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Intermittent living; the use of ancient challenges as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of modern life - A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:28-42. [PMID: 30220336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. They ensue from the sum of modern anthropogenic risk factors, including high calorie nutrition, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, social stress, environmental toxins, politics and economic factors. Many of these factors are beyond the span of control of individuals, suggesting that CNCD are inevitable. However, various studies, ours included, show that the use of intermittent challenges with hormetic effects improve subjective and objective wellbeing of individuals with CNCD, while having favourable effects on immunological, metabolic and behavioural indices. Intermittent cold, heat, fasting and hypoxia, together with phytochemicals in multiple food products, have widespread influence on many pathways related with overall health. Until recently, most of the employed challenges with hormetic effects belonged to the usual transient live experiences of our ancestors. Our hypothesis; we conclude that, whereas the total inflammatory load of multi-metabolic and psychological risk factors causes low grade inflammation and aging, the use of intermittent challenges, united in a 7-10 days lasting hormetic intervention, might serve as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of chronic low grade inflammation and it's metabolic and (premature) aging consequences.
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Mourot L. Limitation of Maximal Heart Rate in Hypoxia: Mechanisms and Clinical Importance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 30083108 PMCID: PMC6064954 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exercise intervention in hypoxia has grown in popularity amongst patients, with encouraging results compared to similar intervention in normoxia. The prescription of exercise for patients largely rely on heart rate recordings (percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) or heart rate reserve). It is known that HRmax decreases with high altitude and the duration of the stay (acclimatization). At an altitude typically chosen for training (2,000-3,500 m) conflicting results have been found. Whether or not this decrease exists or not is of importance since the results of previous studies assessing hypoxic training based on HR may be biased due to improper intensity. By pooling the results of 86 studies, this literature review emphasizes that HRmax decreases progressively with increasing hypoxia. The dose–response is roughly linear and starts at a low altitude, but with large inter-study variabilities. Sex or age does not seem to be a major contributor in the HRmax decline with altitude. Rather, it seems that the greater the reduction in arterial oxygen saturation, the greater the reduction in HRmax, due to an over activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Only a few studies reported HRmax at sea/low level and altitude with patients. Altogether, due to very different experimental design, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions in these different clinical categories of people. Hence, forthcoming studies in specific groups of patients are required to properly evaluate (1) the HRmax change during acute hypoxia and the contributing factors, and (2) the physiological and clinical effects of exercise training in hypoxia with adequate prescription of exercise training intensity if based on heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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Park HY, Kim J, Park MY, Chung N, Hwang H, Nam SS, Lim K. Exposure and Exercise Training in Hypoxic Conditions as a New Obesity Therapeutic Modality: A Mini Review. J Obes Metab Syndr 2018; 27:93-101. [PMID: 31089548 PMCID: PMC6489458 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health problem caused by positive energy balance. Generally, low calorie dietary intake combined with regular exercise is the most common modality to lose bodily fat in obese people. Although this is the first modality of choice for obesity treatment, it needs to be applied to obese patients for at least 12 weeks or more and it does not provide consistent results because it is difficult to suppress increased appetite due to exercise. Recently, many researchers have been applying hypoxic conditions for the treatment of obesity, as many studies show that people residing in high altitudes have a lower percentage of body fat and fewer obesity-related illnesses than people living at sea level. Hypoxic therapy treatment, including hypoxic exposure or hypoxic exercise training, is recommended as a way to treat and prevent obesity by suppression of appetite, increasing basal metabolic rate and fat oxidation, and minimizing side effects. Hypoxic therapy inhibits energy intake and appetite-related hormones, and enhances various cardiovascular and metabolic function parameters. These observations indicate that hypoxic therapy is a new treatment modality for inducing fat reduction and promoting metabolic and cardiovascular health, which may be an important and necessary strategy for the treatment of obesity. As such, hypoxic therapy is now used as a general medical practice for obesity treatment in many developed countries. Therefore, hypoxic therapy could be a new, practical, and useful therapeutic modality for obesity and obesity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nana Chung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Seok Nam
