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Nguyen TPT, Li F, Shrestha S, Tuan RS, Thissen H, Forsythe JS, Frith JE. Cell-laden injectable microgels: Current status and future prospects for cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121214. [PMID: 34736147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have been employed extensively as versatile materials for cartilage regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility, tunable structure, and ability to accommodate bioactive factors, as well as their ability to be locally delivered via minimally invasive injection to fill irregular defects. More recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that processing these materials to produce cell-laden microgels can enhance cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and boost nutrient and metabolite exchange. Moreover, these studies have demonstrated gene expression profiles and matrix regeneration that are superior compared to conventional injectable bulk hydrogels. As cell-laden microgels and their application in cartilage repair are moving closer to clinical translation, this review aims to present an overview of the recent developments in this field. Here we focus on the currently used biomaterials and crosslinking strategies, the innovative fabrication techniques being used for the production of microgels, the cell sources used, the signals used for induction of chondrogenic differentiation and the resultant biological responses, and the ability to create three-dimensional, functional cartilage tissues. In addition, this review also covers the current clinical approaches for repairing cartilage as well as specific challenges faced when attempting the regeneration of damaged cartilage tissue. New findings related to the macroporous nature of the structures formed by the assembled microgel building blocks and the novel use of microgels in 3D printing for cartilage tissue engineering are also highlighted. Finally, we outline the challenges and future opportunities for employing cell-laden microgels in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy P T Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Surakshya Shrestha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jessica E Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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52
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Han X, Chang S, Zhang M, Bian X, Li C, Li D. Advances of Hydrogel-Based Bioprinting for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:746564. [PMID: 34660559 PMCID: PMC8511323 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.746564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting has gained immense attention and achieved the revolutionized progress for application in the multifunctional tissue regeneration. On account of the precise structural fabrication and mimicking complexity, hydrogel-based bio-inks are widely adopted for cartilage tissue engineering. Although more and more researchers have reported a number of literatures in this field, many challenges that should be addressed for the development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting constructs still exist. Herein, this review is mainly focused on the introduction of various natural polymers and synthetic polymers in hydrogel-based bioprinted scaffolds, which are systematically discussed via emphasizing on the fabrication condition, mechanical property, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological performance for cartilage tissue repair. Further, this review describes the opportunities and challenges of this 3D bioprinting technique to construct complex bio-inks with adjustable mechanical and biological integrity, and meanwhile, the current possible solutions are also conducted for providing some suggestive ideas on developing more advanced bioprinting products from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiangbing Bian
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Gomes MC, Costa DCS, Oliveira CS, Mano JF. Design of Protein-Based Liquefied Cell-Laden Capsules with Bioinspired Adhesion for Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100782. [PMID: 34216107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platforms with liquid cores are extensively explored as cell delivery vehicles for cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. However, the recurrence of synthetic materials can impair its translation into the clinic. Inspired by the adhesive proteins secreted by mussels, liquefied capsule is developed using gelatin modified with hydroxypyridinones (Gel-HOPO), a catechol analogue with oxidant-resistant properties. The protein-based liquefied macrocapsule permitted the compartmentalization of living cells by an approachable and non-time-consuming methodology resorting to i) superhydrophobic surfaces as a processing platform of hydrogel beads, ii) gelation of gelatin at temperatures < 25 °C, iii) iron coordination of the hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moieties at physiological pH, and iv) core liquefaction at 37 °C. With the design of a proteolytically degradable shell, the possibility of encapsulating human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC) with and without the presence of polycaprolactone microparticles (μPCL) is evaluated. Showing prevalence toward adhesion to the inner shell wall, hASC formed a monolayer evidencing the biocompatibility and adequate mechanical properties of these platforms for proliferation, diminishing the need for μPCL as a supporting substrate. This new protein-based liquefied platform can provide biofactories devices of both fundamental and practical importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine or in other biotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Dora C. S. Costa
- Department of Chemistry CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
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Abstract
