low affinity iron uptake mechanisms in plants, the utilization of a different uptake mechanism by graminaceous plants compared to the others, as well as the roles of riboflavin, ferritin isoforms, nitric oxide, nitrosylation, heme, aconitase, and vacuolar pH. Cross-homeostasis between elements is also considered, with a specific emphasis on the relationship between iron homeostasis and phosphorus and copper deficiencies. As the environment is a crucial parameter for modulating plant responses, we also highlight how diurnal fluctuations govern iron metabolism. Evolutionary aspects of iron homeostasis have so far attracted little attention. Looking into the past can inform us on how long-term oxygen and iron-availability fluctuations have influenced the evolution of iron uptake mechanisms. Finally, we evaluate to what extent this homeostastic road map can be used for the development of novel biofortification strategies in order to alleviate iron deficiency in human.
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76
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Kumar V, Gill T, Grover S, Ahuja PS, Yadav SK. Influence of human lactoferrin expression on iron homeostasis, flavonoids, and antioxidants in transgenic tobacco. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 53:118-28. [PMID: 22274938 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at to check the influence of human lactoferrin (hLF) expression on iron homeostasis, flavonoids, and antioxidants in transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco expressing hLF cDNA under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter was produced. The iron content as well as chlorophyll content of transgenic tobacco was lower compared to mock and untransformed wild plants. Interestingly, hLF transgenic tobacco showed higher level of transcript expression for genes related to iron content regulation like iron transporter and metal transporter. While expression of genes related to iron storage such as ferritin 1 and ferritin 2 was downregulated. The transcript expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase was downregulated in hLF transgenic tobacco compared to controls. Further, the transcript expression of two important genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase regulatory enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was analyzed. The expression of DFR was found to be downregulated, while PAL expression was upregulated in hLF transgenic tobacco compared to mock and untransformed wild plant. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins contents were found to be higher in hLF transgenic tobacco than the mock and untransformed wild plant. Results suggest that hLF expression in transgenic tobacco leads to iron deficiency, downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, and increase in total flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Plant Metabolic Engineering, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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77
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Zhu C, Sanahuja G, Yuan D, Farré G, Arjó G, Berman J, Zorrilla-López U, Banakar R, Bai C, Pérez-Massot E, Bassie L, Capell T, Christou P. Biofortification of plants with altered antioxidant content and composition: genetic engineering strategies. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:129-41. [PMID: 22970850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are protective molecules that neutralize reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, therefore reducing the rate of cell death and hence the effects of ageing and ageing-related diseases. The fortification of food with antioxidants represents an overlap between two diverse environments, namely fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients that happen to have antioxidant properties (e.g. vitamins C and E) and the fortification of luxury foods with health-promoting but non-essential antioxidants such as flavonoids as part of the nutraceuticals/functional foods industry. Although processed foods can be artificially fortified with vitamins, minerals and nutraceuticals, a more sustainable approach is to introduce the traits for such health-promoting compounds at source, an approach known as biofortification. Regardless of the target compound, the same challenges arise when considering the biofortification of plants with antioxidants, that is the need to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways to increase the production of specific antioxidants without affecting plant growth and development and without collateral effects on other metabolic pathways. These challenges become even more intricate as we move from the engineering of individual pathways to several pathways simultaneously. In this review, we consider the state of the art in antioxidant biofortification and discuss the challenges that remain to be overcome in the development of nutritionally complete and health-promoting functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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78
