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Mechanistic Connections between Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Redox Control and Mitochondrial Metabolism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091071. [PMID: 31547228 PMCID: PMC6769559 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones as key determinants of contact formation between mitochondria and the ER on the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). Despite the known roles of ER–mitochondria tethering factors like PACS-2 and mitofusin-2, it is not yet entirely clear how they mechanistically interact with the ER environment to determine mitochondrial metabolism. In this article, we review the mechanisms used to communicate ER redox and folding conditions to the mitochondria, presumably with the goal of controlling mitochondrial metabolism at the Krebs cycle and at the electron transport chain, leading to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). To achieve this goal, redox nanodomains in the ER and the interorganellar cleft influence the activities of ER chaperones and Ca2+-handling proteins to signal to mitochondria. This mechanism, based on ER chaperones like calnexin and ER oxidoreductases like Ero1α, controls reactive oxygen production within the ER, which can chemically modify the proteins controlling ER–mitochondria tethering, or mitochondrial membrane dynamics. It can also lead to the expression of apoptotic or metabolic transcription factors. The link between mitochondrial metabolism and ER homeostasis is evident from the specific functions of mitochondria–ER contact site (MERC)-localized Ire1 and PERK. These functions allow these two transmembrane proteins to act as mitochondria-preserving guardians, a function that is apparently unrelated to their functions in the unfolded protein response (UPR). In scenarios where ER stress cannot be resolved via the activation of mitochondrial OXPHOS, MAM-localized autophagosome formation acts to remove defective portions of the ER. ER chaperones such as calnexin are again critical regulators of this MERC readout.
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52
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Knapp B, Roedig J, Boldt K, Krzysko J, Horn N, Ueffing M, Wolfrum U. Affinity proteomics identifies novel functional modules related to adhesion GPCRs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:144-167. [PMID: 31441075 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGRs) have recently become a target of intense research. Their unique protein structure, which consists of a G protein-coupled receptor combined with long adhesive extracellular domains, suggests a dual role in cell signaling and adhesion. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of ADGR signaling over the past years, the knowledge about ADGR protein networks is still limited. For most receptors, only a few interaction partners are known thus far. We aimed to identify novel ADGR-interacting partners to shed light on cellular protein networks that rely on ADGR function. For this, we applied affinity proteomics, utilizing tandem affinity purifications combined with mass spectrometry. Analysis of the acquired proteomics data provides evidence that ADGRs not only have functional roles at synapses but also at intracellular membranes, namely at the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Specifically, we found an association of ADGRs with several scaffold proteins of the membrane-associated guanylate kinases family, elementary units of the γ-secretase complex, the outer/inner mitochondrial membrane, MAMs, and regulators of the Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, the nuclear localization of ADGR domains together with their physical interaction with nuclear proteins and several transcription factors suggests a role of ADGRs in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Roedig
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacek Krzysko
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Horn
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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53
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Moltedo O, Remondelli P, Amodio G. The Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts and Their Critical Role in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:172. [PMID: 31497601 PMCID: PMC6712070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of interconnections between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and those of almost all the cell compartments is providing novel perspectives for the understanding of the molecular events underlying cellular mechanisms in both physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, growing evidence strongly supports the idea that the molecular interactions occurring between ER and mitochondrial membranes, referred as the mitochondria (MT)-ER contacts (MERCs), may play a crucial role in aging and in the development of age-associated diseases. As emerged in the last decade, MERCs behave as signaling hubs composed by structural components that act as critical players in different age-associated disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and motor disorders, cancer, metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular diseases. Age-associated disorders often derive from mitochondrial or ER dysfunction as consequences of oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and defective organelle turnover. In this review, we discuss the recent advances associating MERCs to aging in the context of ER-MT crosstalk regulating redox signaling, ER-to MT lipid transfer, mitochondrial dynamics, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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54
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Rimessi A, Pedriali G, Vezzani B, Tarocco A, Marchi S, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Interorganellar calcium signaling in the regulation of cell metabolism: A cancer perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:167-180. [PMID: 31108186 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organelles were originally considered to be individual cellular compartments with a defined organization and function. However, recent studies revealed that organelles deeply communicate within each other via Ca2+ exchange. This communication, mediated by specialized membrane regions in close apposition between two organelles, regulate cellular functions, including metabolism and cell fate decisions. Advances in microscopy techniques, molecular biology and biochemistry have increased our understanding of these interorganelle platforms. Research findings suggest that interorganellar Ca2+ signaling, which is altered in cancer, influences tumorigenesis and tumor progression by controlling cell death programs and metabolism. Here, we summarize the available data on the existence and composition of interorganelle platforms connecting the endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria, the plasma membrane, or endolysosomes. Finally, we provide a timely overview of the potential function of interorganellar Ca2+ signaling in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rimessi
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bianca Vezzani
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Tarocco
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital S. Anna Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Dept. of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.
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55
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Shacham T, Sharma N, Lederkremer GZ. Protein Misfolding and ER Stress in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31001537 PMCID: PMC6456712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence in recent years indicates that protein misfolding and aggregation, leading to ER stress, are central factors of pathogenicity in neurodegenerative diseases. This is particularly true in Huntington's disease (HD), where in contrast with other disorders, the cause is monogenic. Mutant huntingtin interferes with many cellular processes, but the fact that modulation of ER stress and of the unfolded response pathways reduces the toxicity, places these mechanisms at the core and gives hope for potential therapeutic approaches. There is currently no effective treatment for HD and it has a fatal outcome a few years after the start of symptoms of cognitive and motor impairment. Here we will discuss recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation that give origin to ER stress in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Huntington's disease, on the cellular response and on how to use this knowledge for possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shacham
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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56
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FKBP8 Enhances Protein Stability of the CLC-1 Chloride Channel at the Plasma Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123783. [PMID: 30487393 PMCID: PMC6320802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the skeletal muscle-specific CLC-1 chloride channel are associated with the human hereditary disease myotonia congenita. The molecular pathophysiology underlying some of the disease-causing mutations can be ascribed to defective human CLC-1 protein biosynthesis. CLC-1 protein folding is assisted by several molecular chaperones and co-chaperones, including FK506-binding protein 8 (FKBP8). FKBP8 is generally considered an endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondrion-resident membrane protein, but is not thought to contribute to protein quality control at the cell surface. Herein, we aim to test the hypothesis that FKBP8 may regulate CLC-1 protein at the plasma membrane. Surface biotinylation and subcellular fractionation analyses reveal that a portion of FKBP8 is present at the plasma membrane, and that co-expression with CLC-1 enhances surface localization of FKBP8. Immunoblotting analyses of plasma membrane proteins purified from skeletal muscle further confirm surface localization of FKBP8. Importantly, FKBP8 promotes CLC-1 protein stability at the plasma membrane. Together, our data underscore the importance of FKBP8 in the peripheral quality control of CLC-1 channel.