Biopolymers are natural polymers sourced from plants and animals, which include a variety of polysaccharides and polypeptides. The inclusion of biopolymers into biomedical hydrogels is of great interest because of their inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, such as cellular adhesion, degradation, and viscoelasticity. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview of the design and development of biopolymer hydrogels for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on biopolymer chemical modifications and cross-linking methods. First, the fundamentals of biopolymers and chemical conjugation methods to introduce cross-linking groups are described. Cross-linking methods to form biopolymer networks are then discussed in detail, including (i) covalent cross-linking (e.g., free radical chain polymerization, click cross-linking, cross-linking due to oxidation of phenolic groups), (ii) dynamic covalent cross-linking (e.g., Schiff base formation, disulfide formation, reversible Diels-Alder reactions), and (iii) physical cross-linking (e.g., guest-host interactions, hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand coordination, grafted biopolymers). Finally, recent advances in the use of chemically modified biopolymer hydrogels for the biofabrication of tissue scaffolds, therapeutic delivery, tissue adhesives and sealants, as well as the formation of interpenetrating network biopolymer hydrogels, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Muir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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55
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Chen S, Gil CJ, Ning L, Jin L, Perez L, Kabboul G, Tomov ML, Serpooshan V. Adhesive Tissue Engineered Scaffolds: Mechanisms and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:683079. [PMID: 34354985 PMCID: PMC8329531 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.683079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of suture and bioglue techniques are conventionally used to secure engineered scaffold systems onto the target tissues. These techniques, however, confront several obstacles including secondary damages, cytotoxicity, insufficient adhesion strength, improper degradation rate, and possible allergic reactions. Adhesive tissue engineering scaffolds (ATESs) can circumvent these limitations by introducing their intrinsic tissue adhesion ability. This article highlights the significance of ATESs, reviews their key characteristics and requirements, and explores various mechanisms of action to secure the scaffold onto the tissue. We discuss the current applications of advanced ATES products in various fields of tissue engineering, together with some of the key challenges for each specific field. Strategies for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adhesive properties of scaffolds are presented. Furthermore, we highlight the future prospective in the development of advanced ATES systems for regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carmen J. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liqun Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Linqi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lilanni Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gabriella Kabboul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Martin L. Tomov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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56
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Correia CR, Bjørge IM, Nadine S, Mano JF. Minimalist Tissue Engineering Approaches Using Low Material-Based Bioengineered Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002110. [PMID: 33709572 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From an "over-engineering" era in which biomaterials played a central role, now it is observed to the emergence of "developmental" tissue engineering (TE) strategies which rely on an integrative cell-material perspective that paves the way for cell self-organization. The current challenge is to engineer the microenvironment without hampering the spontaneous collective arrangement ability of cells, while simultaneously providing biochemical, geometrical, and biophysical cues that positively influence tissue healing. These efforts have resulted in the development of low-material based TE strategies focused on minimizing the amount of biomaterial provided to the living key players of the regenerative process. Through a "minimalist-engineering" approach, the main idea is to fine-tune the spatial balance occupied by the inanimate region of the regenerative niche toward maximum actuation of the key living components during the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. Correia
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Bjørge
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Sara Nadine
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
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57
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Muir VG, Qazi TH, Shan J, Groll J, Burdick JA. Influence of Microgel Fabrication Technique on Granular Hydrogel Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4269-4281. [PMID: 33591726 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bulk hydrogels traditionally used for tissue engineering and drug delivery have numerous limitations, such as restricted injectability and a nanoscale porosity that reduces cell invasion and mass transport. An evolving approach to address these limitations is the fabrication of hydrogel microparticles (i.e., "microgels") that can be assembled into granular hydrogels. There are numerous methods to fabricate microgels; however, the influence of the fabrication technique on granular hydrogel properties is unexplored. Herein, we investigated the influence of three microgel fabrication techniques (microfluidic devices (MD), batch emulsions (BE), and mechanical fragmentation by extrusion (EF)) on the resulting granular hydrogel properties (e.g., mechanics, porosity, and injectability). Hyaluronic acid (HA) modified with various reactive groups (i.e., norbornenes (NorHA), pentenoates (HA-PA), and methacrylates (MeHA)) were used to form microgels with an average diameter of ∼100 μm. The MD method resulted in homogeneous spherical microgels, the BE method resulted in heterogeneous spherical microgels, and the EF method resulted in heterogeneous polygonal microgels. Across the various reactive groups, microgels fabricated with the MD and BE methods had lower functional group consumption when compared to microgels fabricated with the EF method. When microgels were jammed into granular hydrogels, the storage modulus (G') of EF granular hydrogels (∼1000-3000 Pa) was consistently an order of magnitude higher than G' for MD and BE granular hydrogels (∼50-200 Pa). Void space was comparable across all groups, although EF granular hydrogels exhibited an increased number of pores and decreased average pore size when compared to MD and BE granular hydrogels. Furthermore, granular hydrogel properties were tuned by varying the amount of cross-linker used during microgel fabrication. Lastly, granular hydrogels were injectable across formulations due to their general shear-thinning and self-healing properties. Taken together, this work thoroughly characterizes the influence of the microgel fabrication technique on granular hydrogel properties to inform the design of future systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Muir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Taimoor H Qazi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junwen Shan
