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Lamb DA, Moore JH, Smith MA, Vann CG, Osburn SC, Ruple BA, Fox CD, Smith KS, Altonji OM, Power ZM, Cerovsky AE, Ross CO, Cao AT, Goodlett MD, Huggins KW, Fruge AD, Young KC, Roberts MD. The effects of resistance training with or without peanut protein supplementation on skeletal muscle and strength adaptations in older individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:66. [PMID: 33317565 PMCID: PMC7734909 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest resistance training (RT) while supplementing with various protein supplements can enhance strength and muscle mass in older individuals. However, to date, no study has examined the effects of RT with a peanut protein powder (PP) supplement on these outcomes. Herein, 39 older, untrained individuals (n = 17 female, n = 22 male; age = 58.6 ± 8.0 years; body mass index =28.7 ± 5.8) completed a 6-week (n = 22) or 10-week (n = 17) RT program, where full-body training was implemented twice weekly (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04015479; registered July 11, 2019). Participants in each program were randomly assigned to consume either a PP supplement once per day (75 total g powder providing 30 g protein, > 9.2 g essential amino acids, ~ 315 kcal; n = 20) or no supplement (CTL; n = 19). Right leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and 24 h following the first training bout in all participants to assess the change in myofibrillar protein synthetic rates (MyoPS) as measured via the deuterium-oxide (D2O) tracer method. Pre- and Post-intervention testing in all participants was conducted using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), VL ultrasound imaging, a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scan at the mid-thigh, and right leg isokinetic dynamometer assessments. Integrated MyoPS rates over a 24-h period were not significantly different (p < 0.05) between supplement groups following the first training bout. Regarding chronic changes, there were no significant supplement-by-time interactions in DXA-derived fat mass, lean soft tissue mass or percent body fat between supplementation groups. There was, however, a significant increase in VL thickness in PP versus CTL participants when the 6- and 10-week cohorts were pooled (interaction p = 0.041). There was also a significant increase in knee flexion torque in the 10-week PP group versus the CTL group (interaction p = 0.032). In conclusion, a higher-protein, defatted peanut powder supplement in combination with RT positively affects select markers of muscle hypertrophy and strength in an untrained, older adult population. Moreover, subanalyses indicated that gender did not play a role in these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Lamb
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Johnathon H Moore
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Morgan A Smith
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Christopher G Vann
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Bradley A Ruple
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kristen S Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Olivia M Altonji
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zade M Power
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Annsley E Cerovsky
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - C Owen Ross
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Andy T Cao
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Michael D Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Kevin W Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 260, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
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52
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Yasuda J, Gomi T, Kotemori A, Yokoyama Y, Yoshizaki T, Hida A, Tada Y, Katsumata Y, Kawano Y. Breakfast before resistance exercise lessens urinary markers of muscle protein breakdown in young men: A crossover trial. Nutrition 2020; 83:111088. [PMID: 33418493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skipping breakfast prolongs the fasting state initiated after the last meal consumed the previous day and can have negative effects on muscle protein balance. The aim of this crossover trial was to examine the effects of skipping breakfast before a single bout of resistance exercise (RE) on muscle protein breakdown (MPB), as assessed using the urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio (3-MH/Cr). METHODS Thirteen healthy young men, who habitually consumed breakfast (21.8 ± 1.1 y of age), were assigned to eating breakfast (EB) and skipping breakfast (SB) conditions. Participants consumed meat-free diets throughout the 5-d experiment. On day 5, individuals in the EB group consumed breakfast (497 kcal) 2.5 h before RE (75% repetition maximum), whereas those in the SB group consumed the same meal after dinner. RESULTS In the two-way analysis of variance, significant interactions were observed with blood insulin and free fatty acid levels, and the 3-MH/Cr ratio (P < 0.05). We confirmed a significantly greater decrease in the insulin level pre-RE (P < 0.001; d = 3.281), and increases in the free fatty acid level pre-RE (P < 0.001; d = 1.437) and post-RE (P = 0.013; d = 0.811) and the 3-MH/Cr ratio 6 (P < 0.001; d = 0.878) and 8 h (P < 0.001; d = 0.634) post-RE in the SB condition than in the EB condition. CONCLUSION Eating breakfast before RE can be beneficial for MPB suppression. The importance of breakfast consumption in terms of positive muscle protein balance is emphasized on sports fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuda
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunosuke Gomi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Physical Education and Medicine Research Center UNNAN, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kotemori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Azumi Hida
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tada
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Katsumata
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Kawano
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
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53
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Moore DR, Philp A. Editorial: Nutritional Strategies to Promote Muscle Mass and Function Across the Health Span. Front Nutr 2020; 7:569270. [PMID: 33134307 PMCID: PMC7561707 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Health Ageing Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Medical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more? Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:264-277. [PMID: 33050965 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A progressive decrement in muscle mass and muscle function, sarcopoenia, accompanies ageing. The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is the main feature of sarcopoenia. Preventing the loss of muscle mass is relevant since sarcopoenia can have a significant impact on mobility and the quality of life of older people. Dietary protein and physical activity have an essential role in slowing muscle mass loss and helping to maintain muscle function. However, the current recommendations for daily protein ingestion for older persons appear to be too low and are in need of adjustment. In this review, we discuss the skeletal muscle response to protein ingestion, and review the data examining current dietary protein recommendations in the older subjects. Furthermore, we review the concept of protein quality and the important role that nutrient-dense protein (NDP) sources play in meeting overall nutrient requirements and improving dietary quality. Overall, the current evidence endorses an increase in the daily ingestion of protein with emphasis on the ingestion of NDP choices by older adults.