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57
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhou L, Lei Y, Zhang Y, Huang C. Redox signaling and unfolded protein response coordinate cell fate decisions under ER stress. Redox Biol 2018; 25:101047. [PMID: 30470534 PMCID: PMC6859529 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle orchestrating the folding and post-translational maturation of almost all membrane proteins and most secreted proteins. These proteins synthesized in the ER, need to form disulfide bridge to acquire specific three-dimensional structures for function. The formation of disulfide bridge is mediated via protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family and other oxidoreductases, which contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and consumption in the ER. Therefore, redox regulation of ER is delicate and sensitive to perturbation. Deregulation in ER homeostasis, usually called ER stress, can provoke unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways with an aim to initially restore homeostasis by activating genes involved in protein folding and antioxidative machinery. Over time, however, activated UPR involves a variety of cellular signaling pathways which determine the state and fate of cell in large part (like autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, inflammation, senescence, stemness, and cell cycle, etc.). This review will describe the regulation of UPR from the redox perspective in controlling the cell survival or death, emphasizing the redox modifications of UPR sensors/transducers in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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58
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Benham AM. Endoplasmic Reticulum redox pathways: in sickness and in health. FEBS J 2018; 286:311-321. [PMID: 30062765 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the major site for secretory protein production in eukaryotic cells and like an efficient factory, it has the capacity to expand or contract its output depending on the demand for its services. A primary function of the ER is to co-ordinate the quality control of proteins as they enter this folding factory at the base of the secretory pathway. Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions have an important role to play in the quality control process, through the provision of disulphide bonds and by maintaining a favourable redox environment for oxidative protein folding. The ER is also a major contributor to calcium homeostasis and is a key site for lipid biosynthesis, two processes that additionally impact upon, and are influenced by, redox in the ER compartment.
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59
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Mitochondrial dynamics in adaptive and maladaptive cellular stress responses. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:755-765. [PMID: 29950571 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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60
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Zhou H, Wang S, Hu S, Chen Y, Ren J. ER-Mitochondria Microdomains in Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Fresh Perspective. Front Physiol 2018; 9:755. [PMID: 29962971 PMCID: PMC6013587 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is pivotal to the maintenance of an array of physiological processes. The physical contact and association between ER and mitochondria, known as the ER–mitochondria microdomains or mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), temporally and spatially regulates the mitochondria/ER structure and function. More evidence suggests a role for MAMs in energy production, cellular contraction and mobility, and normal extracellular signal transmission. In pathological states, such as cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R injury), this ER–mitochondria microdomains may act to participate in the cellular redox imbalance, ER stress, mitochondrial injury, energy deletion, and programmed cell death. From a therapeutic perspective, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenic ER–mitochondria contact should help to identify potential therapeutic target for cardiac I/R injury and other cardiovascular diseases and also pave the road to new treatment modalities pertinent for the treatment of reperfusion damage in clinical practice. This review will mainly focus on the possible signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the ER–mitochondria contact. In particular, we will summarize the downstream signaling modalities influenced by ER–mitochondria microdomains, for example, mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, calcium balance, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Shunying Hu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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61
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Zhang J, Zhu Q, Wang X, Yu J, Chen X, Wang J, Wang X, Xiao J, Wang CC, Wang L. Secretory kinase Fam20C tunes endoplasmic reticulum redox state via phosphorylation of Ero1α. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798699. [PMID: 29858230 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the physiological Golgi casein kinase, phosphorylates numerous secreted proteins that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. However, the role of Fam20C in regulating proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is largely unknown. Here, we report that Fam20C interacts with various luminal proteins and that its depletion results in a more reduced ER lumen. We further show that ER oxidoreductin 1α (Ero1α), the pivotal sulfhydryl oxidase that catalyzes disulfide formation in the ER, is phosphorylated by Fam20C in the Golgi apparatus and retrograde-transported to the ER mediated by ERp44. The phosphorylation of Ser145 greatly enhances Ero1α oxidase activity and is critical for maintaining ER redox homeostasis and promoting oxidative protein folding. Notably, phosphorylation of Ero1α is induced under hypoxia, reductive stress, and secretion-demanding conditions such as mammalian lactation. Collectively, our findings open a door to uncover how oxidative protein folding is regulated by phosphorylation in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi'e Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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62
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Impact of membrane curvature on amyloid aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1741-1764. [PMID: 29709613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding, amyloid aggregation, and fibril formation of intrinsically disordered proteins/peptides (or amyloid proteins) have been shown to cause a number of disorders. The underlying mechanisms of amyloid fibrillation and structural properties of amyloidogenic precursors, intermediates, and amyloid fibrils have been elucidated in detail; however, in-depth examinations on physiologically relevant contributing factors that induce amyloidogenesis and lead to cell death remain challenging. A large number of studies have attempted to characterize the roles of biomembranes on protein aggregation and membrane-mediated cell death by designing various membrane components, such as gangliosides, cholesterol, and other lipid compositions, and by using various membrane mimetics, including liposomes, bicelles, and different types of lipid-nanodiscs. We herein review the dynamic effects of membrane curvature on amyloid generation and the inhibition of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, and also discuss how amyloid formation affects membrane curvature and integrity, which are key for understanding relationships with cell death. Small unilamellar vesicles with high curvature and large unilamellar vesicles with low curvature have been demonstrated to exhibit different capabilities to induce the nucleation, amyloid formation, and inhibition of amyloid-β peptides and α-synuclein. Polymorphic amyloidogenesis in small unilamellar vesicles was revealed and may be viewed as one of the generic properties of interprotein interaction-dominated amyloid formation. Several mechanical models and phase diagrams are comprehensively shown to better explain experimental findings. The negative membrane curvature-mediated mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of pancreatic β cells by the amyloid aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and binding of the precursors of the semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI) are also described. The curvature-dependent binding modes of several types of islet amyloid polypeptides with high-resolution NMR structures are also discussed.
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63
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Smirnova OA, Bartosch B, Zakirova NF, Kochetkov SN, Ivanov AV. Polyamine Metabolism and Oxidative Protein Folding in the ER as ROS-Producing Systems Neglected in Virology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041219. [PMID: 29673197 PMCID: PMC5979612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in various cell compartments by an array of enzymes and processes. An excess of ROS production can be hazardous for normal cell functioning, whereas at normal levels, ROS act as vital regulators of many signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. ROS production is affected by a wide range of viruses. However, to date, the impact of viral infections has been studied only in respect to selected ROS-generating enzymes. The role of several ROS-generating and -scavenging enzymes or cellular systems in viral infections has never been addressed. In this review, we focus on the roles of biogenic polyamines and oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their interplay with viruses. Polyamines act as ROS scavengers, however, their catabolism is accompanied by H2O2 production. Hydrogen peroxide is also produced during oxidative protein folding, with ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) being a major source of oxidative equivalents. In addition, Ero1 controls Ca2+ efflux from the ER in response to e.g., ER stress. Here, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the physiological roles of biogenic polyamines and the role of Ero1 at the ER, and present available data on their interplay with viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France.
