51
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Sousa AD. Compulsive Pornography Use in Late Life: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSEXUAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2631831819890766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive pornography use is on the rise and is a common compulsive sexual behavior being seen in the younger age groups between 18 and 30 years of age. The treatment of the same involves a combination of medical and behavioral management. We present herewith a case of a 69-year-old male who developed compulsive pornography usage for the first time and that responded well to psychotherapy and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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52
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Landripet I, Buško V, Štulhofer A. Testing the content progression thesis: A longitudinal assessment of pornography use and preference for coercive and violent content among male adolescents. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 81:32-41. [PMID: 31130200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Content progression thesis (CPT), a direct application of conditioning theories to conceptualizing exposure to pornography, proposes that pornography use leads to viewing increasingly more extreme material due to the effect of satiation. To test this assumption, association between the frequency of pornography use and the preference for violent and coercive content were examined over a 24-month period using an online panel sample of male adolescents. Participants were 248 high school students who took part in at least three of five waves of the PROBIOPS study. The average baseline age was 16.1. Dual-domain latent growth curve modeling was used to test the CPT. The preference for violent/coercive pornography was found to decrease over time. Moreover, its dynamics was unrelated to latent growth in pornography use. In this first longitudinal assessment, the CPT was not found to be a useful model for understanding the patterns and potential consequences of adolescent pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Landripet
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Buško
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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53
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Dwulit AD, Rzymski P. The Potential Associations of Pornography Use with Sexual Dysfunctions: An Integrative Literature Review of Observational Studies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E914. [PMID: 31247949 PMCID: PMC6679165 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the associations between pornography use and sexual dysfunction based on evidence from observational studies. The existing data in this regard mostly derive from cross-sectional investigations and case reports. There is little if no evidence that pornography use may induce delayed ejaculation and erectile dysfunction, although longitudinal studies that control for confounding variables are required for a full assessment. The associations between pornography use and sexual desire may differ between women and men although the existing data is contradictory and causal relationships cannot be established. The strongest evidence is available for the relation of pornography use with decreased sexual satisfaction, although the results of prospective studies are inconsistent. The paper outlines future research prospects beneficial in understanding the nature of associations between pornography use and sexual dysfunctions in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Diana Dwulit
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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Wright PJ, Vangeel L. Pornography, permissiveness, and sex differences: An evaluation of social learning and evolutionary explanations. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dwulit AD, Rzymski P. Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1861. [PMID: 31137778 PMCID: PMC6571756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional online survey of Polish students (n = 6463) assessed the frequency and patterns of pornography consumption, its self-perceived effects, the prevalence of self-perceived pornography addiction, and opinions on the potential effects of pornography and its legal status. Nearly 80% of students have been exposed to pornography (median age of first exposure: 14 years). Streaming videos were decidedly the most frequent form of use. In the subset of current users (n = 4260), daily use and self-perceived addiction was reported by 10.7% and 15.5%, respectively. The majority of those surveyed did not report any negative effects of pornography use on their sexual function, sexual, and relationship satisfaction. Instead, over one-quarter of students in relationships reported beneficial effects on its quality. The most common self-perceived adverse effects of pornography use included: the need for longer stimulation (12.0%) and more sexual stimuli (17.6%) to reach orgasm, and a decrease in sexual satisfaction (24.5%). Females and males with a Body Mass Index >25 kg/m2 more often reported a self-perceived decrease in relationship quality associated with pornography use. Age of first exposure was significantly associated with reported need for longer stimulation and more sexual stimuli to reach orgasm when using pornography, decrease in sexual satisfaction, and quality of romantic relationship, neglect of basic needs and duties due to pornography use, and self-perceived addiction in both females and males. The highest odds ratios were always observed for age <12 years in reference to exposure at >16 years. In the opinion of most of the surveyed students, pornography may have adverse effects on human health, although access restrictions should not be implemented. The study gives a broad insight into the pornography consumption in young Polish adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Diana Dwulit
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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56