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55
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Animal, Plant, Collagen and Blended Dietary Proteins: Effects on Musculoskeletal Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092670. [PMID: 32883033 PMCID: PMC7551889 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is critical for the maintenance of musculoskeletal health, where appropriate intake (i.e., source, dose, timing) can mitigate declines in muscle and bone mass and/or function. Animal-derived protein is a potent anabolic source due to rapid digestion and absorption kinetics stimulating robust increases in muscle protein synthesis and promoting bone accretion and maintenance. However, global concerns surrounding environmental sustainability has led to an increasing interest in plant- and collagen-derived protein as alternative or adjunct dietary sources. This is despite the lower anabolic profile of plant and collagen protein due to the inferior essential amino acid profile (e.g., lower leucine content) and subordinate digestibility (versus animal). This review evaluates the efficacy of animal-, plant- and collagen-derived proteins in isolation, and as protein blends, for augmenting muscle and bone metabolism and health in the context of ageing, exercise and energy restriction.
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56
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Coelho MOC, Monteyne AJ, Dunlop MV, Harris HC, Morrison DJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Mycoprotein as a possible alternative source of dietary protein to support muscle and metabolic health. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:486-497. [PMID: 31841152 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's population is expanding, leading to an increased global requirement for dietary protein to support health and adaptation in various populations. Though a strong evidence base supports the nutritional value of animal-derived dietary proteins, mounting challenges associated with sustainability of these proteins have led to calls for the investigation of alternative, non-animal-derived dietary protein sources. Mycoprotein is a sustainably produced, protein-rich, high-fiber, whole food source derived from the fermentation of fungus. Initial investigations in humans demonstrated that mycoprotein consumption can lower circulating cholesterol concentrations. Recent data also report improved acute postprandial glycemic control and a potent satiety effect following mycoprotein ingestion. It is possible that these beneficial effects are attributable to the amount and type of dietary fiber present in mycoprotein. Emerging data suggest that the amino acid composition and bioavailability of mycoprotein may also position it as a promising dietary protein source to support skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Mycoprotein may be a viable dietary protein source to promote training adaptations in athletes and the maintenance of muscle mass to support healthy aging. Herein, current evidence underlying the metabolic effects of mycoprotein is reviewed, and the key questions to be addressed are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah C Harris
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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57
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Reguant-Closa A, Roesch A, Lansche J, Nemecek T, Lohman TG, Meyer NL. The Environmental Impact of the Athlete's Plate Nutrition Education Tool. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2484. [PMID: 32824745 PMCID: PMC7468909 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodized nutrition is necessary to optimize training and enhance performance through the season. The Athlete's Plate (AP) is a nutrition education tool developed to teach athletes how to design their plates depending on training load (e.g., volume × intensity), from easy (E), moderate (M) to hard (H). The AP was validated, confirming its recommendations according to international sports nutrition guidelines. However, the AP had significantly higher protein content than recommended (up to 2.9 ± 0.5 g·kg-1·d-1; p < 0.001 for H male). The aim of this study was to quantify the environmental impact (EnvI) of the AP and to evaluate the influence of meal type, training load, sex and registered dietitian (RD). The nutritional contents of 216 APs created by 12 sport RDs were evaluated using Computrition Software (Hospitality Suite, v. 18.1, Chatsworth, CA, USA). The EnvI of the AP was analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA) expressed by the total amount of food on the AP, kg, and kcal, according to the Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment (SALCA) methodology. Higher EnvI is directly associated with higher training load when the total amount of food on the plate is considered for E (5.7 ± 2.9 kg CO2 eq/day); M (6.4 ± 1.5 kg CO2 eq/day); and H (8.0 ± 2.1 kg CO2 eq/day). Global warming potential, exergy and eutrophication are driven by animal protein and mainly beef, while ecotoxicity is influenced by vegetable content on the AP. The EnvI is influenced by the amount of food, training load and sex. This study is the first to report the degree of EnvI in sports nutrition. These results not only raise the need for sustainability education in sports nutrition in general, but also the urgency to modify the AP nutrition education tool to ensure sports nutrition recommendations are met, while not compromising the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Reguant-Closa
- International Doctoral School, University of Andorra, Andorra, AD600 Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra
| | - Andreas Roesch
- Agroscope, Life Cycle Assessment Research Group, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.R.); (J.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Jens Lansche
- Agroscope, Life Cycle Assessment Research Group, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.R.); (J.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Thomas Nemecek
- Agroscope, Life Cycle Assessment Research Group, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.R.); (J.L.); (T.N.)