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon 69003, France.
| | - Natalia F Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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64
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Csordás G, Weaver D, Hajnóczky G. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Contactology: Structure and Signaling Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:523-540. [PMID: 29588129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar contacts are increasingly recognized as central to the control of cellular behavior. These contacts, which typically involve a small fraction of the endomembrane surface, are local communication hubs that resemble synapses. We propose the term contactology to denote the analysis of interorganellar contacts. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria were recognized several decades ago; major roles in ion and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics have been established, while others continue to emerge. The functional diversity of ER-mitochondrial (ER-mito) contacts is mirrored in their structural heterogeneity, with subspecialization likely supported by multiple, different linker-forming protein structures. The nanoscale size of the contacts has made studying their structure, function, and dynamics difficult. This review focuses on the structure of the ER-mito contacts, methods for studying them, and the roles of contacts in Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csordás
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David Weaver
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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65
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Rieusset J. The role of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites in the control of glucose homeostasis: an update. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29523782 PMCID: PMC5844895 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The contact sites that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms with mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), are a hot topic in biological research, and both their molecular determinants and their numerous roles in several signaling pathways are is continuously evolving. MAMs allow the exchange between both organelles of lipids, calcium (Ca2+), and likely reactive oxygen species, allowing adaptations of both cellular bioenergetics and cell fate depending of cellular needs or stresses. Therefore, it is not surprising that MAMs affect cellular metabolism. Nevertheless, recent arguments suggest that MAMs could also act as key hub of hormonal and/or nutrient signaling in several insulin-sensitive tissues, pointing a specific role of MAMs in the control of glucose homeostasis. Here, I provide a brief review and update on current key signaling roles of the MAMs in the control of glucose homeostasis in both health and metabolic diseases. Particularly, the relevance of ER-mitochondria miscommunication in the disruption of glucose homeostasis is analyzed in details in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and beta cells of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, Unité Mixte de Recherche INSERM U-1060 et INRA U-1397, Université Lyon 1, Oullins, 69600, France.
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Janikiewicz J, Szymański J, Malinska D, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Michalska B, Duszyński J, Giorgi C, Bonora M, Dobrzyn A, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria-associated membranes in aging and senescence: structure, function, and dynamics. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:332. [PMID: 29491385 PMCID: PMC5832430 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sites of close contact between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) or mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs), and play an important role in both cell physiology and pathology. A growing body of evidence indicates that changes observed in the molecular composition of MAM and in the number of MERCs predisposes MAM to be considered a dynamic structure. Its involvement in processes such as lipid biosynthesis and trafficking, calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species production, and autophagy has been experimentally confirmed. Recently, MAM have also been studied in the context of different pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and GM1-gangliosidosis. An underappreciated amount of data links MAM with aging or senescence processes. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of basic MAM biology, composition and action, and discuss the potential connections supporting the idea that MAM are significant players in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janikiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Szymański
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Malinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bernadeta Michalska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departments of Cell Biology and Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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67
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Redox crosstalk at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites (MCS) uses toxic waste to deliver messages. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29491367 PMCID: PMC5832433 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular redox reactions housed within mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of each organelle to the total cellular ROS production is considerable, but varies between cell types and also over time. Redox-regulatory enzymes are thought to assemble at a “redox triangle” formed by mitochondria, peroxisomes and the ER, assembling “redoxosomes” that sense ROS accumulations and redox imbalances. The redoxosome enzymes use ROS, potentially toxic by-products made by some redoxosome members themselves, to transmit inter-compartmental signals via chemical modifications of downstream proteins and lipids. Interestingly, important components of the redoxosome are ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, identifying ER oxidative protein folding as a key ROS producer and controller of the tri-organellar membrane contact sites (MCS) formed at the redox triangle. At these MCS, ROS accumulations could directly facilitate inter-organellar signal transmission, using ROS transporters. In addition, ROS influence the flux of Ca2+ ions, since many Ca2+ handling proteins, including inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), SERCA pumps or regulators of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) are redox-sensitive. Fine-tuning of these redox and ion signaling pathways might be difficult in older organisms, suggesting a dysfunctional redox triangle may accompany the aging process.