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Grubbs JB, Kraus SW, Perry SL. Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: The roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:88-93. [PMID: 30632378 PMCID: PMC7044607 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite controversies regarding its existence as a legitimate mental health condition, self-reports of pornography addiction seem to occur regularly. In the United States, prior works using various sampling techniques, such as undergraduate samples and online convenience samples, have consistently demonstrated that some pornography users report feeling dysregulated or out of control in their use. Even so, there has been very little work in US nationally representative samples to examine self-reported pornography addiction. METHODS This study sought to examine self-reported pornography addiction in a US nationally representative sample of adult Internet users (N = 2,075). RESULTS The results indicated that most participants had viewed pornography within their lifetimes (n = 1,461), with just over half reporting some use in the past year (n = 1,056). Moreover, roughly 11% of men and 3% of women reported some agreement with the statement "I am addicted to pornography." Across all participants, such feelings were most strongly associated with male gender, younger age, greater religiousness, greater moral incongruence regarding pornography use, and greater use of pornography. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings are consistent with prior works that have noted that self-reported pornography addiction is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by both objective behavior and subjective moral evaluations of that behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA,Corresponding author: Joshua B. Grubbs, PhD; Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Street, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA; Phone: +1 419 372 2301; Fax: +1 419 372 6013; E-mail:
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samuel L. Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Grubbs JB, Wright PJ, Braden AL, Wilt JA, Kraus SW. Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: a systematic review and integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
| | - Paul J. Wright
- The Media School, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abby L. Braden
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
| | - Joshua A. Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Bedford VAMC, Bedford, USA
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58
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Grubbs JB, Grant JT, Engelman J. Self-identification as a pornography addict: examining the roles of pornography use, religiousness, and moral incongruence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2019.1565848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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59
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Fisher WA, Montgomery-Graham S, Kohut T. Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:425-429. [PMID: 30128983 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada
| | | | - Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada
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60
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Grubbs JB, Perry SL, Wilt JA, Reid RC. Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:397-415. [PMID: 30076491 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The present work seeks to construct a model related to problematic pornography use that is clearly derived from empirical literature and that provides directions to be tested in future research. The focus of the present work is on those perceptions as they relate to the overarching experience of moral incongruence in pornography use, which is generally thought of as the experience of having one's behaviors be inconsistent with one's beliefs. To this end, we put forth a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence. Within this model, we describe how pornography-related problems-particularly feelings of addiction to pornography-may be, in many cases, better construed as functions of discrepancies-moral incongruence-between pornography-related beliefs and pornography-related behaviors. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis is conducted in order to evaluate support for this model, and the implications of this model for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Samuel L Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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61
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Duffy A, Dawson DL, Moghaddam NG, das Nair R. Do thinking styles play a role in whether people pathologise their pornography use? SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2017.1412417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athena Duffy
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David L Dawson
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Nima G Moghaddam
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Roshan das Nair
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Mental Health, Triumph Road, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK
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62
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Wright PJ, Steffen NJ, Sun C. Is the Relationship Between Pornography Consumption Frequency and Lower Sexual Satisfaction Curvilinear? Results From England and Germany. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:9-15. [PMID: 28753385 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1347912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several studies using different methods have found that pornography consumption is associated with lower sexual satisfaction. The language used by media-effects scholars in discussions of this association implies an expectation that lowered satisfaction is primarily due to frequent-but not infrequent-consumption. Actual analyses, however, have assumed linearity. Linear analyses presuppose that for each increase in the frequency of pornography consumption there is a correspondingly equivalent decrease in sexual satisfaction. The present brief report explored the possibility that the association is curvilinear. Survey data from two studies of heterosexual adults, one conducted in England and the other in Germany, were employed. Results were parallel in each country and were not moderated by gender. Quadratic analysis indicated a curvilinear relationship, in the form of a predominantly negative, concave downward curve. Simple slope analyses suggested that when the frequency of consumption reaches once a month, sexual satisfaction begins to decrease, and that the magnitude of the decrease becomes larger with each increase in the frequency of consumption. The observational nature of the data employed precludes any causal inferences. However, if an effects perspective was adopted, these results would suggest that low rates of pornography consumption have no impact on sexual satisfaction and that adverse effects initiate only after consumption reaches a certain frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- a The Media School , Indiana University , Bloomington
| | | | - Chyng Sun
- b School of Professional Studies , New York University
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63
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Shor E, Seida K. "Harder and Harder"? Is Mainstream Pornography Becoming Increasingly Violent and Do Viewers Prefer Violent Content? JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:16-28. [PMID: 29669431 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1451476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a common notion among many scholars and pundits that the pornography industry becomes "harder and harder" with every passing year. Some have suggested that porn viewers, who are mostly men, become desensitized to "soft" pornography, and producers are happy to generate videos that are more hard core, resulting in a growing demand for and supply of violent and degrading acts against women in mainstream pornographic videos. We examined this accepted wisdom by utilizing a sample of 269 popular videos uploaded to PornHub over the past decade. More specifically, we tested two related claims: (1) aggressive content in videos is on the rise and (2) viewers prefer such content, reflected in both the number of views and the rankings for videos containing aggression. Our results offer no support for these contentions. First, we did not find any consistent uptick in aggressive content over the past decade; in fact, the average video today contains shorter segments showing aggression. Second, videos containing aggressive acts are both less likely to receive views and less likely to be ranked favorably by viewers, who prefer videos where women clearly perform pleasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Shor
- a Department of Sociology , McGill University
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64
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Grubbs JB, Perry SL. Moral Incongruence and Pornography Use: A Critical Review and Integration. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:29-37. [PMID: 29412013 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Internet pornography use (IPU) remains a controversial topic within sexual behavior research fields. Whereas some people report feeling dysregulated in their use of pornography, mental health and medical communities are divided as to whether IPU can be addictive. The present review sought to examine this issue more closely, with a focus on how variables other than pornography use, such as moral disapproval and moral incongruence (i.e., feeling as if one's behaviors and one's values about those behaviors are misaligned), might specifically contribute to self-perceived problems around pornography use. Through an examination of recent literature, the present work reviews evidence that moral incongruence about IPU is a common phenomenon and that it is associated with outcomes relevant to current debates about pornography addiction. Specifically, moral incongruence regarding IPU appears to be associated with greater distress about IPU, greater psychological distress in general, greater reports of problems related to IPU, and greater reports of perceived addiction to IPU. The implications of this body of evidence for both clinical and research communities are discussed, and future directions for research are considered.
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65
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Grubbs JB, Gola M. Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses. J Sex Med 2019; 16:111-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Predicting pornography use over time: Does self-reported "addiction" matter? Addict Behav 2018; 82:57-64. [PMID: 29494859 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several works have reported on perceived addiction to internet pornography, or the potential for some individuals to label their own use of pornography as compulsive or out of control. Such works have consistently found that perceived addiction is related to concerning outcomes such as psychological distress, relational distress, and other addictive behaviors. However, very little work has specifically examined whether or not perceived addiction is actually related to increased use of pornography, cross-sectionally or over time. The present work sought to address this deficit in the literature. Using two longitudinal samples (Sample 1, Baseline N = 3988; Sample 2, Baseline N = 1047), a variety of factors (e.g., male gender, lower religiousness, and lower self-control) were found to predict any use of pornography. Among those that acknowledged use (Sample 1, Baseline N = 1352; Sample 2, Baseline N = 793), perceived addiction to pornography consistently predicted greater average daily use of pornography. At subsequent longitudinal follow-ups (Sample 1, Baseline N = 265; Sample 2, One Month Later, N = 410, One Year Later, N = 360), only male gender and baseline average pornography use consistently predicted future use. These findings suggest that perceived addiction to pornography is associated with concurrent use of pornography, but does not appear to predict use over time, suggesting that perceived addiction may not always be an accurate indicator of behavior or addiction.