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Cabrera-Aguilera I, Rizo-Roca D, Marques EA, Santocildes G, Pagès T, Viscor G, Ascensão AA, Magalhães J, Torrella JR. Additive Effects of Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia and Endurance Training on Bodyweight, Food Intake, and Oxygen Consumption in Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:278-285. [PMID: 29957064 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabrera-Aguilera, Ignacio, David Rizo-Roca, Elisa A. Marques, Garoa Santocildes, Teresa Pagès, Gines Viscor, António A. Ascensão, José Magalhães, and Joan Ramon Torrella. Additive effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and endurance training on bodyweight, food intake, and oxygen consumption in rats. High Alt Med Biol. 19:278-285, 2018.-We used an animal model to elucidate the effects of an intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) and endurance exercise training (EET) protocol on bodyweight (BW), food and water intake, and oxygen consumption. Twenty-eight young adult male rats were divided into four groups: normoxic sedentary (NS), normoxic exercised (NE), hypoxic sedentary (HS), and hypoxic exercised (HE). Normoxic groups were maintained at an atmospheric pressure equivalent to sea level, whereas the IHH protocol consisted of 5 hours per day for 33 days at a simulated altitude of 6000 m. Exercised groups ran in normobaric conditions on a treadmill for 1 hour/day for 5 weeks at a speed of 25 m/min. At the end of the protocol, both hypoxic groups showed significant decreases in BW from the ninth day of exposure, reaching final 10% (HS) to 14.5% (HE) differences when compared with NS. NE rats also showed a significant weight reduction after the 19th day, with a decrease of 7.4%. The BW of hypoxic animals was related to significant hypophagia elicited by IHH exposure (from 8% to 12%). In contrast, EET had no effect on food ingestion. Total water intake was not affected by hypoxia but was significantly increased by exercise. An analysis of oxygen consumption at rest (mL O2/[kg·min]) revealed two findings: a significant decrease in both hypoxic groups after the protocol (HS, 21.7 ± 0.70 vs. 19.1 ± 0.78 and HE, 22.8 ± 0.80 vs. 17.1 ± 0.90) and a significant difference at the end of the protocol between NE (21.3 ± 0.77) and HE (17.1 ± 0.90). These results demonstrate that IHH and EET had an additive effect on BW loss, providing evidence that rats underwent a metabolic adaptation through a reduction in oxygen consumption measured under normoxic conditions. These data suggest that the combination of IHH and EET could serve as an alternative treatment for the management of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cabrera-Aguilera
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Rizo-Roca
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .,2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa A Marques
- 3 Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano (CIDESD), Instituto Universitário da Maia (ISMAI) , Maia, Portugal
| | - Garoa Santocildes
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gines Viscor
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - António A Ascensão
- 2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- 2 LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- 1 Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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Fernández Menéndez A, Saudan G, Sperisen L, Hans D, Saubade M, Millet GP, Malatesta D. Effects of Short-Term Normobaric Hypoxic Walking Training on Energetics and Mechanics of Gait in Adults with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:819-827. [PMID: 29575698 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of short-term hypoxic versus normoxic training at preferred walking speed (PWS) on energetics, mechanics, efficiency, and metabolic risk markers in individuals with obesity. METHODS Twenty-three subjects with obesity performed nine 1-hour sessions at PWS under hypoxia (3,000 m, n = 12; BMI: 34.0 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) or normoxia (360 m, n = 11; BMI: 32.9 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ). Participants performed six 5-minute walking trials at different speeds (PWS, 0.56, 0.83, 1.11, 1.39, and 1.67 m/s). The net energy cost, external mechanical work, and rated perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at these speeds. Body composition and blood samples were collected. RESULTS PWS tended to be slower under hypoxia than normoxia (-6.7%; P = 0.092) during the training, and this difference reached significance the third week (-8.9%; P = 0.05). After training, PWS significantly increased (+ 8.2%; P ≤ 0.001), while RPE decreased (P = 0.005). Ankle range of motion (P = 0.03) and vertical displacement of the center of mass (P = 0.02) significantly increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A walking training program under hypoxia at slower PWS than in normoxia elicited similar responses in metabolic risk factors, energetics, and mechanics of walking in individuals with obesity. Both programs increased PWS, decreased RPE, and induced gait-pattern adaptations, which protected against orthopedic injury in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Fernández Menéndez
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Saudan
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Sperisen
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Hans
- Center for Bone Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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56
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Low-Frequency Intermittent Hypoxia Promotes Subcutaneous Adipogenic Differentiation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4501757. [PMID: 29721149 PMCID: PMC5867560 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4501757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. The mass and function of adipose tissue are largely dependent on adipogenesis. The impact of low-frequency IH on adipogenesis is unknown. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to IH (4 min for 10% O2 and 2 min for 21% O2) or intermittent normoxia (IN) for 6 weeks. The degree of adipogenic differentiation was evaluated by adipogenic transcriptional factors, adipocyte-specific proteins, and oily droplet production in both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Upregulation of proadipogenic markers (CEBPα, PPARγ, and FABP4) and downregulation of antiadipogenic markers CHOP in line with smaller size of adipocytes were found in IH-exposed SAT. In vitro experiments using human preadipocytes (HPAs) of subcutaneous lineage during differentiation phase, subjected to IH (1% O2 for 10 min and 21% O2 for 5 min; 5% CO2) or IN treatment, were done to investigate the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/Akt pathway in adipogenesis. IH promoted the accumulation of oily droplets and adipogenesis-associated markers. IGF-1R kinase inhibitor NVP-AEW541 attenuated the proadipogenic role in IH-exposed HPAs. In summary, relatively low frequency of IH may enhance adipogenesis preferentially in SAT.