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Ricachenevsky FK, Menguer PK, Sperotto RA. kNACking on heaven's door: how important are NAC transcription factors for leaf senescence and Fe/Zn remobilization to seeds? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:226. [PMID: 23847632 PMCID: PMC3696727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a coordinated process where a plant, or a part of it, engages in programmed cell death to salvage nutrients by remobilizing them to younger tissues or to developing seeds. As Fe and Zn deficiency are the two major nutritional disorders in humans, increased concentration of these nutrients through biofortification in cereal grains is a long-sought goal. Recent evidences point to a link between the onset of leaf senescence and increased Fe and Zn remobilization. In wheat, one member of the NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factor (TF) family (NAM-B1) has a major role in the process, probably regulating key genes for the early onset of senescence, which results in higher Fe and Zn concentrations in grains. In rice, the most important staple food for nearly half of the world population, the NAM-B1 ortholog does not have the same function. However, other NAC proteins are related to senescence, and could be playing roles on the same remobilization pathway. Thus, these genes are potential tools for biofortification strategies in rice. Here we review the current knowledge on the relationship between senescence, Fe and Zn remobilization and the role of NAC TFs, with special attention to rice. We also propose a working model for OsNAC5, which would act on the regulation of nicotianamine (NA) synthesis and metal-NA remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul Antonio Sperotto, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Rua Avelino Tallini 171, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul 95.900-000, Brazil e-mail:
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79
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Pérez-Massot E, Banakar R, Gómez-Galera S, Zorrilla-López U, Sanahuja G, Arjó G, Miralpeix B, Vamvaka E, Farré G, Rivera SM, Dashevskaya S, Berman J, Sabalza M, Yuan D, Bai C, Bassie L, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. The contribution of transgenic plants to better health through improved nutrition: opportunities and constraints. GENES & NUTRITION 2013; 8:29-41. [PMID: 22926437 PMCID: PMC3534993 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is a prevalent and entrenched global socioeconomic challenge that reflects the combined impact of poverty, poor access to food, inefficient food distribution infrastructure, and an over-reliance on subsistence mono-agriculture. The dependence on staple cereals lacking many essential nutrients means that malnutrition is endemic in developing countries. Most individuals lack diverse diets and are therefore exposed to nutrient deficiencies. Plant biotechnology could play a major role in combating malnutrition through the engineering of nutritionally enhanced crops. In this article, we discuss different approaches that can enhance the nutritional content of staple crops by genetic engineering (GE) as well as the functionality and safety assessments required before nutritionally enhanced GE crops can be deployed in the field. We also consider major constraints that hinder the adoption of GE technology at different levels and suggest policies that could be adopted to accelerate the deployment of nutritionally enhanced GE crops within a multicomponent strategy to combat malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Pérez-Massot
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Raviraj Banakar
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Galera
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Uxue Zorrilla-López
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Georgina Sanahuja
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Arjó
- />Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruna Miralpeix
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Evangelia Vamvaka
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Farré
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sol Maiam Rivera
- />Chemistry Department, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Svetlana Dashevskaya
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Judit Berman
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maite Sabalza
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Dawei Yuan
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Chao Bai
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ludovic Bassie
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Richard M. Twyman
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Teresa Capell
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- />Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- />Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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80
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Sharma A, Patni B, Shankhdhar D, Shankhdhar SC. Zinc - an indispensable micronutrient. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:11-20. [PMID: 24381434 PMCID: PMC3550680 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Availability of Zn to plant is hampered by its immobile nature and adverse soil conditions. Thus, Zn deficiency is observed even though high amount is available in soil. Root-shoot barrier, a major controller of zinc transport in plant is highly affected by changes in the anatomical structure of conducting tissue and adverse soil conditions like pH, clay content, calcium carbonate content, etc. Zn deficiency results in severe yield losses and in acute cases plant death. Zn deficiency in edible plant parts results in micronutrient malnutrition leading to stunted growth and improper sexual development in humans. To overcome this problem several strategies have been used to enrich Zn availability in edible plant parts, including nutrient management, biotechnological tools, and classical and molecular breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 (U. S. Nagar) Uttarakhand India
| | - Babita Patni
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 (U. S. Nagar) Uttarakhand India
| | - Deepti Shankhdhar
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 (U. S. Nagar) Uttarakhand India
| | - S. C. Shankhdhar
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 (U. S. Nagar) Uttarakhand India
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81