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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58
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Li J, Jia X, Yin L. Hydrogel: Diversity of Structures and Applications in Food Science. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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59
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Truong VX, Barner-Kowollik C. Red-Light Driven Photocatalytic Oxime Ligation for Bioorthogonal Hydrogel Design. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:78-83. [PMID: 35548995 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated polymer cross-linking is frequently employed for the preparation of hydrogels for biomedical applications. However, most photopolymerization processes require activation by UV light or short wavelength visible light, which are highly absorbed by skin and tissue, limiting their uses in transdermal initiation. Herein, we introduce red light-enabled oxime ligation by the in situ photogeneration of aldehydes, which rapidly react with hydroxylamines. We demonstrate efficient polymer cross-linking behind a dermal tissue model by red light initiation. Optimization of the photopolymerization conditions allows for 3D encapsulation of human foreskin fibroblasts with good cell viability postencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia
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60
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Shrestha S, Li F, Truong VX, Forsythe JS, Frith JE. Interplay of Hydrogel Composition and Geometry on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5323-5335. [PMID: 33237736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are emerging as an outstanding platform for tissue regeneration because they overcome issues associated with conventional bulk/macroscopic hydrogels such as limited cell-cell contact and cell communication and low diffusion rates. Owing to the enhanced mass transfer and injectability via a minimally invasive procedure, these microgels are becoming a promising approach for bone regeneration applications. Nevertheless, there still remains a huge gap between the understanding of how the hydrogel matrix composition can influence cell response and overall tissue formation when switching from bulk formats to microgel format, which is often neglected or rarely studied. Here, we fabricated polyethylene glycol-based microgels and bulk hydrogels incorporating gelatin and hyaluronic acid (HA), either individually or together, and assessed the impact of both hydrogel composition and format upon the osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Osteogenesis was significantly greater in microgels than bulk hydrogels for both gelatin alone (Gel) and gelatin HA composite (Gel:HA) hydrogels, as determined by the expression of Runt-related transcription factor (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes and mineral deposition. Interestingly, Gel and Gel:HA hydrogels behaved differently between bulk and microgel format. In bulk format, overall osteogenic outcomes were better in Gel:HA hydrogels, but in microgel format, while the level of osteogenic gene expression was equivalent between both compositions, the degree of mineralization was reduced in Gel:HA microgels. Investigation into the affinity of hydroxyapatite for the different matrix compositions indicated that the decreased mineralization of Gel:HA microgels was likely due to a low affinity of hydroxyapatite to bind to HA and support mineral deposition, which has a greater impact on microgels than bulk hydrogels. Together, these findings suggest that both hydrogel composition and format can determine the success of tissue formation and that there is a complex interplay of these two factors on both cell behavior and matrix deposition. This has important implications for tissue engineering, showing that hydrogel composition and geometry must be evaluated together when optimizing conditions for cell differentiation and tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surakshya Shrestha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica E Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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61
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Tenje M, Cantoni F, Porras Hernández AM, Searle SS, Johansson S, Barbe L, Antfolk M, Pohlit H. A practical guide to microfabrication and patterning of hydrogels for biomimetic cell culture scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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62
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Lastra ML, Gómez Ribelles JL, Cortizo AM. Design and characterization of microspheres for a 3D mesenchymal stem cell culture. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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63
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Zlotnick HM, Stoeckl BD, Henning EA, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL. Optimized Media Volumes Enable Homogeneous Growth of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Engineered Cartilage Constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:214-222. [PMID: 32552444 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite marked advances in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, it remains a challenge to engineer cartilage constructs with homogeneous properties. Moreover, for engineered cartilage to make it to the clinic, this homogeneous growth must occur in a time-efficient manner. In this study we investigated the potential of increased media volume to expedite the homogeneous maturation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) laden engineered constructs over time in vitro. We assessed the MSC-laden constructs after 4 and 8 weeks of chondrogenic culture using bulk mechanical, histological, and biochemical measures. These assays were performed on both the intact total constructs and the construct cores to elucidate region-dependent differences. In addition, local strain transfer was assessed to quantify depth-dependent mechanical properties throughout the constructs. Our findings suggest that increased media volume enhances matrix deposition early in culture and ameliorates unwanted regional heterogeneities at later time points. Taken together, these data support the use of higher media volumes during in vitro culture to hasten tissue maturation and increase the core strength of tissue constructs. These findings will forward the field of cartilage tissue engineering and the translation of tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Zlotnick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brendan D Stoeckl