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Burtscher M, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Brazo-Sayavera J, Olcina G. High-Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia Leads to Greater Body Fat Loss in Overweight/Obese Women than High-Intensity Interval Training in Normoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29472870 PMCID: PMC5810257 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderate hypoxic stimulus is considered a promising therapeutic modality for several pathological states including obesity. There is scientific evidence suggesting that when hypoxia and physical activity are combined, they could provide benefits for the obese population. The aim of the present study was to investigate if exposure to hypoxia combined with two different protocols of high-intensity interval exercise in overweight/obese women was more effective compared with exercise in normoxia. Study participants included 82 overweight/obese women, who started a 12 week program of 36 sessions, and were randomly divided into four groups: (1) aerobic interval training in hypoxia (AitH; FiO2 = 17.2%; n = 13), (2) aerobic interval training in normoxia (AitN; n = 15), (3) sprint interval training in hypoxia (SitH; n = 15), and (4) sprint interval training in normoxia (SitN; n = 18). Body mass, body mass index, percentage of total fat mass, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation, and fat and carbohydrate energy were assessed. Outcomes were measured at baseline (T1), after 18 training sessions (T2), 7 days after the last session (T3), and 4 weeks after the last session (T4). The fat mass in the SitH group was significantly reduced compared with the SitN group from T1 to T3 (p < 0.05) and from T1 to T4 (p < 0.05) and muscle mass increased significantly from T1 to T4 (p < 0.05). Fat mass in the AitH group decreased significantly (p < 0.01) and muscle mass increased (p = 0.022) compared with the AitN group from T1 to T4. All training groups showed a reduction in the percentage of fat mass, with a statistically significant reduction in the hypoxia groups (p < 0.05). Muscle mass increased significantly in the hypoxia groups (p < 0.05), especially at T4. While fat oxidation tended to increase and oxidation of carbohydrates tended to decrease in both hypoxia groups, the tendency was reversed in the normoxia groups. Thus, high-intensity interval training under normobaric intermittent hypoxia for 12 weeks in overweight/obese women seems to be promising for reducing body fat content with a concomitant increase in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Burtscher
- Medical Section, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Yang Q, Huang G, Tian Q, Liu W, Sun X, Li N, Sun S, Zhou T, Wu N, Wei Y, Chen P, Wang R. "Living High-Training Low" improved weight loss and glucagon-like peptide-1 level in a 4-week weight loss program in adolescents with obesity: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9943. [PMID: 29465583 PMCID: PMC5842013 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Living High-Training Low" (LHTL) is effective for the improvement of athletic ability; however, little is known about the effect of LHTL on obese individuals. The present study determined whether LHTL would have favorable influence on body composition, rebalance the appetite hormones, and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Adolescents with obesity [body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m] were randomly assigned to "Living Low-Training Low" (LLTL, n = 19) group that slept in a normobaric normoxia condition and the LHTL (n = 16) group slept in a normobaric hypoxia room (14.7% PO2 ∼2700 m). Both groups underwent the same aerobic exercise training program. Morphological, blood lipids, and appetite hormones were measured and assessed. RESULTS After the intervention, the body composition improved in both groups, whereas reductions in body weight (BW), BMI, and lean body mass increased significantly in the LHTL group (all, P < .05). In the LLTL group, cholecystokinin (CCK) decreased remarkably (P < .05) and CCK changes were positively associated with changes in BW (r = 0.585, P = .011) and BMI (r = 0.587, P = .010). However, in the LHTL group, changes in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, positively correlated with each other (r = 0.708, P = .015) but negatively with BW changes (r = -0.608, P = .027 and r = -0.518, P = .048, respectively). CONCLUSION The results indicated that LHTL could induce more weight loss safely and efficiently as compared to LLTL and increase the plasma GLP-1 levels that may be mediated by IL-6 to rebalance the appetite. Thus, an efficient method to treat obesity and prevent weight regain by appetite rebalance in hypoxia condition was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Pott College of Science, Engineering and Education, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN
| | - Qianqian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Hobbins L, Hunter S, Gaoua N, Girard O. Normobaric hypoxic conditioning to maximize weight loss and ameliorate cardio-metabolic health in obese populations: a systematic review. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R251-R264. [PMID: 28679682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Normobaric hypoxic conditioning (HC) is defined as exposure to systemic and/or local hypoxia at rest (passive) or combined with exercise training (active). HC has been previously used by healthy and athletic populations to enhance their physical capacity and improve performance in the lead up to competition. Recently, HC has also been applied acutely (single exposure) and chronically (repeated exposure over several weeks) to overweight and obese populations with the intention of managing and potentially increasing cardio-metabolic health and weight loss. At present, it is unclear what the cardio-metabolic health and weight loss responses of obese populations are in response to passive and active HC. Exploration of potential benefits of exposure to both passive and active HC may provide pivotal findings for improving health and well being in these individuals. A systematic literature search for articles published between 2000 and 2017 was carried out. Studies investigating the effects of normobaric HC as a novel therapeutic approach to elicit improvements in the cardio-metabolic health and weight loss of obese populations were included. Studies investigated passive (n = 7; 5 animals, 2 humans), active (n = 4; all humans) and a combination of passive and active (n = 4; 3 animals, 1 human) HC to an inspired oxygen fraction ([Formula: see text]) between 4.8 and 15.0%, ranging between a single session and daily sessions per week, lasting from 5 days up to 8 mo. Passive HC led to reduced insulin concentrations (-37 to -22%) in obese animals and increased energy expenditure (+12 to +16%) in obese humans, whereas active HC lead to reductions in body weight (-4 to -2%) in obese animals and humans, and blood pressure (-8 to -3%) in obese humans compared with a matched workload in normoxic conditions. Inconclusive findings, however, exist in determining the impact of acute and chronic HC on markers such as triglycerides, cholesterol levels, and fitness capacity. Importantly, most of the studies that included animal models involved exposure to severe levels of hypoxia ([Formula: see text] = 5.0%; simulated altitude >10,000 m) that are not suitable for human populations. Overall, normobaric HC demonstrated observable positive findings in relation to insulin and energy expenditure (passive), and body weight and blood pressure (active), which may improve the cardio-metabolic health and body weight management of obese populations. However, further evidence on responses of circulating biomarkers to both passive and active HC in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom;
| | - S Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Girard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; and.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Excessive fat deposition in obesity has a multifactorial aetiology, but is widely considered the result of disequilibrium between energy intake and expenditure. Despite specific public health policies and individual treatment efforts to combat the obesity epidemic, >2 billion people worldwide are overweight or obese. The central nervous system circuitry, fuel turnover and metabolism as well as adipose tissue homeostasis are important to comprehend excessive weight gain and associated comorbidities. Obesity has a profound impact on quality of life, even in seemingly healthy individuals. Diet, physical activity or exercise and lifestyle changes are the cornerstones of obesity treatment, but medical treatment and bariatric surgery are becoming important. Family history, food environment, cultural preferences, adverse reactions to food, perinatal nutrition, previous or current diseases and physical activity patterns are relevant aspects for the health care professional to consider when treating the individual with obesity. Clinicians and other health care professionals are often ill-equipped to address the important environmental and socioeconomic drivers of the current obesity epidemic. Finally, understanding the epigenetic and genetic factors as well as metabolic pathways that take advantage of 'omics' technologies could play a very relevant part in combating obesity within a precision approach.