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Arjó G, Capell T, Matias-Guiu X, Zhu C, Christou P, Piñol C. Mice fed on a diet enriched with genetically engineered multivitamin corn show no sub-acute toxic effects and no sub-chronic toxicity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:1026-1034. [PMID: 22928600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multivitamin corn is a novel genetically engineered variety that simultaneously produces high levels of β-carotene, ascorbate and folate, and therefore has the potential to address simultaneously multiple micronutrient deficiencies caused by the lack of vitamins A, B9 and C in developing country populations. As part of the development process for genetically engineered crops and following European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, multivitamin corn must be tested in whole food/feed sub-chronic animal feeding studies to ensure there are no adverse effects, and potential allergens must be identified. We carried out a 28-day toxicity assessment in mice, which showed no short-term sub-acute evidence of diet-related adverse health effects and no difference in clinical markers (food consumption, body weight, organ/tissue weight, haematological and biochemical blood parameters and histopathology) compared to mice fed on a control diet. A subsequent 90-day sub-chronic feeding study again showed no indications of toxicity compared to mice fed on control diets. Our data confirm that diets enriched with multivitamin corn have no adverse effects on mice, do not induce any clinical signs of toxicity and do not contain known allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Arjó
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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82
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Buiatti M, Christou P, Pastore G. The application of GMOs in agriculture and in food production for a better nutrition: two different scientific points of view. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:255-70. [PMID: 23076994 PMCID: PMC3639326 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This commentary is a face-to-face debate between two almost opposite positions regarding the application of genetic engineering in agriculture and food production. Seven questions on the potential benefits of the application of genetic engineering in agriculture and on the potentially adverse impacts on the environment and human health were posed to two scientists: one who is sceptical about the use of GMOs in Agriculture, and one who views GMOs as an important tool for quantitatively and qualitatively improving food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buiatti
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy,
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83
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Karaköy T, Erdem H, Baloch FS, Toklu F, Eker S, Kilian B, Özkan H. Diversity of macro- and micronutrients in the seeds of lentil landraces. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:710412. [PMID: 22997502 PMCID: PMC3444848 DOI: 10.1100/2012/710412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the amount of bioavailable mineral elements in plant foods would help to improve the nutritional status of populations in developing countries. Legume seeds have the potential to provide many essential nutrients. It is important to have information on genetic variations among different lentil populations so that plant breeding programs can use new varieties in cross-breeding programs. The main objective of this study was to characterize the micro- and macronutrient concentrations of lentil landraces seeds collected from South-Eastern Turkey. We found impressive variation in the micro- and macroelement concentrations in 39 lentil landraces and 7 cultivars. We investigated the relationships of traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The concentrations of several minerals, particularly Zn, were positively correlated with other minerals, suggesting that similar pathways or transporters control the uptake and transport of these minerals. Some genotypes had high mineral and protein content and potential to improve the nutritional value of cultivated lentil. Cross-breeding of numerous lentil landraces from Turkey with currently cultivated varieties could improve the levels of micro- and macronutrients of lentil and may contribute to the worldwide lentil quality breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Karaköy
- Organic Agriculture Program, Vocational School of Sivas, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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84
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Iron-, zinc-, and magnesium-rich field peas (Pisum sativum L.) with naturally low phytic acid: A potential food-based solution to global micronutrient malnutrition. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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85
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Sperotto RA, Ricachenevsky FK, Waldow VDA, Fett JP. Iron biofortification in rice: it's a long way to the top. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 190:24-39. [PMID: 22608517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice and most staple cereals contain low iron (Fe) levels, most of which is lost during grain processing. Populations with monotonous diets consisting mainly of cereals are especially prone to Fe deficiency, which affects about two billion people. Supplementation or food fortification programs have not always been successful. Crop Fe fertilization is also not very effective due to Fe soil insolubility. An alternative solution is Fe biofortification by generating cultivars that efficiently mobilize, uptake and translocate Fe to the edible parts. Here, we review the strategies used for the Fe biofortification of rice, including conventional breeding and directed genetic modification, which offer the most rapid way to develop Fe-rich rice plants. While classical breeding is able to modify the contents of inhibitors of Fe absorption, transgenic approaches have focused on enhanced Fe uptake from soil, xylem and phloem loading and grain sink strength. A comprehensive table is provided in which the percentages of the recommended dietary Fe intake reached by independently developed transgenic plants are calculated. In this review we also emphasize that the discovery of new QTLs and genes related to Fe biofortification is extremely important, but interdisciplinary research is needed for future success in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, 95900-000, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