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68
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Unintended Side Effects of the Digital Transition: European Scientists’ Messages from a Proposition-Based Expert Round Table. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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69
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Naezer M. From risky behaviour to sexy adventures: reconceptualising young people's online sexual activities. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:715-729. [PMID: 28922092 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1372632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Western discourses about young people and sexuality centre around the concept of risk. Anxieties have been fuelled by the increasing popularity of social media and practices such as 'sexting' and watching 'sexually explicit' materials online. Research has shown however that such risk discourses mainly serve to moralise about, pathologise and police particular behaviours and children. In order to counter such paternalism, researchers advocated a reconceptualisation of youth not as passive victims, but as active agents who actively negotiate sexual experiences and discourses. In this paper, which is based on ethnographic fieldwork among young people in The Netherlands, I argue that we need a reconceptualisation not only of youth, but also of their sexual practices, especially their online sexual practices. Mobilising an interdisciplinary interaction between critical socio-cultural studies of risk, feminist theory and adventure studies, I propose to reconceptualise these practices as 'adventures' rather than 'risky behaviour'. This opens up possibilities for a more reasoned analysis that acknowledges: (1) the distinction between risks and outcomes of an activity; (2) the constructive potential of risk; and (3) the subjective, dynamic character of risk and pleasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Naezer
- a Gender and Diversity Studies , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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70
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Wordecha M, Wilk M, Kowalewska E, Skorko M, Łapiński A, Gola M. "Pornographic binges" as a key characteristic of males seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behaviors: Qualitative and quantitative 10-week-long diary assessment. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:433-444. [PMID: 29865868 PMCID: PMC6174597 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Compulsive sexual behaviors (CSBs) are an important clinical and social issue. Despite the increasing number of studies, some of CSB's aspects remain under-investigated. Here, we explore the nature of CSB, such as binge pornography use and masturbation (PuM), and verify the correspondence between self-perceived factors leading to such behavior with its measures obtained in a diary assessment. Methods Semi-structuralized interviews with nine treatment-seeking males aged 22-37 years (M = 31.7, SD = 4.85) were followed by a questionnaire and a 10-week-long diary assessment, allowing us to acquire real-life daily patterns of CSB. Results Six out of nine subjects experienced binge (multiple hours or times a day) PuM. All subjects presented a high level of anxiety and perceived PuM as a way to regulate mood and stress. Data collected in the diary assessment uncovered a high diversity in the patterns of sexual behaviors (such as frequency of regular and binge PuM) and its correlates. Binge PuM was related to decreased mood and/or increased stress or anxiety. The causal relation between these correlates remains undetermined. Discussion and conclusions Binge PuM seems to be one of the most characteristic behavior among males who are seeking treatment for CSB and is related to the feeling of losing control over one's sexual activity. CSB individuals indicate a variety of binge triggers. Also, diary assessment data indicate that specific correlates of binge PuM (decreased mood, increased stress, and anxiety) differ between subjects. It suggests the existence of significant individual differences in binge PuM behaviors, and a need to study these differences, as it may help guide personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wordecha
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wilk
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kowalewska
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Skorko
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Gola
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kohut T, Štulhofer A. The Role of Religiosity in Adolescents' Compulsive Pornography Use: A Longitudinal Assessment. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2018; 44:759-775. [PMID: 29676698 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1466012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing concerns that adolescent men are vulnerable to developing compulsive pornography use, little research has been done in this area. Given recent theorizing and research concerning moral incongruence, we hypothesized that symptoms of compulsive pornography use should generally be associated with higher levels of pornography use and increased growth in male adolescent pornography use over time, but that this pattern would be attenuated among very religious participants. These hypotheses were tested with mixed effects growth models using two independent panel samples of male Croatian adolescents. As expected, adolescent men who reported features of compulsive pornography use tended to exhibited higher levels of pornography use. However, contrary to expectations, increased growth in pornography use was limited to more religious compulsive users. Compared to nonreligious compulsive users, these adolescents started with lower initial levels of pornography use and their use increased over time at a greater rate of change. This study's results are the first to suggest that some adolescent men who report high levels of pornography use tend to exhibit symptoms of compulsive use, which highlights a need for counseling and therapeutic attention. Our findings also have implications for the emerging theory of moral incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kohut