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Henning
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David R Steinberg
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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64
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Li F, Levinson C, Truong VX, Laurent-Applegate LA, Maniura-Weber K, Thissen H, Forsythe JS, Zenobi-Wong M, Frith JE. Microencapsulation improves chondrogenesis in vitro and cartilaginous matrix stability in vivo compared to bulk encapsulation. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1711-1725. [PMID: 31994552 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of cells into microgels is attractive for applications in tissue regeneration. While cells are protected against shear stress during injection, the assembly of microgels after injection into a tissue defect also forms a macroporous scaffold that allows effective nutrient transport throughout the construct. However, in most of current strategies that form microgel-based macroporous scaffold or higher-order structures, cells are seeded during or post the assembly process and not microencapsulated in situ. The objective of this study is to investigate the chondrogenic phenotype of microencapsulated fetal chondrocytes in a biocompatible, assembled microgel system vs. bulk gels and to test the stability of the constructs in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that cell microencapsulation leads to increased expression of cartilage-specific genes in a TGF-β1-dependent manner. This correlates, as shown by histological staining, with the ability of microencapsulated cells to deposit cartilaginous matrix after migrating to the surface of the microgels, while keeping a macroscopic granular morphology. Implantation of precultured scaffolds in a subcutaneous mouse model results in vessel infiltration in bulk gels but not in assembled microgels, suggesting a higher stability of the matrix produced by the cells in the assembled microgel constructs. The cells are able to remodel the microgels as demonstrated by the gradual disappearance of the granular structure in vivo. The biocompatible microencapsulation and microgel assembly system presented in this article therefore hold great promise as an injectable system for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. and CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Clara Levinson
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biointerfaces, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica E Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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65
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Nadine S, Patrício SG, Barrias CC, Choi IS, Matsusaki M, Correia CR, Mano JF. Geometrically Controlled Liquefied Capsules for Modular Tissue Engineering Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000127. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nadine
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Sónia G. Patrício
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Barrias
- i3S, Instituto De Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde Universidade Do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB, Instituto De Engenharia Biomédica Universidade Do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade Do Porto Rua De Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 Porto 4050‐313 Portugal
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry, KAIST Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565‐0871 Japan
| | - Clara R. Correia
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
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Xing D, Liu W, Li JJ, Liu L, Guo A, Wang B, Yu H, Zhao Y, Chen Y, You Z, Lyu C, Li W, Liu A, Du Y, Lin J. Engineering 3D functional tissue constructs using self-assembling cell-laden microniches. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:170-182. [PMID: 32771588 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering using traditional size fixed scaffolds and injectable biomaterials are faced with many limitations due to the difficulties of producing macroscopic functional tissues. In this study, 3D functional tissue constructs were developed by inducing self-assembly of microniches, which were cell-laden gelatin microcryogels. During self-assembly, the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components was found to strengthen cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, leading to the construction of a 'native' microenvironment that better preserved cell viability and functions. MSCs grown in self-assembled constructs showed increased maintenance of stemness, reduced senescence and improved paracrine activity compared with cells grown in individual microniches without self-assembly. As an example of applying the self-assembled constructs in tissue regeneration, the constructs were used to induce in vivo articular cartilage repair and successfully regenerated hyaline-like cartilage tissue in the absence of other extrinsic factors. This unique approach of developing self-assembled 3D functional constructs holds great promise for the generation of tissue engineered organoids and repair of challenging tissue defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We developed 3D functional tissue constructs using a unique gelatin-based microscopic hydrogel (microcryogels). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were loaded into gelatin microcryogels to form microscopic cell-laden units (microniches), which were induced to undergo self-assembly using a specially designed 3D printed frame. Extracellular matrix accumulation among the microniches resulted in self-assembled macroscopic constructs with superior ability to maintain the phenotypic characteristics and stemness of MSCs, together with the suppression of senescence and enhanced paracrine function. As an example of application in tissue regeneration, the self-assembled constructs were shown to successfully repair articular cartilage defects without any other supplements. This unique strategy for developing 3D functional tissue constructs allows the optimisation of stem cell functions and construction of biomimetic tissue organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xing
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Longwei Liu
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anqi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongsheng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifeng You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China; Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China.