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Debevec T. Hypoxia-Related Hormonal Appetite Modulation in Humans during Rest and Exercise: Mini Review. Front Physiol 2017; 8:366. [PMID: 28611686 PMCID: PMC5447736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous chronic ailments and represents one of the major health and economic issues in the modernized societies. Accordingly, there is an obvious need for novel treatment approaches. Recently, based on the reports of reduced appetite and subsequent weight loss following high-altitude sojourns, exposure to hypoxia has been proposed as a viable weight-reduction strategy. While altitude-related appetite modulation is complex and not entirely clear, hypoxia-induced alterations in hormonal appetite modulation might be among the key underlying mechanisms. The present paper summarizes the up-to-date research on hypoxia/altitude-induced changes in the gut and adipose tissue derived peptides related to appetite regulation. Orexigenic hormone ghrelin and anorexigenic peptides leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin have to-date been investigated as potential modulators of hypoxia-driven appetite alterations. Current evidence suggests that hypoxia can, especially acutely, lead to decreased appetite, most probably via reduction of acylated ghrelin concentration. Hypoxia-related short and long-term changes in other hormonal markers are more unclear although hypoxia seems to importantly modulate leptin levels, especially following prolonged hypoxic exposures. Limited evidence also suggests that different activity levels during exposures to hypoxia do not additively affect hormonal appetite markers. Although very few studies have been performed in obese/overweight individuals, the available data indicate that hypoxia/altitude exposures do not seem to differentially affect appetite regulation via hormonal pathways in this cohort. Given the lack of experimental data, future well-controlled acute and prolonged studies are warranted to expand our understanding of hypoxia-induced hormonal appetite modulation and its kinetics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
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62
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Kong Z, Shi Q, Nie J, Tong TK, Song L, Yi L, Hu Y. High-Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Chinese Young Women. Front Physiol 2017; 8:175. [PMID: 28386234 PMCID: PMC5362639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight populations. However, the additive effect of HIIT and hypoxia on health parameters is not clear. This study compared the effects of HIIT under hypoxic conditions on cardiometabolic function with that under normoxia in overweight Chinese young women. Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled experimental design was applied. Twenty-four sedentary overweight Chinese young women (weight: 68.8 ± 7.0 kg, BMI: 25.8 ± 2.3 kg·m−2) participated in the HIIT under either normoxia (NORM, n = 13, PIO2: 150 mmHg, FIO2: 0.21) or normobaric hypoxia (HYP, n = 11, PIO2: 117 mmHg, FIO2: 0.15) for 5 weeks. HIIT was composed of 60 repetitions of 8 s maximal cycling effort interspersed with 12-s recovery per day, for 4 days per week. Cardiorespiratory fitness [peak oxygen uptake (V·O2peak), and peak oxygen pulse (peak O2 pulse)], serum lipid profile [triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and body composition (regional and whole-body), were assessed at pre- and post-intervention during the days beyond the self-reported menstrual phase of the participants. Habitual physical activity and diary behavior were maintained during the intervention period. Results: With similar daily energy intake and physical activity, the increases in V·O2peak [NORM: 0.26 ± 0.37 L·min−1 (+11.8%) vs. HYP: 0.54 ± 0.34 L·min−1 (+26.1%)] and peak O2 pulse (NORM: +13.4% vs. HYP: +25.9%) for HYP were twice-larger than for NORM (p < 0.05). Although the 5-wk HIIT led to significant improvements in the ratios of TC/HDL-C (p = 0.035) and TG/HDL-C (p = 0.027), no significant group effects were found on the serum variables. Further, no significant changes in body composition or serum fasting leptin were observed in either group. Conclusion: 5-wk of HIIT improved cardiorespiratory fitness and blood lipids in overweight Chinese young females, while the additive effect of the HIIT under normobaric hypoxia solely enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, but not body composition or serum lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute Macau, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute Macau, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, China
| | - Lili Song
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University Beijing, China
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63
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Girard O, Malatesta D, Millet GP. Walking in Hypoxia: An Efficient Treatment to Lessen Mechanical Constraints and Improve Health in Obese Individuals? Front Physiol 2017; 8:73. [PMID: 28232806 PMCID: PMC5298970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha, Qatar; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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64
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Lu Y, Feng L, Xie M, Zhang L, Xu J, He Z, You T. Hypoxic Living and Exercise Training Alter Adipose Tissue Leptin/Leptin Receptor in Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:554. [PMID: 27932989 PMCID: PMC5120121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypobaric hypoxia results in weight loss in obese individuals, and exercise training is advocated for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxic living and exercise training on obesity and adipose tissue leptin/leptin receptor in dietary-induced obese rats. Methods: One hundred and thirty high-fat diet fed Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into one of the following groups (n = 10 each): control, sedentary hypoxic living for 1–4 weeks (SH1, SH2, SH3, and SH4), living, and exercise training in normoxic conditions for 1–4 weeks (TN1, TN2, TN3, and TN4), and living and exercise training in hypoxic conditions for 1–4 weeks (TN1, TN2, TN3, and TN4). Epididymal adipose tissue expression levels of leptin and leptin receptor were determined Results: Compared to hypoxic living and living and exercise training in normoxic conditions, living and exercise training in hypoxic conditions for 3–4 weeks resulted in lower Lee index (P < 0.05–0.01), and higher expression of leptin and leptin receptor (P < 0.05–0.01) in adipose tissue. Conclusion: In a rodent model of altitude training, living, and exercise training in hypoxic conditions resulted in greater alterations in obesity and adipose tissue leptin/leptin receptor than hypoxic living alone and living and exercise training in normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Lu
- China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | | | - Minhao Xie
- China Institute of Sports Medicine Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | - Jianfang Xu
- China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | - Zihong He
- China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA, USA
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65
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Jaspers RT, Zillikens MC, Friesema ECH, Paoli G, Bloch W, Uitterlinden AG, Goglia F, Lanni A, Lange P. Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations? FASEB J 2016; 31:14-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for MyologyMove Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Edith C. H. Friesema