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O'Rourke AR, Lindsay A, Tarpey MD, Yuen S, McCourt P, Nelson DM, Perrin BJ, Thomas DD, Spangenburg EE, Lowe DA, Ervasti JM. Impaired muscle relaxation and mitochondrial fission associated with genetic ablation of cytoplasmic actin isoforms. FEBS J 2018; 285:481-500. [PMID: 29265728 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While α-actin isoforms predominate in adult striated muscle, skeletal muscle-specific knockouts (KOs) of nonmuscle cytoplasmic βcyto - or γcyto -actin each cause a mild, but progressive myopathy effected by an unknown mechanism. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified morphological abnormalities in both the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in aged muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. We found βcyto - and γcyto -actin proteins to be enriched in isolated mitochondrial-associated membrane preparations, which represent the interface between mitochondria and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum important in signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. We also measured significantly elongated and interconnected mitochondrial morphologies associated with a significant decrease in mitochondrial fission events in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking βcyto - and/or γcyto -actin. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiration in muscle was not measurably affected as oxygen consumption was similar in skeletal muscle fibers from 12 month-old muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. Instead, we found that the maximal rate of relaxation after isometric contraction was significantly slowed in muscles of 12-month-old βcyto - and γcyto -actin muscle-specific KO mice. Our data suggest that impaired Ca2+ re-uptake may presage development of the observed SR morphological changes in aged mice while providing a potential pathological mechanism for the observed myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R O'Rourke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Preston McCourt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D'anna M Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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69
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Ilacqua N, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Bachmann M, Costiniti V, Del Pozo MA, Giacomello M. Protein Localization at Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites in Basal and Stress Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:107. [PMID: 29312934 PMCID: PMC5733094 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts (MERCs) are sites at which the outer mitochondria membrane and the Endoplasmic Reticulum surface run in parallel at a constant distance. The juxtaposition between these organelles determines several intracellular processes such as to name a few, Ca2+ and lipid homeostasis or autophagy. These specific tasks can be exploited thanks to the enrichment (or re-localization) of dedicated proteins at these interfaces. Recent proteomic studies highlight the tissue specific composition of MERCs, but the overall mechanisms that control MERCs plasticity remains unclear. Understanding how proteins are targeted at these sites seems pivotal to clarify such contextual function of MERCs. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on protein localization at MERCs and the possible contribution of the mislocalization of MERCs components to human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Ilacqua
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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70
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Zhu L, Lu Y, Zhang J, Hu Q. Subcellular Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:385-398. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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71
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Yoboue ED, Rimessi A, Anelli T, Pinton P, Sitia R. Regulation of Calcium Fluxes by GPX8, a Type-II Transmembrane Peroxidase Enriched at the Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:583-595. [PMID: 28129698 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are enzymes that are present in almost all organisms with the primary function of limiting peroxide accumulation. In mammals, two of the eight members (GPX7 and GPX8) reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A peculiar feature of GPX8 is the concomitant presence of a conserved N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) and a C-terminal KDEL-like motif for ER localization. AIMS Investigating whether and how GPX8 impacts Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. RESULTS We show that GPX8 is enriched in mitochondria-associated membranes and regulates Ca2+ storage and fluxes. Its levels correlate with [Ca2+]ER, and cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes. GPX7, which lacks a TMD, does not share these properties. Deleting or replacing the GPX8 TMD with an unrelated N-terminal membrane integration sequence abolishes all effects on Ca2+ fluxes, whereas appending the GPX8 TMD to GPX7 transfers the Ca2+-regulating properties. Innovation and Conclusion: The notion that the TMD of GPX8, in addition to its enzymatic activity, is essential for regulating Ca2+ dynamics reveals a novel level of integration between redox-related proteins and Ca2+ signaling/homeostasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 583-595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Djaha Yoboue
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- 2 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy .,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- 2 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy .,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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72
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Carreras-Sureda A, Pihán P, Hetz C. Calcium signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum: fine-tuning stress responses. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:24-31. [PMID: 29054537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium signaling is implicated in a myriad of coordinated cellular processes. The ER calcium content is tightly regulated as it allows a favorable environment for protein folding, in addition to operate as a major reservoir for fast and specific release of calcium. Altered ER homeostasis impacts protein folding, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a rescue mechanism to restore proteostasis. ER calcium release impacts mitochondrial metabolism and also fine-tunes the threshold to undergo apoptosis under chronic stress. The global coordination between UPR signaling and energetic demands takes place at mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), specialized subdomains mediating interorganelle communication. Here we discuss current models explaining the functional relationship between ER homeostasis and various cellular responses to coordinate proteostasis and metabolic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Pihán
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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73
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van Vliet AR, Garg AD, Agostinis P. Coordination of stress, Ca2+, and immunogenic signaling pathways by PERK at the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol Chem 2017; 397:649-56. [PMID: 26872313 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main coordinator of intracellular Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, and folding. The ER is also implicated in the formation of contact sites with other organelles and structures, including mitochondria, plasma membrane (PM), and endosomes, thereby orchestrating through interorganelle signaling pathways, a variety of cellular responses including Ca2+ homeostasis, metabolism, and cell death signaling. Upon loss of its folding capacity, incited by a number of stress signals including those elicited by various anticancer therapies, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is launched to restore ER homeostasis. The ER stress sensor protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) is a key mediator of the UPR and its role during ER stress has been largely recognized. However, growing evidence suggests that PERK may govern signaling pathways through UPR-independent functions. Here, we discuss emerging noncanonical roles of PERK with particular relevance for the induction of danger or immunogenic signaling and interorganelle communication.
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74
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Gutiérrez T, Simmen T. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones tweak the mitochondrial calcium rheostat to control metabolism and cell death. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:64-75. [PMID: 28619231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The folding of secretory proteins is a well-understood mechanism, based on decades of research on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones. These chaperones interact with newly imported polypeptides close to the ER translocon. Classic examples for these proteins include the immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP/GRP78), and the lectins calnexin and calreticulin. Although not considered chaperones per se, the ER oxidoreductases of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family complete the folding job by catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds through cysteine oxidation. Research from the past decade has demonstrated that ER chaperones are multifunctional proteins. The regulation of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ crosstalk is one of their additional functions, as shown for calnexin, BiP/GRP78 or the oxidoreductases Ero1α and TMX1. This function depends on interactions of this group of proteins with the ER Ca2+ handling machinery. This novel function makes perfect sense for two reasons: i. It allows ER chaperones to control mitochondrial apoptosis instantly without a lengthy bypass involving the upregulation of pro-apoptotic transcription factors via the unfolded protein response (UPR); and ii. It allows the ER protein folding machinery to fine-tune ATP import via controlling the speed of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the role of ER chaperones in regulating ER-mitochondria Ca2+ flux identifies the progression of secretory protein folding as a central regulator of cell survival and death, at least in cell types that secrete large amount of proteins. In other cell types, ER protein folding might serve as a sentinel mechanism that monitors cellular well-being to control cell metabolism and apoptosis. The selenoprotein SEPN1 is a classic example for such a role. Through the control of ER-mitochondria Ca2+-flux, ER chaperones and folding assistants guide cellular apoptosis and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G2H7, Canada,.