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67
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Caldwell AS, Aguado BA, Anseth KS. Designing Microgels for Cell Culture and Controlled Assembly of Tissue Microenvironments. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1907670. [PMID: 33841061 PMCID: PMC8026140 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized hydrogels, termed microgels, are emerging as multifunctional platforms that can recapitulate tissue heterogeneity in engineered cell microenvironments. The microgels can function as either individual cell culture units or can be assembled into larger scaffolds. In this manner, individual microgels can be customized for single or multi-cell co-culture applications, or heterogeneous populations can be used as building blocks to create microporous assembled scaffolds that more closely mimic tissue heterogeneities. The inherent versatility of these materials allows user-defined control of the microenvironments, from the order of singly encapsulated cells to entire three-dimensional cell scaffolds. These hydrogel scaffolds are promising for moving towards personalized medicine approaches and recapitulating the multifaceted microenvironments that exist in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Caldwell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Brian A. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
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68
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Girão AF, Semitela Â, Pereira AL, Completo A, Marques PAAP. Microfabrication of a biomimetic arcade-like electrospun scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:69. [PMID: 32705408 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the engineering of biomimetic cellular microenvironments has emerged as a top priority for regenerative medicine, being the in vitro recreation of the arcade-like cartilaginous tissue one of the most critical challenges due to the notorious absence of cost- and time-efficient microfabrication techniques capable of building 3D fibrous scaffolds with precise anisotropic properties. Taking this into account, we suggest a feasible and accurate methodology that uses a sequential adaptation of an electrospinning-electrospraying set up to construct a hierarchical system comprising both polycaprolactone (PCL) fibres and polyethylene glycol sacrificial microparticles. After porogen leaching, the bi-layered PCL scaffold was capable of presenting not only a depth-dependent fibre orientation similar to natural cartilage, but also mechanical features and porosity proficient to encourage an enhanced cell response. In fact, cell viability studies confirmed the biocompatibility of the scaffold and its ability to guarantee suitable cell adhesion, proliferation and migration throughout the 3D anisotropic fibrous network during 21 days of culture. Additionally, likewise the hierarchical relationship between chondrocytes and their extracellular matrix, the reported PCL scaffold was able to induce depth-dependent cell-material interactions responsible for promoting a spatial modulation of the morphology, alignment and density of the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Girão
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Semitela
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Leal Pereira
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Completo
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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69
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Application of star poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives in drug delivery and controlled release. J Control Release 2020; 323:565-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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70
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Xu B, Ye J, Yuan FZ, Zhang JY, Chen YR, Fan BS, Jiang D, Jiang WB, Wang X, Yu JK. Advances of Stem Cell-Laden Hydrogels With Biomimetic Microenvironment for Osteochondral Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:247. [PMID: 32296692 PMCID: PMC7136426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral damage from trauma or osteoarthritis is a general joint disease that can lead to an increased social and economic burden in the modern society. The inefficiency of osteochondral defects is mainly due to the absence of suitable tissue-engineered substrates promoting tissue regeneration and replacing damaged areas. The hydrogels are becoming a promising kind of biomaterials for tissue regeneration. The biomimetic hydrogel microenvironment can be tightly controlled by modulating a number of biophysical and biochemical properties, including matrix mechanics, degradation, microstructure, cell adhesion, and intercellular interactions. In particular, advances in stem cell-laden hydrogels have offered new ideas for the cell therapy and osteochondral repair. Herein, the aim of this review is to underpin the importance of stem cell-laden hydrogels on promoting the development of osteochondral regeneration, especially in the field of manipulation of biomimetic microenvironment and utilization growth factors with various delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Xu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Zhen Yuan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Ying Zhang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - You-Rong Chen
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Shi Fan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Jiang
- Clinical Translational R&D Center of 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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71