- a Department of Psychology , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
- b Department of Sociology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Daspe MÈ, Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Lussier Y, Sabourin S, Ferron A. When Pornography Use Feels Out of Control: The Moderation Effect of Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2018; 44:343-353. [PMID: 29281588 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2017.1405301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an understudied, meaningful distinction between high frequency of pornography use and the subjective feeling that this behavior is out of control. We examined whether the quality of a couple's relationship and sex life can strengthen or weaken the association between frequency of Internet pornography use and perceived lack of control over this behavior. In a sample of 1,036 participants, results showed that frequency of pornography use was more strongly associated with feeling out of control when relationship and sexual satisfaction were lower. Findings suggest that couple dissatisfaction puts the individual at risk of reporting out-of-control pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Daspe
- a Departement of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA
| | | | - Yvan Lussier
- c Department of Psychology , Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , Trois-Rivières , Canada
| | | | - Anik Ferron
- c Department of Psychology , Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , Trois-Rivières , Canada
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Sniewski L, Farvid P, Carter P. The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addict Behav 2018; 77:217-224. [PMID: 29069616 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-Perceived Problematic Porn Use (SPPPU) refers to an individual who self-identifies as addicted to porn because they feel they are unable to regulate their porn consumption, and that use interferes with everyday life. Although porn addiction has not been formally classified as its own distinct behavioral addiction, therapists and clinicians are advised to educate themselves on the current state of literature pertaining to pornography consumption given the widespread availability and consumption of sexually explicit material online. This review article begins with a general overview of pornography and porn use so that therapists and researchers can discern between non-intrusive and problematic pornography consumption patterns within their practice and understand the common characteristics of those that most commonly present with SPPPU. Thereafter, an overview and examination of therapeutic interventions for SPPPU will be identified and analysed. Finally, the review concludes with recommendations for therapists, clinicians, and future research.
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75
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Watter DN. Existential Issues in Sexual Medicine: The Relation Between Death Anxiety and Hypersexuality. Sex Med Rev 2018; 6:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Ferrer JN. Beyond the non/monogamy system: fluidity, hybridity, and transcendence in intimate relationships. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2017.1400459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N. Ferrer
- Department of East-West Psychology, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Prause N. Evaluate Models of High-Frequency Sexual Behaviors Already. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2269-2274. [PMID: 28940038 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Walton MT, Cantor JM, Bhullar N, Lykins AD. Hypersexuality: A Critical Review and Introduction to the "Sexhavior Cycle". ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2231-2251. [PMID: 28687897 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An empirical review of hypersexuality is timely as "compulsive sexual behavior" is being considered as an impulse control disorder for inclusion in the forthcoming International Classification of Diseases, 11th ed. Specifically, hypersexuality has been conceptualized in the literature as the inability to regulate one's sexual behavior that is a source of significant personal distress. Various theoretical models have been posited in an attempt to understand the occurrence of hypersexuality, although disagreement about these divergent conceptualizations of the condition has made assessment and treatment of hypersexual clients more challenging. Theories of sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, dual control (sexual inhibition/excitation), and sex addiction are critically examined, as are the diagnostic criteria for clinically assessing hypersexuality as a sexual disorder. Our discussion of hypersexuality covers a diversity of research and clinical perspectives. We also address various challenges associated with reliably defining, psychometrically measuring, and diagnosing hypersexuality. Furthermore, literature is reviewed that expresses concerns regarding whether hypersexuality (conceptualized as a disorder) exists, whether it is simply normophilic behavior at the extreme end of sexual functioning, or alternatively is a presenting problem that requires treatment rather than a clinical diagnosis. Following our literature review, we developed the "sexhavior cycle of hypersexuality" to potentially explain the neuropsychology and maintenance cycle of hypersexuality. The sexhavior cycle suggests that, for some hypersexual persons, high sexual arousal may temporarily and adversely impact cognitive processing (cognitive abeyance) and explain a repeated pattern of psychological distress when interpreting one's sexual behavior (sexual incongruence). We also suggest that further research is required to validate whether hypersexuality is a behavioral disorder (such as gambling), although some presentations of the condition appear to be symptomatic of a heterogeneous psychological problem that requires treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Walton