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86
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Gómez-Galera S, Sudhakar D, Pelacho AM, Capell T, Christou P. Constitutive expression of a barley Fe phytosiderophore transporter increases alkaline soil tolerance and results in iron partitioning between vegetative and storage tissues under stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 53:46-53. [PMID: 22316602 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cereals have evolved chelation systems to mobilize insoluble iron in the soil, but in rice this process is rather inefficient, making the crop highly susceptible to alkaline soils. We therefore engineered rice to express the barley iron-phytosiderophore transporter (HvYS1), which enables barley plants to take up iron from alkaline soils. A representative transgenic rice line was grown in standard (pH 5.5) or alkaline soil (pH 8.5) to evaluate alkaline tolerance and iron mobilization. Transgenic plants developed secondary tillers and set seeds when grown in standard soil although iron concentration remained similar in leaves and seeds compared to wild type. However, when grown in alkaline soil transgenic plants exhibited enhanced growth, yield and iron concentration in leaves compared to the wild type plants which were severely stunted. Transgenic plants took up iron more efficiently from alkaline soil compared to wild type, indicating an enhanced capacity to increase iron mobility ex situ. Interestingly, all the additional iron accumulated in vegetative tissues, i.e. there was no difference in iron concentration in the seeds of wild type and transgenic plants. Our data suggest that iron uptake from the rhizosphere can be enhanced through expression of HvYS1 and confirm the operation of a partitioning mechanism that diverts iron to leaves rather than seeds, under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gómez-Galera
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-CRA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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87
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Lee S, Kim YS, Jeon US, Kim YK, Schjoerring JK, An G. Activation of Rice nicotianamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2) enhances iron availability for biofortification. Mol Cells 2012; 33:269-75. [PMID: 22228185 PMCID: PMC3887711 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because micronutrients in human diets ultimately come from plant sources, malnutrition of essential minerals is a significant public health concern. By increasing the expression of nicotianamine synthase (NAS), we fortified the level of bioavailable iron in rice seeds. Activation of iron deficiency-inducible OsNAS2 resulted in a rise in Fe content (3.0-fold) in mature seeds. Its ectopic expression also increased that content. Enhanced expression led to higher tolerance of Fe deficiency and better growth under elevated pH. Mice fed with OsNAS2-D1 seeds recovered more rapidly from anemia, indicating that bioavailable Fe contents were improved by this increase in OsNAS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755,
USA
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Un Sil Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703,
Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,
Denmark
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
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88
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Henriques AR, Chalfun-Junior A, Aarts M. Strategies to increase zinc deficiency tolerance and homeostasis in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202012000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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Prins CN, Hantzis LJ, Quinn CF, Pilon-Smits EAH. Effects of selenium accumulation on reproductive functions in Brassica juncea and Stanleya pinnata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5633-40. [PMID: 21841173 PMCID: PMC3223055 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for many organisms, but is also a toxin and environmental pollutant at elevated levels. Due to its chemical similarity to sulphur, most plants readily take up and assimilate Se. Se accumulators such as Brassica juncea can accumulate Se between 0.01% and 0.1% of dry weight (DW), and Se hyperaccumulators such as Stanleya pinnata (Brassicaeae) contain between 0.1% and 1.5% DW of Se. While Se accumulation offers the plant a variety of ecological benefits, particularly protection from herbivory, its potential costs are still unexplored. This study examines the effects of plant Se levels on reproductive functions. In B. juncea, Se concentrations >0.05-0.1% caused decreases in biomass, pollen germination, individual seed and total seed weight, number of seeds produced, and seed germination. In S. pinnata there was no negative effect of increased Se concentration on pollen germination. In cross-pollination of B. juncea plants with different Se levels, both the maternal and paternal Se level affected reproduction, but the maternal Se concentration had the most pronounced effect. Interestingly, high-Se maternal plants were most efficiently pollinated by Se-treated paternal plants. These data provide novel insights into the potential reproductive costs of Se accumulation, interactive effects of Se in pollen grains and in the pistil, and the apparent evolution of physiological tolerance mechanisms in hyperaccumulators to avoid reproductive repercussions.