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Suraiya AB, Hun ML, Truong VX, Forsythe JS, Chidgey AP. Gelatin-Based 3D Microgels for In Vitro T Lineage Cell Generation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2198-2208. [PMID: 33455336 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells are predominantly produced by the thymus and play a significant role in maintaining our adaptive immune system. Physiological involution of the thymus occurs gradually with age, compromising naive T cell output, which can have severe clinical complications. Also, T cells are utilized as therapeutic agents in cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, there is an increasing need for strategies aimed at generating naive T cells. The majority of in vitro T cell generation studies are performed in two-dimensional (2D) cultures, which ignore the physiological thymic microenvironment and are not scalable; therefore, we applied a new three-dimensional (3D) approach. Here, we use a gelatin-based 3D microgel system for T lineage induction by co-culturing OP9-DL4 cells and mouse fetal-liver-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that microgel co-cultures supported T lineage induction similar to 2D cultures while providing a 3D environment. We also encapsulated mouse embryonic thymic epithelial cells (TECs) within the microgels to provide a defined 3D culture platform. The microgel system supported TEC maintenance and retained their phenotype. Together, these data show that our microgel system has the capacity for TEC maintenance and induction of in vitro T lineage differentiation with potential for scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha B Suraiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Michael L Hun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ann P Chidgey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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72
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Huang L, Abdalla AM, Xiao L, Yang G. Biopolymer-Based Microcarriers for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Engineered Tissue Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1895. [PMID: 32164316 PMCID: PMC7084715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been proposed to maintain cellular morphology and function as in vivo. Among different approaches for 3D cell culture, microcarrier technology provides a promising tool for cell adhesion, proliferation, and cellular interactions in 3D space mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. In particular, microcarriers based on biopolymers have been widely investigated because of their superior biocompatibility and biodegradability. Moreover, through bottom-up assembly, microcarriers have opened a bright door for fabricating engineered tissues, which is one of the cutting-edge topics in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine. This review takes an in-depth look into the recent advancements of microcarriers based on biopolymers-especially polysaccharides such as chitosan, chitin, cellulose, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and laminarin-for 3D cell culture and the fabrication of engineered tissues based on them. The current limitations and potential strategies were also discussed to shed some light on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China;
| | - Ahmed M.E. Abdalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
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73
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Carthew J, Donderwinkel I, Shrestha S, Truong V, Forsythe J, Frith J. In situ miRNA delivery from a hydrogel promotes osteogenesis of encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:249-261. [PMID: 31722255 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are attractive candidates for use in tissue-engineering and the encapsulation and subsequent differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is a strategy that holds great promise for the repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage. However, MSCs are well-known for their sensitivity to mechanical cues, particularly substrate stiffness, and so the inherent softness of hydrogels is poorly matched to the mechanical cues that drive efficient osteogenesis. One approach to overcome this limitation is to harness mechanotransductive signalling pathways and override the signals cells receive from their environment. Previous reports demonstrate that mechanosensitive miRNAs, miR-100-5p and miR-143-3p can enhance MSC osteogenesis, using a complex multi-step procedure to transfect, encapsulate and differentiate the cells. In this study, we develop and characterise a facile system for in situ transfection of MSCs encapsulated within a light-crosslinkable gelatin-PEG hydrogel. Comparing the influence of different transfection agents and hydrogel compositions, we show that particle size, charge, and hydrogel mechanical properties all influence the diffusion of embedded transfection agent complexes. By incorporating both MSCs and transfection agents into the hydrogels we demonstrate successful in situ transfection of encapsulated MSCs. Comparing the efficacy of pre- and in situ transfection of miR-100-5p/miR-143-3p on the osteogenic capacity of hydrogel-encapsulated MSCs, our data demonstrates superior mineralisation and osteogenic gene expression following in situ transfections. Overall, we demonstrate a simple, one-pot system for in situ transfection of miRNAs to enhance MSC osteogenic potential and thus demonstrates significant promise to improve the efficiency of MSC differentiation in hydrogels for bone tissue-engineering applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are sensitive to cues from their surrounding microenvironment. Osteogenesis is enhanced in MSCs grown on stiffer substrates, but this is limited when using hydrogels for bone tissue-engineering. Modulating pro-osteogenic genes with mechanosensitive microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a potential tool to overcome this challenge. Here we report a hydrogel platform to deliver miRNAs to encapsulated MSCs. We characterise effects of hydrogel composition and transfection agent type on their mobility and transfection efficiency, demonstrating successful in situ transfection of MSCs and showing that miRNAs can significantly enhance osteogenic mineral deposition and marker gene expression. This system was simpler and more effective than conventional 2D transfection prior to encapsulation and therefore holds promise to improve MSC differentiation in bone tissue-engineering.