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75
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Ma JH, Shen S, Wang JJ, He Z, Poon A, Li J, Qu J, Zhang SX. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Mitochondria-associated ER Membrane (MAM) in a Long-term Type 2 Diabetic Rodent Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2062. [PMID: 28522876 PMCID: PMC5437025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) plays a critical role in cellular energetics and calcium homeostasis; however, how MAM is affected under diabetic condition remains elusive. This study presented a comprehensive proteome profiling of isolated brain MAM from long-term type 2 diabetic mice vs. non-diabetic controls. MAM protein was extracted efficiently by a surfactant-aided precipitation/on-pellet digestion (SOD) method, and MAM proteome was quantified by an ion-current-based MS1 method combined with nanoLC-MS/MS. A total of 1,313 non-redundant proteins of MAM were identified, among which 144 proteins were found significantly altered by diabetes. In-depth IPA analysis identified multiple disease-relevant signaling pathways associated with the MAM proteome changes in diabetes, most significantly the unfolded protein response (UPR), p53, hypoxia-related transcription factors, and methyl CpG binding protein 2. Using immunofluorescence labeling we confirmed the activation of three UPR branches and increased ERp29 and calreticulin in diabetic retinas. Moreover, we found GRP75, a key MAM tethering protein, was drastically reduced by long-term diabetes. In vitro, acute high glucose treatment reduces ER-mitochondrial contact in retinal endothelial cells. This study provides first insight into the significant alterations in MAM proteome associated with activation of the UPR in diabetes, which may serve as novel benchmarks for the future studies of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey Hongjie Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhanwen He
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amanda Poon
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Li
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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76
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Carreras-Sureda A, Pihán P, Hetz C. The Unfolded Protein Response: At the Intersection between Endoplasmic Reticulum Function and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Front Oncol 2017; 7:55. [PMID: 28421160 PMCID: PMC5377016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria communication has emerged in recent years as a signaling hub regulating cellular physiology with a relevant contribution to diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. This functional integration is exerted through discrete interorganelle structures known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). At these domains, ER/mitochondria physically associate to dynamically adjust metabolic demands and the response to stress stimuli. Here, we provide a focused overview of how the ER shapes the function of the mitochondria, giving a special emphasis to the significance of local signaling of the unfolded protein response at MAMs. The implications to cell fate control and the progression of cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Pihán
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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77
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Lopez-Crisosto C, Pennanen C, Vasquez-Trincado C, Morales PE, Bravo-Sagua R, Quest AFG, Chiong M, Lavandero S. Sarcoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:342-360. [PMID: 28275246 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive, calcium-mediated contractile activity renders cardiomyocytes critically dependent on a sustained energy supply and adequate calcium buffering, both of which are provided by mitochondria. Moreover, in vascular smooth muscle cells, mitochondrial metabolism modulates cell growth and proliferation, whereas cytosolic calcium levels regulate the arterial vascular tone. Physical and functional communication between mitochondria and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum and balanced mitochondrial dynamics seem to have a critical role for optimal calcium transfer to mitochondria, which is crucial in calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial metabolism in both types of muscle cells. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with myocardial damage and dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Therefore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling and mitochondrial dynamics are now viewed as relevant factors in the pathogenesis of cardiac and vascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this Review, we summarize the evidence related to the role of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication in cardiac and vascular muscle physiology, with a focus on how perturbations contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Christian Pennanen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Cesar Vasquez-Trincado
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Celula (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas &Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Celula (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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78
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Mitochondrial Dysregulation Secondary to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease - UMOD (ADTKD-UMOD). Sci Rep 2017; 7:42970. [PMID: 28220896 PMCID: PMC5318959 DOI: 10.1038/srep42970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease – UMOD’ (ADTKD-UMOD) is caused by impaired maturation and secretion of mutant uromodulin (UMOD) in thick ascending limb of Henle loop (TAL) cells, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). To gain insight into pathophysiology, we analysed proteome profiles of TAL-enriched outer renal medulla samples from ADTKD-UMOD and control mice by quantitative LC-MS/MS. In total, 212 differentially abundant proteins were identified. Numerous ER proteins, including BiP (HSPA5), phosphorylated eIF2α (EIF2S1), ATF4, ATF6 and CHOP (DDIT3), were increased abundant, consistent with UPR. The abundance of hypoxia-inducible proteins with stress survival functions, i.e. HYOU1, TXNDC5 and ERO1L, was also increased. TAL cells in ADTKD-UMOD showed a decreased proportion of mitochondria and reduced abundance of multiple mitochondrial proteins, associated with disturbed post-translational processing and activation of the mitochondrial transcription factor NRF1. Impaired fission of organelles, as suggested by reduced abundance of FIS1, may be another reason for disturbed biogenesis of mitochondria and peroxisomes. Reduced amounts of numerous proteins of the OXPHOS and citrate cycle pathways, and activation of the LKB1-AMPK-pathway, a sensor pathway of cellular energy deficits, suggest impaired energy homeostasis. In conclusion, our study revealed secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in ADTKD-UMOD.
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79
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Tubbs E, Rieusset J. Metabolic signaling functions of ER-mitochondria contact sites: role in metabolic diseases. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R87-R106. [PMID: 27965371 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the determination of cell fate, ER-mitochondria contact sites, defined as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), start to emerge as an important signaling hub that integrates nutrient and hormonal stimuli and adapts cellular metabolism. Here, we summarize the established structural and functional features of MAM and mainly focus on the latest breakthroughs highlighting a crucial role of organelle crosstalk in the control of metabolic homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss recent studies that have revealed the importance of MAM in not only metabolic diseases but also in other pathologies with disrupted metabolism, shedding light on potential common molecular mechanisms and leading hopefully to novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Tubbs
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- INSERM UMR-1060CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, INRA U1235, INSA of Lyon, Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud medical Universities, Lyon, France
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80
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De Mario A, Quintana-Cabrera R, Martinvalet D, Giacomello M. (Neuro)degenerated Mitochondria-ER contacts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1096-1109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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81
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Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis by ER Redox: A Close-Up of the ER/Mitochondria Connection. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:620-632. [PMID: 28137421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling plays an important role in cell survival by influencing mitochondria-related processes such as energy production and apoptosis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main storage compartment for cell calcium (Ca2+; ~60-500μM), and the Ca2+ released by the ER has a prompt effect on the homeostasis of the juxtaposed mitochondria. Recent findings have highlighted a close connection between ER redox and Ca2+ signaling that is mediated by Ca2+-handling proteins. This paper describes the redox-regulated mediators and mechanisms that orchestrate Ca2+ signals from the ER to mitochondria.
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82
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Herrera-Cruz MS, Simmen T. Of yeast, mice and men: MAMs come in two flavors. Biol Direct 2017; 12:3. [PMID: 28122638 PMCID: PMC5267431 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-017-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen dramatic progress in our understanding of membrane contact sites (MCS). Important examples of these are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites. ER-mitochondria contacts have originally been discovered in mammalian tissue, where they have been designated as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). It is also in this model system, where the first critical MAM proteins have been identified, including MAM tethering regulators such as phospho-furin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2) and mitofusin-2. However, the past decade has seen the discovery of the MAM also in the powerful yeast model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This has led to the discovery of novel MAM tethers such as the yeast ER-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES), absent in the mammalian system, but whose regulators Gem1 and Lam6 are conserved. While MAMs, sometimes referred to as mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs), regulate lipid metabolism, Ca2+ signaling, bioenergetics, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, not all of these functions exist in both systems or operate differently. This biological difference has led to puzzling discrepancies on findings obtained in yeast or mammalian cells at the moment. Our review aims to shed some light onto mechanistic differences between yeast and mammalian MAM and their underlying causes. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Paola Pizzo (nominated by Luca Pellegrini), Maya Schuldiner and György Szabadkai (nominated by Luca Pellegrini).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sol Herrera-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2H7, Canada.