| | | | - Nanna L Meyer
- Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA;
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58
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Moore DR. One size doesn't fit all: postexercise protein requirements for the endurance athlete. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:249-250. [PMID: 32511683 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Myoprotective Whole Foods, Muscle Health and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review of Observational and Intervention Studies in Older Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082257. [PMID: 32731580 PMCID: PMC7469021 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline in skeletal muscle strength and mass (sarcopenia) accelerates with age, leading to adverse health outcomes and poor quality of life. Diet plays a crucial role in muscle ageing being an important element of a healthy lifestyle. However, unlike single nutrients, such as dietary protein, or dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, the relationship between individual whole foods and muscle health has not been systematically evaluated. We aimed to investigate which whole foods (meat, fish, eggs, fruit and vegetables, and non-liquid dairy) may be beneficial (myoprotective) for ageing muscle and sarcopenia in adults aged ≥ 50 years. Nineteen observational and nine intervention studies were identified through systematic searches of the four electronic databases (last search: March 2020). The synthesis of findings showed strong and consistent evidence for a beneficial effect of lean red meat on muscle mass or lean tissue mass in both observational and intervention studies. Higher intake of fruit and vegetables was associated with better muscle function in observational studies, but the evidence from intervention studies was scarce. Non-liquid dairy foods were beneficial for muscle mass in both observational and intervention studies. There was moderate evidence for the role of these foods in muscle strength and sarcopenia, and limited or inconclusive evidence for the benefits of other whole foods (e.g., fish, eggs) for muscle health in older adults. Although current nutritional recommendations are often based on a single nutrient approach, further research about the role of protein-rich and other foods in muscle health will allow for the development of guidelines that are based on whole foods, also highlighting the potential importance of non-protein nutrients within these foods for myoprotection in older adults.
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Caputo V, Pacilli MG, Arisi I, Mazza T, Brandi R, Traversa A, Casasanta G, Pisa E, Sonnessa M, Healey B, Moggio L, D’Onofrio M, Alleva E, Macrì S. Genomic and physiological resilience in extreme environments are associated with a secure attachment style. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:185. [PMID: 32518224 PMCID: PMC7283351 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding individual capability to adjust to protracted confinement and isolation may inform adaptive plasticity and disease vulnerability/resilience, and may have long-term implications for operations requiring prolonged presence in distant and restricted environments. Individual coping depends on many different factors encompassing psychological dispositional traits, endocrine reactivity and their underlying molecular mechanisms (e.g. gene expression). A positive view of self and others (secure attachment style) has been proposed to promote individual resilience under extreme environmental conditions. Here, we tested this hypothesis and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms in 13 healthy volunteers confined and isolated for 12 months in a research station located 1670 km away from the south geographic pole on the Antarctic Plateau at 3233 m above sea level. Study participants, stratified for attachment style, were characterised longitudinally (before, during and after confinement) for their psychological appraisal of the stressful nature of the expedition, diurnal fluctuations in endocrine stress reactivity, and gene expression profiling (transcriptomics). Predictably, a secure attachment style was associated with reduced psychological distress and endocrine vulnerability to stress. In addition, while prolonged confinement and isolation remarkably altered overall patterns of gene expression, such alteration was largely reduced in individuals characterised by a secure attachment style. Furthermore, increased resilience was associated with a reduced expression of genes involved in energy metabolism (mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation). Ultimately, our data indicate that a secure attachment style may favour individual resilience in extreme environments and that such resilience can be mapped onto identifiable molecular substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Caputo
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Pacilli
- grid.9027.c0000 0004 1757 3630Department of Political Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- grid.418911.4Bioinformatics, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy ,grid.428504.f0000 0004 1781 0034Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) – CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- grid.413503.00000 0004 1757 9135Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Rossella Brandi
- grid.418911.4Genomics - European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Traversa
- grid.413503.00000 0004 1757 9135Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Giampietro Casasanta
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pisa
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Sonnessa
- grid.418911.4Genomics - European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Beth Healey
- Biomedical Research, European Space Agency, Concordia, Antarctica
| | - Lorenzo Moggio
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy ,grid.11696.390000 0004 1937 0351Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mara D’Onofrio