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90
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Farré G, Bai C, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. Nutritious crops producing multiple carotenoids--a metabolic balancing act. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:532-40. [PMID: 21900035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes produce multiple carotenoid pigments with important nutritional roles in animals. By unraveling the basis of carotenoid biosynthesis it has become possible to modulate the key metabolic steps in plants and thus increase the nutritional value of staple crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Multigene engineering has been used to modify three different metabolic pathways simultaneously, producing maize seeds with higher levels of carotenoids, folate and ascorbate. This strategy may allow the development of nutritionally enhanced staples providing adequate amounts of several unrelated nutrients. By focusing on different steps in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, it is also possible to generate plants with enhanced levels of several nutritionally-beneficial carotenoid molecules simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Farré
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-CRA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, Lleida 25198, Spain
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91
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Lee S, Persson DP, Hansen TH, Husted S, Schjoerring JK, Kim YS, Jeon US, Kim YK, Kakei Y, Masuda H, Nishizawa NK, An G. Bio-available zinc in rice seeds is increased by activation tagging of nicotianamine synthase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:865-73. [PMID: 21426477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We generated rice lines with increased content of nicotianamine (NA), a key ligand for metal transport and homeostasis. This was accomplished by activation tagging of rice nicotianamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2). Enhanced expression of the gene resulted in elevated NA levels, greater Zn accumulations and improved plant tolerance to a Zn deficiency. Expression of Zn-uptake genes and those for the biosynthesis of phytosiderophores (PS) were increased in transgenic plants. This suggests that the higher amount of NA led to greater exudation of PS from the roots, as well as stimulated Zn uptake, translocation and seed-loading. In the endosperm, the OsNAS2 activation-tagged line contained up to 20-fold more NA and 2.7-fold more zinc. Liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that the total content of zinc complexed with NA and 2'-deoxymugineic acid was increased 16-fold. Mice fed with OsNAS2-D1 seeds recovered more rapidly from a zinc deficiency than did control mice receiving WT seeds. These results demonstrate that the level of bio-available zinc in rice grains can be enhanced significantly by activation tagging of OsNAS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichul Lee
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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92
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Merrill RD, Shamim AA, Ali H, Jahan N, Labrique AB, Schulze K, Christian P, West KP. Iron status of women is associated with the iron concentration of potable groundwater in rural Bangladesh. J Nutr 2011; 141:944-9. [PMID: 21451130 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.138628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of reproductive age are at a high risk of iron deficiency, often as a result of diets low in bioavailable iron. In some settings, the iron content of domestic groundwater sources is high, yet its contribution to iron intake and status has not been examined. In a rural Bangladeshi population of women deficient in dietary iron, we evaluated the association between groundwater iron intake and iron status. In 2008, participants (n = 209 with complete data) were visited to collect data on 7-d food frequency, 7-d morbidity history, 24-h drinking water intake, and rice preparation, and to measure the groundwater iron concentration. Blood was collected to assess iron and infection status. Plasma ferritin (μg/L) and body iron (mg/kg) concentrations were [median (IQR)] 67 (46, 99) and 10.4 ± 2.6, respectively, and the prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin < 12 μg/L) was 0%. Daily iron intake from water [42 mg (18, 71)] was positively correlated with plasma ferritin (r = 0.36) and total body iron (r = 0.35) (P < 0.001 for both). In adjusted linear regression analyses, plasma ferritin increased by 6.1% (95% CI: 3.8, 8.4%) and body iron by 0.3 mg/kg (0.2, 0.4) for every 10-mg increase in iron intake from water (P < 0.001). In this rural area of northern Bangladesh, women of reproductive age had no iron deficiency likely attributable to iron consumed from drinking groundwater, which contributed substantially to dietary intake. These findings suggest that iron intake from water should be included in dietary assessments in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Merrill
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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93
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Yuan D, Bassie L, Sabalza M, Miralpeix B, Dashevskaya S, Farre G, Rivera SM, Banakar R, Bai C, Sanahuja G, Arjó G, Avilla E, Zorrilla-López U, Ugidos-Damboriena N, López A, Almacellas D, Zhu C, Capell T, Hahne G, Twyman RM, Christou P. The potential impact of plant biotechnology on the Millennium Development Goals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:249-265. [PMID: 21249369 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are international development targets for the year 2015 that aim to achieve relative improvements in the standards of health, socioeconomic status and education in the world's poorest countries. Many of the challenges addressed by the MDGs reflect the direct or indirect consequences of subsistence agriculture in the developing world, and hence, plant biotechnology has an important role to play in helping to achieve MDG targets. In this opinion article, we discuss each of the MDGs in turn, provide examples to show how plant biotechnology may be able to accelerate progress towards the stated MDG objectives, and offer our opinion on the likelihood of such technology being implemented. In combination with other strategies, plant biotechnology can make a contribution towards sustainable development in the future although the extent to which progress can be made in today's political climate depends on how we deal with current barriers to adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yuan