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Navjot Bhullar
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Amy D Lykins
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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80
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Fernandez DP, Tee EYJ, Fernandez EF. Do Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9 Scores Reflect Actual Compulsivity in Internet Pornography Use? Exploring the Role of Abstinence Effort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2017.1344166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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81
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Stark R, Kruse O, Snagowski J, Brand M, Walter B, Klucken T, Wehrum-Osinsky S. Predictors for (Problematic) Use of Internet Sexually Explicit Material: Role of Trait Sexual Motivation and Implicit Approach Tendencies Towards Sexually Explicit Material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2017.1329042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onno Kruse
- Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bertram Walter
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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82
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Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Volk F, Lindberg MJ. Internet Pornography Use, Perceived Addiction, and Religious/Spiritual Struggles. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1733-1745. [PMID: 27351579 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated that religious beliefs and moral attitudes are often related to sexual functioning. The present work sought to examine another possibility: Do sexual attitudes and behaviors have a relationship with religious and spiritual functioning? More specifically, do pornography use and perceived addiction to Internet pornography predict the experience of religious and spiritual struggle? It was expected that feelings of perceived addiction to Internet pornography would indeed predict such struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time, but that actual pornography use would not. To test these ideas, two studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 1519) and a sample of adult Internet users in the U.S. (N = 713). Cross-sectional analyses in both samples found that elements of perceived addiction were related to the experience of religious and spiritual struggle. Additionally, longitudinal analyses over a 1-year time span with a subset of undergraduates (N = 156) and a subset of adult web users (N = 366) revealed that perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted unique variance in struggle over time, even when baseline levels of struggle and other related variables were held constant. Collectively, these findings identify perceived addiction to Internet pornography as a reliable predictor of religious and spiritual struggle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Julie J Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth I Pargament
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Fred Volk
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J Lindberg
- Department of Psychology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
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83
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Allen A, Kannis-Dymand L, Katsikitis M. Problematic internet pornography use: The role of craving, desire thinking, and metacognition. Addict Behav 2017; 70:65-71. [PMID: 28214738 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Defined as sexually explicit material that elicits erotic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, internet pornography is a prevalent form of media that may facilitate problematic use and craving for engagement. Research suggests that superordinate cognitions and information processing, such as desire thinking and metacognition, are central to the activation and escalation of craving in addictive behaviours. The current study aimed to contribute to the literature by testing the proposed metacognitive model of desire thinking and craving in a sample of problematic pornography users, while revising the model by incorporating negative affect. From a theoretical perspective, environmental cues trigger positive metacognitions about desire thinking that directly influence desire thinking, resulting in the escalation of craving, negative metacognitions, and negative affect. Participants were recruited via an online survey and screened for problematic internet pornography use. Path analyses were used to investigate relationships among the aforementioned constructs in a final sample of 191 participants. Consistent with previous research, results of this study validated the existence of metacognitive processes in the activation of desire thinking and escalation of craving, while indicating that desire thinking has the potential to influence negative affect. Additionally, results supported the role of significant indirect relationships between constructs within the revised model of metacognition, desire thinking, and psychopathology. Collectively, the findings demonstrate the clinical value of a metacognitive conceptualisation of problematic pornography use. Exploring the metacognitive mechanisms that underpin problematic internet pornography use may give rise to the development of new treatment and relapse prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Allen
- Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Lee Kannis-Dymand
- Sunshine Coast Mind & Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, School of Social Sciences, FABL, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, Queensland 4575, Australia.