- grid.428504.f0000 0004 1781 0034Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) – CNR, Rome, Italy ,grid.418911.4Genomics - European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Macrì
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Marshall RN, Smeuninx B, Morgan PT, Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051533. [PMID: 32466126 PMCID: PMC7284346 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4109
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Limitations of the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) and Choice of Statistical Reporting. Comment on "A Comparison of Dietary Protein Digestibility, Based on DIAAS Scoring, in Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Athletes. Nutrients 2019, 11, 3106". Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041183. [PMID: 32340171 PMCID: PMC7231177 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Hughes RL. A Review of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Personalized Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2020; 6:191. [PMID: 31998739 PMCID: PMC6966970 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a key factor in determining inter-individual variability in response to diet. Thus, far, research in this area has focused on metabolic health outcomes such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, understanding the role of the gut microbiome in determining response to diet may also lead to improved personalization of sports nutrition for athletic performance. The gut microbiome has been shown to modify the effect of both diet and exercise, making it relevant to the athlete's pursuit of optimal performance. This area of research can benefit from recent developments in the general field of personalized nutrition and has the potential to expand our knowledge of the nexus between the gut microbiome, lifestyle, and individual physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley L. Hughes
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pruna R, Lizarraga A. Nutrición y deporte. Nuevos enfoques conceptuales en la actualidad. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 153:281-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moore DR. Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Front Nutr 2019; 6:147. [PMID: 31552263 PMCID: PMC6746967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing the post-exercise increase in muscle protein synthesis, especially of the contractile myofibrillar protein fraction, is essential to facilitate effective muscle remodeling, and enhance hypertrophic gains with resistance training. MPS is the primary regulated variable influencing muscle net balance with dietary amino acid ingestion representing the single most important nutritional variable enhancing post-exercise rates of muscle protein synthesis. Dose-response studies in average (i.e., ~80 kg) males have reported an absolute 20 g dose of high quality, rapidly digested protein maximizes mixed, and myofibrillar protein synthetic rates. However, it is unclear if these absolute protein intakes can be viewed in a “one size fits all” solution. Re-analysis of published literature in young adults suggests a relative single meal intake of ~0.31 g/kg of rapidly digested, high quality protein (i.e., whey) should be considered as a nutritional guideline for individuals of average body composition aiming to maximize post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis while minimizing irreversible amino acid oxidative catabolism that occurs with excessive intakes of this macronutrient. This muscle-specific bolus intake is lower than that reported to maximize whole body anabolism (i.e., ≥0.5 g/kg). Review of the available literature suggests that potential confounders such as the co-ingestion of carbohydrate, sex, and amount of active muscle mass do not represent significant barriers to the translation of this objectively determined relative protein intake. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the effective dose for proteins with suboptimal amino acid compositions (e.g., plant-based), and/or slower digestion rates as well as whether recommendations are appreciably affected by other physiological conditions such endurance exercise, high habitual daily protein ingestion, aging, obesity, and/or periods of chronic negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Leroy F, Cofnas N. Should dietary guidelines recommend low red meat intake? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2763-2772. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1657063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Nathan Cofnas
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK
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Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, Helms ER, Shaw G, Iraki J. Is an Energy Surplus Required to Maximize Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Associated With Resistance Training. Front Nutr 2019; 6:131. [PMID: 31482093 PMCID: PMC6710320 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is commonly prescribed to enhance strength/power qualities and is achieved via improved neuromuscular recruitment, fiber type transition, and/ or skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The rate and amount of muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual. Various dietary interventions have been proposed to influence muscle hypertrophy, including manipulation of protein intake, specific supplement prescription, and creation of an energy surplus. While recent research has provided significant insight into optimization of dietary protein intake and application of evidence based supplements, the specific energy surplus required to facilitate muscle hypertrophy is unknown. However, there is clear evidence of an anabolic stimulus possible from an energy surplus, even independent of resistance training. Common textbook recommendations are often based solely on the assumed energy stored within the tissue being