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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94
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High-value products from transgenic maize. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:40-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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95
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Dayod M, Tyerman SD, Leigh RA, Gilliham M. Calcium storage in plants and the implications for calcium biofortification. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 247:215-31. [PMID: 20658253 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is an essential nutrient for plants and animals, with key structural and signalling roles, and its deficiency in plants can result in poor biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, reduced crop quality and yield. Likewise, low Ca intake in humans has been linked to various diseases (e.g. rickets, osteoporosis, hypertension and colorectal cancer) which can threaten quality of life and have major economic costs. Biofortification of various food crops with Ca has been suggested as a good method to enhance human intake of Ca and is advocated as an economically and environmentally advantageous strategy. Efforts to enhance Ca content of crops via transgenic means have had promising results. Overall Ca content of transgenic plants has been increased but in some cases adverse affects on plant function have been observed. This suggests that a better understanding of how Ca ions (Ca(2+)) are stored and transported through plants is required to maximise the effectiveness of future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maclin Dayod
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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96
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Farre G, Twyman RM, Zhu C, Capell T, Christou P. Nutritionally enhanced crops and food security: scientific achievements versus political expediency. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 22:245-51. [PMID: 21123044 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering (GE) is one of a raft of strategies that can be used to tackle malnutrition. Recent scientific advances have shown that multiple deficiencies can be tackled simultaneously using engineered plant varieties containing high levels of different minerals and organic nutrients. However, the impact of this progress is being diluted by the unwillingness of politicians to see beyond immediate popular support, favoring political expediency over controversial but potentially life-saving decisions based on rational scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Farre
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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97
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Chatzav M, Peleg Z, Ozturk L, Yazici A, Fahima T, Cakmak I, Saranga Y. Genetic diversity for grain nutrients in wild emmer wheat: potential for wheat improvement. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:1211-20. [PMID: 20202969 PMCID: PMC2887062 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly zinc and iron deficiency, afflicts over three billion people worldwide due to low dietary intake. In the current study, wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), the progenitor of domesticated wheat, was tested for (1) genetic diversity in grain nutrient concentrations, (2) associations among grain nutrients and their relationships with plant productivity, and (3) the association of grain nutrients with the eco-geographical origin of wild emmer accessions. METHODS A total of 154 genotypes, including wild emmer accessions from across the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent and diverse wheat cultivars, were characterized in this 2-year field study for grain protein, micronutrient (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) and macronutrient (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and sulphur) concentrations. KEY RESULTS Wide genetic diversity was found among the wild emmer accessions for all grain nutrients. The concentrations of grain zinc, iron and protein in wild accessions were about two-fold greater than in the domesticated genotypes. Concentrations of these compounds were positively correlated with one another, with no clear association with plant productivity, suggesting that all three nutrients can be improved concurrently with no yield penalty. A subset of 12 populations revealed significant genetic variation between and within populations for all minerals. Association between soil characteristics at the site of collection and grain nutrient concentrations showed negative associations between soil clay content and grain protein and between soil-extractable zinc and grain zinc, the latter suggesting that the greatest potential for grain nutrient minerals lies in populations from micronutrient-deficient soils. CONCLUSIONS Wild emmer wheat germplasm offers unique opportunities to exploit favourable alleles for grain nutrient properties that were excluded from the domesticated wheat gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Chatzav
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Levent Ozturk
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Atilla Yazici
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, The Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Naqvi S, Farré G, Zhu C, Sandmann G, Capell T, Christou P. Simultaneous expression of Arabidopsis ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and MPBQ methyltransferase in transgenic corn kernels triples the tocopherol content. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:177-81. [PMID: 20401738 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The quantity and composition of tocopherols (compounds with vitamin E activity) vary widely among different plant species reflecting the expression, activity and substrate specificity of enzymes in the corresponding metabolic pathway. Two Arabidopsis cDNA clones corresponding to ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol methyltransferase (MPBQ MT) were constitutively expressed in corn to further characterize the pathway and increase the kernel tocopherol content. Transgenic kernels contained up to 3 times as much γ-tocopherol as their wild type counterparts whereas other tocopherol isomers remained undetectable. Biofortification by metabolic engineering offers a sustainable alternative to vitamin E supplementation for the improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Naqvi
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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