| | - Mary Katsikitis
- Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
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84
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Montgomery-Graham S. Conceptualization and Assessment of Hypersexual Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sex Med Rev 2017; 5:146-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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85
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Rissel C, Richters J, de Visser RO, McKee A, Yeung A, Caruana T. A Profile of Pornography Users in Australia: Findings From the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:227-240. [PMID: 27419739 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There are societal concerns that looking at pornography has adverse consequences among those exposed. However, looking at sexually explicit material could have educative and relationship benefits. This article identifies factors associated with looking at pornography ever or within the past 12 months for men and women in Australia, and the extent to which reporting an "addiction" to pornography is associated with reported bad effects. Data from the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships (ASHR2) were used: computer-assisted telephone interviews (CASIs) completed by a representative sample of 9,963 men and 10,131 women aged 16 to 69 years from all Australian states and territories, with an overall participation rate of 66%. Most men (84%) and half of the women (54%) had ever looked at pornographic material. Three-quarters of these men (76%) and more than one-third of these women (41%) had looked at pornographic material in the past year. Very few respondents reported that they were addicted to pornography (men 4%, women 1%), and of those who said they were addicted about half also reported that using pornography had had a bad effect on them. Looking at pornographic material appears to be reasonably common in Australia, with adverse effects reported by a small minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rissel
- a Sydney School of Public Health , University of Sydney
| | - Juliet Richters
- b School of Public Health and Community Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney
| | | | - Alan McKee
- d Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences , University of Technology Sydney
| | - Anna Yeung
- b School of Public Health and Community Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney
| | - Theresa Caruana
- b School of Public Health and Community Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney
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86
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Pascoal PD. Editorial Comment on “Profiles of Cyberpornography Use and Sexual Well-Being in Adults”. J Sex Med 2017; 14:86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.11.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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87
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Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Blais-Lecours S, Labadie C, Bergeron S, Sabourin S, Godbout N. Response to Editorial Comment: “Profiles of Cyberpornography Use and Sexual Well-Being in Adults”. J Sex Med 2017; 14:87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.11.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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88
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Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Blais-Lecours S, Labadie C, Bergeron S, Sabourin S, Godbout N. Profiles of Cyberpornography Use and Sexual Well-Being in Adults. J Sex Med 2017; 14:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Štulhofer A, Jurin T, Briken P. Is High Sexual Desire a Facet of Male Hypersexuality? Results from an Online Study. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2016; 42:665-680. [PMID: 26569650 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2015.1113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of studies, hypersexuality remains controversial and empirically elusive. Using a group comparison approach, this study revisited the claim that hypersexuality cannot be reliably distinguished from high sexual desire. An online survey, advertised as focusing on pornography use and sexual health, was carried out in 2014 among 1,998 Croatian men aged 18 to 60 years (Mage = 34.7, SD = 9.83). Membership in the hypersexuality group (HYP; n = 57) was determined using the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory and the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale. The highest values on two indicators of sexual desire/interest set membership in the high sexual desire group (HSD; n = 70). The overlap between the groups was negligible (n = 4). Compared to the rest of the sample, men in the HYP group had significantly higher odds of being single, not exclusively heterosexual, religious, depressed, prone to sexual boredom, experiencing substance abuse consequences, holding negative attitudes toward pornography use, and evaluating one's sexual morality more negatively. In contrast, the HSD group differed from controls only in reporting more positive attitudes toward pornography use. The study findings point to a distinct phenomenology of HSD and HYP in men. Clinical implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Štulhofer
- a Department of Sociology , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tanja Jurin
- b Department of Psychology , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Peer Briken
- c Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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90
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Sustainable Digital Environments: What Major Challenges Is Humankind Facing? SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8080726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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91
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Snagowski J, Laier C, Duka T, Brand M. Subjective Craving for Pornography and Associative Learning Predict Tendencies Towards Cybersex Addiction in a Sample of Regular Cybersex Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1151390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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92
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Bradley DF, Grubbs JB, Uzdavines A, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography among Religious Believers and Nonbelievers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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93
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Wilt JA, Cooper EB, Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Associations of Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography with Religious/Spiritual and Psychological Functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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94
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Volk F, Thomas J, Sosin L, Jacob V, Moen C. Religiosity, Developmental Context, and Sexual Shame in Pornography Users: A Serial Mediation Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1151391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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95
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Thomas JN. The Development and Deployment of the Idea of Pornography Addiction Within American Evangelicalism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1140603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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96