assimilated. Unfortunately, such guidance likely fails to account for other energetically expensive processes associated with muscle hypertrophy, the acute metabolic adjustments that occur in response to an energy surplus, or individual nuances like training experience and energy status of the individual. Given the ambiguous nature of these calculations, it is not surprising to see broad ranging guidance on energy needs. These estimates have never been validated in a resistance training population to confirm the "sweet spot" for an energy surplus that facilitates optimal rates of muscle gain relative to fat mass. This review not only addresses the influence of an energy surplus on resistance training outcomes, but also explores other pertinent issues, including "how much should energy intake be increased," "where should this extra energy come from," and "when should this extra energy be consumed." Several gaps in the literature are identified, with the hope this will stimulate further research interest in this area. Having a broader appreciation of these issues will assist practitioners in the establishment of dietary strategies that facilitate resistance training adaptations while also addressing other important nutrition related issues such as optimization of fuelling and recovery goals. Practical issues like the management of satiety when attempting to increase energy intake are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary John Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brad P. Dieter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, WA Spokane, WA, United States
| | | | - Eric Russell Helms
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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Beals JW, Burd NA, Moore DR, van Vliet S. Obesity Alters the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:87. [PMID: 31263701 PMCID: PMC6584965 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the health of skeletal muscle is an important component of obesity treatment. Apart from allowing for physical activity, skeletal muscle tissue is fundamental for the regulation of postprandial macronutrient metabolism, a time period that represents when metabolic derangements are most often observed in adults with obesity. In order for skeletal muscle to retain its capacity for physical activity and macronutrient metabolism, its protein quantity and composition must be maintained through the efficient degradation and resynthesis for proper tissue homeostasis. Life-style behaviors such as increasing physical activity and higher protein diets are front-line treatment strategies to enhance muscle protein remodeling by primarily stimulating protein synthesis rates. However, the muscle of individuals with obesity appears to be resistant to the anabolic action of targeted exercise regimes and protein ingestion when compared to normal-weight adults. This indicates impaired muscle protein remodeling in response to the main anabolic stimuli to human skeletal muscle tissue is contributing to poor muscle health with obesity. Deranged anabolic signaling related to insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and/or systemic/muscle inflammation are likely at the root of the anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis rates with obesity. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of protein ingestion and exercise on muscle protein remodeling in people with obesity, and the potential mechanisms underlining anabolic resistance of their muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Burd NA, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Paulussen KJ, Moore DR. Dietary Protein Quantity, Quality, and Exercise Are Key to Healthy Living: A Muscle-Centric Perspective Across the Lifespan. Front Nutr 2019; 6:83. [PMID: 31245378 PMCID: PMC6563776 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy eating pattern, regardless of age, should consist of ingesting high quality protein preferably in adequate amounts across all meals throughout the day. Of particular relevance to overall health is the growth, development, and maintenance of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle not only contributes to physical strength and performance, but also contributes to efficient macronutrient utilization and storage. Achieving an optimal amount of muscle mass begins early in life with transitions to "steady-state" maintenance as an adult, and then safeguarding against ultimate decline of muscle mass with age, all of which are influenced by physical activity and dietary (e.g., protein) factors. Current protein recommendations, as defined by recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for the US population or the population reference intakes (PRI) in Europe, are set to cover basic needs; however, it is thought that a higher protein intake might be necessary for optimizing muscle mass, especially for adults and individuals with an active lifestyle. It is necessary to balance the accurate assessment of protein quality (e.g., digestible indispensable amino acid score; DIAAS) with methods that provide a physiological correlate (e.g., established measures of protein synthesis, substrate oxidation, lean mass retention, or accrual, etc.) in order to accurately define protein requirements for these physiological outcomes. Moreover, current recommendations need to shift from single nutrient guidelines to whole food based guidelines in order to practically acknowledge food matrix interactions and other required nutrients for potentially optimizing the health effects of food. The aim of this paper is to discuss protein quality and amount that should be consumed with consideration to the presence of non-protein constituents within a food matrix and potential interactions with physical activity to maximize muscle mass throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kevin J.M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Spriet
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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