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83
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Hempel N, Trebak M. Crosstalk between calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling in cancer. Cell Calcium 2017; 63:70-96. [PMID: 28143649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways is well established, with reciprocal regulation occurring at a number of subcellular locations. Many Ca2+ channels at the cell surface and intracellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are regulated by redox modifications. In turn, Ca2+ signaling can influence the cellular generation of ROS, from sources such as NADPH oxidases and mitochondria. This relationship has been explored in great depth during the process of apoptosis, where surges of Ca2+ and ROS are important mediators of cell death. More recently, coordinated and localized Ca2+ and ROS transients appear to play a major role in a vast variety of pro-survival signaling pathways that may be crucial for both physiological and pathophysiological functions. While much work is required to firmly establish this Ca2+-ROS relationship in cancer, existing evidence from other disease models suggests this crosstalk is likely of significant importance in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe the regulation of Ca2+ channels and transporters by oxidants and discuss the potential consequences of the ROS-Ca2+ interplay in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States.
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States.
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84
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle for coordinating cellular Ca2+ signaling and protein synthesis and folding. Moreover, the dynamic and complex membranous structures constituting the ER allow the formation of contact sites with other organelles and structures, including among others the mitochondria and the plasma membrane (PM). The contact sites that the ER form with mitochondria is a hot topic in research, and the nature of the so-called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) is continuously evolving. The MAMs consist of a proteinaceous tether that physically connects the ER with mitochondria. The MAMs harness the main functions of both organelles to form a specialized subcompartment at the interface of the ER and mitochondria. Under homeostatic conditions, MAMs are crucial for the efficient transfer of Ca2+ from the ER to mitochondria, and for proper mitochondria bioenergetics and lipid synthesis. MAMs are also believed to be the master regulators of mitochondrial shape and motility, and to form a crucial site for autophagosome assembly. Not surprisingly, MAMs have been shown to be a hot spot for the transfer of stress signals from the ER to mitochondria, most notably under the conditions of loss of ER proteostasis, by engaging the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this chapter after an introduction on ER biology and ER stress, we will review the emerging and key signaling roles of the MAMs, which have a root in cellular processes and signaling cascades coordinated by the ER.
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85
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Over Six Decades of Discovery and Characterization of the Architecture at Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 997:13-31. [PMID: 28815519 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4567-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of proteins regulating ER-mitochondria tethering including phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2) and mitofusin-2 has pushed contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria into the spotlight of cell biology. While the field is developing rapidly and controversies have come and gone multiple times during its history, it is sometimes overlooked that significant research has been done decades ago with the original discovery of these structures in the 1950s and the first characterization of their function (and coining of the term mitochondria-associated membrane, MAM) in 1990. Today, an ever-increasing array of proteins localize to the MAM fraction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to regulate the interaction of this organelle with mitochondria. These mitochondria-ER contacts, sometimes referred to as MERCs, regulate a multitude of biological functions, including lipid metabolism, Ca2+ signaling, bioenergetics, inflammation, autophagy, mitochondrial structure, and apoptosis.
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86
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Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Communication in Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 997:171-186. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4567-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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87
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When under pressure, get closer: PERKing up membrane contact sites during ER stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:499-504. [PMID: 27068961 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main hub of cellular Ca(2+)signalling and protein synthesis and folding. The ER moreover is the central player in the formation of contact sites with other organelles and structures, including mitochondria, plasma membrane (PM) and endosomes. The most studied of these, the ER-mitochondria contact sites, are crucial regulators of cellular Ca(2+)homoeostasis, metabolism and cell death signalling. Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress kinase and crucial signalling protein in the unfolded protein response (UPR), was found to be able to orchestrate contact sites between the ER and mitochondria and to be indispensable for the pre-apoptotic trafficking of calreticulin (CRT) at the PM during immunogenic cell death (ICD). Furthermore, PERK has recently been linked with ER and PM contact sites through the mechanism of store-operated Ca(2+)entry (SOCE). Here we discuss emerging findings disclosing novel roles of the ER stress sensor PERK in orchestrating inter-organellar communication in the context of ER stress.
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88
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ER-luminal thiol/selenol-mediated regulation of Ca2+ signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:452-9. [PMID: 27068954 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main cellular Ca(2+)storage unit. Among other signalling outputs, the ER can release Ca(2+)ions, which can, for instance, communicate the status of ER protein folding to the cytosol and to other organelles, in particular the mitochondria. As a consequence, ER Ca(2+)flux can alter the apposition of the ER with mitochondria, influence mitochondrial ATP production or trigger apoptosis. All aspects of ER Ca(2+)flux have emerged as processes that are intimately controlled by intracellular redox conditions. In this review, we focus on ER-luminal redox-driven regulation of Ca(2+)flux. This involves the direct reduction of disulfides within ER Ca(2+)handling proteins themselves, but also the regulated interaction of ER chaperones and oxidoreductases such as calnexin or ERp57 with them. Well-characterized examples are the activating interactions of Ero1α with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or of selenoprotein N (SEPN1) with sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)transport ATPase 2 (SERCA2). The future discovery of novel ER-luminal modulators of Ca(2+)handling proteins is likely. Based on the currently available information, we describe how the variable ER redox conditions govern Ca(2+)flux from the ER.
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89
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Rodríguez-Arribas M, Yakhine-Diop SMS, Pedro JMBS, Gómez-Suaga P, Gómez-Sánchez R, Martínez-Chacón G, Fuentes JM, González-Polo RA, Niso-Santano M. Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs): Overview and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6287-6303. [PMID: 27714635 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are structures that regulate physiological functions between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria in order to maintain calcium signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis. Several proteins located in MAMs, including those encoded by PARK genes and some of neurodegeneration-related proteins (huntingtin, presenilin, etc.), ensure this regulation. In this regard, MAM alteration is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD), and Huntington's diseases (HD) and contributes to the appearance of the pathogenesis features, i.e., autophagy dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and lately, neuronal death. Moreover,, ER stress and/or damaged mitochondria can be the cause of these disruptions. Therefore, ER-mitochondria contact structure and function are crucial to multiple cellular processes. This review is focused on the molecular interaction between ER and mitochondria indispensable to MAM formation and on MAM alteration-induced etiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez-Arribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - S M S Yakhine-Diop
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J M Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - P Gómez-Suaga
- Department Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute Kings College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - R Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Martínez-Chacón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J M Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - R A González-Polo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain. .,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - M Niso-Santano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain. .,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.