- Division of PharmacologyVascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Paoli
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport MedicineGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Sannio Benevento Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Pieter Lange
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
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66
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Fuller NR, Courtney R. A case of remission from pre-diabetes following intermittent hypoxic training. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 10:487-91. [PMID: 27312533 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A female patient (49 years of age) with obesity (body mass index: 35.3kg/m(2)) and diagnosed with pre-diabetes presented to the clinic of one of the authors (RC) with recent weight gain (approximately 10kg) over the preceding 12 months, despite several unsuccessful attempts at weight loss. She reported being short of breath performing light activities and feeling fatigued the majority of the time. Treatment consisted of a run in period of five weeks following the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) diet, followed by four weeks of the CSIRO diet plus intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) using the GO2(®) altitude training device. Anthropometric measures, bloods and questionnaires were completed before treatment (week 0), end of diet phase (week 5), and end of diet plus IHT phase (week 9). At the end of week five, the patient had lost some weight and had an improvement in glycaemic control. However, there was a clinically greater improvement in weight loss and glycaemic control from week five to nine following the IHT, resulting in remission from pre-diabetes. This case study shows that incorporation of IHT has benefits existing beyond a standard dietary approach, helping to achieve remission from pre-diabetes back to a normal fasting glucose state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Fuller
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Rosalba Courtney
- Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia; Breath and Body Clinic, Avalon, Sydney, Australia
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67
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Millet GP, Debevec T, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Girard O. Therapeutic Use of Exercising in Hypoxia: Promises and Limitations. Front Physiol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 27375500 PMCID: PMC4902009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Girard
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL)Lausanne, Switzerland
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68
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Shatylo VB, Serebrovska TV, Gavalko AV, Egorov E, Korkushko OV. Acute Hypoxic Test in Patients with Prediabetes. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:101-7. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerii B. Shatylo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology of Internal Organs, D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | - Anna V. Gavalko
- Department of Physiology and Pathology of Internal Organs, D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | - Oleg V. Korkushko
- Department of Physiology and Pathology of Internal Organs, D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine
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69
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Manukhina EB, Downey HF, Shi X, Mallet RT. Intermittent hypoxia training protects cerebrovascular function in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1351-63. [PMID: 27190276 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of death and disability among older adults. Modifiable vascular risk factors for AD (VRF) include obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome. Here, interactions between cerebrovascular function and development of AD are reviewed, as are interventions to improve cerebral blood flow and reduce VRF. Atherosclerosis and small vessel cerebral disease impair metabolic regulation of cerebral blood flow and, along with microvascular rarefaction and altered trans-capillary exchange, create conditions favoring AD development. Although currently there are no definitive therapies for treatment or prevention of AD, reduction of VRFs lowers the risk for cognitive decline. There is increasing evidence that brief repeated exposures to moderate hypoxia, i.e. intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), improve cerebral vascular function and reduce VRFs including systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and mental stress. In experimental AD, IHT nearly prevented endothelial dysfunction of both cerebral and extra-cerebral blood vessels, rarefaction of the brain vascular network, and the loss of neurons in the brain cortex. Associated with these vasoprotective effects, IHT improved memory and lessened AD pathology. IHT increases endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), thereby increasing regional cerebral blood flow and augmenting the vaso- and neuroprotective effects of endothelial NO. On the other hand, in AD excessive production of NO in microglia, astrocytes, and cortical neurons generates neurotoxic peroxynitrite. IHT enhances storage of excessive NO in the form of S-nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and IHT reduces oxidative stress in a number of experimental pathologies. Beneficial effects of IHT in experimental neuropathologies other than AD, including dyscirculatory encephalopathy, ischemic stroke injury, audiogenic epilepsy, spinal cord injury, and alcohol withdrawal stress have also been reported. Further research on the potential benefits of IHT in AD and other brain pathologies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia B Manukhina
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - H Fred Downey
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
| | - Xiangrong Shi
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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70
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Heinonen IHA, Boushel R, Kalliokoski KK. The Circulatory and Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia in Humans - With Special Reference to Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:116. [PMID: 27621722 PMCID: PMC5002918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolism and circulation play an important role in human health. It is well-known that adipose tissue mass is increased in response to excess caloric intake leading to obesity and further to local hypoxia and inflammatory signaling. Acute exercise increases blood supply to adipose tissue and mobilization of fat stores for energy. However, acute exercise during systemic hypoxia reduces subcutaneous blood flow in healthy young subjects, but the response in overweight or obese subjects remains to be investigated. Emerging evidence also indicates that exercise training during hypoxic exposure may provide additive benefits with respect to many traditional cardiovascular risk factors as compared to exercise performed in normoxia, but unfavorable effects of hypoxia have also been documented. These topics will be covered in this brief review dealing with hypoxia and adipose tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka H. A. Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ilkka H. A. Heinonen,