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74
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Daly AC, Riley L, Segura T, Burdick JA. Hydrogel microparticles for biomedical applications. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:20-43. [PMID: 34123409 PMCID: PMC8191408 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) are promising for biomedical applications, ranging from the therapeutic delivery of cells and drugs to the production of scaffolds for tissue repair and bioinks for 3D printing. Biologics (cells and drugs) can be encapsulated into HMPs of predefined shapes and sizes using a variety of fabrication techniques (batch emulsion, microfluidics, lithography, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) spraying and mechanical fragmentation). HMPs can be formulated in suspensions to deliver therapeutics, as aggregates of particles (granular hydrogels) to form microporous scaffolds that promote cell infiltration or embedded within a bulk hydrogel to obtain multiscale behaviours. HMP suspensions and granular hydrogels can be injected for minimally invasive delivery of biologics, and they exhibit modular properties when comprised of mixtures of distinct HMP populations. In this Review, we discuss the fabrication techniques that are available for fabricating HMPs, as well as the multiscale behaviours of HMP systems and their functional properties, highlighting their advantages over traditional bulk hydrogels. Furthermore, we discuss applications of HMPs in the fields of cell delivery, drug delivery, scaffold design and biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Daly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Andrew C. Daly, Lindsay Riley
| | - Lindsay Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Andrew C. Daly, Lindsay Riley
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Dermatology and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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75
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Riley L, Schirmer L, Segura T. Granular hydrogels: emergent properties of jammed hydrogel microparticles and their applications in tissue repair and regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:1-8. [PMID: 30481603 PMCID: PMC6534490 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Granular hydrogels are emerging as a versatile and effective platform for tissue engineered constructs in regenerative medicine. The hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) that compose these materials exhibit particle jamming above a minimum packing fraction, which results in a bulk, yet dynamic, granular hydrogel scaffold. These injectable, microporous scaffolds possess self-assembling, shear-thinning, and self-healing properties. Recently, they have been utilized as cell cultures platforms and extracellular matrix mimics with remarkable success in promoting cellular infiltration and subsequent tissue remodeling in vivo. Furthermore, the modular nature of granular hydrogels accommodates heterogeneous HMP assembly, where varying HMPs have been fabricated to target distinct biological processes or deliver unique cargo. Such multifunctional materials offer enormous potential for capturing the structural and biofunctional complexity observed in native human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States; Department of Dermatology, Duke University, United States; Department of Neurology, Duke University, United States.
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76
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Lin Z, Shen H, Lucas C, Kuang B, Tuan RS, Lin H. Condensation-Driven Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells within Their Own Extracellular Matrix: Formation of Cartilage with Low Hypertrophy and Physiologically Relevant Mechanical Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900229. [PMID: 32648682 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising cell source to regenerate injured cartilage. In this study, MSCs are cultured under confluent conditions for 10 days to optimize the deposition of the extracellular matrix (mECM), which will serve as the scaffold to support MSC chondrogenesis. Subsequently, the MSC-impregnated mECM (MSC-mECM) composite is briefly treated with trypsin, allowing the MSCs to adopt a round morphology without being detached from their own mECM. The constructs are then cultured in a chondrogenic medium. Interestingly, after trypsin removal, the treated MSCs undergo an aggregation process, mimicking mesenchymal condensation during developmental chondrogenesis, specifically indicated by peanut agglutinin staining and immunodetectable N-cadherin expression, followed by robust chondrogenic differentiation. In comparison to conventional pellet culture, chondrogenically induced MSC-mECM displays a similar level of chondrogenesis, but with significantly reduced hypertrophy. The reparative capacity of the MSC-mECM derived construct is assessed using bovine cartilage explants. Mechanical testing and histology results show that engineered cartilage from MSC-mECM forms better integration with the surrounding native cartilage tissue and displays a much lower hypertrophic differentiation than that from pellet culture. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that MSC-mECM may be an efficacious stem cell-based product for the repair of hyaline cartilage injury without the use of exogenous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanheng Yang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - He Shen
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Caitlin Lucas
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Biao Kuang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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77
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Benmassaoud MM, Gultian KA, DiCerbo M, Vega SL. Hydrogel screening approaches for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1460:25-42. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew DiCerbo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRowan University Glassboro New Jersey
| | - Sebastián L. Vega
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRowan University Glassboro New Jersey