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90
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Giacomello M, Pellegrini L. The coming of age of the mitochondria-ER contact: a matter of thickness. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1417-27. [PMID: 27341186 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sites of near-contact between the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have earned a lot of attention due to their key role in the maintenance of lipid and calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis, in the initiation of autophagy and mitochondrial division, and in sensing metabolic shifts. At these sites, typically called MAMs (mitochondria-associated ER membranes) or MERCs (mitochondria-ER contacts), the organelles juxtapose at a distance that can range from ~10 to ~50 nm. The multifunctional role of this subcellular compartment is puzzling; further, recent studies have shown that mitochondria-ER contacts are highly plastic structures that remodel upon metabolic transitions and that their activity in controlling lipid homeostasis could be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. This review aims at integrating the functions of this subcellular compartment to its most characterizing and unexplored structural parameter, their 'thickness': that is, the width of the cleft that separates the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane from that of the ER. We describe and discuss the reasons why the thickness of a MERC should be considered a regulated structural parameter of the cell that defines and controls its function. Further, we propose a MERC classification that will help organize the expanding field of MERCs biology and of their role in cell physiology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giacomello
- Department of Biology, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - L Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitè Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, CRIUSMQ, Quebec, Québec, Canada
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91
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Booth DM, Joseph SK, Hajnóczky G. Subcellular ROS imaging methods: Relevance for the study of calcium signaling. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:65-73. [PMID: 27209367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetically encoded fluorescent probes have dramatically increased the toolkit available for imaging the intracellular environment. Perhaps the biggest improvements have been made in sensing specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox changes under physiological conditions. The new generation of probes may be targeted to a wide range of subcellular environments. By targeting such probes to compartments and organelle surfaces they may be exposed to environments, which support local signal transduction and regulation. The close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with mitochondria and other organelles forms such a local environment where Ca(2+) dynamics are greatly enhanced compared to the bulk cytosol. We describe here how newly developed genetically encoded redox indicators (GERIs) might be used to monitor ROS and probe their interaction with Ca(2+) at both global and local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Booth
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Suresh K Joseph
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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92
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He Y, Lu L, Wei X, Jin D, Qian T, Yu A, Sun J, Cui J, Yang Z. The multimerization and secretion of adiponectin are regulated by TNF-alpha. Endocrine 2016; 51:456-68. [PMID: 26407855 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with insulin resistance, mild systemic inflammation, and decreased blood adiponectin. However, some adipokines are increased in the adipose tissue of obese individuals, and whether these adipokines are directly related to the reductions in serum adiponectin levels in an autocrine or paracrine manner remains unknown. This study indicates that the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) suppresses the multimerization and secretion of adiponectin both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, TNF-α remarkably suppressed the expression of the ER-resident chaperone proteins ERO1-La, DsbA-L, and ERp44. Overexpression of the transcription factor PPARγ antagonized the suppressive effect of TNF-α on ERO1-La and DsbA-L expressions. Further study revealed that PPARγ enhanced the transcription of ERO1-La and DsbA-L by directly binding to the PPRE element of ERO1-La and DsbA-L promoters. TNF-α treatment decreased this binding activity. Furthermore, TNF-α treatment enhanced the interaction between adiponectin and ERp44. In this study, we show that TNF-α impairs adiponectin multimerization and consequently decreases adiponectin secretion by altering disulfide bond modification in the endoplasmic reticulum. Altered adiponectin multimerization could explain declined adiponectin levels and altered distribution of adiponectin complexes in the plasma of obese insulin-resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - An Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiesheng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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93
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Killing Me Softly: Connotations to Unfolded Protein Response and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1805304. [PMID: 26881014 PMCID: PMC4736771 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1805304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the possible causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, underlying molecular mechanisms of this malfunction, possible causes and known consequences of APP, Aβ, and hyperphosphorylated tau presence in mitochondria, and the contribution of altered lipid metabolism (nonsterol isoprenoids) to pathological processes leading to increased formation and accumulation of the aforementioned hallmarks of AD. Abnormal protein folding and unfolded protein response seem to be the outcomes of impaired glycosylation due to metabolic disturbances in geranylgeraniol intermediary metabolism. The origin and consecutive fate of APP, Aβ, and tau are emphasized on intracellular trafficking apparently influenced by inaccurate posttranslational modifications. We hypothesize that incorrect intracellular processing of APP determines protein translocation to mitochondria in AD. Similarly, without obvious reasons, the passage of Aβ and tau to mitochondria is observed. APP targeted to mitochondria blocks the activity of protein translocase complex resulting in poor import of proteins central to oxidative phosphorylation. Besides, APP, Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles of tau directly or indirectly impair mitochondrial biochemistry and bioenergetics, with concomitant generation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Limited protective mechanisms are inadequate to prevent the free radical-mediated lesions. Finally, neuronal loss is observed in AD-affected brains typically by pathologic apoptosis.
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94
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Garofalo T, Manganelli V, Grasso M, Mattei V, Ferri A, Misasi R, Sorice M. Role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 20:621-34. [PMID: 25652700 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are envisaged as lateral assemblies of specific lipids and proteins that dissociate and associate rapidly and form functional clusters in cell membranes. These structural platforms are not confined to the plasma membrane; indeed lipid microdomains are similarly formed at subcellular organelles, which include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, named raft-like microdomains. In addition, some components of raft-like microdomains are present within ER-mitochondria associated membranes. This review is focused on the role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis, since these microdomains may represent preferential sites where key reactions take place, regulating mitochondria hyperpolarization, fission-associated changes, megapore formation and release of apoptogenic factors. These structural platforms appear to modulate cytoplasmic pathways switching cell fate towards cell survival or death. Main insights on this issue derive from some pathological conditions in which alterations of microdomains structure or function can lead to severe alterations of cell activity and life span. In the light of the role played by raft-like microdomains to integrate apoptotic signals and in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, it is conceivable that these membrane structures may play a role in the mitochondrial alterations observed in some of the most common human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's chorea and prion-related diseases. These findings introduce an additional task for identifying new molecular target(s) of pharmacological agents in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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95
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Williamson CD, Wong DS, Bozidis P, Zhang A, Colberg-Poley AM. Isolation of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Mitochondria-Associated Membrane and Detergent Resistant Membrane Fractions from Transfected Cells and from Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Primary Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:3.27.1-3.27.33. [PMID: 26331984 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0327s68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly mechanistic virology studies require dependable and sensitive methods for isolating purified organelles containing functional cellular sub-domains. The mitochondrial network is, in part, closely apposed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) fraction provides direct physical contact between the ER and mitochondria. Characterization of the dual localization and trafficking of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 proteins required establishing protocols in which the ER and mitochondria could be reliably separated. Because of its documented role in lipid and ceramide transfer from the ER to mitochondria, a method to purify MAM from infected cells was also developed. Two robust procedures were developed to efficiently isolate mitochondria, ER, and MAM fractions while providing substantial protein yields from HCMV-infected primary fibroblasts and from transfected HeLa cells. Furthermore, this unit includes protocols for isolation of detergent resistant membranes from subcellular fractions as well as techniques that allow visualization of the mitochondrial network disruption that occurs in permissively infected cells by their optimal resolution in Percoll gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Williamson