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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71
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Xi L, Chow CM, Kong X. Role of Tissue and Systemic Hypoxia in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1527852. [PMID: 27419143 PMCID: PMC4932165 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1527852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xi
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Lei Xi:
| | - Chin-Moi Chow
- Delta Sleep Research Unit, Exercise Health and Performance Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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72
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Impact of intermittent hypoxia and exercise on blood pressure and metabolic features from obese subjects suffering sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:589-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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73
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Wee J, Climstein M. Hypoxic training: Clinical benefits on cardiometabolic risk factors. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Verges S, Chacaroun S, Godin-Ribuot D, Baillieul S. Hypoxic Conditioning as a New Therapeutic Modality. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:58. [PMID: 26157787 PMCID: PMC4476260 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning refers to a procedure by which a single noxious stimulus below the threshold of damage is applied to the tissue in order to increase resistance to the same or even different noxious stimuli given above the threshold of damage. Hypoxic preconditioning relies on complex and active defenses that organisms have developed to counter the adverse consequences of oxygen deprivation. The protection it confers against ischemic attack for instance as well as the underlying biological mechanisms have been extensively investigated in animal models. Based on these data, hypoxic conditioning (consisting in recurrent exposure to hypoxia) has been suggested a potential non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention to enhance some physiological functions in individuals in whom acute or chronic pathological events are anticipated or existing. In addition to healthy subjects, some benefits have been reported in patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as in overweight and obese individuals. Hypoxic conditioning consisting in sessions of intermittent exposure to moderate hypoxia repeated over several weeks may induce hematological, vascular, metabolic, and neurological effects. This review addresses the existing evidence regarding the use of hypoxic conditioning as a potential therapeutic modality, and emphasizes on many remaining issues to clarify and future researches to be performed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Verges
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Samarmar Chacaroun
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Diane Godin-Ribuot
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
| | - Sébastien Baillieul
- Laboratoire HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; U1042, INSERM , Grenoble , France
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75
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Kaltsatou A, Kouidi E, Fountoulakis K, Sipka C, Theochari V, Kandylis D, Deligiannis A. Effects of exercise training with traditional dancing on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil 2014; 29:882-91. [PMID: 25525065 DOI: 10.1177/0269215514564085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of an eight-month exercise training programme with Greek traditional dancing on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Sports Medicine Laboratory. SUBJECTS A total of 31 patients, aged 59.9 ± 14.1 years. INTERVENTIONS They were randomly assigned either to a Greek traditional dancing programme (Group A) or to a sedentary control group (Group B). MAIN MEASURES A functional capacity assessment was performed at baseline and the end of the study. Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were also used. Quality of life was examined using the Quality of Life and Satisfaction questionnaire. RESULTS After the eight months, Group A increased walking distance in the 6-minute walk test (328.4 ± 35.9 vs. 238.0 ± 47.6 m), sit-to-stand test (19.1 ± 1.8 vs. 25.1 ± 1.4 seconds), Berg Balance Scale score (53.1 ± 2.1 vs. 43.2 ± 6.7), lower limbs maximal isometric force (77.7 ± 25.7 vs. 51.0 ± 29.8 lb), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score (77.0 ± 23.1 vs. 82.0 ± 24.4), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale total score (51.3 ± 15.5 vs. 47.7 ± 13.3) and Quality of Life total score (34.9 ± 5.2 vs. 28 ± 4.5), compared with Group B. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Greek traditional dances improve functional capacity and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaltsatou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Sipka
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Theochari
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Kandylis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Deligiannis
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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76
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Navarrete-Opazo A, Mitchell GS. Therapeutic potential of intermittent hypoxia: a matter of dose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1181-97. [PMID: 25231353 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00208.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been the subject of considerable research in recent years, and triggers a bewildering array of both detrimental and beneficial effects in multiple physiological systems. Here, we review the extensive literature concerning IH and its impact on the respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, bone, and nervous systems. One major goal is to define relevant IH characteristics leading to safe, protective, and/or therapeutic effects vs. pathogenesis. To understand the impact of IH, it is essential to define critical characteristics of the IH protocol under investigation, including potentially the severity of hypoxia within episodes, the duration of hypoxic episodes, the number of hypoxic episodes per day, the pattern of presentation across time (e.g., within vs. consecutive vs. alternating days), and the cumulative time of exposure. Not surprisingly, severe/chronic IH protocols tend to be pathogenic, whereas any beneficial effects are more likely to arise from modest/acute IH exposures. Features of the IH protocol most highly associated with beneficial vs. pathogenic outcomes include the level of hypoxemia within episodes and the number of episodes per day. Modest hypoxia (9-16% inspired O2) and low cycle numbers (3-15 episodes per day) most often lead to beneficial effects without pathology, whereas severe hypoxia (2-8% inspired O2) and more episodes per day (48-2,400 episodes/day) elicit progressively greater pathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that "low dose" IH (modest hypoxia, few episodes) may be a simple, safe, and effective treatment with considerable therapeutic potential for multiple clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Navarrete-Opazo