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Pina S, Ribeiro VP, Marques CF, Maia FR, Silva TH, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1824. [PMID: 31195642 PMCID: PMC6600968 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, tissue engineering and the regenerative medicine field have invested in the regeneration and reconstruction of pathologically altered tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skin, heart valves, nerves and tendons, and many others. The 3D structured scaffolds and hydrogels alone or combined with bioactive molecules or genes and cells are able to guide the development of functional engineered tissues, and provide mechanical support during in vivo implantation. Naturally derived and synthetic polymers, bioresorbable inorganic materials, and respective hybrids, and decellularized tissue have been considered as scaffolding biomaterials, owing to their boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. A diversity of biomaterials, current treatment strategies, and emergent technologies used for 3D scaffolds and hydrogel processing, and the tissue-specific considerations for scaffolding for Tissue engineering (TE) purposes are herein highlighted and discussed in depth. The newest procedures focusing on the 3D behavior and multi-cellular interactions of native tissues for further use for in vitro model processing are also outlined. Completed and ongoing preclinical research trials for TE applications using scaffolds and hydrogels, challenges, and future prospects of research in the regenerative medicine field are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pina
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Viviana P Ribeiro
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Catarina F Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - F Raquel Maia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Microparticles in Contact with Cells: From Carriers to Multifunctional Tissue Modulators. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1011-1028. [PMID: 30902347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For several decades microparticles have been exclusively and extensively explored as spherical drug delivery vehicles and large-scale cell expansion carriers. More recently, microparticulate structures gained interest in broader bioengineering fields, integrating myriad strategies that include bottom-up tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, and the development of tissue/disease models. The concept of bulk spherical micrometric particles as adequate supports for cell cultivation has been challenged, and systems with finely tuned geometric designs and (bio)chemical/physical features are current key players in impacting technologies. Herein, we critically review the state of the art and future trends of biomaterial microparticles in contact with cells and tissues, excluding internalization studies, and with emphasis on innovative particle design and applications.
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80
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Teng L, Chen Y, Jia YG, Ren L. Supramolecular and dynamic covalent hydrogel scaffolds: from gelation chemistry to enhanced cell retention and cartilage regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6705-6736. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the most recent progress in gelation strategies of biomedical supramolecular and dynamic covalent crosslinking hydrogels and their applications for enhancing cell retention and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Teng
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Yunhua Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Li Ren
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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81
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Chen Y, Xue K, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu K. Exosomes derived from mature chondrocytes facilitate subcutaneous stable ectopic chondrogenesis of cartilage progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:318. [PMID: 30463592 PMCID: PMC6249792 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing cartilage constructed with the appropriate matrix composition and persistent chondrogenesis remains an enduring challenge in cartilage defects. Cartilage progenitor cell (CPC)-based tissue engineering has attracted recent attention because of its strong chondrogenic differentiation capacity. However, due to the lack of a suitable chondrogenic niche, the clinical application of CPC-regenerated cartilage in the subcutaneous environment remains a challenge. In this study, exosomes derived from chondrocytes (CC-Exos) were used to provide the CPC constructs with a cartilage signal in subcutaneous environments for efficient ectopic cartilage regeneration. METHODS Rabbit CPC-alginate constructs were prepared and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. CC-Exos were injected into the constructs at the same dose (30 μg exosomes per 100 μL injection) after surgery and thereafter weekly for a period of 12 weeks. Exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) were used as the positive control. The mice in the negative control were administered with the same volume of PBS. At 4 and 12 weeks after implantation, the potential of CC-Exos and BMSC-Exos to promote chondrogenesis and stability of cartilage tissue in a subcutaneous environment were analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and protein analysis. The influences of BMSC-Exos and CC-Exos on chondrogenesis and angiogenic characteristics in vitro were assessed via coculturing with CPCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS The CC-Exos injection increased collagen deposition and minimized vascular ingrowth in engineered constructs, which efficiently and reproducibly developed into cartilage. The generated cartilage was phenotypically stable with minimal hypertrophy and vessel ingrowth up to 12 weeks, while the cartilage formed with BMSC-Exos was characterized by hypertrophic differentiation accompanied by vascular ingrowth. In vitro experiments indicated that CC-Exos stimulated CPCs proliferation and increased expression of chondrogenesis markers while inhibiting angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the novel CC-Exos provides the preferable niche in directing stable ectopic chondrogenesis of CPCs. The use of CC-Exos may represent an off-the-shelf and cell-free therapeutic approach for promoting cartilage regeneration in the subcutaneous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 ZhiZaoJu Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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Truong VX, Donderwinkel I, Frith JE. Bioorthogonal hydrogels by thiol–halide click crosslinking with fast gelation time and tunable stability in aqueous media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia
| | - Ilze Donderwinkel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia
| | - Jessica E. Frith
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia
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