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Wong
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Program, Sackler School for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Petros Bozidis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
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96
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Espinosa-Diez C, Miguel V, Mennerich D, Kietzmann T, Sánchez-Pérez P, Cadenas S, Lamas S. Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2015; 6:183-197. [PMID: 26233704 PMCID: PMC4534574 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox biological reactions are now accepted to bear the Janus faceted feature of promoting both physiological signaling responses and pathophysiological cues. Endogenous antioxidant molecules participate in both scenarios. This review focuses on the role of crucial cellular nucleophiles, such as glutathione, and their capacity to interact with oxidants and to establish networks with other critical enzymes such as peroxiredoxins. We discuss the importance of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway as an example of a transcriptional antioxidant response and we summarize transcriptional routes related to redox activation. As examples of pathophysiological cellular and tissular settings where antioxidant responses are major players we highlight endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemia reperfusion. Topologically confined redox-mediated post-translational modifications of thiols are considered important molecular mechanisms mediating many antioxidant responses, whereas redox-sensitive microRNAs have emerged as key players in the posttranscriptional regulation of redox-mediated gene expression. Understanding such mechanisms may provide the basis for antioxidant-based therapeutic interventions in redox-related diseases. Antioxidant responses are crucial for both redox signaling and redox damage. Glutathione-mediated reactions and Nrf2-Keap1 pathway are key antioxidant responses. Redox-related post-translational modifications activate specific signaling pathways. Redox-sensitive microRNAs contribute to redox-mediated gene expression regulation. ER stress and ischemia-reperfusion are antioxidant-related pathophysiological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Espinosa-Diez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Miguel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Aapistie 7, University of Oulu, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Aapistie 7, University of Oulu, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cadenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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97
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Delaunay-Moisan A, Appenzeller-Herzog C. The antioxidant machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum: Protection and signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:341-51. [PMID: 25744411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is inherently linked to the production of oxidizing by-products, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). When present in excess, H2O2 can damage cellular biomolecules, but when produced in coordinated fashion, it typically serves as a mobile signaling messenger. It is therefore not surprising that cell health critically relies on both low-molecular-weight and enzymatic antioxidant components, which protect from ROS-mediated damage and shape the propagation and duration of ROS signals. This review focuses on H2O2-antioxidant cross talk in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is intimately linked to the process of oxidative protein folding. ER-resident or ER-regulated sources of H2O2 and other ROS, which are subgrouped into constitutive and stimulated sources, are discussed and set into context with the diverse antioxidant mechanisms in the organelle. These include two types of peroxide-reducing enzymes, a high concentration of glutathione derived from the cytosol, and feedback-regulated thiol-disulfide switches, which negatively control the major ER oxidase ER oxidoreductin-1. Finally, new evidence highlighting emerging principles of H2O2-based cues at the ER will likely set a basis for establishing ER redox processes as a major line of future signaling research. A fundamental problem that remains to be solved is the specific, quantitative, time resolved, and targeted detection of H2O2 in the ER and in specialized ER subdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Delaunay-Moisan
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydants et Cancer, CEA-Saclay, Service de Biologie Intégrative et de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Commissariat à l׳Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France/Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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98
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Giorgi C, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Duszynski J, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondria-associated membranes: composition, molecular mechanisms, and physiopathological implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:995-1019. [PMID: 25557408 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In all cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are physically connected to form junctions termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). This subcellular compartment is under intense investigation because it represents a "hot spot" for the intracellular signaling of important pathways, including the synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activity. RECENT ADVANCES The advanced methods currently used to study this fascinating intracellular microdomain in detail have enabled the identification of the molecular composition of MAMs and their involvement within different physiopathological contexts. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review the knowledge regarding (i) MAMs composition in terms of protein composition, (ii) the relationship between MAMs and ROS, (iii) the involvement of MAMs in cell death programs with particular emphasis within the tumor context, (iv) the emerging role of MAMs during inflammation, and (v) the key role of MAMs alterations in selected neurological disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Whether alterations in MAMs represent a response to the disease pathogenesis or directly contribute to the disease has not yet been unequivocally established. In any case, the signaling at the MAMs represents a promising pharmacological target for several important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- 1 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
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99
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Kato H, Nishitoh H. Stress responses from the endoplasmic reticulum in cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:93. [PMID: 25941664 PMCID: PMC4403295 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle that is essential for multiple cellular functions. During cellular stress conditions, including nutrient deprivation and dysregulation of protein synthesis, unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR also contributes to the regulation of various intracellular signaling pathways such as calcium signaling and lipid signaling. More recently, the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), which is a site of close contact between the ER and mitochondria, has been shown to function as a platform for various intracellular stress responses including apoptotic signaling, inflammatory signaling, the autophagic response, and the UPR. Interestingly, in cancer, these signaling pathways from the ER are often dysregulated, contributing to cancer cell metabolism. Thus, the signaling pathway from the ER may be a novel therapeutic target for various cancers. In this review, we discuss recent research on the roles of stress responses from the ER, including the MAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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100
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Horner SM, Wilkins C, Badil S, Iskarpatyoti J, Gale M. Proteomic analysis of mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM) during RNA virus infection reveals dynamic changes in protein and organelle trafficking. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117963. [PMID: 25734423 PMCID: PMC4348417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I pathway signaling of innate immunity against RNA virus infection is organized between the ER and mitochondria on a subdomain of the ER called the mitochondrial-associated ER membrane (MAM). The RIG-I adaptor protein MAVS transmits downstream signaling of antiviral immunity, with signaling complexes assembling on the MAM in association with mitochondria and peroxisomes. To identify components that regulate MAVS signalosome assembly on the MAM, we characterized the proteome of MAM, ER, and cytosol from cells infected with either chronic (hepatitis C) or acute (Sendai) RNA virus infections, as well as mock-infected cells. Comparative analysis of protein trafficking dynamics during both chronic and acute viral infection reveals differential protein profiles in the MAM during RIG-I pathway activation. We identified proteins and biochemical pathways recruited into and out of the MAM in both chronic and acute RNA viral infections, representing proteins that drive immunity and/or regulate viral replication. In addition, by using this comparative proteomics approach, we identified 3 new MAVS-interacting proteins, RAB1B, VTN, and LONP1, and defined LONP1 as a positive regulator of the RIG-I pathway. Our proteomic analysis also reveals a dynamic cross-talk between subcellular compartments during both acute and chronic RNA virus infection, and demonstrates the importance of the MAM as a central platform that coordinates innate immune signaling to initiate immunity against RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M. Horner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samantha Badil
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Iskarpatyoti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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