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Rasmussen K, Alex Bierman. How does religious attendance shape trajectories of pornography use across adolescence? J Adolesc 2016; 49:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Beech
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Michael H. Miner
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
| | - David Thornton
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center, Mauston, Wisconsin 53948;
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98
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Gola M, Lewczuk K, Skorko M. What Matters: Quantity or Quality of Pornography Use? Psychological and Behavioral Factors of Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use. J Sex Med 2016; 13:815-24. [PMID: 27012817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pornography has become popular with Internet technology. For most people, pornography use (PU) is entertainment; for some, it can result in seeking treatment for out-of-control behavior. Previous studies have suggested that PU can influence sexual behaviors, but the direct relation between frequency of PU and treatment-seeking behaviors has not been examined. AIMS To investigate whether individuals seeking treatment as a consequence of their problematic PU do so because of their quantity of pornography consumption or because of more complex psychological and behavioral factors related to PU, such as the severity of negative symptoms associated with PU and/or subjective feeling of loss of control over one's behavior. METHODS A survey study was conducted of 569 heterosexual Caucasian men 18 to 68 years old, including 132 seeking treatment for problematic PU (referred by psychotherapists after their initial visit). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The main outcome measures were self-reported PU, its negative symptoms, and actual treatment-seeking behavior. RESULTS We tested models explaining sources of seeking treatment for problematic PU with negative symptoms associated with PU and additional factors (eg, onset and number of years of PU, religiosity, age, dyadic sexual activity, and relationship status). Seeking treatment was significantly, yet weakly, correlated solely with the frequency of PU (r = 0.21, P < .05) and this relation was significantly mediated by negative symptoms associated with PU (strong, nearly full mediation effect size; k(2) = 0.266). The relation between PU and negative symptoms was significant and mediated by self-reported subjective religiosity (weak, partial mediation; k(2) = 0.066) in those not seeking treatment. Onset of PU and age appeared to be insignificant. Our model was fairly fitted (comparative fit index = 0.989; root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; standardized root mean square residual = 0.035) and explained 43% of the variance in treatment-seeking behavior (1% was explained by frequency of PU and 42% was explained by negative symptoms associated with PU). CONCLUSION Negative symptoms associated with PU more strongly predict seeking treatment than mere quantity of pornography consumption. Thus, treatment of problematic PU should address qualitative factors, rather than merely mitigating the frequency of the behavior, because frequency of PU might not be a core issue for all patients. Future diagnostic criteria for problematic PU should consider the complexity of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Lewczuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Skorko
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Klucken T, Wehrum-Osinsky S, Schweckendiek J, Kruse O, Stark R. Altered Appetitive Conditioning and Neural Connectivity in Subjects With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. J Sex Med 2016; 13:627-36. [PMID: 26936075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been growing interest in a better understanding of the etiology of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB). It is assumed that facilitated appetitive conditioning might be an important mechanism for the development and maintenance of CSB, but no study thus far has investigated these processes. AIM To explore group differences in neural activity associated with appetitive conditioning and connectivity in subjects with CSB and a healthy control group. METHODS Two groups (20 subjects with CSB and 20 controls) were exposed to an appetitive conditioning paradigm during a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) predicted visual sexual stimuli and a second stimulus (CS-) did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood oxygen level-dependent responses and psychophysiologic interaction. RESULTS As a main result, we found increased amygdala activity during appetitive conditioning for the CS+ vs the CS- and decreased coupling between the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex in the CSB vs control group. CONCLUSION The findings show that neural correlates of appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity are altered in patients with CSB. The increased amygdala activation might reflect facilitated conditioning processes in patients with CSB. In addition, the observed decreased coupling could be interpreted as a marker for impaired emotion regulation success in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sina Wehrum-Osinsky
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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100
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Love T, Laier C, Brand M, Hatch L, Hajela R. Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:388-433. [PMID: 26393658 PMCID: PMC4600144 DOI: 10.3390/bs5030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals. Regarding Internet addiction, neuroscientific research supports the assumption that underlying neural processes are similar to substance addiction. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has recognized one such Internet related behavior, Internet gaming, as a potential addictive disorder warranting further study, in the 2013 revision of their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Other Internet related behaviors, e.g., Internet pornography use, were not covered. Within this review, we give a summary of the concepts proposed underlying addiction and give an overview about neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder. Moreover, we reviewed available neuroscientific literature on Internet pornography addiction and connect the results to the addiction model. The review leads to the conclusion that Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction. Together with studies on Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder we see strong evidence for considering addictive Internet behaviors as behavioral addiction. Future research needs to address whether or not there are specific differences between substance and behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Love
- Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health, Ardmore, PA 19003, USA.
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen 45141, Germany.
| | - Linda Hatch
- Private Practice, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, USA.
| | - Raju Hajela
- Health Upwardly Mobile Inc., Calgary, AB T2S 0J2, Canada.
- Diagnostic and Descriptive Terminology Action Group (DDTAG), American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), Chevy Chase, MD 93101, USA.
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