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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77
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Esenamanova MK, Kochkorova FA, Tsivinskaya TA, Vinnikov D, Aikimbaev K. Chronic intermittent high altitude exposure, occupation, and body mass index in workers of mining industry. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 15:412-7. [PMID: 25162204 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2013.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity and overweight rates in population exposed to chronic intermittent exposure to high altitudes are not well studied. The aim of the retrospective study was to evaluate whether there are differences in body mass index in different occupation groups working in intermittent shifts at mining industry at high altitude: 3800-4500 meters above sea level. Our study demonstrated that obesity and overweight are common in workers of high altitude mining industry exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. The obesity rate was lowest among miners as compared to blue- and white-collar employees (9.5% vs. 15.6% and 14.7%, p=0.013). Obesity and overweight were associated with older age, higher rates of increased blood pressure (8.79% and 5.72% vs. 1.92%), cholesterol (45.8% and 45.6% vs. 32.8%) and glucose (4.3% and 1.26% vs. 0.57%) levels as compared to normal body mass index category (p<0.0001 for all). There were differences in patterns of cholesterol and glucose levels in men and women employees according to occupation type. In conclusion, obesity and overweight rates are prevalent and associated with increase in blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels in workers of mining industry exposed to intermittent high-altitude hypoxia. Therefore, assessment and monitoring of body mass index seems to be essential in those who live and work at high altitudes to supply the correct nutrition, modify risk factors, and prevent related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Esenamanova
- 1 Department of Hygiene Disciplines, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Ahunbaev , Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
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78
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Wang R, Liu D, Wang X, Xiao W, Wu N, Gao B, Chen P. The effect of 'sleep high and train low' on weight loss in overweight Chinese adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:250. [PMID: 24962246 PMCID: PMC4082418 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise and diet are the cornerstones for the treatment of obesity in obese children and adolescents. However, compensatory changes in appetite and energy expenditure elicited by exercise and dieting make it hard to maintain a reduced weight over the longterm. The anorexic effect of hypoxia can be potentially utilized to counteract this compensatory increase, thereby enhancing the success of weight loss. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of four week intermittent hypoxia exposure added to a traditional exercise and diet intervention on inducing short- and longterm weight loss in obese adolescents. Methods/Design In this randomized parallel group controlled clinical trial, 40 obese adolescents (20 boys and 20 girls, 11 to 15-years-old), will be recruited from a summer weight loss camp at the Shanghai University of Sport, China. Participants will be stratified by gender and randomly assigned to either the control group or the hypoxia group. During the four-week intervention period, both groups will exercise and eat a balanced diet. Additionally, the control group will sleep in normal conditions, while the hypoxia group will sleep in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (sleep high and train low). The primary outcome will be body composition and the main secondary outcomes will be the circulating levels of appetite regulatory gastrointestinal hormones. All the outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, after the four-week intervention, and at two months follow-up. Discussion Our study will be the first to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘sleep high and train low’ on short- and longterm weight loss among obese adolescents. A potential mechanism for the appetite regulatory effect of hypoxia will also be explored. The results of the study will provide an evidence-based recommendation for the use of hypoxia in a weight loss intervention among obese children and adolescents. Furthermore, the clarification of mechanisms leading to weight loss in ‘sleep high and train low’ might provide information for the development of new strategies in combating obesity. Trial registration This trial was registered on 10 January 2014 at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-14004106.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, #650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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79
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Perez-Cornago A, Mansego ML, Zulet MA, Martinez JA. DNA hypermethylation of the serotonin receptor type-2A gene is associated with a worse response to a weight loss intervention in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2014; 6:2387-403. [PMID: 24959950 PMCID: PMC4073158 DOI: 10.3390/nu6062387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of gene activities depending on DNA methylation has been the subject of much recent study. However, although polymorphisms of the HTR2A gene have been associated with both obesity and psychiatric disorders, the role of HTR2A gene methylation in these illnesses remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of HTR2A gene promoter methylation levels in white blood cells (WBC) with obesity traits and depressive symptoms in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) enrolled in a behavioural weight loss programme. Analyses were based on 41 volunteers (mean age 49 ± 1 year) recruited within the RESMENA study. Depressive symptoms (as determined using the Beck Depression Inventory), anthropometric and biochemical measurements were analysed at the beginning and after six months of weight loss treatment. At baseline, DNA from WBC was isolated and cytosine methylation in the HTR2A gene promoter was quantified by a microarray approach. In the whole-study sample, a positive association of HTR2A gene methylation with waist circumference and insulin levels was detected at baseline. Obesity measures significantly improved after six months of dietary treatment, where a lower mean HTR2A gene methylation at baseline was associated with major reductions in body weight, BMI and fat mass after the treatment. Moreover, mean HTR2A gene methylation at baseline significantly predicted the decrease in depressive symptoms after the weight loss treatment. In conclusion, this study provides newer evidence that hypermethylation of the HTR2A gene in WBC at baseline is significantly associated with a worse response to a weight-loss intervention and with a lower decrease in depressive symptoms after the dietary treatment in subjects with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008-Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Maria L Mansego
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008-Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008-Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008-Pamplona, Spain.
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80
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Goossens GH. Comment on Lecoultre et al. Ten nights of moderate hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity in obese humans. Diabetes care 2013;36:e197-e198. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:e155-6. [PMID: 24855182 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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81
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González-Muniesa P, Quintero P, De Andrés J, Martínez JA. Hypoxia: a consequence of obesity and also a tool to treat excessive weight loss. Sleep Breath 2014; 19:7-8. [PMID: 24807116 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-014-0972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro González-Muniesa
- Centre for Nutrition Research/Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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82
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Kong Z, Zang Y, Hu Y. Normobaric hypoxia training causes more weight loss than normoxia training after a 4-week residential camp for obese young adults. Sleep Breath 2013; 18:591-7. [PMID: 24318688 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-013-0922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent normobaric hypoxia training, an alternative to altitude training for athletes, may be beneficial to treat overweight and obesity. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether normobaric hypoxia training combined with low-caloric diet has the additive effect on weight loss compared with normoxia training in obese young adults. METHODS Twenty-two subjects (age 17-25 years, body mass index >27.5 kg/m(2)) were recruited for a 4-week residential camp of weight loss with low caloric intake, and trained at 60-70% maximal heart rate of aerobics and 40-50% of maximal strength of training. They were randomly assigned to either a normobaric hypoxia (HT, FiO2 = 16.4-14.5 %) or normoxia training group (NT, FiO2 = 21%), and subjects in HT and NT groups experienced weekly 16-h normoxia and 6-h hypoxia or 22-h normoxia training, respectively. Body composition, resting blood pressure (BP) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were determined before and after the intervention. RESULTS Weight loss was found in HT (-6.9 kg or -7.0%, p < 0.01) and NT groups (-4.3 kg or -4.2%, p < 0.01) significantly, and the former lost more weight than the latter (p < 0.01). Hypoxia training improved systolic BP (-7.6%) and mean BP (-7.1%) significantly (p < 0.05) despite having no effect on baPWV. CONCLUSION Four weeks of normobaric hypoxia residential training with low caloric diet has an additive improvement on weight loss. It seems that normobaric hypoxia training might be a promising method to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Avenida Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macao, China,
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83
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Kayser B, Verges S. Hypoxia, energy balance and obesity: from pathophysiological mechanisms to new treatment strategies. Obes Rev 2013; 14:579-92. [PMID: 23551535 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High altitude exposure is often accompanied by weight loss. Postulated mechanisms are a reduction of nutritional energy intake, a reduction of intestinal energy uptake from impaired intestinal function and increased energy expenditure. Beyond the field of altitude, there are good reasons for renewed interest in the relationship between hypoxia and energy balance. The increasing prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities represent a major health concern. Obesity is frequently associated with sleep disorders leading to intermittent systemic hypoxia with deleterious cardiovascular and metabolic consequences. Hypoxic regions may be present within hypertrophic white adipose tissue leading to chronic systemic inflammation. Among the increasing number of people commuting to altitude for work or leisure, obesity is a risk factor for acute mountain sickness. Paradoxically, exposure to intermittent hypoxia might be considered as a means to lose body mass and to improve metabolic risk factors. Daytime exposure to intermittent hypoxia has been used to treat hypertension in former Soviet Union countries and is now being experimented elsewhere. Such intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest or during exercise may lead to improvement in body composition and health status with improved exercise tolerance, metabolism and systemic arterial pressure. Future research should confirm whether hypoxic training could be a new treatment strategy for weight loss and comorbidities in obese subjects and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kayser
- Institute of Movement Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ascensão A, Gonçalves I, Lumini-Oliveira J, Marques-Aleixo I, dos Passos E, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado N, Moreira A, Oliveira P, Torrella J, Magalhães J. Endurance training and chronic intermittent hypoxia modulate in vitro salicylate-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:607-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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